Rethinking Professor Colony Chowk As a Public Cultural Realm Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture by PRAJAKTA ANKUSH DARADE Exam Roll No. 13 Research Supervisor: Prof. Vilas Ramteke University of Mumbai Sir JJ College of Architecture 2021 22
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iii UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Certificate This is to certify that this Dissertation entitled Square A Public Cultural Realm is the bonafide work of Prajakta Ankush Darade who is a student of the final year of Sir JJ College of Architecture, University of Mumbai and has carried out this work under my guidance and supervision. Research Supervisor Date: 06/10/2021 Place: Principal , Stamp of College Jury Member Name and Signature Date: Jury Member Name and Signature
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“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources
Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Prajakta Ankush Darade Exam Roll No: 13 Date: 06/10/2021 Place: Mumbai
I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.
I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Square a Public Cultural Realm” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used.
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*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;
The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.
DECLARATION
I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.
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ABSTRACT “Culture and Climates differ all over the world but people are the same. They’ll gather in public if you give them a good place to do it.”
“Only architecture that considers human scale and interaction is successful architecture.” Jan Gehl. Public spaces like square, streets, parks, etc. are an important asset to our cities. They provide people many opportunities to come together and engage with the community. If public spaces are successful they are inclusive of the diversity of groups present in our cities and create a social space for everyone in the society to participate in. Historically the public square has been an important element in the physical designs of cities drawings its functions from the political, religious, commercial and leisure life. The pedestrian use of these spaces were largely dependent on the form, internal function, the adjoining land and building uses as well as its connection to the city fabric of India. Over the past centuries, modernization and industrialization has resulted in increasingly disconnected communities. Gonearethe medieval days in whichcitiesand towns were centered on large communityspaces places where residents could gather, meet, relax, celebrate, work, shop, and play together.
This thesis intent to study and analyse public spaces and how to increase social interaction in urban public spaces (especially squares) Initially, a clear definition of public spaces and urban squares is given. Thereafter, the study is done from the human perspective which can help to achieve the successful design of an urban public square. The aim of the work is to comprehend the different factors, features related to the public spaces (squares) and consequently to attain a framework in order to design. Ultimately, based on research and data collected, a design brief is made for proposal of the revitalisation of a Public square in Ahmednagar.
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Acknowledgement
Firstly, praises and thanks to the God, for His showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the research successfully. I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Prof. Vilas Ramteke, for giving me the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. His vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. He has taught me the methodology to carry out the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honour to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what he has offered me.
I would like to say thanks to my friends and fellow classmates, Prerana Cholakhe, Devi Kulkarni, Shireen Bhat, Sanika Tambe, and Nitin Mhapsekar for always supporting me and encouraging me and for their extravagant enthusiasm throughout the five years. A special thanks to all myhostel mates and non architecture friends for boosting my morale and pushing me to do better. I am extending my thanks to my seniors Maithili Wade, Siddhi Shikhare, Wafa Nadkar, Shivani Sargar, Amruta Patil, and all my juniors Manasi Wadekar, Sakshi Parker, Pallavi Galande, Prerana Dalvi, Siddhi Dhindale, Anisha Raut, Manasi Kulkarni, and Rucha Kowale My thanks also goes to Siddhi Gulvi who helped me with her guidance throughout this process. I would like to thank Sir J.J. College of Architecture for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project.
I am extremely grateful to my parents and brother for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for having faith in me, educating and preparing me for my future.
Finally, my thanks go to all the people who have supported me to complete the research work directly or indirectly.
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xi Contents ABSTRACT vii TABLE OF FIGURES xvii TABLE OF TABELS xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 0 1.1 BACKGROUND 2 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUE and RELEVANCE OF STUDY.................................... 5 1.2.1 Globalization and Privatization .............................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Loss of Identity 5 1.2.3 Revitalization 6 1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCH 6 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................. 8 Aim of literature review ................................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Imageability, identity and elements of the City ............................................................. 11 2.1.1 Five Physical forms elements of city................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 The elements of the city and factors governing those elements ........................................... 13 2.1.3 Third Space........................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Evolution of Public squares in terms of history, identity and form ............................... 15 2.2.1 History of Public Square in India ......................................................................................... 18 2.3Role of Public square ...................................................................................................... 19 2.4 DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF SQUARE 21 2.4.1 Based On Location 21 2.4.2 Based On Form 22 2.4.3 Based On Function 22 2.5 Conclusion of literature review 23 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 24 3.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 26 3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Empirical and exploratory method ....................................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Structure of research............................................................................................................. 27 3.2.3 Primary Data......................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.4 Secondary Source 28 CHAPTER 4 DATA COLLECTION 30 4.1 Community design ......................................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Community and Culture ....................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Users and Activities 33
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xiii 4.1.3 Vendors and Shopkeepers 33 4.1.4 Role of authorities 35 4.1.5 Design as a tool..................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 Structure, design and form of square 36 4.2.1 The function of the square 36 4.2.2 The form of the square [Source: (Squares : A network of spaces, 2009)] 37 4.2.3 Modulation of a given spatial type ....................................................................................... 40 4.2.4 Spatial Scale (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)......................... 43 4.3 Inference of study........................................................................................................... 46 4.4CASESTUDY 47 4.4.1 Connaught Place 47 4.4.2 Manek Chowk 50 4.4.3 New Market Square.............................................................................................................. 52 4.4.4Federation square, Melbourne, Australia............................................................................... 54 4.4.5 Dilli Haat .............................................................................................................................. 57 4.4.6 Inference of Case study 59 4.5 SURVEY REPORT........................................................................................................ 61 4.5INTERVIEW REPORT 65 4.6.1 Inference of Survey 66 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH 68 CHAPTER 5 SITE ANALYSIS 72 5.1 Site Selection criteria...................................................................................................... 74 5.2 Key factor for choosing site ........................................................................................... 74 5.3 SITE DETAILS 75 5.3.1 Demographics 75 5.3.2 Socio Cultural Identity of Ahmednagar 76 5.3.3 Climate ................................................................................................................................. 80 5.3.4. SITE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................ 81 CHAPTER 6 DESIGN INTENT....................................................................................................... 94 6.1 Design Guidelines .......................................................................................................... 96 6.2 Aim of the design 97 6.3 Objectives of the design................................................................................................. 97 6.4 Design Brief ................................................................................................................... 98 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................... 100 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 102 1 Google form for survey................................................................................................... 102 2 Technical Data 105
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xv 2.1 Hawker area requirement 105 2.3 Exhibition area 106 2.4 Restaurant.............................................................................................................................. 106 2.5 Stores ..................................................................................................................................... 107 2.6 Parking................................................................................................................................... 108
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xvii TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 Gradual spatial context of approaching an urban square (source: Zeka, 2011, p17) 2 Figure 2 Project for Public Place (http://www.pps.org) 3 Figure 3 Dynamic Public squares of India 4 Figure 4 Physical form classified in 5 types of elements Source Wordpress.com............................... 12 Figure 5 Interrelation of elements Source wordpress.com ................................................................. 12 Figure 6 PATH Kalaghoda Source www.thecitystory.com 13 Figure 7 DISTRICT BKC Source Freepressjournal.com 13 Figure 8 EDGE Marine drive Source www.Thrillophilia.com........................................................... 13 Figure 9 NODES Connaught Place...................................................................................................... 13 Figure 10 LANDMARK Gateway of India.......................................................................................... 13 Figure 11 Roman Forums Source: Archdaily 17 Figure 12 Ancient Greek and Agora’s Source: antiquemapsandprints 17 Figure 13 Medieval Market square........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 14 St. Peters square (Neoclassical square) Source lostcambridge.wordpress............................ 17 Figure 15 Street Plazas Source Depiction.com 21 Figure 16 Urban Oasis Source Greenstergroup.com 21 Figure 17 Transit Foyer Source Financialexpress.com........................................................................ 21 Figure 18 Corporate Foyer Source Placedesigngroup.com.................................................................. 22 Figure 19 Memorial square Source Wikimedia.com............................................................................ 22 Figure 20 Civic square Source CNAsmithdesign.com 22 Figure 21 the Inductive and deductive process 26 Figure 22 Integration of neighbourhoods and communities Source thehumanscale.dk 32 Figure 23 Vibrant Market squares as a stage to activities Source Pinterest.......................................... 33 Figure 24 Vendors Ambience of space around matters Source wanderarti.com ................................ 33 Figure 25 Shops their own territory Source Jacksonartsupplies.com 34 Figure 26 Urban Shopping centres Source Pinterest Rich Poling 34 Figure 27 Public opinion Source Social Tables ................................................................................... 35 Figure 28 Characteristic of Good Public Places.................................................................................... 37 Figure 29 Leon Krier’s form typology 37 Figure 30 Cliff Moughtin form typology 37 Figure 31 Modulation matrix 40 Figure 32 Building section and its impact on Space.............................................................................. 41 Figure 33 Building Elevations and its impact on the open spaces ....................................................... 42 Figure 34 Vertical and horizontal angle of vision Source (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013) 44 Figure 35 Vision and hearing comfort................................................................................................... 45 Figure 36 Connaught Place Source Indian express.............................................................................. 47 Figure 37 Connaught place classical and colonial style facade Source simonfieldhouse.com 48 Figure 38 Axis roads source Wordpress.com 48 Figure 39 Green areas Source researchgate.com 48 Figure 40 Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad Source The wanderer .............................................................. 50 Figure 41 Manek Chowk map Source (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015).............. 50 Figure 42 Manek Chowk (during Eid) used for shopping Source Wordpress.com 50 Figure 43 Manek Chowk at Navratri night. Source Travelmyglobe.com 50 Figure 44 Sarkhej Roza Source wikimediacommans.com 51 Figure 45 Jama Masjid Source triphobo.com....................................................................................... 51 Figure 46 Rani no Hajiro Source Ahmedabadstreets.com .................................................................... 51 Figure 47 Accessibility of New Market, Kolkata Source (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015) 52
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xix Figure 48 New Market, Kolkata 52 Figure 49 the clock tower Source Flicker.com 53 Figure 50 Stalls, Shops Source FTDtravel.com .................................................................................... 53 Figure 51 Plan of Federation square Source Archdaily ....................................................................... 54 Figure 52 Section of federation square Source Archdaily 55 Figure 53 View Source Archdaily 56 Figure 54 Federation square Plaza and activities Source Archdaily ................................................... 56 Figure 55 Plan of Dilli Haat, Janakpuri Source Archdaily.com........................................................... 57 Figure 56 Section Dilli Haat 58 Figure 57 Sections 58 Figure 58 View of Haat Source Archdaily.com 58 Figure 59 Dilli Haat source Archdaily ................................................................................................. 58 Figure 60 Physical Map of Ahmednagar Source (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020)...................................................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 61 Population demographics of Ahmednagar Source (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020) 75 Figure 62 Fort of Ahmednagar Source (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019)................................................. 76 Figure 63 Ward maps (1510 1600) ....................................................................................................... 76 Figure 64 Kothla Mashjid Source (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019) 77 Figure 65 Bazar Area and religious building 77 Figure 66 Government building in current context ............................................................................... 77 Figure 67 Damdi Masjid........................................................................................................................ 78 Figure 68 Farah Baugh Palace............................................................................................................... 78 Figure 69 Weather data. Source meteoblue.com 80 Figure 70 Hierarchy of roads Source snazzymaps.com 81 Figure 71 Source Google earth Pro...................................................................................................... 82 Figure 72 Physical Context collage map Source Author ..................................................................... 83 Figure 73 Landuse 84 Figure 74 Density map 84 Figure 75 Elevation map ....................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 76 Existing Vegetation on site ................................................................................................... 85 Figure 77 Existing Structure of Municipal corporation......................................................................... 86 Figure 78 Fountain at the square 86 Figure 79 Vendors and stalls in the morning Source Author 89 Figure 80 Traffic map morning Source Google maps 89 Figure 81 Food stalls and Vendors Source Author .............................................................................. 90 Figure 82 Vibrancy of square in evening Source Author 90 Figure 83 Pop up Stalls during festive season Source Author 91 Figure 84 Traffic analysis (left afternoon), (right evening) Source Google maps 91 Figure 85 Standard Dimension source Hawkers policy ..................................................................... 105 Figure 86 Layout Source Nufert.......................................................................................................... 106 Figure 87 Layout and dimension Source Nufert 106 Figure 88 standard dimensions Source (Neufert) 107 Figure 89 Standard dimensions Source Nufert 107 Figure 90 Parking requirement at loading activities Source DCR gazette......................................... 108 Figure 91Off street parking spaces requirements Source DCR Gazette document........................... 108 Figure 92 Handicapped parking spaces Source DCR Gazette document 108
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xxi TABLE OF TABELS Table 1 Elements of city and factors governing those elements ........................................................... 13 Table 2 Relationship between square, form, function and identity in historical process 15 Table 3 Five dimension of good city form (Lynch, A Theory of Good City form, 1981) 36 Table 4 Form Typology of square 38 Table 5 Inference of case study ............................................................................................................. 60 Table 6 SWOT Analysis........................................................................................................................ 87 Table 7 Activity and Users 88 Table 8 Design Breif 98
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CHAPTER INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Background study 1.2 Identification of Issue 1.3 Aim of research 1.4 Objectives of research
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A city is amalgamation of various places, spaces, features and elements with different activities related to it. Any city/town structure has these three spaces
Public spaces acts as catalysts for social change, it’s a platform for communityinteraction and enhance the living environment in the city .It helps people to share their views, culture, tradition, sports, and entertainment for peaceful co existence. Depending on the type of Public place that exist in a city or town, public life is facilitated and inhabited. Public spaces can be distinguished as open spaces which includes beaches, parks, squares, or other natural spaces and closed public space such as library, museums, heritage sites, etc.
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PUBLIC SPACE In urban planning, a public space can be defined as any open space accessible by all. Due to changing culture, privatization of space is observed so the definition is changed a bit and said as a place that is accessible and used by general population.
1.1
A good public space gives a territory a special place of identity in eye of people. The process of “Place-making” is a keytool in creatingqualitypublic spaces. Strengthening the connection between people and the places they share, place making refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order to maximize shared value. More than just promoting better urban design, place making facilitates creative patterns of use, paying
A space accessible and used byall the people is generallyknown as Public spaces. These public spaces are of great importance in all the context may it be rural, urban, peri urban areas. Public Spaces is one of the constant element in structure of cities since ancient times till the date (modern era). So, they have a unique and timeless value.
BACKGROUND Cities are civilization the word civilization related to Latin civilitas refers to culture of cities, place where heterogeneous mixture of people are concentrated in cluster of meaningful size to exchange exchange good services and ideas. (Lozano, 1990)
URBAN SPACE According to Rob Krier, any external space are basically urban space which has a consideration of physical, sociocultural, political, and symbolic.
Figure 1 Gradual spatial context of approaching an urban square (source: Zeka, 2011, p17)
Figure 2 Project for Public Place (http://www.pps.org)
3 particular attention to the physical, cultural, and social identities that define a place and support its ongoing evolution. (Project for Public Space, n.d.)
URBAN SQUARE An Urban square can be defined as an open public space at junction of roads (Node) Urban squares tend to be spaces with distinct edges, they may be a square defined on each side by buildings, or open spaces on few sides, etc.
NODE Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. The nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a street corner hangout or an enclosed square. Nodes may be both junctions and concentrations. A strong physical form is not absolutely essential to the recognition of a node. But where the space has some form, the impact is much stronger. The node becomes memorable. Urban Square is not only a node or junction but it reflects the identity and character of city. (Lynch, The Image of The City, 1990) Particularly a square is one of the significant public place which gives equal opportunities and accessibility for all the citizen form a common platform for different functions and activities like to meet people, to shop, to share culture and interest, for entertainment, etc.
In most traditional cities, the squares were formed at the intersection of two major crossroads (Chowk). They acted as market squares, mosque squares, temple courtyards, open spaces, venues for cock fights, preaching etc. There was a translation of Vedic principles and concepts to forms such spaces within the pols, mohallas and group them to give a central location for interaction. In metro cities, these Chowk have merely reduced to traffic nodes which need to be rehabilitated as safe public places
Public spaces in India represent a distinct contrast of constancy and change. The constancy stems from the concept of public spaces being the underlying current of Indian way of life.
Squares are often designed as formal and informal spaces. The informal ones being more prevalent and used in India. Formal spaces have a strong sense of enclosure with ordered flooring, lighting and street furniture. The surrounding buildings also enhance the formality by their symmetrical layout. Informal squares are more asymmetrical and relaxed in character with a variety of architecture
Dynamic Public squares of India
Tradition wraps public spaces with people and their defined activities that stamp the permanency factor on them. These public spaces transform as part of the sociocultural panorama and retain their ethnicity unnerved by the ravages of time and urban development.
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(Dichotomy of Urban Public Spaces, 2012)
Figure 3
While both the elements the dynamic street and the static squares seem to be different, but are actually connected to each other in the cityscape. A Street gives a much bigger importance to square than just forming the edge and an important square can enhance the use of a street. Thus the way they interact can bring another dimension the place. (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)
According to Levy (2012), the main difference between a public park and a public square is that “on a square, citizens are not connected to manifestations of nature, but to the heart of urbanculture, historyand memory”. Squares hadaspecialplace,function androlein thehistory of human life. Along with junction/node it was a place of market with some cultural gathering activities as well.
With the advancements and changing culture somehow the original essence and identity of the square is lost along the way. Today’s urban environment are discontinuous, diverse and multipolar. Globalization(Ascher).hastriggered
1.2.2 Loss of Identity
IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUE and RELEVANCE OF STUDY
Another thing about the small town squares is, that there is strong interpersonal relation and attachment to one’s place of residence with public place around it. This relation
In the last few decades, manyurban squares have lost their function and role due to the changes in use of public spaces. Today’s Public squares are more amenity than necessity especially in developed cities. Therefore, a major concern related to vitality and liveability has been raise all over the world. In small towns, Squares or Chowk is integration of members of local communities, which strengthens humanity and testify the town’s historical past, which is embodied in its architecture.
5 1.2
1.2.1 Globalization and Privatization
social and economic growth uncontrollably leading to expansion and decentralization of cities. Community facilities scattered individually through the city do nothing for the life of the city. One of the greatest problems in existing communities is the fact that the available public life in them is spread so thin that it has no impact on the community. Except few highly metropolitan city of India where rapid phase of urbanisation was seen, the majorityofsmall town, medium sizedcities havestarted growingsincelast decade. These cities and towns have traditional settlements as an urban core, developed in medieval period with organic pattern and almost frozen till 19th century. Not only in India but in most of the world, built environments evolved gradually and the values about human preferences got embedded into Thereit.is more privatization happening and the place for all square can be redefined as place for general population. Hence, designing urban squares as both public and open spaces now require more importance and attention.
makes residents feel directly responsible for the place and creates and strong identity of their Thehometown.quality of the square is influenced by visual order, spatial harmony as well as by their functionality. Spatial order is related to the aesthetic factors, which makes the place more appealing to the public. The organic spatial arrangement causing chaos due to irregularity in form is now considered as disorder. This organic arrangement is related to harmony with the users. This harmony is losing due to new emerging environment of developing cities which are trying to just satisfy the needs of physical parameters.
Revitalization is many a times considered as restoring, upgradation or reconstructing in terms of physical structures, this can be a problem if not thought and planned properly.
E) Role of spaces within a square
D) To understand the impact of square its activities on people and on the surrounding.
1.3 AIM OF THE RESEARCH
1.2.3 Revitalization
Urban revitalization is a complex and long term process of restoring dilapidated buildings, mostly historical, in downtown areas. This term also apply to all those spaces which are deprived of their original function or purpose as a result of economic and social transformation.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
A) To understand the character and role of square in a city
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B) To understand the scale, ratio and proportion of square in city’s morphology.
A word of warning is necessary at this point. The design concept is particular to the culture, area, climatic condition. It is dangerous to transfer design concepts which are effective at some place, in some point of time, in some culture.
This dissertation is intended to need to understand importance of public place with respect to Public Square. Evolving a humane approach to deal while designing the space as a public cultural realm.
C) To understand behavioural pattern of people in public space
Revitalisation is beyond that, In addition to spatial, aesthetic, and functional concerns, revitalization projects should also address issues such as convenience of use, improvement in local living standards, and creation of new opportunities for economic growth. So, to study the relation of Urban Environment with human perspective becomes much more important to enhance the quality of public urban life.
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8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Imageability, identity and elements of the City 2.2 EvolutionofPublicsquaresinterms of history, identity and form 2.3 Role of Public square 2.4 Typologies of square
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Basedmarketplaceondifferent
The evolution and development of square from Greek and Roman era till the date is studied along with understanding the development of form, functions and identity.
Aim of literature review
contexts and locality the functions and activities associated with it vary accordingly. Physical factors like enclosures, scale, proportions of the square, attractions, amenities, etc. also plays a vital role.
2.3 Role of Public square
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This part includes study from “Image of the City” book by Kevin Lynch. Image, identity, perception of space by an individual, elements of the city and factors governing those elements are studied under these chapters.
Publicsquares aremorethanjustphysical spaces;theyhavesymbolicmeaningforpeople.They are vibrant, active and interesting places. Most of the contemporary urban squares involve a historical value or importance for the community, as well as for the tourists and visitors. Urban squares are open public spaces which reflect the city’s identity and the cultural background.
The intent of the literature review is to understand the Image, identity, typology, form, role, and function of squares. This chapter will also give an insight of understanding the cultural influence, behavioural pattern of people and impact of squares.
2.4 Typologies of square
Several books, articles and research paper are referred in order to understand, analyse the importance of urban squares in society and also influential features of public spaces. The literature embraces relevant studies from different disciplines; the diversity of study helps to gain information to investigate and explore. The content in the literature review here can be categorised in these broad categories
It provides a platform for people to relax, sit, read a book, play games, meet with friends as well as used for ceremonies, rituals, political activities, musical events, even theatre, and as
2.2 Evolution of Public squares in terms of history, identity and form
The role of square, its impact on a larger context as well as regional context is studied.
Different types of squares in different contexts are studied.
2.1 Imageability, identity and elements of the City
b) Structure Pattern of relation of object with observer and other objects
This image is the mixture both of immediate sensation, feeling and of the memory of past experience, and it is used to interpret information and to guide action A vivid and integrated physical setting, capable of producing a sharp image, plays a social role as well. Common memories of the "home town" were often the first and easiest point of contact between two strangers. Therefore, a distinctive and legible environment not only offers security but also heightens the potential depth and intensity of human experience. In the present times, the cities, towns lack the positive values of legible surrounding like emotional satisfaction, the framework for communication or conceptual organisation, that new depths it brings in daily life experience
The image should preferably be open ended, adaptable to change, allowing the individual to continue to investigate and organize reality: there should be blank spaces where he can extend the drawing for himself (Lynch, The Image of The City, 1990). In the physical environment, Imageability, can be defined as; that quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer. It is that shape, colour, or arrangement which facilitates the making of vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful mental images of the environment.
In the vast canvas of the city, there is always more than the eye can see, more than ear can hear, much more to explore and experience. Every citizen has had long associations with some part ofhis city, and his image is soakedin memoriesandmeanings. Kevin Lynch in his book“Image of the city” mentions ‘Legibility’ as one important visual qualityaspect. It says elements in the city Districts or landmarks or pathways are easily identifiable and are easily grouped into an over all pattern.
According to Kevin Lynch, city image referable to physical forms can be classified into 5 categories:-
Environmental Image is a two way process between observer and environment. The observer selects, organises and endows the surrounding for his own purpose and adapt accordingly. An environmental image is analysed in three components
a) Identification of object- Distinction, recognisable as a separate entity form other.
11 2.1 Imageabilty, identity and elements of the City
c) Meaning This object must have some meaning for the observer, whether practical or emotional.
4) Nodes Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. The nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a street corner hangout or an enclosed square.
1) Path Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads.
5) Landmark Landmarks are usually the point of references defined by physical form or object: sign, store, building, etc. These elements are the raw materials for the environmental image at large scale. They need to bepatternedtogethertohaveasatisfyingspace.Alltheseelementsoperatetogetherinacontext, where the observer senses the complex as a whole whose parts are interdependent and are relatively fixed in relation to each other. Figure 5 Interrelation of elements Source wordpress.com
Five Physical forms elements of city Figure 4 Physical form classified in 5 types of elements Source Wordpress.com
2) Edges They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls. Such edge s may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close one region off from another; or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together.
12 2.1.1
3) Districts Districts are the medium to Large sections of the city, conceive d of as having two dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters "inside of," and which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character.
13 2.1.2 The elements of the city and factors governing those elements Table 1 Elements of city and factors governing those elements Element of the city Factors governing Those elements Reference Description& 1) Path a) Activities on path/street b) Width of the path or street c) Building façade d) Paving textures e) Directional quality a) Washington street b) Cambridge street , commonwealth avenue c) Kala Ghoda d) Champs Elysees 2) Edge (Fragmented , overhead edge, Visible edge) a) Form of edge and scale b) Activity c) Topography a) Sabarmati river front b) Marine drive c) Worli sea link 3) Districts a) Persons perspective b) Scale, form c) Texture d) Building type e) Inhabitants f) Activity g) Degree of maintenance a) Beacon hill b) BKC c) Connaught place d) South Bombay 4) Nodes a) Form of intersection b) Activity c) Scale of node d) Buildings in surrounding a) Chandani Chowk b) Utsav Chowk c) Connaught place Figure 8 EDGE Marine drive Source www.Thrillophilia.com Figure 7 DISTRICT BKC Source Freepressjournal.com Figure 6 PATH Kalaghoda Source www.thecitystory.comFigure9NODESConnaught Place Figure 10 LANDMARK Gateway of India
The first space (perceived space) Physical, Natural spaces, which one can relate daily Thesecondspace(conceivedspace) Spacethat is conceptualised ortermed as mental space
The third space (lived space) (Soja 1996) The third space observation explores the cultural layersthroughthedailyrhythm observation,andalso historical layers. It is asymbolicspace that can be understood through an exploration of interactions and networks resulting from politics, economic system and ideology, such as conditions of racism, patriarchy, and Thecapitalism.Thirdspace was a contra argument to Kevin Lynch’s theory where legibility was main factor stated in designing ideal cities or places. The contra argument comes from cities and town areas with low Imageability because of lack of elements for legibility. So, the question arose that does it means that these type of areas have low meaning for citizen as well as legibility? (Rully Damayanti, 2016)
Third Space Extending the theory of Kevin Lynch
According to Lefebvre ‘space as fundamentally bound up with social reality, space does not exist in itself, it is produced’ Soja introduced the ‘Trialectics of Space’ concept that observes spatiality through the investigation of three types of space:
“The Image of the city” book by Kevin Lynch is known for the theory of Imageability and elements of the city. Identity and Structure were two main parameter described which affect the urban environment. Lynch on his later study and writings reflects his self critique to his own theory particularly in meaning development that is culturally based. Generally, Lynch’s main focus of all his study and writings are to argue the importance of sense of place in people’s live; and to highlight that urban design is not just about physical arrangements to satisfy today’s needs, but also as a fundamental human values and rights such as justice, freedom, control, and creativity. (Lynch, The Image of The City, 1990)
14 2.1.3
Lefebvre’s and Soja’s concepts extend the understanding of space instead of its physical characteristics, is by considering time and society.
The third space concept is adopted from the view of space as social production that was firstly introduced by Henri Lefebvre in his book ‘The Production of Space’ (1974) and has been extended by Edward Soja especially in the social production of space Third space is a symbolic space that represents a crisis in identity triggered by social discrimination issues.
15 2.2 Evolution of Public squares in terms of history, identity and form Table 2 Relationship between square, form, function and identity in historical process Period YearEra/ Form Function RelationIdentitySquare Before Agora B.C.century4th10th Wide open areas Spaces for meetings ofExchangecouncil, and religious ceremonies No relation Ancient Greek and Agora 5th B.C.century4th buildingmonumentalaroundOpendetermined,Boundariesarea Public space for gatherings such as Political activities.andtheatreAthletic,meets,games,performancecommercialPlaceforciviltrail Social identity and reflection of culture. Ancient Rome and Forum B.C.500Around Larger open areas buildingsmonumentalsurroundedrectangular,majorlyby Socio politicaleconomic,focus.RecreationalareasMilitaryFunctions identitySignificantduetomilitaryfunctions Medieval century15th5th cathedralschurchesaroundspacesforms,Differentopenshapedand the focus shifted from forum to cathedral and churches after fall of Roman Empire Used mainly for religious ceremonies and market space socialculturalReligious,andidentity
16 Renaissance and Baroque Period (Neo Classical) century16th Formal buildingsornamentedhierarchy.balance,AxialSymmetry,designorder,surroundedby Elements added like environmentaestheticallyfountainsmonuments,statues,tocreatepleasantCeremonialpurposeSocialmovements socialculturalalongpleasingledornamentationArchitecturaltovisuallyidentitywithandidentity American Cities formrectangularareasopenSymmetricalgreenin The focus in the middle transportationof axes No aspectfunctionalatsuchsonoidentity. India China City Tradition No functionsaccordingscalesshapesformalDifferentto Political and socio cultural activities Bazaar /Market squaresRecreational area Gathering during festivals andReligious,cultural,politicalcommercialidentity Seljuk Ottoman City Tradition No mosquessurroundedshapeformalOpenareasbyLessenclosure Areas for sports events such Squaresquarehippodrome,asarrowandGokReligiousactivities Cultural commercialandidentity Turkey Square in republic period No enclosureshapeformal,less Gathering space for Politicalrecreationalcommercial,andactivities Commercialidentity (Taşçı, H., 2012, the relationship between city square with city identity Ü sküdar Square example. Ph.D. Thesis, Marmara University, İstanbul.)
During Medieval times, after the fall of Roman Empire, most of the open public spaces were shaped around religious buildings. This period also saw a lot of commercial activities in public spaces. Therefore in middle ages, open public spaces were used mainly for religious ceremonies, and as marketplaces
Figure 11 Roman Forums Source: Archdaily In Neoclassical period/ Renaissance period symmetry, order, ornamentation, etc. principles were involved during designing. Monuments and fountains were added to the design to create aesthetically pleasant environments axial order, balance and hierarchy became main design principles during the Baroque period.
17
Figure 14 St. Peters square (Neoclassical square) Source lostcambridge.wordpress
Figure 13 Medieval Market square The above maps show the context and planning of squares during Greek and roman era. Democracy shape Greek cities. The Agora was an open place in the city centre where all kinds of gatherings; such as political meetings, athletic and musical games, theatre performances and commercial activities took place. Roman Forums were more formal order of Greek Agora.
Figure 12 Ancient Greek and Agora’s Source: antiquemapsandprints
ThemajordifferencebetweenIndianPublicplacesandwesternpublicspaceswerethat western places were large scale, geometrical, organized and using principles of urban design since ages while Indian Public spaces were exploring the intimate scale, organic growth, and concept of mixed land use. The Indian Public Spaces were used as part of daily living of the people while the Western Public Spaces were used for specific recreational purposes for a specific time.
TheRoyals would enjoylargeopenleisurespaces with performances andotherritual activities, which weren’t open to public. While, for the other classes of public, the place of congregation was the temple courtyards, market squares. Muslim rule brought order in spatial planning Built, Unbuilt spaces were given equal importance. Everything was organised considering the architectural elements, hierarchical organisation of decorative symbols, even the gardens with nuclear elements like statues and fountains WiththeBritishrule,IndianPublicplacelostitsidentityandtraditionalvalue.Theyintroduced their own system of Public squares based on length and breadth ratio, with large green spaces and central features. These places had aesthetic and other qualities but they weren’t popular as the people could not connect with the space. The ratio of population to the scale of spaces was one of the major reason behind the failure. So, these square just became meeting places and protest ground for freedom fighters. Later after independence the nature of these spaces changed. (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)
The cities of India have a traditional settlement as an urban core which is developing since ancient times. In Indian context, the public place has always been the street and square of city or town. But later, when aristocracy came into picture, class differences led to differentiation of spaces.
18 2.2.1 History of Public Square in India
a) Part of Morphology of city Squares are open space surrounded by building and other structures within a city So, it plays an important role in context of mass and void composition of city.
b) Social Role Square is a public place, open to all which plays an important role for ‘coexistence’ with diverse people, gender, culture, caste and religion. By providing such a connection between the place and the self in relation to others can create a sense of identification as emphasized by Lynch (1960, p.4) with “perceptual identity”.
c) Commercial activities Markets have been one of the essential elements of the public squares throughout the history where citizen engaged in commercial activities.
b) Part of Transport system- Public square are the intersection, gathering and waiting points for both the pedestrian and vehicular traffic
a) Physical Role It includes tool and facilities in order to serve for daily needs of people. Squares provide a pausing space to rest, furniture to sit, a place for convenience facilities and various economic, social, cultural and political activities.
19 2.3Role of Public square
d) Games and Sports Games and sports activities have always been a part of public life and therehavebeenmanyexamples in thehistorywhere games andsports activitiestook place in public squares. In general, similar to the overall public spaces, an urban square has physical, ecological, psychological (including mental health and wellbeing), social (including learning experiences and human communication), and political, economic, symbolic and aesthetic roles (Akkar Ercan, 2007, p.115 119; Shaftoe, 2008, p.12 15; Tavakolian, 1990, p.10 17), (Zeka, 2011).
This part of the study focuses on the roles and functions of contemporary urban squares at different scale and context. According to Lewis Mumford, primary function of cities is the acculturation and humanization of its inhabitants and for these purposes public spaces are the essential tools in the city. Publicsquares havea diversityofroles andfunctions sincetheyaretheimportant andnecessary forms of public spaces that attract vast number of individuals with a wide assortment of activities. It is a place where people have positive social interactions, meet each other, have lunch, hold a friendly chat, watch the world pass by, read something, rest for a while or shop around. Kostof in his books, A city shaped (1992) defines some basic functions of the urban squares as;
1) Each node must draw together the main paths in surrounding community. The major pedestrian path should convert to a square and minor funnelling to the major ones to create a basic star pattern.
d) Political Role They provide convenient stage or a forum for “political participation” and “public discussions” in order to voice both ‟solidarity and dissent”.
3) The facility is group around any node must be chosen for their symbolic relationship.
2) To keep the activity concentrated it is essential that the square should be small in size, about 45 to 60 ft. can keep people well concentrated
e) Economic Role The commercial activities and facilities help to boost the economy. Also, Variety activities at the square affects the neighbourhood and it’s the land prices.
4) Activity nodes should be distributed evenly across the community, so that no house or workplace is more than hundred yards from one. In this way the contrast of busy and quiet can be achieved at small scale and large dead areas can be avoided. (A Pattern Language, 1977)
g) Aesthetic Role- Visual elements helps enhance the sensory experience of individual. Aesthetic experience in this context is combination of different senses.(View, Touch, Smell, Feel, Hear)
20
f) Symbolic role According to Lynch (1960, p.8) identity represents a particularity of an “object” in the whole context, “with the meaning of individuality or oneness”.
h) Ecological Role Vegetation, green areas contribute to the creation of a healthy environment along with aesthetic and recreational characteristics
To create this concentration of people in a communityfacilities must be grouped densely round very small Public Square which can function as nodes with all pedestrian movements in the community organised to pass through these nodes such nodes required four properties
c) Psychological Roles Basic motive of the square is for interaction and communication and social interaction, outdoor activities and nature are important element of mental health and well being of the citizens.
The
for the people
edge,
open spaces at entrance, decorate
21 2.4 DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF SQUARE 2.4.1 Based On Location
which create impact on the surrounding.TheUrban Oasis:
time
entries, etc. Figure 16 Urban Oasis Source Greenstergroup.com Figure 15 Street Plazas Source Depiction.com Figure 17 Transit Foyer Source Financialexpress.com
The Street Plaza: Sidewalks, sitting corner arcade plaza plaza. corporate foyer porch, An open space with well planted, specific to spend some leisure like outdoor lunch plaza, garden oasis, grand public transit foyer: Entrance plaza, subway
are part of street
places. The
pockets, and the
22 2.4.2 Based On Form There are 5 types of square the enclosed square, the dominated square, the linked square, Amorphous square, the nuclear square. 2.4.3 Based On Function CivicSquareorMunicipalSquare,MemorialSquare,TrafficSquare,Trafficevacuationsquare, Commercial plaza/ Market square, Leisure and entertainment square (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013) References for literature A. Imageability, identity and elements of the City (Image of the city Kevin Lynch, extending Kevin Lynch concept of Imageability in third space reading (Article) B. Evolution of Public squares in terms of history, identity and form (Relationship between city square and identity (PHD thesis), Perception of urban Public Square in India (dissertation) C. D. Role of Public space and Community design, Typologies of Square (Community design and culture of cities, Public life in urban space, Urban Design Street and square, Pattern Language) Figure 18 Corporate Foyer Source Placedesigngroup.com Figure 19 Memorial square Source Wikimedia.comFigure 20 Civic square Source CNAsmithdesign.com
Conclusion of literature review
Based on the location the squares play various role street plazas, corporate courtyards, Transit foyer, Urban Oasis, etc. Based on function theyact as civic squares, traffic, traffic evacuation square, market square, etc.
It is a symbolic space that can be understood through an exploration of interactions and networks resulting from politics, economic system and ideology.
The spaces which lacks Imageability and legibility can be analysed in third space where observation is carried out to explore the cultural layers through the daily rhythm observation, and also historical layers
Since the historical time the squares as a public space acted as a platform for different activities varying with respect to different culture, context, and environment.
The Greek and Roman period sawthesquares in form of Agora and Forum which were large in scale and were used as civic squares, military and commercial activities were also carried out there.
The Squares or the Chowk play an important role in city’s morphology and also several other roles like physical, social, economic, psychological, etc.
In Indian context, the traditional public squares or Chowk were intimate, organic and were of great importance to the citizens. Theywere said to be extended living spaces and are part of their daily lives.
These categories and function gives a square a distinct and legible character
23 2.5
In the medieval, neo classical period the commercial activities increased at the square and these spaces were majorly shaped around the religious places.
With the development in 19th and 20th century, the cities expanded and polarised growth startedhappening. The Importanceofpublicplaces likesquares, streets starteddecreasing.
Every citizen has a different experience, perception associated with a place. An image is a mixture of both immediate sensation, feeling, memory of past experience, and is used to interpret information and guide action.
The five elements of the city Paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. These elements are inter related for forming an environmental image at larger scale, where the observer senses the complex as a whole.
The western square are large scale and planned using principle like symmetry, axis, adding nuclear elements, etc.
A distinctive and legible environment not only offers security but also heightens the potential depth and intensity of human experience.
24 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1 Research Questions 3.2 Research Methodology
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS
3.2.1 Empirical and exploratory method of research is adopted, where the study and research findings would be based on observation majorly. The left hand side of this dig. Shows inductive construction of theory with an understanding of observations While the right half represents the deductive application of theory to observations. The top half of the diagram is the process of theorizing using inductive and deductive logic while the bottom half illustrates the process of carrying out a piece of empirical research. Entryinto the design circle is possible at three points, design theories, ideas, or directly into the investigation stage. (Urban Design Street and Square, 2003) Figure 21 the Inductive and deductive process
g) How design as a tool can change or enhance the activities and social integration?
3.2
c) Howmuchcultural andcontextualrelevancestillprevalentwithrespecttoarchitecture?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
26 3.1
a) What role does the public space and Public Square plays in human life at present times?
b) What is culture and context of the place and how is reflected in public spaces like square?
d) What factors, activities and elements can improve the quality of urban squares?
e) How does form and function of the square affects the area?
f) How does the time play role in architectural aspect of Square or Public space?
27 3.2.2 Structure of research The following chart shows the overall structure of study INTRODUCTION+ BACKGROUND STUDY RELEVANCE OF STUDY IDENTIFYING THE ISSUE RESEARCH QUESTION AIM and OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA SURVEY ANALYSISDATA CASESTUDY (BOOK) a) Connaught Place b) Manek Chowk c) New Market d) Federation square e) Dilli HaatCONCLUSIONRESEARCH DESIGN INTENT DESIGN BRIEF SITEANALYSIS INTERVIEWS LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHOD
3.2.3
a) Owner of the shops, vendors and people related to other activities near the site
What is their perception regarding this square How is different and important than any other square What time of the day do they visit the square
Survey Survey would be conducted as Primarydata source where questionnaire survey of the people concerned will be conducted
1) Connaught Place, Delhi 2) New market, Kolkata 3) Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad 4) Federation square, Melbourne, Australia 5) Dilli Haat
Is the place comfortable and used by every age group?
What more activities and elements will help development of the square How does it impact the surrounding neighbourhood Mode of Accessibility and walkability
Primary Data Professor Chowk, Ahmednagar one of the square in Ahmednagar is taken up for study for survey. The survey will include questions related to current condition of Professor Chowk.
This survey and interview will help to understand the Imageability and functional aspect of the square. The logistics, demographics will help to understand the needs and wants of the users which will lead to design requirements
b) General users with different age groups and occupation
28
Case study and site analysis Understanding the setting of square, its structure, form, activities, and design of square in different contexts of city (urban, rural, developing cities). Analysis of the case study, survey in terms of following attributes
Interviews of shop keepers, vendors in and around the square with respect to Pros and cons of current setting of the square Expectations regarding future development
Survey of people who regularly visit the place
Visual elements, Behavioural pattern of people, Geographical location, Elements, Uses and activities, Layout, Emotional Appraisals, Maintenance, Spatial Identity Case studies
3.4.4 Secondary Source
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30 CHAPTER 4 DATA COLLECTION 4.1 Community Design 4.2 Structure, design and form of 4.3SquareInference of the study 4.4 Case studies 4.5 Survey 4.6 Interview 4.7 Conclusion of Research
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32 4.1
In the book “Community design and culture of cities”, it is rightly described as Cities are place where heterogeneous mixture of people are concentrated in cluster of meaningful size to exchange exchange good services and ideas. It is important to remember that the cities that Cradled civilization were small by contemporary standards, and that even today small towns in manypartsoftheworldstilldisplayfarmorebetter urbanitythansomevast metropolises.These small cities provided great opportunities for interaction, choice and exchange. Indeed, the potential for urbanity in communities of widely different sizes suggest that the clear possibility of reshaping post industrial settlement in physical setting that maximize opportunities for exchange and choice.
Figure 22 Integration of neighbourhoods and communities Source thehumanscale.dk
The soul of the cityis mirrored not onlyin the character of its buildings, but even more decisive is “therelationship ofthesebuildings to eachotherand,most important ofall,thespaces created between them” (Public Life in Urban Places, 1984). Public spaces like squares, streets have a deep relation with culture and people. Culture is never entirely static, it is in a constant state of change. So, while planning and designing the forward looking approach is considered, that means it is designed not only for here and now but also for the future. The current sub urban life in a dispersed, homogenous environment is expressed in routine devoid of symbolism or spontaneity; that has reduced personal contact and exchange aspects of community and, with them, a sense of belonging.
One approach of achieving a real integration in neighbourhoods and communities is to foster a rich non nested hierarchy of social centres with different and overlapping catchment areas and boundaries. Heterogeneity, interaction, and exchange competition; and cooperation; urbanity and choices; symbolism and spontaneity all should be there in a wide range of communitiesfrom small townto largemetropolises post Industrial societyinExtricable linked with human and democratic values. (Community Design and Culture of Cities, 1990)
Community design 4.1.1 Community and Culture
Figure 24 Vendors Ambience of space around matters Source wanderarti.com
Square in the city has been important cultural and commercial part of human life. A small square that function as gathering spaces for a local community do not need large dramatic background but are better able to use small centralised points as a focus of their social life. Sculptures, fountains, and clocks in addition to their obvious functions are identified as "centerstage", locations at which people become actor rather than audience. Market place as a part of these spaces became important. It is favourite location for people watching, and for impromptu street entertainers. More formal concerts, festivals, historic pageants and special seasonal andfestivemarkets oftendrawparticipants andobserversfrom largest region who come to celebrate together.
Figure 23 Vibrant Market squares as a stage to activities Source Pinterest
4.1.2 Users and Activities
Involving people, local communities while shaping a space is the beginning of improvement of their surroundings. Ever since the medieval era, the city became the centre of commercial, religious and social life. Its inhabitants a zest, thirst for being together in public, involved in a host of activities, shopping, ceremonies and celebrations.
4.1.3 Vendors and Shopkeepers
33
The markets are lively place, with a constant buzz of conversation. Voices rise and fall proclaiming wares and calling greetings. Local resident shops there several times a week, using marketplace as an extension of the living spaceWhile. many ingredients contribute in creating viable social life in market place the vendors themselves are of primary importance. The vendor livelihood is, to some extent dependent on the ambience of public space, and the degree to which people feel socially at ease in that context. At normal shops, the shopkeeper own a
The most successful market take place daily by promoting the vendors a sense of belonging in that space and enforcing a sense of community. Cafes, restaurant, Coffee houses, and other places of refreshment in comfort are other essential element: they are always located in surroundingbuildingsandgenerallyprovidewithtableandchairsoutsideinmarketplace These establishment not only are economically benefitted but also socially important (Public Life in Urban Places, 1984) As mentioned earlier, the culture is changing which is directly related to behavioural pattern of the people. These both factors are interlinked. Fewer choices and deterministic urban routine are signs of the widespread lack of community cohesion and urbanity. Shopping, for example, is now a strictly functional act of purchasing that involves a simple trip from one's home to a shopping centre however urban shopping was once a social ritual that included Window shopping promenading meeting friends informally and exchanging information. Similarly, for many people, recreation and involves, for example, a strictly functional trip to 8 screen movie house in a Shopping Centre However to Urban recreation was once also a ritual with ancillary stages before and after, in which people made at cafes to talk and interact spontaneous meeting, exchanges, and unplanned enjoyment of many activities and spaces of a city are no less important than chasing goods or watching a movie. (Community Design and Culture of Cities, 1990) Figure 26 Urban Shopping centres Source Pinterest Rich Poling Figure 25 Shops their own territory Source Jacksonartsupplies.com
34 territory which the customer enter, but unlike it vendors, on the other hand do not own a territory and therefore on a more equal footing with their customers. They are more dependent than shop owners on ability to relate well with the passers by, they are not defended by walls.
4.1.4
4.1.5 Design as a tool Design can, and must, be a tool of change, reorienting physical solutions towards more humane goals and challengingprogrammaticassumptions that wouldbe at odds with urbanityand better communities. In the book Pattern language, it is rightly mentioned that “It’s not about the architecture, but about specific design choices can help us better relationships.” It makes most sense when each component of the environment fits consistently within the framework of a higher order plan, for example, a building designed to fit within an urban design scheme which is determined by a larger structure plan based upon proposals for the region. As the theory is one source that helps in analysing the problem, other source is the layperson. The layperson is important source as he/ she has accurate idea about the area, surrounding. He/she is well able to extend their personal knowledge and to form accurate ideas about his neighbours needs also. The professional when carrying out surveys into user requirements estimates in crude terms this knowledge, whereas the layperson’s knowledge in this field is immediate and first hand. These approaches are likely to vary with the type of political and administrative system, the spatial unit being designed, the current mode of planning and the stage in the design process.
(Urban Design Street and Square, 2003) Figure 27 Public opinion Source Social Tables
But in current scenario, the cities grow, evolve aimlessly in a vacuum lacking community objectives due to lack of participation of authorities along with the increasing economic pressure. This results in continuingthedeteriorationofplace,its identityand its symbolicvalue.
The Arnstein typology makes it easy to understand the communication gap between ‘planned’ on the other hand, the planner, designer and authorities. It describes , A phrase such as ‘more participation’ can mean to the public a more intensive form of participation, that is, moving up the ladder, while to the professional and politician it may mean greater consultation in the form of more publicity.
Role of authorities
35
Back in times of king and queens, the elites in power or the authorities were concerned regarding the development of city in all aspect and they felt they owe it to society of which they are part of. The ethical values of these were of importance than just physical structure.
accepting and recognition of symbolism as central to design process and also a willingness to
Fit The degree to which the form and the capacity of spaces, channels and equipment in a city match the pattern and quantity of actions
In the book, A Theory of Good City Form, there are five dimensions mentioned for a good city form
Table 3 Five dimension of good city form (Lynch, A Theory of Good City form, 1981)
Efficiency The cost of maintaining and creating the space
Activity at the square is utmost important for its vitality. When activities and the scale of the spaces are in proportion to each other it all comes to form a perfect place. The most successful city squares, though they may have a dominant function for which it is known and by which they may be classified, are often those that sustain activity through the diversity of uses in the surrounding buildings. These activities includes principal meeting places at junctions, open spaces residential structures, space for market, shopping, arcade, plaza, theatre, etc. One of the important function of square as an element is the symbolic identity it gives to the city. So,
There is no at such universal design principals that would fit for all the squares in world. So, to identify and understand basic characteristics becomes essential. A square or plaza is both an area framed by buildings and an area designed to exhibit its buildings to the greatest advantage.
Sense The degree to which city can be clearly perceived and mentally differentiated and structured in time and space
Control The degree to which the use and access to spaces and activities and their modification and management are controlled by those who use, work, or reside them
36
Vitality The degree to which the form of the settlement supports the vital functions.
4.2 Structure, design and form of square
Justice The way in which the environmental benefits and costs are distributed among the people.
Access The ability to reach other person, resources, information, and services.
Functionality refers to degree of activities fitting in and around the place. While, Visual appearance is about form, aesthetics and image.
4.2.1 The function of the square
AssaidbyVitruviuswhenwritingaboutthedesignofforumsaid “itshouldbeproportionate to the number of inhabitants, so that it may not be too small a space to be useful, nor look like a desert waste for lack of population.”
For any Public realm involve two dimensions functionality and visual appearance
Figure 28 Characteristic of Good Public Places
Two most successful classificationofsquaretheoryis done by Paul Zuker and Sitte.ForSitte, enclosure was taken as the necessityof the square. He concluded that there were onlytwo types of square in formal terms, the Deep type and the Wide type
Different methods and process have been tried to classify the form of square.
37 manipulate urban form to achieve meaning is important. Within these extremes of world and home centres is a continuum or hierarchy of overlapping centres serving different communities or groups. (Urban Design Street and Square, 2003) So to sum up, a good public realm, square should be
Figure 29 Leon Krier’s form typology
Figure 30 Cliff Moughtin form typology
4.2.2 The form of the square [Source: (Squares : A network of spaces, 2009)]
.
Form Typology of square TYPOLOGY FORM FEATURE EXAMPLE
From his work on square, Zuker was able to distinguish square in five archetypal form
a) The Closed square where space is self contained
38
Place des Vosges, Paris
d) The grouped square spatial units are combined to form larger compositions
b) The Dominated square where the space is directed to main building
e) The Amorphous square where space is unlimited ForSitte,both theamorphous squareandthespace formedaroundacentral object beingoutside his definition of the subject matter would have little meaning for him. Grouped squares on the otherhand were theobject ofmuch attentionbySitte.Theywere,however, not thought in terms of generic form but more simply one manner in which squares could be related to each other and to the urban fabric in general. (Moughtin, 2003)
squareDominatedThe Directs the view to a building or to an object such as sculpture, etc. Dominating object controls and outweighs other elements in the space of square St. Peters Basilica, Rome
Table 4
The squareClosed Simple geometric figure like square, triangle, etc. in planRepeating features on the façade of the building. Building which encloses the square is of importance The only significant openings in the closed square are the street that lead into it and the sky
c) The Nuclear square where space is found around the centre
39 The squareNuclear Any element which is visually strong and large enough in size that grabs attention to form a focus within square Trafalgar Square, London The squareGrouped 4 types can be noticed but goal is to create a mental physical relationship between units Axially arranged in Roman and Baroque time Non axially arrange in Medieval and Renaissance -times3ormore squares ranged around a physicalbuilding.dominantGroupedsquareswithoutconnection. Rome Imperial forum squareAmorphousThe Multiple classification neededDifferent values, design factors are attributed Place de I ‘Opera, Paris In Indian Context, Dominated and nuclear square are limited. Here as the importance of structure and formal open spaces around it are designed to attract tourist and enjoy the Architecture. It isseenat IndiaGate,Tajmahal,etc.Amorphoussquarescanbeseeninnumbers in India, where wide open places are present at Junction/nodes, crossroads. Planned Unplanned both types are seen Chowk of Jaipur, Pols of Gujrat, etc.
40 4.2.3
The matrix here shows The basic Modificationelement,ofthose element resulting in enlargement or reduction of angle in it by keeping same external Anglesdimension,remain constant with change in length of two sides, Angles and external dimension are Underaltered.theheading of distortion are spatial form difficult to define. These shapes can be said as species born out of chaos. (Urban Space, 1991) These basic elements can be modified by great variety of building sections and appropriate façade dependingon the function and method of construction. The diagrammatic representation of this is best found in book “Urban Space” by Rob Krier. The detail representation of how a buildingresponds and affects theopenspace. How modulationin buildingsectionand elevation creating impact and giving it a meaning is shown in the figures below by Rob Krier.
Modulation of a given spatial type
Figure 31 Modulation matrix
41 Figure 32 Building section and its impact on Space (Urban Space, 1991)
42 Figure 33 Building Elevations and its impact on the open spaces (Urban Space, 1991)
The square has a strong relationship with the buildings around. The influence to the surrounding area of the architecture is called architectural field, which was brought forward by Ming Xiong in 2000. It is a further study of the relationship of the height of buildings around the square and the width of the square. Xiong divided the architectural field into four levels. There are three standards to judge which level the space belongs First,to. the distance D between the building and the view point; second, the proportion of height of building and the distance between view point and building P1; third, the proportion of width of building and the distance between building and view point P2.
Scale, as a concept in aesthetics, is a standard and judgment on the size of objective things by human. In spatial design, scale is the aesthetical view point of size. Size is the precise description of quantity, referring to the actual size of an object. It is the most basic way to express the scale, but what human feel is scale, but not size. Thus the concept proportion is goingtobementioned.Proportionisthecomparisonrelationonquantitybetweenobjects,while scale is between human and object. Proportion is a way to deal with scale.
a. SubspaceA large scale space could be divided into several subspaces in different functions or different landscape environment. More research appeared in Nan Li’s study. He classified the atmosphere of space into four types and he tried to figure out how the atmosphere changed with the scale of subspace. When the scale is between 0.01ha and 0.02ha, it will be an intimate subspace; When it’s between 0.04ha and 0.16ha, it will be an appropriate subspace; When it’s between 0.21ha and 0.49ha, it will be an open subspace; When it’s between 2.25ha and 4.0ha, it will be a vast one.
Spatial Scale (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)
‘The strong field’; If D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2, it is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling;
In spatial design, architectures and landscapes provide space to people, they not only afford artistic enjoyment, but also meet the need on function of the space, which is including the physical and psychology experience to the space. The scale and volume of a space influence directly to people’s experience and feeling.
b. Architectural Field-
43 4.2.4
Several concepts related to research of square scale
The widest range of vertical visual field is 60°above the horizon and 70° below; the natural visual line is 10°below the horizon when standing and 15°below when sitting.
The widest field of horizontal vision is within 60°; a range of the clearest field is within 20° and the best visual field is 1°~ 3°.
Figure 34 Vertical and horizontal angle of vision Source (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)
The object that has a feeling of the space is human. As a result the scale of the human bodywas taken as areference object. When a personis in a space,scale means the effect on a contrast of the size of the space and the size of human body.
The height from the eyes of human to the ground is 11~12cm shorter than his height.
Scale of human body
44 ‘Thebalanced field’; When30m≤D≤300m,0.5≤P1≤1, 1≤P2≤2, it is abalancedfield, in which people can watch the overall image of architecture and the environment around the building clearly in a suitable way; ‘The weak field’; If 300m≤D≤600m, 0.25≤P1≤0.5, 0.5≤P2≤1, it is a weak field, in which people could only see the outline of buildings and windows, although they will not have anyuncomfortable feeling, theywould have a light impression on the facade and environment of buildings; ‘The feeble field’; When D＞600m, P1＜0.25, P2＜0.25, it is the nihilist field, only the skyline of buildings could be seen, it is hard to draw people’s attraction unless the shape is very eye catching.
c. Human dimension
The average height of human is 1.78m for male and 1.65m for female in Europe. The height when people sit down is 0.55 times of when they stand.
Visual Field
The visible scope when the head and eyes are not moving is the visual field, which is described with angle. It is divided into horizontal visual field and vertical visual field.
e. Walking 200m is the acceptable distance for human to walk. Therefore, the longest path for visits to cross the square should be less than 200m. From the perspective of psychology, a 200-meterpath would be boring and be felt longer if it is totally straight and monotonous. Hence, a path with abundant urban landscape within 200m could bring comfortable experience to visitors.
Figure 35 Vision and hearing comfort
f. Sitting A good view is important for a sitting place in the square, where it is a place for visitors to watch the citylife. According to the studyof visual distance, a sitting place should be set within the distance of 22~100m to the main landscape on the square where will probably attract the most people.
g. Psychological impact on human in public space
Need for safety The need on safety contains personal space, privacy and territoriality. It controls the distance betweentwo persons, whichis dividedbyEdward T. Hall (1966) as ‘Intimate distance 0~45cm, the distance at which strong emotion can be ‘exchanged’, Personal distance 45cm~1.2m, the contact distance between close friends and family members’, ‘social distance 1.2~3.7m, at which conversations about ordinary information can be exchanged’, ‘Public distance more than 3.7m, the distance of more formal contact and one way communication’. To meet the need of privacy is not to provide enclosed or separated space, but to provide a possibility for people to choose whether to interact with others or to be alone, by providing open space, semi open space and intimate space in different forms.
45 d. Visual Distance‘The limit of this field is 100 meters, the point at which we can see people in motion.’ ‘Squares and plazas as spatial shape can correspondingly be related to the eye and its potential to grasp eventswitharadiusof100meters.’Gehlalsohas a preference on small scale. ‘In narrow streets and small spaces, we can see buildings, details and the people around us at close range.’
The knowledge of spatial scale of a place is important consideration. The subspaces are analysed and categorised, so as to form a proper, balanced space especially in a public place with several activities and subspaces
In this fast growing world, decentralisation, fragmentation has led to increase in individualism.
Design and architecture as a tool will help to bring back the harmony and essence of culture.
46 Reference4.1Structure and form of square (Urban spaces Rob Krier, Urban Design Street and square, Theory of Good city form Kevin Lynch, Research on scale of urban square in Copenhagen)
Understanding the Image, identity, activities, location, accessibility, scale, proportions, spatial characteristics and human anthropology has become an important attributes while doing analysis and design.
Understanding different spaces according to hierarchy like open, semi open and enclosed coherently, where the respect to privacy of individual and ability to choose the enclosure is considered, this all helps to achieve balance and make sense of whole.
4.2 Spatial Scale (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)
The visual angles, hear distances, proper architecture field for balancing the space are also crucial technical factors.
4.3 Inference of study
Urban Square plays a significant role to bring a balance in morphology, it establishes a social cohesion, gives platform for social interaction, communication and for various other activities.
Identifying the different user groups and understanding their needs, behavioural pattern becomes much more necessary while studying a public space. Visitors, daily users, vendors, shopkeepers based on their activities.
It’s a good time to start it with revitalisation of these in current developing cities and town which will suffice the need of the time, wants of the people and acts as a cultural identity of the place.
People are losing connection with the surrounding environment. The role of Squares and other public spaces are much more important than ever.
The whole Connaught place has 3 circles called as ring roads, and arterial road each at 60 ° to the circle.
Several major head offices are located in the area, so its important meeting point for all people from different sectors.
1) OuterCircle Outermost circleconnectingall the majorroads andother commercial and office complex.
47 4.4CASESTUDY 4.4.1 Connaught Place
3) Inner circle- Central Park facing , inner circle has retail spaces and fancy shops
Location Connaught place CP, built in 1931 by Robert Tor Russell, is one of the most important business district node and famous shopping and tourist spot.
Access- It is well connected by all the major roads of the city including the ring roads.
Figure 36 Connaught Place Source Indian express
Typology Central Business District
2) Middle Circle- Service road, ground floor have majorly go downs and offices and retail shops with residences on upper floor.
Activities- The major outer circle houses of several important Institutional and public infrastructure which include hospitals, libraries, heritage sites, schools, and college, art galleries. The place is home to many elite shops and cafes which focus on enhancingurban life. Each block opening towards the central garden area. Its commercial heart of Delhi, so it attract huge amount of tourists every year.
Figure 38 Axis roads source Wordpress.com
Figure 39 Green areas Source researchgate.com
48 Elements-
a) Building All the buildings have colonial façade and classical element. These classical bright white arcade creates a covered pedestrian footpaths.
c) Green Areas The central green areas is the highlight of the area. It brings some amount of calmness in the busy area. The green areas and hardscape has a water body element as well. The major two large green areas are the Central park and Mahanagarpalika garden
Figure 37 Connaught place classical and colonial style facade Source simonfieldhouse.com
b) The circular road There are 3 circles around the inner, outer, middle circle. Where segmental roads interest at 60 degrees at centre. There are several metro gate exists on the inner most circle for ease of transit.
The huge expanse, grand scale and architectural character of the circular form has impact on the area around. The wide roads are planned around the blocks. All facades had astandarddesign doorin themiddleand show windowsoneither side. Colonnaded and covered pathways in the inner circle brings a unifying character to the entire space.
49 Image and Spatial analysisTotal area 2, 88,736 sq.m. Green areas 58,788 sq.m. The ratio of built spaces to green areas is almost 1:4
The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are
The subspaces like Green areas categorised in vast spaces. The architectural field Feeble field Only the skyline of buildings could be seen, it is hard to draw people’s attraction unless the shape is very eye catching.
ACCESSIBLITY > ACTIVITY > IMAGE AND SPATIAL > ELEMENTS
Activity Manek Chowk is oneofthe examplewhere one can observethe ephemerality and dynamic characteristic. Different activities are seen here throughout the day at different times for effective use of an urban public space. Along with the historical identity Manek Chowk is also known as commercial centre, with recreational areas of shopping and food stalls. The northern edge of the Chowk opens onto the busy Gandhi road. The shops here are of a mixed nature selling a variety of items ranging from junk jewellery to hosiery products. The southern edge is mainly taken up by the gold and Figure 41 Manek Chowk map
Traditional Cultural Market Square Ahmedabad has traditional city planning principles and it still thrives as a vibrant community space. Ahmedabad has a rich Gujrati background where the community are very close to each other and are known for their love for food, dance, festivals and culture.
Figure 42 Manek Chowk (during Eid) used for shopping Source Wordpress.com Figure 43 Manek Chowk at Navratri night. Source Travelmyglobe.com
Access and Location
Manek Chowk Typology
50 4.4.2
The Manek Chowk is located where it has a backdrop of two historical monument, the Tomb of Kingand Queen of Ahmedabad. As the monuments attracts a lot of tourists, it is well accessible to all the places and people, so the area is always busy. The traffic movement internally is one way but due to lack of segregation between traffic and extension of shops on walkway, parking and presence of hawker so the walkability of the place is reduced.
Source (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)Figure 40 Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad Source The wanderer
Source
The Architectural field ‘The strong field’; where D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2. It is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling; Manek Chowk is an important commercial centre and narrow public space which is a part of walled city. There are several small two storey dense structures abutting the lane which creates this narrow impact and keep the place shaded most of the day. As this is the traditional city the building have extended plinths “oltlas” which becomes a part of street and is considered as informal seating places. These small structures obstructs the clear view of Tomb of king and queen from the square. The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are
Manek Chowk is encompasses around 2500 sq.m. Classification of subspaces the square comes under open subspaces.
51 silver merchants. So all of these co exist and bring vibrancy. The presence of people in the Chowk during most times of the day and night provides assurance of natural surveillance. During Navratri the space is crowded with popup stalls of jewellery, food. Garba, dandiya is alsoplayedattheChowk.DuringEidtheplaceiscrowdedmajorlyforshopping.Hence,during festivities the Chowk is full of hustle, bustle and its dynamic character can be boldly observed
c) Roads the North side of the site is connected to Gandhi road which is connected to other major road in the city.
Elementsa) Monuments Jama Masjid, Tomb of King and queen
Figure 45 Jama Masjid Source triphobo.com
Figure 46 Rani no Hajiro
Source Ahmedabadstreets.com
Figure 44 Sarkhej Roza wikimediacommans.com
ACTIVITY> ACCESS AND LOCATION >ELEMENTS> IMAGE
Image and Spatial Analysis
b) Stalls There are diverse stalls and shop located in clusters which could be chaos for some and harmony to others. The edges are well equipped with the stalls
Activity- Over 2000 stalls under its roof sell everything from clothing to wheeled luggage to electronics to a special cheese found nowhere else. New Market brought all the communities together. The Market somewhat like the zoo, with its collection of humdrum and exotic groups taken from exclusive habitats all over the reaches of the City became a place where British colonials, assorted Europeans and Indians could rub shoulders. In a severely segregated society that allowed for only formal encounters
Figure 47 Accessibility of New Market, Kolkata Source (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)
Architect Roskell Bayne New Market of Kolkata is situated on Lindsay Street. It’s one of the oldest market square in Kolkata which came into existence during East India Company 1874 (Earlier called as Hogg market).
Typology- Local Market square
Access- The market was initially an institutional building during colonial period with several offices, museums, Monuments, garden. Being an important square since long time, it is well accessible to the neighbouring areas.
Figure 48 New Market, Kolkata
52 4.4.3 New Market Square
Figure 49 the clock tower Source Flicker.com Figure 50 Stalls, Shops Source FTDtravel.com
Elements Shops, stalls, courtyards of market, The gothic facades, the clock tower all these elements coexist to create a vibrant environment.
53 between the disparate groups, the Market created a cosmopolitan setting. (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)
New market, Kolkata encompasses area around 27,067 sq.m.
Image and Spatial Analysis
The subspaces can be categorised as vast spaces. The Architectural field ‘The strong field’; where D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2. It is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling; The market takes form of Gothic façade along with the Victorian style clock tower, vaulted roof with skylights. The aisles and courtyards keeps the diverse, wide sprawling market intact and gives a feeling of whole. The market is divided in different quarters not by walls but by bifurcation of paths. At local level there are variation in dimension which are necessary to provide micro environment for people to meet, catch their breath, talk that enhance the overall public commercial experience. The proposition that emerges from an analysis of the New Market is that successful public space maintains accessible at a collective size, yet accommodates a range of differential degrees of accessibility that serve the needs of varying groups and individuals.
The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are ACTIVITY> IMAGE> ELEMENTS> ACCESS AND LOCATION
54 4.4.4Federation square, Melbourne, Australia. Typology- Central Business District Location- Melbourne Australia Federation Square is a venue for arts, culture and public events on the edge of the Melbourne central business district Access It covers an area of 3.2 ha (7.9 acres) at the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets built above busy railway lines and across the road from Flinders Street station The Square is conveniently accessed both by pedestrians from flinders station, the tram stops and the river and the vehicles from the two thoroughfares along the site. Figure 51 Plan of Federation square Source Archdaily
Elements- In the true spirit of federation, this design brings together distinct elements and activities that form a complex ensemble based upon the collective and the unique. Within an architecture of difference and coherence, the design has brought together disparate institutions and allowed their true differences to be registered in the developed geometries, while also maintaining a visual and formal coherence across the site. The huge plaza with broadcasting screen, St. Pauls court as backdrop, the building with de constructivist style have cracked façade creates huge impact on the surrounding. 6 different cladding zinc, perforated zinc, glass, sandstone, frosted glass, steel panels work together and attracts attention of people.
Figure 52 Section of federation square Source Archdaily
55 Activity The federation square acts as a central business district (CBD) of Melbourne. It has a high cultural mall, with offices, cinema theatres, art galleries, the huge plaza at the entrance, pubs and clubs, etc. Federation Square is the creation of a new urban order on a site that never before existed. More than just a new set of buildings, federation square is the new centre of cultural activity for Melbourne
Image And Spatial AnalysisTheculturalandcommercialfacilitiescombineforalmost44,000m2 Theratioofbuiltunbuilt is approximately equal. The subspace can be categorised as appropriate subspace.
Architectural field ‘The balanced field’; When 30m≤D≤300m, 0.5≤P1≤1, 1≤P2≤2, it is a balanced field, in which people can watch the overall image of architecture, the environment and the activities around the building clearly in a suitable way; in balanced way.
The plaza has been developed to operate as a compound spatial figure, with multiple points of activity and focus. At the same time it can operate as a single activity space, focused towards the stage and large video screen. Rather than a closed enclave of controlled and regulated activities, this project creates a network of animated, emotive and enlightening experiences.
Federation Square has integrated a broad range of civic, cultural and commercial activities, responding to the vitality and openness of daily life. Continuously open and publicly accessible, the atrium is emblematic of federation square’s intended connection of city and river. Importantly, the design sought to produce a cultural and civic precinct based on permeability, allowing for the interaction of visitors, precinct workers and the passer by. Federation square is the re affirmation of the original interactive nature of civic existence.
The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are
56
IMAGE AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS > ELEMENTS> ACCESS AND LOCATION >ACTIVITY Figure 53 View Source Archdaily Figure 54 Federation square Plaza and activities Source Archdaily
a) Main entry for Pedestrian and vehicular zone
Figure 55 Plan of Dilli Haat, Janakpuri Source Archdaily.com
Activities:-Fundamentally, all Dilli Haat need to have a common ground of bringing artisans to interface with city dwellers. All these Haat need their own identity to attract people not only from their own neighbourhood, but from the city at large. They had to be progressive, in tune with today’s times and respecting the craft and cultural centricity of the project.
57 4.4.5 Dilli Haat Location: New Delhi, India Architect: Archohm Area: 16000 m^2 Year: 2014 DilliHaatwasestablishedjointlybyDelhiTourismandGovernmentofDelhiwithMinistry of Handloom and Handicrafts and opened in 1994. Delhi’s second Dilli Haat in Pitampura, spread over 7.2 hectares was opened in 2008. Third Dilli Haat was opened in Janakpuri in 2014.
The site is 6 acre facing northwest Southeast to other end. The site is connected with main commercial roads. The site has 2 main entries
From several years Dilli Haat became a venue of craft, music, dance and other cultural fest.
b) Second entry for pedestrians in craft zone This includes auditorium (800 people), amphitheatre, tourist office, cafes, Food courts (48 stalls) that extend to the shaded courtyards and gardens and Music museums and stores. Formal, informal and open shop spaces are created to bring in the required sensitive adaptations of malls, markets and bazaars into this Haat. An independent fine dining with an extended banquet facility is created to reinforce the business plan of this complex cultural complex.
Figure
View of Haat Source Archdaily.com Haat
58
Figure 59 Dilli
58
Considering the requirement, the theme was music. A state of the art auditorium that can hold large music concerts, an state of the art auditorium amphitheatre, a music centre for sales and exhibition of musical instruments along with inviting exuberant gatherings of budding musicians and music lovers. Outdoor shops with roofing canopies and craft shops to hold artisans workshop are integral part of Dilli Haat theme. The basement parking under food court and free flowing spaces ties it all together. The four 8m high towers are interspersed along the site. Designed to look like huge bamboo baskets, they are two storied buildings with a roof top canopy designed for outdoor activities. Closer to the entry, one basket houses the information centre, while the other forms a café. A large area takes visitors to frisking area to another central plaza. The frisking area has direct connection to shops, café, gardens, parking. The central plaza has auditorium and craft shops cluster.
source Archdaily Figure 57 Sections
59 Breaking free of the conventional look and feel of its other two counterparts with their brick vocabulary, Dilli Haat, Janakpuri takes a fresh look at the material palette as demanded by the multifaceted program that it houses. The material spectrum is an eclectic mix of modern and traditional. The design solution therefore, is a conversation between the past and the present, acknowledgement of the traditional and its adaptation in contemporary times, in concept and in construction. Architectural field is Strong field. The subspaces can be categorised as appropriate subspaces. The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are ACTIVITY > ELEMENTS> IMAGE > ACCESS AND LOCATION 4.4.6 Inference of Case study STUDYCASE LOCATION POSITIVES NEGATIVES Hectares)PlaceConnaught(30 Delhi 1) Connaught place is a Central Business district with some of the most expensive markets. 2) Magnificent architecture 3) Connectivity 4) Social Standing 1) Traffic issues 2) Pedestrian safety is a concern 3) Hawkers encroachmentsand 4) Lack of furniturestreet hectare)(0.25ChowkManek Ahmedabad 1) Have a distinct cultural identity 2) Variety of throughoutactivitiestheday 3) The character of traditional Pols and oltlas as an extension to public place can still be seen 1) Parking occupies 25% of the precinct area. 2) Way finding is difficult 3) Heritage reducingimportancestructureis 4) Residual spaces not used efficiently
1) Encroachments 2) Lack of facilitiesseating 3) Overcrowding hectares)(3.6squareFederation
AustraliaMelbourne, 1) Culture and civic precinct with a sense of difference and coherence 2) Integrated a broad range of civic, cultural and commercial activities, responding to the vitality and openness of daily life.
Dilli Haat hectare)(1.6 New Delhi 1) The design solution is a conversation between the past and the acknowledgementpresent,of the traditional and its adaptation contemporaryin times 2) The material spectrum is an eclectic mix of modern and traditional. 3) The flow and arrangement of the shops and workshop areas integrates well with the open spaces
60 hectare)(2.7MarketNew Kolkata 1) Huge activitiescommercialwith2000 shop 2) Variation of dimensions, courtyards, division of quarters unites the huge place 3) Distinct identity due to the clock tower, gothic façade, skylights, etc.
1) Ephemeral character is not there to bring the experience of Public space 2) The place is quite empty during day time.
1) Structural Materials maintenance issue 2) Lack of Public toilet facilities 3) Hygiene issue Table 5 Inference of case study
61 4.5 SURVEY REPORT
The site chosen for the survey is Professor Chowk, It is important square of Ahmednagar city. In this survey, the respondents participated in the research are from surrounding neighbourhoods to the project site.
1) Question based on Age, Time, Accessibility and Activities were asked to understand user, activities and their Behavioural pattern
The respondents represent inhabitants from different age groups included young: students (18 24 years old), middle aged: working population (25 65 years old) and elderly. It is aimed to create a respondent group with different backgrounds, ages and genders.
Respondents were visit, how they access and purpose or activities carried out there. Majority of respondents prefer to visit the Chowk in the evening for meeting friends, for shopping and for food joints with some of them visiting in Morning for fresh market. Mode of accessibility is majorly bikes and walking. “It’s an all time busy Chowk .It's all under one roof spot.” Respondent “You get almost everything needed like food, mobile shops, grocery store you name it in one place.” Respondent Majority of the respondent voted that the Chowk is accessible for all age group. With 12.5% replied as to not sure if it’s accessible.
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2) Question regarding Site, location, Elements of square, Maintenance were asked in the second part. The respondent were asked to rate the several factors of current condition of site to understand and analyse the problems and issue prevalent. Most of the respondent are satisfied with the accessibility and connectivity of the square
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The graphs shows that the square is quite safe and comfortable for all the users. The rating for the Lighting element graph shows that users are moderately satisfied with lighting arrangement.
The rating for the seating element graph shows that users are not satisfied with seating arrangement.
The rating given by respondent gives clear image of issues in the current layout. The graph of the responses shows that the parking is one of the prevalent issue on the site Many of the respondent are not happy with the current parking arrangement which creates a chaos.
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The respondent were also asked about their expectation related to adding of element or activity, most of them responded to addition of green spaces, exhibition spaces, workshops and small event space should be added to enhance the experience.
The respondent expressed their views and experience of the Chowk/ square
“This thing that makes it one of the most diverse and Renowned Square is the Hustle bustle around not to mention the food vendor's and Cafe's at every corners as well as the people of Ahmednagar .It is always full of life and enthusiasm.”
Lighting should be balanced, Parking and food stalls layout, seating spaces are missing, and vegetable vendors can have a dedicated space instead of acquiring the road carriageways.
“Requires proper place for vegetable sellers which should not be on crossroads or turnings and dividers to be placed, zebra crossing, proper parkingarrangements for people visitingthe eating “Trafficstalls.”
management issues during festivals, the rear side of shopping complex of Nirmal dairy is a dead facade as its mostly storage and smoking/ drinking kind of activities take place.
“For any small requirement we would prefer a shop in the area as the products are reliable. As it attracts more people the availability of space is scarce and it drives the prices of the plots or open spaces to higher side.”
“The sculptures keep changing and that sure does attract attention of people which ultimately leads to a better gimmick The Professor Chowk is certainly providing means of livelihood to people from various walks of life across the city.”
The
Proper
so
Weakness
STALLS
PSHOPKEEPERSeakHoursMorning
10AM 12 PM, Evening 5 9 PM
Usually morning time 7 11 AM, Evening time 6 9 PM Ambiance is good location is close to many important facility of the city. So it attracts people from all the areas of the surrounding. Rent to municipality is less around Rs.10/ per day, so it’s quite affordable. space and designated area to sit and sell parking space it won’t hamper their sale
Strength
Strength
65 4.5INTERVIEW REPORT PeakVENDORShours
Weakness Encroachment fine Hygiene Lack of designated spaces Lighting arrangement Expectations Proper
The Chowk is famous, well connected so it attracts a lot of people from near by area, open space is available. But, due to lack of proper allotment of spaces there is issue faced by the users in terms of parking and shopping area when there is excessive crowd.
OCCASIONAL POPUP
Cross road is daily road to many people which is beneficial Variety of shops attracts lot of people Place is crowded all around the year. Lot of new shops leading to scarcity of space Parking creates chaos in front of the shop No scope of visual advertising
1) Location- This Square is important location of the city which also serves as landmark. It is connected and accessible to main important civic amenities near by, so it is a part of daily life for citizens here. It’s a newly growing market area.
Vendors Around 20 25 vendors can be seen at the square.
66 During festive season popup shops are there with haphazard arrangement of stall creates chaos and affect the existing shops Expectation Proper parking space, Arrangement for more Stores Seating area for visitors Advertisement arrangement 4.6.1 Inference of Survey
The ratio of bike to car traveller is 4:1 Parking Parking is one of the major issue faced here. No designated space for parkingleads to maximum open area under parking in unorganised manner. The parking creates a lot of chaos and safety concern for kids and old people.
The analysis of the survey and interview is done in form of following attributes
Shopkeepers Current municipality structure has around 25 shops with around 35 40 sq. m. shop each.
3) Accessibility- the Square is well accessible to major roads of the city and important civic amenities of the city (Tophkhana Police station, Radio station, Setu centre, Jogging track).
2) User Daily users As per the survey and observations maximum user are young crowd age group 16 25 years old. They use the Chowk / square for various reasons from shopping to recreational place. 25 above people mostly use the square as a part of daily routine. The survey also brings to notice that considerable amount of respondent feel that the place is not meant for all age group. The old and kids population is less observed due to traffic and safety concerns.
Maximum Users prefer to travel there with Bike and walking, with veryfew people use car.
Events like Dahi handi are also conducted which increases the cultural importance of the square If given a choice the users/ respondents suggested to add activities like exhibition, workshop space, stand up, open mic event place, and green areas.
Lighting The lighting arrangement is moderatelyok. There needs to be better lighting arrangement as there are currently 2 street lights only, which do not suffice the area
7) Layout The survey suggest current layout needs some addition to accommodate more stores, more seating and lighting facilities and recreational areas.
Festive times- Several pop up shops can be seen during festive times, these acts as a catalyst to attract a lot of people to this area. Ganapati, Navratri idol are installed here
Morning User group above 25 mostly prefer to visit the Chowk for shopping, majorly for fresh market. Other than that there are several breakfast stalls at the square which attracts a lot of people.
4) Activity
Fountain The fountain was once an identity of the square but after the new installation installed it acts as just a replacement with no symbolic value.
6) Emotional Appraisals As there is a lot of diversity seen here in terms of activities and the facilities in the surrounding, this place has become a part of life for people here.
The Square/ Chowk is renowned for the diversity of activities and its vibrancy.
Evening most of the people visit square in the evening as the environment is livelyand lot of food stalls, vendors, cafés, stores attracts attention of people.
5) Elements- Several elements were discussed as a part of survey and ratings were given to the facilities and elements by the respondents.
Seating Except of few cafes and store there is hardly any proper seating arrangement. Users prefer to sit near their vehicles or around the corners.
Afternoon People majorly visit the shops and café during the noon time. There are varietyof stores from clothing, boutique to travel agency where crowd can be observed during the day time.
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8) Safety and comfort- The survey graphs shows that the place is quite safe and comfortable in several terms. There is a bit concern about the safety of small children and senior citizen as there is lot of vehicular and young crowd all over the place which make their movement difficult
Square or Chowk also plays physical, social, psychological, symbolical, economic, political, etc. role at different level and times. It encourages people of diverse age groups, gender, casts, religion, to coexist, interact and communicate
In neoclassical period ornamentations and geometric principles were incorporated to increase the aesthetics of the square.
c) How much cultural and contextual relevance still prevalent with respect to architecture?
Medieval era, after fall of Roman Empire, the square were majorly shaped around the religious places and commercial activities increased.
.
In Indian context, from the times royal, the squares were majorly market squares and were an integral part of their daily lives.
Tradition wraps public places with people by their defined activities. It transforms as a part of socio cultural panorama and retain the ethnicity and culture.
Due to globalization, the western model of public space such as shopping malls within society etc. has created public spaces confined to rich people and access of these spaces have been denied to poor.
It provides a platform and opportunities for people to boost up the commercial, recreational activities along with transport activities.
a) What role does the public space and Public Square plays in human life at present times?
The modern public spaces may able to fulfil the modern needs of residents such as Wi Fi, parking, modern built up spaces etc. but at the same time also able to address the issue of identity, equity etc. by incorporating the traditional principles of design as done in the case of Salt Lake.
Public squares play diverse roles, functions and attract a lot of people.
.
A square as a public place plays an important role as a part of city’s morphology with respect to mass and void composition
b) What is culture and context of the place and how is reflected in public spaces like square?
The traditional Indian Public spaces as studied such as Chandani Chowk, Manek Chowk, Laad Bazaar etc. had accessibility to all, irrespective of gender, caste, religion, thesocialoreconomicstatusofresidentandwerealsosuitableforclimate,sustainability etc.
68 CONCLUSION OF RESEARCH
During Ancient Greek and Roman period wide large open space in form if Agora and Forums were used as civic squares for religious and political gatherings, athletic events and few commercial activities.
These activities includes principal meeting places at junctions, open spaces residential structures, space for market, shopping, arcade, plaza, theatre, etc. Creating a symbolic meaning is also an important function of a square.
Buildings enhances the public sphere in several ways: they are important for feeling of enclosure, represent the landmarks, frame the skyline, let to explore and celebrate the streets. But along with that the details like paving, landscape, sculpture, signage, street furniture, etc. has impact on surrounding spaces which relates to human scale as well.
Few cities still have open spaces at the squares for conducting events, playgrounds, flea markets, daily markets, etc. at the square.
In the morning the square is used bycitizens to exercise, walk, have breakfasts on stalls, etc. During noon time, the shops, commercial, official activities happens while in the evening the fast food joints, flee markets, recreational activities happen. During festive seasons the charm and enthusiasm is observed, there are several festive markets and other activities seen at this time.
Any Public realm involve two dimensions functionality and visual appearance/ form. Activity at the square is utmost important for its vitality.
d) How does different form and function of the square affects the area?
In Indian context, mostly amorphous squares are seen where different values and design attributes are needed. Dominated and nuclear squares are few where formal open spaces are designed for tourist attractions. E.g. Taj Mahal, India Gate, etc.
Some steps should be taken by integrating activities and forming spaces at squares where citizens can feel a sense of belonging.
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e) How does the time play role in architectural aspect of Square or Public space?
Through the day the space itself from one transforms activity to other. Flexibility and comfort spaces are important factors that play a role to form these spaces.
Most successful and widely used classification based on form was by Zuker, who classified square under 5 types Amorphous, Closed, Dominated, Nuclear and Grouped where enclosure of the building was the base.
Different typologies of square have different activities and functions related to it. Ephemerality and dynamic are some important characteristics of the square.
Based on the location the function changes, there are street market squares, corporate foyers, Urban oasis, transit foyers, etc. Also some squares categorised as civic squares, memorial squares, traffic evacuation squares, etc.
Subspaces can be categorised on the basis of scale into Intimate, appropriate, open and vast spaces. Based on the Architectural field the subspaces are characterised as strong field, balance field, weak and feeble field.
Design choices that helps to provide a platform to boost the social integration, commercial and recreational activities will form a successful public space.
g) How design as a tool can change or enhance the activities and social integration?
It would be achieved by proper planning of diverse activities for multiple user groups considering their safety, accessibility and comfort.
The form, its scale and proportion, the subspaces of the square its scale and volume are important factors that affect the spatial qualities of the square
Factors that affect the square are sociability, users and activities, access and linkage and comfort and image. These factors if considered and designed accordingly will improve the quality of square and also make it a successful public place.
The human dimension with respect visual horizontal and vertical angle consideration, vision and hearing comfort and distances accordingly are important design choices
Other elements like Access, location, elements, activities and image are inter related and they combine to form identity and image of the place. Location Elements Image Activity Access
The square as a public space should be responsive, democratic and meaningful. This help to create an identity of its own.
Any public square consist of different subspaces with different activities, these spaces should be in definite proportion so that it is efficiently and comfortably used by the users.
70 f) What factors, activities and elements can improve the quality of urban squares?
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72 CHAPTER 5 SITE ANALYSIS 5.1 Site selection criteria 5.2 Key Factor for choosing 5.3siteSite Analysis
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There is lack of scope for addition to the current layout which is caused due to haphazard development lead to decrease in motive of social interaction.
Professor Chowk has become a part of daily lives of people, may it be for travel or may it be for activities there; every individual have a different attachment to this place. But with the increasing demand and importance of the place, it is not well developed or ready for future requirement. It is becoming a newly market area where isolated development is happening. Being an important public space, the overall impact on the surrounding has to be considered.
5.2 Key factor for choosing site Ahmednagar is under-developed city where slight urbanisation has begun. Public Spaces are important part of this city. Professor Chowk is one of the prominent square in the city. It is well accessible and located near important civic amenities of the city. There are several existing activities including shopping, retail, food stalls (chaupati), fresh market, etc. These activities make it one of the prominent squares in the city.
Revitalisation of this square is important for enhancing the experience of public life and making it ready for future development along with holding the identity and culture of the city Few step towards revitalisation of Public spaces are being proposed by the authorities of Ahmednagar (appendix)
5.1 Site Selection criteria A site/ square with good accessibility and road network. A site/square in mixed use neighbourhood, A site with good footfall of different users A square with considerable public land area at node for development
Figure 61 Population demographics of Ahmednagar Source (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020)
75 5.3 SITE DETAILS 5.3.1 Demographics Site location Professor Colony Chowk, Ahmednagar. Geo location: 19°07'06.7"N 74°44'06.7"E Area of district 17035 sq.km. Elevation: 649 m Population: 2,269,117 Language: Marathi, Hindi City Ahmednagar Area of the city 1515 sq.km. Population of Nagar city 3, 03,606 Population density 200 people per sq. km.
Ahmednagar district is largest district with 17,048 sq.m. Area of Maharashtra. It is located about 120 Km from Pune and 114 Km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar has a rich history related to Nizam Shahi dynasty.
The city is home to several historically important structures like Ahmednagar Fort, Cavalry Tank Museum, MIRC, VRDE, Indian Armoured Corps Centre and School and large number of sugar factories. Ahmednagar shows less development than the nearby cities like Pune, Aurangabad.
Figure 60 Physical Map of Ahmednagar (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020)
Source
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Figure 63 Ward maps (1510 1600) (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019) Figure 62 Fort of Ahmednagar Source (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019)
5.3.2
Socio- Cultural Identity of Ahmednagar Social Organisation
Ahmednagar city is famous due to its strategic location since medieval times, it was founded byAhmadNizamShah Iin1490withsolepurposeofconcurringDaultabadfortofAurangabad. This was the only reason of establishment of Ahmednagar as a city, till then there were few hamlets and was used as a route to Junnar which was an important location. Nizam Shahi dynasty and they ruled their kingdom from here for over a century and shifted their capital to Ahmednagar. The Nizam shahs also had their local roots with local lineages from the region. It was one of the great Deccan Sultanates, the kingdom was powerful, and under the patronage of the Nizam Shahs, Ahmednagar became one of the great urban and cultural centres of the Deccan. (Compared to Bagdad and Cairo) Ahmed Nizam Shah’s contribution was huge in the development of the city. After capturing Daultabad To commemorate this victory Ahmed Nizam raised a wall round the Baugh Nizam (this is the present fort of Ahmednagar). The fort of Ahmednagar is also unique as it’s in circular form.
Figure 64 Kothla Mashjid Source (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019)
Ahmednagar was special for the Nizam’s theygot toshapethe city.Theyawarded thenobility of their empire to own wards and each of them will develop those wards. These large estates were developed in form of Tombs, mosques, big portals, Hamam, etc. Bazars, different gates and nodes were important public places since that time. Some of these places and nodes are still acting as important landmarks and have government buildings, etc. The nodes majorlyhad public facilities like markets, portals and were used for Public gatherings Places of religious importance like temples, mosques were located near the important nodes.
The Architecture of the Nizamshah was unique and adopted diverse styles and methods, there was extensive use of timber and stone, also the ornamentation was different from Qutubshahs and other sultanates. Many of the structure were built during 16th century which had huge impact of several styles where they tried to shake the Bahamani identity as there were lots of artisan from Iraq, Iran, Local artisans with stone carving experience. Floating architecture was an advantage and disadvantage during the era.
Figure 66 Government building in current context
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Figure 65 Bazar Area and religious building
During Murtaza Nizam Shah (1594 1568) the city developed culturally and many monumental structures like Hast Behast Mahal which has Gardens, cooling tower for ventilation of underground areas, a Hamam, Farah Baugh palace, Salabat Khans tomb, etc were built. Some of the best paintings and writings were developed in this time. These structures were magnificently built and are now important tourist and public place in MaterialAhmednagar.used at few places was majorly black basalt stone and fine wood work. At Farahbaug a different construction technique was observed, 13 cm thick lime plaster was embedded with stone, fired pottery and brick pieces that may have improved its permeability. Sand, jute fibre and dry paddy stem increased porosity, durability and flexibility, helping the plaster absorb moisture from the surrounding water fountains. After the Nizam’s, the city went through several rulers, Marathas, British rulers till the Independence. But the city did not developed after that. The importance of city was lost and many former rich areas were depopulated because of famine and continuous fighting between the British soldiers and the freedom fighters
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Figure 68 Farah Baugh PalaceFigure 67 Damdi Masjid
People and Lifestyle
The city is not urbanised or developed like neighbour cities because of drought prone area. The city is developed and known for sugar factories and army activities now. The occupation of major population is industrial workers, business sector is developing slowly. The life style of the people is very simple and diversity in culture can be seen. While Hindus definitely make up the majority of Ahmednagar’s bulk population, but Muslims have a huge presence in the city. Temples, mosque, churches are the major religious institutions. This indicates the Ahmednagar’s rich history of religious harmony and peaceful existence.
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Ahmednagar is slowly developing and embracing the modern culture and values it is best reflected in increasing commercial activities, infrastructure and living
The vibrancy at public space like streets, squares, parks enhances as games, public celebration activities are conducted during the festivals. These are one of the major source of entertainment for the people here Theatrical troupes from Bombay and Pune also visit Ahmednagarandotherurbancentreswiththeirplays andtheyarealsoasourceofentertainment particularly to sophisticated audiences. There are cinema theatres too in urban centres and travelling talkies that move to the villages. Occasionally as a part of recreational activities people here enjoy going to cafes, eateries, restaurants, etc. These activities are expressing their life as a result of cultural hybridization of modern and traditional way of life.
80 5.3.3 Climate • Average temperature =25. 3°C • Max temperature = 40 45°C • Major wind direction = south west, west The climate of the district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness during major part of the year except during monsoon season. The cold season in the district commences from December and ends in the month of February. The period from March to the first week of June is the hot season. It is followed by the southwest monsoon season which lasts till the end of September; October and November constitute the post monsoon or the retreating south west monsoon season. • WIND DIRECTION Major prevailing wind direction is south west and west, with moderate to light wind flow. • TEMPERATURE1) Annual average temperature 24.5°C (76.1°F) 2) Highest temperature 40 45°C 3) Lowest temperature 4 6°C • RAINFALLo Annual average rainfall 531 mm with average 41 days of rain. Maximum rain in June, July and September. Figure 69 Weather data. Source meteoblue.com
81 5.3.4. SITE ANALYSIS a) Location Professor Colony Chowk, Savedi, Ahmednagar Geo location: 19°07'06.7"N 74°44'06.7"E Area 4 acre Ward no 5 Land ownership Ahmednagar Municipal corporation b) Access Nearest railway Station: 6.8 km Nearest Bus Depot: Tarakpur stand -1.7 km Other (rickshaw): square itself
The Main road which goes to Gulmohar colony towards north and Tophkhana Police Station towards south is 14 m wide road (demarcated in yellow). Whilethe white markedroad whichare secondary roads are 9 12 m and tertiary roads are 6m. These roads intersect together forming anode at Professor Chowk.There are mixeduse activities happening on the along these paths. 70 Hierarchy of roads Source snazzymaps.com
Figure
82 c) Evolution of the square 2006 Chowk was important public places where few shops and daily market used to happen and was known majorly for Aakashwani radio station around 2013 Commercial and mixed use settlement increased. The importance of Krida sankul increased several events and sports activities are conducted there 2017 Commercial and mixed use settlement density increased. The Chowk was majorly known as chaupati 2020 Commercial and mixed use settlement density increased. The retail and commercial activities are increasing, so it is becoming a newly growing market square. Figure 71 Source Google earth Pro
and
Samartha vidya Mandir School, Stationery shops Cafes, Jewellery stores Treasury TophkhanaOffice,police station. TMaha Setu Karayala TAakashwani Radio StationT Municipality Building for commercial, Krida sankul. Tot Professor intersectionGulmoharColony,roadT Road going towards Jogging Track T Business centre Figure 72 Physical Context collage map Source Author
83 d) Context Professor Chowk is one of the important square of Ahmednagar. Professor Chowk is surrounded by mixed use development structures. It is a landmark in itself and is located in midst of important civic amenities of the city. There are residential areas, schools, Government offices, shopping centres, Recreational areas like jogging park, public amenities and services in the surrounding area (500m radius)
As seen above there are several activities in around the square which helps to understand its importance and potential for good Urban Public Space. The current growth of commercial activities are creating a huge impact on other adjacent areas as well, from Land prices, Quality of life, culturally to attracting new brands and amenities around the area.
84 The area is Major residential and mixed use apartments. Commercial and recreational activities are majorly along the main road of Professor Colony. A large number of Public Facilities and civic amenities are also seen along the main road. These mixed used activities increases the foot fall of the area. Figure 73 Landuse Figure 74 Density map
85 e) Topography The soil type found is mostly black soil with black basalt stone. The groundwater is salty and due to dry climate not much land is suitable for farming. f) Vegetation Figure 75 Elevation map Neem trees Babul TamarindtreestreesGulmohartreesFigure 76 Existing Vegetation on site
86 g) ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES Existing Structure and Activities: The highlighted structure is the existing structure under Municipality. Existing Structure area: 1900 sq. m.approx. Total shops in the structure: 25 on road front List of spaces in the structure 1) Cafes 7 2) Bakery 1 3) Cosmetics shop 1 4) Grocery shop 4 5) Garage 1 6) Flower seller 1 7) Dairy 1 8) Electronic store 2 9) Saloon 2 10) Tours and Travel 1 11) Clothes store 2 12) Photo Studio 1 13) Kitchen Store 1 Outside road front space is occupied Vegetablebysellers 7 8 Hawkers/ stalls 12 15 Occasional Activities Pop up stalls Diwali firecrackers and lantern stalls Sankranti kite stalls Rakshabandhan stalls for Rakhi and gifts Dahi handi event Ganpati stall and public idol arrangements Figure 78 Fountain at the square Figure 77 Existing Structure of Municipal corporation
Evenings: - Family and young students are major crowd in the evening as the place has several fast food joints and cafes. Along with that there are fruits & vegetable seller every day.
W Weakness Chaos and traffic in the evenings due to several mixed activities No proper seating area No parking space Hygiene issues No public toilet nearby A fountain is in dilapidated state which was once an attraction of the place and a landmark
Occasion: -During Ganpati, Diwali, Sankranti and many other festivals, there are several stalls selling decoration and other particulars needed for the occasion are put up in the square. S Strengths - Well connected to major areas in the city Prominent square with multiple activities Place for all age group users
T Threats Improper arrangement of vehicles leading to chaos and safety concerns.
- Lack of segregation of activities increases crowd, so safety of old and small kids is a concern
87 h) SWOT ANALYSIS Table 6 SWOT Analysis
- Inclusive design
i) USER GROUP AND ACTIVITIES:
Morning:-Every day the place is crowded with students and bachelors on few stalls providing breakfast. There are vegetable sellers too in the morning every day.
O Opportunity - Develop a cultural realm with proper designated areas for different activities. - Provide necessary facilities like parking, toilet for a public area. Integrating temporary spaces for the occasional stalls with the other commercial areas.
88 Table 7 Activity and Users Time of day Activities No of people (approx.) 1 Morning Stalls , vegetable seller 80 100 2 Afternoon Cafes and shops 80 100 3 Evening stalls, vegetable ,cafe, shops 300 500
89 Morning During morning majorly fresh daily market activities and breakfast food stalls are seen at the square. There is mild and medium traffic is happening around the jogging track area where people go for morning walk and exercise. Figure 79 Vendors and stalls in the morning Source Author Figure 80 Traffic map morning Source Google maps
Figure 82 Vibrancy of square in evening
Source Author In the evening, the vibrancy and dynamic character of the area can be seen. The stalls, vendors and cafes attracts lots of crowd of all age groups. Café s are mostly occupied by young crowd, where theyenjoy food, meet people after classes, college and spend their evening with friends and family. It lightens up the space. But due to scarcity of spaces for seating and parking which creates chaos and hampers the vehicular traffic. Due to which there is a concern of safety of old and small kids. The functions or activities at the square are currently in favour or attract of young crowd majorly. Except for ATM, Banks, sweet shops and dairy old or elderly people do not prefer to visit the Chowk in the evening.
Source Author
90 Evening Figure 81 Food stalls and Vendors
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Figure 84 Traffic analysis (left afternoon), (right evening) Source Google maps Figure
The above photo is shown during the Rakhi festival, when the stalls are set up. 83 Pop up Stalls during festive season Author
Source
During festivals there are pop up shops, stalls erected which sales the festive needs. This activities gather a lot of crowd from neighbouring areas as well. But, this contributes to blocking the active frontage of the shops, hampering of vehicular traffic and again leading for chaos. There is very limited space for people to see the stall and buy goods.
The activities and the public facilities keeps the area busy and different user groups are seen. Different activities gives the square and area around a dynamic and vibrant character. Ephemerality can be seen during festive and occasional activities.
92 j) IMAGE AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS
The chronology of attributes according to current design consideration are
The subspaces can be categorised as Open space in front appropriate subspace Including the building Open sub space ‘The strong field’; If D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2, it is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling; (Where D is distance between the building and the view point; second, the proportion of height of building and the distance between view point and building P1; third, the proportion of width of building and the distance between building and view point P2.)
ACTIVITIES> ACCESS> LOCATION> IMAGE AND IDENTITY
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94 CHAPTER 6 DESIGN INTENT 6.1 Design Intent 6.2 Aim of Design 6.3 Objectives of Design 6.4 Design Brief
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Design Guidelines
Exhibition area (enclosed, semi open ) An enclosed hall for exhibition, display for art works, photographs, etc. Creating flexible areas that can accommodate the different requirements for different events is important here.
The survey and analysis from the data collected suggest that there are several issues that needs to be catered. The revitalisation of square will be a source to regain the lost identity and retain the character and vibrancy of the space. These design choices will help for future development creating the impact on surrounding area.
Commercial activity areas (enclosed) Shops, stores, retail, vendors, food hub are the core leisure activities. Arranging these and maintaining equality and justice to each of them along with integrating the other activities going around will be a challenge. It will help to achieve harmony and enhance the vibrancy of the spaces.
Recreational areas (open, semi open) Open,semi openareas forseating, playareas forchildren, spaces forpopup shop during festive times, installations, informative activities, etc. Integrating these areas with commercial and other activities will enhance the social integration.
96 6.1
To balance the commercial, recreational, cultural and occasional activities are important objectives for designing.
Auditorium (enclosed) Space with enclosed areas for workshops and events could be integrated with the exhibition areas
Landscape areas (open) Addinggreen areas andintegratingit with open areais important. It will helpto enhance the vibrancy and dynamic character of the area.
Following design intervention will be part of Public cultural realm at the square
To design an intervention that boost the economy by increasing the retail, commerce section along with the cultural sector.
Aim of the design To design a Public cultural realm in Ahmednagar, by learning and understanding public square its role and importance in the city. A platform at a square to hold and experience commercial, cultural and social activities.
97 6.2
To make design choices where all the vendors, retailers, shopkeepers coexist to provide service to general public of different groups and society.
Objectives of the design
To provide spaces that would enhance the experience and future advancements.
To create a Public place that is accessible and used by all age group public.
6.3
To design a public cultural realm at a square.
To design intervention which responds well with the architectural and climatic context of the city.
To design variety of spaces in consonance with the framed design guidelines
To design an intervention that is all inclusive, increases public participation, social interaction and retains the cultural identity of the city.
98 6.4 Design Brief Table 8 Design Brief SR. NO. ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION Approx. Area. sq.m. 1) Commercial Shopping a) Convenience shops 15 50 each b) Small outlets 15 25 each c) Big outlets 6 144 each d) Restaurant (capacity 150) 1 1000 Kitchen and storage Washroom e) Loading/ unloading service areas. 1 80 f) Washroom areas 1.5 each 2) Recreational areas As per design requirement As per requirement a) Seating areas b) Open play areas c) Pop shop areas 10 12 3) Exhibition hall 1 200 a ) Waiting area b) Display Area c) Storage d) Washroom 4) Auditorium (250 seat) a) Pre Function area b) Seating c) Stage d) Back stage 5) Administrative areas Total 300 a) Security cabins 2 5 each b) Locker and changing rooms 1 50 c) Storage for goods 2 45 each d) Municipality offices 2 50 each e) Tourism office 1 45
99 6) Parking a) Cars 130 975 b) bikes 415 966 c) Loading/unloading 1 26 each 7) Services The project will include several building services like photovoltaic panels for energy, rainwater harvesting, substation, waste disposal facilities and mandatory services like lifts, service/goods lift, staircase, etc. Basic F.S.I available is 1.
Bibliography Alexander , C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2021 District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District. (2020, 05 19). Retrieved 2021, from https://ahmednagar.nic.in/notice/ahmednagar district survey report mining sand and miner minerals/ Kostof. (1992). City shaped. Kothari, C. (2019). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques (4 ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited, Publisher. Retrieved 2021 Krier, R. (1991). Urban Space (5 ed.). Hong Kong. Retrieved 2021 Liu, C. (2013). Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen. Master thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Karlskrona. Retrieved 2021 Lozano, E. E. (1990). Community Design and Culture of Cities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2021 Lynch, K. (1981). A Theory of Good City form. Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2021 Lynch, K. (1990). The Image of The City (20 ed.). Cambridge and London, Massachusetts and England: The M.I.T. Press. Retrieved 2020 Moughtin, C. (2003). Urban Design Street and Square (3 ed.). Great Britain: Architectural Press. Retrieved 2021 Neufert, E. a. (n.d.). Nufert. Blackwell publication. Priya Sasidharan & Prof. David .C. Prosperi. (2012). Dichotomy of Urban Public Spaces. CEPT University, MEASI Academy of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University, India, U.S.A , Architecture. Retrieved 2021 Project for Public Space. (n.d.). Retrieved 2021, from Public Space and Place making: www.pps.org Rader, J. (2009). Squares : A network of spaces. Masters Design Dissertation, Kansas State University, Despartment of Architecture, Regional and community planning , Manhattan. Retrieved 2021 Rully Damayanti, F. K. (2016, March). Extending Kevin Lynch's Concept in thirdspace reading casestudy of Kampung, Surabay Indonesia. ITU A|Z, 13(1), 11. Retrieved Sharma,2021V.(2015).
Perception of Urban Public Squares in India. Dissertation, Manipal University, Faculty of Architecture, Manipal. Retrieved 2021 Sohoni, P. (Writer), & Team, L. (Director). (2019). Tales of Ahmednagar [Motion Picture]. Retrieved 2021, from https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/tales of our cities/tales of ahmednagar/ Suzanne, H., Lennard , H. L., & Lennard, C. (1984). Public Life in Urban Places. New York: Gondolier Press. Retrieved 2021
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101 Zeka, B. (2011). The Humanistic Meaning Of Urban Square. Dissertation, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science ,Middle East Technical University, Ankara. Retrieved 2021 (Akkar Ercan, 2007, p.115 119; Shaftoe, 2008, p.12 15; Tavakolian, 1990, p.10 17) (Taşçı, H., 2012, the relationship between city square with city identity Ü sküdar Square example. Ph.D. Thesis, Marmara University, İstanbul.)
102 Appendix 1 Google form for survey
103
104
105 2 Technical Data 2.1 Hawker area requirement Figure 85 Standard Dimension source Hawkers policy
106 2.3 Exhibition area 2.4 Restaurant Figure 87 Layout and dimension Source Nufert Figure 86 Layout Source Nufert
107 Figure 88 standard dimensions Source (Neufert) 2.5 Stores
108 2.6 Parking Figure 90 Parking requirement at loading activities Source DCR gazette Figure 91Off street parking spaces requirements Source DCR Gazette document Figure 92 Handicapped parking spaces Source DCR Gazette document
