090715 Princeton_Alejandro Zaera Polo_Board 4

Page 1

PEG / Flat Horizontal Walmart Worldwide STOCKHOLM

Irr: 2.5 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 104 W/m^2 ExIll: 10.4 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 13.5%

130K FT^2 60˚ N. LAT. 15˚ ROTATION

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

20’ BLDG. HT

%Refl: 80% 0,0,5,9

NEW JERSEY

Irr: 4.5 kwH/m^2-day Irr: 188 W/m^2 ExIll: 18.7 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 7.5%

160K FT^2 40˚ N. LAT. 0˚ ROTATION

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

22’ BLDG. HT

%Refl: 20% 0,0,0,5

CAIRO

Irr: 7 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 292 W/m^2 ExIll: 29.1 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 4.8%

60K FT^2 30˚ N. LAT. 90˚ ROTATION

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

16’ BLDG. HT

%Refl: 0% 15, 0, 0, 40

RIO DE JANEIRO

Irr: 5.25 KwH/m^2Day Irr: 219 W/m^2 ExIll: 21.8 kLux InIll: 2.15 kLux %Covr: 6.2%

200K FT^2 20˚ N. LAT. 30˚ ROTATION

INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

24’ BLDG. HT

%Refl: 10% 2,0,0,5

1

8

2

2

2

2

10 2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

4

3

3

3

4

4

4

elemPV

AFFECTS partSOFFIT, CORNICE

coverage, panel size, orientation

T

170

PARAPET

190

210 Low Precip.

14 16

Med. Precip. Hi Precip.

18 20 22

4

5

4

5

5

5

6

4

5

5

6

6

6

6 7

6

7

6

7

7

7

7

7

8

8

(#PANELS)

One of the major upshots of the large spaces required by big-box retailers like Walmart is the sense that the interior becomes a sort of environment-unto-itself with no apparent relationship to environmental conditions or exterior space. For retail purposes, this disorientation is sometimes preferable, while at other times this lack of experiential continuity between itnerior and exterior is detrimental. As the soffit is the only continuously available (visually) plane of reference from the interior of the store, the sizing, orientation, and distribution of the skylights takes on a great deal of importance with regard to orientation as well as to interior illuminance. A typical bay configuration for a revised temperate American Walmart is shown below.

Survey from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project

Hi

Lo

Differentiation & Continuity

Paint

based on local irradiance and illuminance levels

configurations to produce, mitigate discontinuity of interior/ exterior experience

to mitigate effects of extreme temperatres, light levels and building heights

24' 330 dy 292 W/m^2 17.5'

SUN

116 ft.^2 skyltAREA

0° DIFFERENCE

22'

FINISH

STRIATED

SOLAR IRRADIANCE FLATNESS

12.25' 25'

2.5

GENERIC

80%

300 dy 210 W/m^2

50' TYP.

17.5'

DIAGONAL BIAS

Typical Structural Bay 180 ft.^2 Skylight Area / Bay

10’ 80

INTERIOR

elemSKYLT

20'

SUN

100-130K FT.^2

GENERIC

10-12 PTS. 3 PANELS

151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

10˚ 7˚

24' 151 dy 188 W/m^2

22'

DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF.

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

17.5'

17.5'

S GENERIC

HIGHLY CORRUGATED > SAWTOOTH - dissolution of form

S

160-180K FT.^2

14-16 PTS. 5 PANELS

GENERIC

med solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (6',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

20'

F

RAINFALL

CONTEXTUAL

151 dy 188 W/m^2 15'

40

0

180 ft.^2 skyltAREA

59 dy 120 W/m^2 17.5'

22'

SUN

DIAGONAL BIAS, DIM. DIFF. DIM. DIFF. SHIFT

22'

GENERIC

200-220K FT.^2

18-22 PTS. 8 PANELS GENERIC

F CONTEXTUAL S

SUNLIGHT

finish, hue (shade, warm/cool)

CONTEXTUAL

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE

elemPAINT

S

PARAMETERS RATIO irradiance DEPLOYMENT bldg_height avg_temp AFFECTS partSOFFIT

3° DIFFERENCE

324 ft.^2 skyltAREA

INTERIOR partSKYLT

16’ 20

18’ 15

20’ 10

22’ 8.5

24’ 5

26’+ 0

The specific responses to these conditions suggested by the guide generate, in turn, discrete ranges of affective experience produced by the cornice and the soffit with regard to the relationship of the building’s massing to its surroundings and the relationship between the space of the interior and that of the exterior of the store. While each range produced by climactic variables is necessarily limited, the guide also provides techniques for working within a given range that would allow each building to be even more specifically tailored to local conditions. This flexibility points to the broader disciplinaryvalue of such a study, for while many of these problems may be specific to Walmart, the methods for generating potential solutions and the ways in which these solutions are evaluated are quite flexible, and can in most cases be applied to any other incarnation of the Flat Horizontal type.

V=6.25x10e4 SA=1.375x10e4 Vsrf=8.18x10e-1Tsrf Roof=9.1x10e-2Tsrf

24'

SUN

12' 13'

F

14’ 40

FV

low solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (10',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

EXPERIENTIAL CONTINUITY

elemGREEN ratio, planting type

CONTEXTUAL

12’ 60

Walmart’s typical American condition allocates separate representative and performative functions to each face. Friendliness toward a host culture is generated through the materiality of the vertical facades or in the articulation of peaks and corrugations through the parapet wall. Meanwhile, the building’s relationship to the exterior environment, both physical and meteorological, is framed primaily through the configuration of the parking lot, plantings, and drainage areas. This duality produces a divorce between investments in environmental friendliness and those in cultural friendlinss. By embedding both of these functions in the cornice and the soffit, a more integrated solution can be achieved.

partSKYLIGHT 5' x 6' sp. 15,20' OC

partDRAIN 10 catch pts. 0% retain partMEMBRN

partRF_STR 50'X50' bay 1way joists 5'OC

partCLUMNS 50'X50' bay 11" SQ. STL.

INTERIOR

EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE

x dim

PARAMETERS RATIO annual_precip H,(max/mini) REFERENCES elemDRAIN AFFECTS partCORNICE

12-14 PTS. 4 PANELS

0%

By examining surface area and volumes in proportionally related exemplars of each type, we can see that the roof is the dominant face of the FH (Flat Horizontal) type, as it comprises at least 41% of the surface area of any Walmart store. Dominant faces of other typologies are highlted in red and grey, their values having been highlighted as well.

INTERIOR

130-160K FT.^2

5%

II. RELATIONS, PARTS, FRIENDLINESS varAMERICA(typ) -> varWORLD(typ)

I. RELATIVE VALUE

12' 13'

F

dim y

10%

In researching Walmart and its links to the broader Flat Horizontal type, we have focused our attentions on the roof, as it comprises the greatest part of Walmart’s surface area and engagement with the environment while also acting as the dominant face of the building inside the store. While the roof is generally treated as only a performative menbrane in current Walmart stores, incarnations produced by the PEG guide seek capitalize upon the dormant expressive capacities of the roof as evidenced in the soffit and cornice, specifically. The PEG guide partitions the roof further into a set of elements and provides a series of techniques for linking each element’s responses to performative mandates to types of experiential effects while also implementing several new performative criteria. As a whole, the responses to performative criteria provided by the PEG guide are meant, by making each building’s relationship to the environment explicit through the treatment of the roof, to induce a sense of locality or local specificity to each Walmart, localizing each store with regard to global systems of sun and weather.

2° DIFFERENCE SUN

22'

CONTEXTUAL

15%

13˚

16˚

S

AVG TEMP. -

GENERIC

CONTEXTUAL

AFFECTS partSOFFIT, CORNICE

spacing, size, rotation, differentiation

RAINFALL

ax) 'm x(5 dim

un

e_s fac

F

hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (4',5') spacing_skylt (24',17.5')

By always using PV panels as skylight shading devices and orienting the entire assembly to take advantage of dominant sun direction, the interior is ‘localized’ with regard its global coordinates while environmental gains are also achieved.

25%

BUILDING HEIGHT K-VALUE

Standard Configuration

Rotational Strategies

50%

numbers refer to components of CMYK values

24'

INTERIOR

ORIENTATION TO MAJ. SUN

65%

Walmart has utterly dominated the American retail sales market since its inception in 1962. However, its domestic dominance has not always translated to success in international arenas. While Walmart maintains a presence in over a dozen countries, the majority of its statistially significant international sales have been in neghboring Mexico and Canada. Walmart is slowly on its way to approaching what apperas to be complete market saturation in the U.S., and, if the future holds true to present form, it will need to confront its inability to gain market share overseas in order to retain its current status at the top of the retail market. Many of Walmart’s problems may be attributed to an inflexibility of its stores with regard to previaling local conditions. For all of ruthelss efficiencies in almost every area, however, Walmart has yet to develop a systematic way of responding to local cultural and environmental conditions in a way that makes these variations readily apparent and thus effective inflectors of experience or branding tools. It is the production of a guide to such a system of expressive efficiency that is PEG’s goal.

7.0

HUE SELECTION

22'

MULTI-SLOPE > HIGHLY FACETED - multiple identities

PARAMETERS RATIO + DEPLOYMENT days_of_sun irradiance bldg_orientation latitude

6.5

1° DIFFERENCE

SUN

154 ft.^2 skyltAREA

17.5'

ALTITUDE PV ANGLE

CONTEXTUAL

8-10 PTS. 2 PANELS

5.8

REFLECTIVITY

24'

twin t8 strip fixt. (12' oc typ.)

70-100K FT.^2

5

48' TYP.

primary structure (50' oc typ.)

50-60K FT.^2 5-6 PTS. 1 PANEL

p)

4.5

xtra-hi solar bldg_ht 22' dim_skylt (1) (3',5') spacing_skylt (24',15')

secondary structure (5' oc typ.)

CONTEXTUAL

' ty

4

INTERIOR

F

dim y(6

3.5

INTERIOR

PV panel

S

Lo

GENERIC

GENERIC

partPV

Hi

Skylight Ratio & Distribution

CONTEXTUAL

Base Configurations (drawings not to scale)

Lo

Anti-Globalisation

Flat Horizontal: Walmart

irradiance avg. temp orientation latitude bldg. ht.

Global Positioning

PLANAR > SINGLE SURFACE > LOW-PITCH FACETED - monolithic, closed

Hi

2008 Values from Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal

partCORNICE friendliness_ENVIRO

6

ON

Economic Freedom

SPH

partSOFFIT friendliness_CULTUR

Floor Area (In Thousands of Ft.^2) 50 90 110 130 150 (#PANELS)

REFERENCES elemSKYLT

un

e_s fac

FR

Values from combination of surveys from 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project

C-VALUE >

PARAMETERS store size rainfall DRAIN POINT DRAIN PANEL

Cultural Protectionism

2000-3000

V. SOFFIT CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)

precipitation store size

The drainage strategies outlined to the left produce solutions embedded with latent biases with regard to a store’s site-inclusiveness, which one may desire to either mitigate or amplify, depending upon local-cultural micro-climates or more general societal attitudes. The techniques employed toward these ends may also be modified to respond to differing rainfall amounts in a given location and also may be combined with variations upon the techniques of curvature and faceting shown below in order to form more explicit relationships with the stores’ surroundings.

Drainage Points

x dim lat

1500-2000

Current Supercenter Config.

12

RATIO solar_potential energy_costs DEPLOYMENT global_coordinates

1000-1500

Roofline

partSKYLT

y dim

600-1000

Drain

AFFECTS partCORNICE

PARAMETERS

400-600

< Y-VALUE

elemDRAIN

catchment, #panels, orientation

200-400

25˚

x,y

100-200

22˚

PARAMETERS RATIO annual_precip water_availabilty DEPLOYMENT natural_engagement

0-100

AVG TEMP +.

IV. CORNICE CONFIGURATIONS varWORLD(typ)

III. ELEMENTS varWORLD(typ)

z

Annual Precipitation (mm/yr):

7.5+

19˚

Your World, Your Local Walmart

6-7.5

4.5-6

1˚-

3 3-4.5

RAINFALL

2.5-3

EXTERIOR ENGAGEMENT

Insolation (kwH/m^2-day): 1-2.5

V=1.25x10e5 SA=1.5x10e4 Vsrf=6.7x10e-1Tsrf Roof=1.67x10e-1Tsrf FH

TWR

12.5' 17.5'

INTERIOR

V=3.75x10e5 SA=3.5x10e4 Vsrf=8.57x10e-1Tsrf Roof=7.1x10e-2Tsrf

V=3.125x10e5 SA=3.625x10e4 Vsrf=1.79x10e-1Tsrf Roof=4.1x10e-1Tsrf

friendliness_CULTUR friendliness_ENVIRO

Standard Configuration

Typical American Store Measurements taken in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Texas


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