PEG 2010 by urtzi grau

PEG // THE PRINCETON ENVELOPE GROUP SPRING 2010 // THE NEW AMERICAN DEAL i

Envelopes and enveloping strategies have become a crucial subject for contemporary culture. After a few decades of relentless globalization, we are now entering a stage where the illusion of a border-free world and the utopia of a free-wheeling, free-flowing spatiality has ceased to be the primary goal of spatial and material practices: we must address the fact that the space where we live is not without borders. The building envelope is possibly the oldest and most primitive architectural element. It materializes the separation of the inside and outside, natural and artificial; it demarcates private from public and delimits ownership. When it becomes a façade, the envelope operates as a representational device in addition to its crucial environmental and territorial roles. It forms the border, the frontier, the edge, the enclosure and the interface. Particularly at a time when energy and security concerns have replaced an earlier focus on circulation and flow as the contents of architectural expression, the building envelope emerges as architecture’s primary subject. Simultaneously existing as both the architectural surface and its attachments, the envelope is a point of contact, a material link, between architecture and other social,

political and economic processes.iii Envelope is suddenly a loaded word across disciplines. Philosophers, anthropologists, artists, environmental engineers, product designers, marketing experts, economists have identified it as a critical aspect of contemporary culture. In order to develop a unitary theory of the building envelope we have formed the Princeton Envelope Group, a think tank devoted to developing new architectural prototypes, conducting technical and theoretical research, and organizing public events and publications, with the purpose of producing a Manual of the Envelope to be published in 2011. The Princeton Envelope Group (PEG) is structured in two operations with different output modes: - A research studio, will make concrete architectural proposals with a prototypical format, and to test them in concrete scenarios. The output of this arm will be a series of projects of prototypical nature, addressing some of most relevant concerns of the subject. - A research seminar will produce a theoretical and technical framework to the overall research. This research will not be limited to theoretical analysis, but will also involve technical, typological and historical analysis. The output of this research should involve drawing, text and case study analysis, aiming to identify relevant tendencies or data related to the subject.

Princeton Envelope Group Research iv Studio Spring 2010 - The PEG Research Studio has the purpose of producing exemplary knowledge in the field of building envelope design. Its structure is aimed at producing a variety of exemplary projects which will be developed by different members of the group, trying to cover simultaneously several aspects of the subject. As a work hypothesis we are proposing that four categories of the building envelope structure basically the range of performances of such element, determining the different environmental, political or social performance potentials. - The work will be structured by distributing the participants in 4 groups which will be specialized in each one of the envelope categories from which we are starting, aiming to produce one or several prototypes for each category. Last year PEG tried to develop strategies with generic, sometimes global scope, and primarily driven by commercial interests. This year we will address a very concrete set of projects with a primary social or political drive. The purpose of this is to develop the prototypical conditions out of a series of concrete situations, and to move the primary driver of the buildings from the economies of profit to the exploration of architectural devices that will primarily develop social or political performances. - We will concentrate this term in the United States as a research environment. The US is on the cusp

of important changes on its social and political structures: The baby-boomer generation is finally retiring; China is on its way to become the largest world economy; climate change policies will soon make obsolete vast areas of American citiesâ&#x20AC;Ś America as the birthplace of global capitalism and its entrepreneurial culture, of liberal politics, open economy and the multicultural origin of its population, finds itself in the need to re-establish both its social structure and its spatial structure. We believe there may be opportunities for architecture to engage with these processes and to serve as a transformative tool and our aim in the studio will be to use the building envelope as an agent capable to regulate some of the processes of social and political change. We have selected four projects, -one per envelope category-, located in the territory of the United States which are related to this potential reprogramming and re-spatialisation:

Flat Vertical -One of the pressing questions in several cities across the United States is the lack of affordable housing for the less privileged population. Banking speculative practices and cheap money have produced an overvaluation of residential assets with the result of large sectors of the population being excluded from the residential markets. In certain cases, like in New Orleans, the locus of our experiment, this process has been aggravated by other processes. The exploration of the overall massing of a residential quarter as a device to provide an adequate structure capable to provide adequate active frontages on ground level, adequate building depth to provide natural ventilation, adequate access systems, adequate distribution of public and private spaces etc… The Magnolia Projects, officially the C.J. Peete Projects, was among the largest Housing Projects of New Orleans and first all-black public housing federally founded in the United States (after the construction of the all white St Thomas.) It housed approximately 2,100 people in 1400 units distributed in 41.5 acres. Completed in two phases (1940-41 and 1954-55), it became (in)famous nationwide for its legendary violentcrime rates (one of the highest murder rate in the Unite Estates), for being the launching ground for Bounce Music, as well as spawning a number of world-famous Hip Hop artists such as Juvenile or Turk. Located in the part of Uptown New Orleans known as Central City, the site is bounded

v by Louisiana Avenue, South Claiborne Avenue, La Salle Street and Washington Avenue and is currently being redeveloped under New Urbanism guidelines by the Housing Authority of New Orleans (HANO) supported by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) under the plan Hope VI. Spherical One of the processes that have characterized urban development in the last few decades has been the displacement of production away from the city centre and its occupation with consumption programs, leisure activities and high-added value programs. In response to this process, the possibility of bringing back to the city centre production activities will widen substantially the diversity of urban programs, reintroducing populations that have been erased from this domain. The case of American Apparel, a clothing company employing 4000people in Downtown Los Angeles, and the type of high-density industrial space in the downtown, plus the importance of branding for the industry makes it for an ideal case of spherical envelope, with an internalized deep plate environment, and a highly visible façade. The American Apparel LA Downtown 800,000 sqf facility integrates the company headquarters, the main production facility and the world distribution center. It occupies two industrial buildings of a group of three, each one of seven levels and, roughly,

vi 400.000 sqf. Of these two, the pinky 747 Warehouse is also an iconic banner for the company controversial campaigns in favor of immigration reform and gay marriage, but also for soft porn advertisements authored by Terry Richardson or featuring Sasha Grey. The Company is proud of its vertically integrated business model which minimizes the use of sub-contractors and offshore labor. Knitting, dyeing, sewing, photography, marketing distribution and design all happen in the headquarters. However, American Apparel also owns and operates at least another four anonymous production facilities, distributed in the LA area, the South Gate cutting, sewing, and garment dyeing facility (100.000sqf), the Garden Grove dyeing, cutting, and sewing facility (100.000sqf), the Hawthorne Dyeing and Finishing Facility (100.000sqf) and an undisclosed Los Angeles Knitting facility (100.000sqf). Vertical The share of the financial sector in the economies of large cities has been growing constantly during the last three decades. Within the current process of economic reorganization, it is likely that the financial sector will shrink while alternative industries will have to generate employment and create wealth. The exploration of knowledge as a source into de creation of urban wealth is one of the possibilities. The creative industries play a vital role in generating new areas of economic activity in the city beyond the reach of the well-

established businesses. Incubators, connected to university complexes are one of the tools for a renewed urban productivity. Incubators could be seen as a vanguard for the continued “informalization” and “globalization” of labor: we are all free agents in a global marketplace of service providers. The incubator is a site of change that can sponsor provisional assemblies of actors and methodologies. These are spaces of risks and free agents. The incubator is also a site of exchange: social places for fast-changing communities. In 2009 NYC, the Bloomberg administration launched a series of incubators to trigger the economic recovery of the city. They were micro-targeted for the financial, design, fashion and food services and integrated into strategic development plans for the neighborhoods in which they reside. We will use a site owned by Columbia University in Harlem, for the construction of an incubator plus several university facilities, such as administration, library, health and sport… and other programs that will tie the incubator into the surrounding urban fabric. Key piece in plans for the redevelopment of Harlem main street, the 28,000sqf site for the tower “Harlem Park” remains an empty lot in intersection between Park Avenue and 125th st. The project unveiled by Enrique Norten Architects six years ago did not endure community resistance. The one unveiled in 2007 by Swanke Hayden Connell

Architects did not survive the economic crisis. The site is located by the 125st train station, but more important it is placed over the future last stop of MTA T line (Second Ave line) which schedule to open in 2014 and to be fully operative in 2020, connecting 125th Street in Harlem with the Lower Manhattan and reorganizing the public transportation in the East side of the island. Besides its potentiality as public transportation hub, after the re-zoning the site enjoys a C4-7, meaning a max. FAR of 12 and max. height of 330’. Flat horizontal Some of the cultural potentials in the contemporary US society have to do with the integration of ethnic and economic layers, which have intensified rather than leveled with the development of the global economy. The striation of society in the global economies and in particular in the USA has increased rather than decreased in the last two decades. Particularly in suburbia, this stratification of society is particularly intense. The capacity of envelopes as de-stratifying element will be tested in the design of a suburban multi-purpose hall in Buffalo. Buffalo City Honors School is one of the top 20 schools in the US and lies in the east of the city, the poorest and most dangerous part of the city. As a regeneration of the area, the state of NY is funding an extension of the facilities in which a new sports hall will be built. The proposal is to design the building as an urban loggia where different communities become engaged alternatively: school’s sport

vii facilities to voting venue, ball room, assembly room… the idea is to produce a container that will be able to act as an internalized public space.

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Contents: Flat Vertical (FV) p.1 Martin Roth and Osnat Tadmor American Apparel (S) p. 111 Brandon Clifford and Christina Mcmillan Vertical (V) p. 249 Rachel Glabe Conflicted Icon (V) p. 273 Juan DeMarco Flat Horizontal (FH) p. 293 Yu-Cheng Koh and Philip Tidwell

Flat Vertical

FV : DOWN BY LAW - Introductory scene Directed and written by Jim Jarmusch Released in 1986

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NEW ORLEANS, NATURE AND CITY

FV : New Orleans - a historic relationship between nature and city Google Earth picture of New Orleans eastern boundary, close to the airport.

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FV : NEW ORLEANS - A HISTORIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE AND CITY New Orleans has always benefitted and suffered from the surrounding water at the same time.

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HURRICANE KATRINA (2005) left new orleans in a major lack of housing solutions due to the vast damage created by the storm. one of the results of the hurricane was the rise of real estate values causing the exclusion of a large part of the community, mainly the black, poor part, from the city center. the population was reduced to half of its original size. the lack of affordable housing created a different social and ethnic mix. the percentage of the black community was significantly reduced.

FV : NEW ORLEANS - A HISTORIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE AND CITY

10 10 Population, 2000: Population, 2006: Population, 2008:

484,674 223,000 336,644

Loss of residents between 1970 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000:

108,000

Growth of suburbs between 1970 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000:

293,000

Population change between 2000 - 2006:

-53.9%

HOUSING: Households, 2000

188,251

Persons per household, 2000 1-person household 2-person household 3-person household 4-person household 5+ person household

2.48 33% 28% 16% 12% 11%

Median rental costs, 2008

$908

Median household income, 2007 Median household income, New York

$37,348 $45,343

COSTS: Median house or condo, 2008 Townhouses Detached houses Mobile homes

$194,300 $192,638 $320,426 $60,229

2-unit structure 3/4-unit structure 5-unit structure

$222,337 $312,538 $370,148

11 $135 11

400,000

300,000

what are effects of HURRICANE KATRINA on new orleans population and housing situation? 200,000

1950

1990

2005

2010

POPULATION MIX

WHITE 28% BLACK 67.5%

2005 BEFORE KATRINA

WHITE 42.7% BLACK 47%

2006 AFTER KATRINA

FV : POST KATRINA - SOCIAL IMPACTS Hurricane Katrina (2005) left New Orleans in a major lack of housing solutions due to the vast damage created by the storm. One of the results of the hurricane was the rise of real estate values causing the exclusion of a large part of the community, mainly the black, poor part, from the city center. The population was reduced to half of its original size. The lack of

affordable housing created a different social and ethnic mix. The percentage of the black community was reduced significantly. Within the site, 70% of the population is under the poverty level. The average household income of the Magnolia Project population was less then 13,000$.

$65

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FV : POST KATRINA FLOODING The map identifies the flooded areas in New Orleans

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map created as part of: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Exposing New Orleansâ&#x20AC;?, an urban analysis of post-Katrina New Orleans by: Anthony Fontenot, Jakob Rosenzweig, Anne Schmidt Fall 2005 Princeton University

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FV : RACIAL DISTRIBUTION By comparing the flooded areas and the racial distribution it becomes clear that the black population was the most effected.

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NEW ORLEANS, A SHRINKING CITY

FV : NEW ORLEANS - A SHRINKING CITY To understand the situation of the city beyond the severe impacts of the flooding means to learn the fact that New Orleans is a shrinking city since the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

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left: Public housing project St. Thomas in 1998 and 2004 The project was being redeveloped before Katrina. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Before the storm, we were not realistic about the fact that the city was already shrinking, and had been for a long time.â&#x20AC;? Steven Bingler, architect and leading player in the post-Katrina Unified New Orleans Plan

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FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY New Orleans five years after Katrina

NEW ORLEANS, A SHRINKING CITY

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FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY Redevelopments are being planned and constructed in almost all public housing sites

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Redevelopment of the public housing site Desire according to New Urbanism paradims

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54.1 ac

C.J. Peete (Magnolia) 12th Ward /1941 (currently being redeveloped)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI

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53.4 ac

St. Thomas 10th Ward /1941 (renovated and redeveloped of phase one)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI

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111.2 ac

Desire 9th Ward /1954 (renovated and open)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI

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30.9 ac

Florida 9th Ward /1946 (renovated and open)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI

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39.4 ac

Fischer 15th Ward /1965 (half is renovated and open, while other half is currently being renovated)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI

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32 32 St. Bernard 7th Ward /1940’s (currently being renovated)

Desire ł 9th Ward /1954 (renovated and open)

C.J. Peete (Magnolia) 12th Ward /1941 (currently being renovated)

In Florida ł 9th Ward /1946 (renovated and open)

Guste (Melpomene) ł 2nd Ward /1964 (half is renovated, other half is still standing and open)

Lafitte 5th Ward /1941 (currently being renovated)

B.W. Cooper (Calliope) ł 3rd Ward /1940 (75% is currently being renovated, the other 25% is still standing and open)

Iberville ł 4th Ward /1941 (still standing and open)

St. Thomas ł 10th Ward /1941 (renovated and open)

Fischer ł 15th Ward /1965 (half is renovated and open, while other half is currently being renovated)

St. Bernard 7th Ward /1940’s (currently being renovated)

Desire ł 9th Ward /1954 (renovated and open)

FV : NEW ORLEANS - TODAY

All major public housing sites are being currently redeveloped with the financial support of Hope VI Florida ł 9th Ward /1946 (renovated and open)

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FV : PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECTS

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the new master plan of new orleans 2030 states the goal of restoring and increasing the urban forests to reach 50% tree canopy and wetlands. one of the goals of the plan is to enhance urban green spaces as WATER-STORAGE ASSETS. in addition, areas of revitalization and redevelopment are identified.

FV : REVITALIZATION AREAS According to the new Masterplan NOLA 2030 these areas are indicated as spaces of redevelopment, rehabilitation, and revitalization.

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areas of redevelopment, rehabilitation, and revitalization according to the new masterplan

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researchers at the university of florida have found that: > when WETLANDS comprise as little as 10% of the landscape, flooding is reduced by 60%. > when WETLANDS cover 20% of an area, flooding is reduced by 90%.

FV : EXSISTING GREEN SPACES

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Existing green spaces in New Orleans. The total area of green spaces is 6.8% of the city proper area.

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Spread Title

PUBLIC HOUSING SI

CITY PROPER GREEN SPACE

7.7 sq km

6.8% PUBLIC HOUSING SITES

REVITALIZATION AREA

8.4 8.4 sq sq km km

7.5%

FV : New Orleans Voids New Orleans is a shrinking city that needs to increase its water storage capacities. By summing up all available areas it is possible to imagine a city of growing green voids that is more resilient and not only dependent on levees and pumping stations.

18 18 sq sq km km

16.0%

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Further Explanation of Page Heading

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carbon â&#x20AC;&#x153;CAP AND TRADEâ&#x20AC;? credits financially enable the protection and restoration of local wetlands.

FV : Economic Potential In the early years of the mitigation banking industry in Louisiana, the majority of the transactions hovered in the range of $3,000 to $5,000 per acre; however, as time increased, credit prices did also. In the most recent years sampled (2004-2006), several transactions were recorded in excess of $20,000 per acre. Nevertheless, a substantial number of transactions in

Louisiana during that same period remained at or below the price of $5,000 per acre. This bimodal trend could be indicative of segregation in the wetland mitigation credit market. In fact, over the ten-year period for which Louisiana credit prices were collected, the average price was only $6,382.

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FV : Straight From The Projects: 3rd Ward New Orleans Youtube video by C-Murder 2007

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the MAGNOLIA PROJECTS was a classic example for a flat vertical public housing project which has become one of the most problematic sites in the country in terms of crime rates since its construction between 1941-1955.

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FV : Magnolia Projects The Magnolia Projects, officially the C.J. Peete Projects, was among the largest Housing Projects of New Orleans and first all-black public housing federally founded in the United States (after the constructionof the all white St. Thomas). It housed approximately 2,100 people in 1,400 units distributed in 41.5 acres.

Completed in two phases (1940-41 and 1954-55), it became famous nationwide for its legendary violent-crime rates (one of the highest murder rate in the United States).

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54.1 ac

C.J. Peete (Magnolia) 12th Ward /1941 (currently being redeveloped)

FV : MAGNOLIA PROJECTS The 1,400 housing units were demolished in 2006 and 2007. The redevelopment is planned to be finished at the end of 2010.

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FV : MAGNOLIA PROJECTS Currently, the only remaining structures of the original project are the hospital and the central public school.

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COMMERCIAL

COM

S CLAIBORNE AVE.

MERC

IAL

COMMER

CIAL

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING SCHOOL

HOSPIT AL

GREEN

LOUISI ANA AV

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

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within the site, 70% of the population lived below the poverty level. the average household income of the magnolia project population was less then 13,000$. they were forced to leave.

FV : MAGNOLIA PROJECTS

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% OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LEVEL

36%

55%

32%

66%

43%

76%

51%

43%

In 2008, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was US$11,201; the threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$21,834

% OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LEVEL In 2008, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was US$11,201; the threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$21,834

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today, 5 years after katrina, magnolia projects are being demolished and redeveloped. the residents have opposed the demolition.

FV : MAGNOLIA PROJECTS

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the redevelopment of the site is carried out as part of the HOPE VI initiative by private developers. the NEW URBANISM approach, advocated by the executors of hope VI since the early 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, argues for the creation of new, mixed income communities. their plan suggests reducing the amount of housing units from the original 1,400 to 460.

FV : MAGNOLIA - REDEVELOPMENT Hope VI proposal for the development of the site

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FV : MAGNOLIA - REDEVELOPMENT Hope VI proposal for the development of the site

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Aerial view of former Magnolia Project

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what stands behind the agenda of HOPE VI?

FV : NEW URBANISM APPROACH

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When planning pundits discuss the future of New Orleans, New Urbanism is the dominant concept. NEW URBANISM, as the architectural strategy of Hope VI, argues for a renewal of urban fabric by suggesting: > Density reduction > Contextual continuity > Social mix > Low-Rise building typology The FINANCIAL SYSTEM behind Hope 6 and the New Urbanism agenda is of a combination of subsidized housing units for lowincome families with free market housing, keeping a general low density. - The execution of the projects is done by private developers due to the lack of capital. - The developer oftentimes cuts the number of units receiving a federal subsidy. - Only a small portion of the tenants displaced from the old housing projects eventually move back into the replacement housing project. THE RESULT: Low-density neighborhoods in American city centers that according to market pressures do not sustain the principal of socio-economic mix and do not offer a sustainable solution for the need of housing.

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LAURA TUGGLE southeast louisiana legal services “in terms of the occupancy numbers in the big four public housing projects (magnolia, st. bernard, st. thomas, desire), we lost about 5,000 units.” “the income mixing in some of the sites have been skewed [...] at some sites 2/3 of the units are very low income people.”

FV : NEW URBANISM APPROACH

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EVAN CASPER-FUTTERMAN co-producer of a movie on public housing in new orleans “from a policy perspective it is consistently stated and misapplied in new orleans - that density of poor people is bad [...] because what they are talking about are these gigantic apartment buildings in chicago and st. lewis.” “the rehabilitation of some brick buildings in the redevelopment is in almost everyone’s opinion the best part of the redevelopment.”

FV : NEW URBANISM APPROACH

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can NEW URBANISM provide the answers for post-katrina new orleans?

IS IT REALLY SO FV : HOPE VI PROPOSAL FOR THE SITE Hope VI Statement: â&#x20AC;&#x153;The proposed redevelopment of the CJ Peete public housing site will decrease the concentration of low-income families by creating a viable mixed-income co munity that is integrated into the greater Central City neighborhood. The redevelopment plan creates a safe and walkable neighborhood for its residents, which is centered around a

school and community center. The diversity of housing types contribute to the viability of the development.â&#x20AC;?

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DIFFERENT?

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streets and parking lots 44,000 SQM

FV : HOPE VI PROPOSAL FOR THE SITE The proposals prolaims of being a walkable neighborhood. Instead it is designed for cars.

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streets and parking lots 18,500 SQM

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- new urbanismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural approach implies a communal structure by arranging a relatively low number of single detached housing units around semi defined public spaces (mostly designed as parking areas) and a community center in the center of the site. - service facilities, such as retail areas, are not integrated in the plan and therefore require car driving - the next shopping facility is 2.6 miles away. - the new urbanism approach does not include any coherent environmental considerations such as flooding or sun/wind directions.

FV : HOPE VI PROPOSAL FOR THE SITE

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NEW URBANISM

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HOW WAS NEW ORLEANS BUILT? before the invention of the wood screw pump at the turn of the century, it required a lot of immigrant labor to drain swamps. when possible, it was much easier to add to the density of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing footprint than to expand the footprint.

FV : NEW ORLEANS - VERNACULAR

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typical block sizes are: 200’ x 200’, 250 x 250’, 300 x 300’ typical lot sizes are: 30’ x 90’ or 30’ x 120’

FV : NEW ORLEANS - VERNACULAR

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FV : WOOD SCREW PUMP

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according to the zoning the required setbacks at front, side, and rear: the zoning codes state that you must provide 20% of the width of your lot in side yards, with a minimum of any side yard being 3’-0”. for a 30’ lot, this yields two side lots at 3’ each. front and back setbacks are usually 20 feet.

FV : NEW ORLEANS - VERNACULAR

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SHOTGUN HOUSES

FV : NEW ORLEANS - VERNACULAR The most typical housing typology is the so called “shotgun house”. It exists in a great variety - from single shotgun, to double, to camelback.

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FV : STREET CAR CALLED DESIRE

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the shotgun house: - a sequence of 3 - 5 rooms in a row with no hallways - typical house dimension are 12ft by 45-60 ft - rooms are generally squarish, approximately 12ft by 14ft - it has a veritical format due to climate conditions - it has an excellent airflow due to length and cross ventilation

FV : SHOTGUN TYPOLOGY Vlach, John Michael. “The Shotgun House: An African Architectural Legacy.”

0.7m

3.4m

4.7m 1.3m

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4.00m

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observations - the shotgun house works in relationship with the street - the porch is the threshold between public and private space - everyone lives in the shotgun - it is a true mix-income typology

FV : SHOTGUN TYPOLOGY

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backyard

porch bathroom kitchen

dining

bedroom

extended living room

living room

porch sidewalk street

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the shotgun house is a compilation of rooms that can be reorganized according to need and context.

FV : SHOTGUN TYPOLOGY

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PUBLIC

PRIVATE

PUBLIC

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FV : PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION To join the two arguments of creating urban voids and offering shotgun houses as the housing typology we are on the search for the most efficient way to organize both.

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90 90

o dro

qf)

(36

ro ed

PROGRAM 693,600sqf (64,437sqm)

SITE 2,366,000sqf (219,800 sqm)

FV : PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION The original program of the Magnolia Projects was composed of 1400 residential units in flat vertical buildings: 400 X 1 bdr (360sqf), 400 X 2bdr (480sqf), 200 X 2 bdr (540sqf), 40 X 2 bdr (600sqf), 40 X 3 bdr (720sqf), 200 X triplex 2 bdr (600sqf), 80 duplex X 2 bdr (600sqf), 40 X 3 bdr (720sqf).

(48

SITE 366,000sqf

219,800 sqm)

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o dro

qf)

(36

o dro

qf)

(48

PROGRAM 693,600sqf (64,437sqm)

m roo

qf)

(54

2 0x

o dro

be 4

3 0x

qf)

(60

o dro

x 00

qf)

(72

lex

trip

lex

d 0x

qf)

d 2b

qf)

(60

r bd

lex

qf)

d 3b

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Prototypes

SUPER THIN

TOWER

HILBERSEIMER

KARL M

98.5%

50%

96.5%

1.16

0.78

0.60

10%

50%

% OF PRIVATE ENTRANCES

BUILDING DEPTH

20m

10 m

1.72%

1.64%

14.64%

74,900 sqm

50,700 sqm

38,900 sqm

NORTH/SOUTH FACACE FACADE/FLOOR AREA RATIO PRIVATE OPEN SPACE

CONNECTIVITY TO STREET GRID

STREET GRID AMOUNT OF FACADE

45,

93 93

MARX COMPLEX

BLOCK STRUCTURE

BARCELONA

NEW URBANISM

SHOTGUN ca. 50%

33.1%

33%

44.0%

ca. 50%

0.70

0.93

0,23

1.28

2.5

100%

53%

2.1%

55%

70%

100%

3% - 55%

100%

11.5 m

12m

25m

31.96%

2.27%

20.14%

12.27%

60.200 sqm

19,200 sqm

82,600 sqm

116,200 sqm

,300 sqm

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- by distributing the building mass along the edges of the site we create border conditions that establish a clear definition of built and unbuilt. - the housing mass is distributed along the periphery of the site while the empty area in the core will become a natural reserve. - the organization of the housing mass around the site creates a connection between the project and its surroundings, avoiding a communal structure within the site and thus avoiding potential segregation.

FV : PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

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CREATING BORDER CONDITIONS

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ecological, contextual, and programatic parameters

FV : PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION In order to provide the greatest biodiversity, the wetland size should be between 40-50ac. The existing topography defines the shape of the reserve. The shotgun houses are arranged around the wetland. Depending on sun angles and the surrounding context, the housing mass is being differentiated.

- 3m

+/- 0m

WETLAND SIZE

TOPOGRAPHY

+ 2m

N N S

FACIALITY FACIALITY

RESID ENTIA L 1-2 FA MILY H OUSIN G RESID ENTIA L 1-2 FA MILY

97 97

98 98 COMMERCIAL

COMM

ERCIAL

SHOTGUN FACIALITY

RESID ENTIA L 1-2 FA MILY H OUSIN

COMMERCIAL

ZONING

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

GREEN

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

COMMERCIAL

COMM

ERCIAL

RESID ENTIA L 1-2 FA MILY H OUSIN

COMMERCIAL

ZONING EDUCATION

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

GREEN

RESIDENTIAL 1-2 FAMILY HOUSING

FV : PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION By offering a variety of programs additional to housing the projects evolves towards a city neighborhood.

CORNER SHOPS

99 99

UPLAND BUFFER

Quercus Virginiana (live oak) Ulmus Americana (American elm) Celtis Laevigata (hackberry)

HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

100 100

FORESTED WETLAND

Taxodium Distichum (baldcypress) Acer Rubrum (swamp maple) Salix Nigra (black willow)

HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

Taxodium Ascendens (pondcypress) Nyssa Biflora (swamp blackgum)

WETLAND HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

Panicum (panic grasses) Lachnocaulon (bog buttons)

WET MEADOW -/+0 M WATER DEPTH

Panicum Hemitomon (maidencane) Eleocharis (spikesedge)

UPLAND BUFFER

Quercus Virginiana (live oak) Ulmus Americana (American elm) Celtis Laevigata (hackberry)

HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

SHALLOW MARSH -0.5 M WATER DEPTH

Nymphaea Odorata (water lily) Nuphar Luteum (spatterdock)

FORESTED WETLAND

Taxodium Distichum (baldcypress) Acer Rubrum (swamp maple) Salix Nigra (black willow)

HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

DEEP MARSH -1 M WATER DEPTH

Anas (ducks) Canus Lupis (frogs)

Taxodium Ascendens (pondcypress) Nyssa Biflora (swamp blackgum)

WETLAND HYDRIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

AQUATIC BED - 2 M WATER DEPTH

Panicum (panic grasses) Lachnocaulon (bog buttons)

FV : WETLAND Depending on elevation and topography the wetland becomes differenciated: from aquatic beds to forested areas.

WET MEADOW -/+0 M WATER DEPTH

Panicum Hemitomon (maidencane) Eleocharis (spikesedge)

SHALLOW MARSH -0.5 M WATER DEPTH

101 101

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PRIVATE

rethinking of the shotgun

PRIVATE

PUBLIC

FV : SHOTGUN PROTOTYPES The shotgun is limited to around five rooms which equals an apartment for 2-3 people. How can we transform the shotgun in order to provide adequate housing for a larger family?

PUBLIC

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vertical circulation

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FV : SHOTGUN PROTOTYPES These prototypes illustrate the range of possibilities of how rich the typology is and that it can be used for much more than housing: cornershops, kindergardens, schools, etc.

family double

standard size

medium size

cafe

single bedroom

family single

maximum size

prototypes

school

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FV : SHOTGUN PROTOTYPES The typology is limited to three stories. To increase the density beyond that we introduce an extended street. Every shotgun should be approached from the street and have a garden facade.

107 107

40% 40% 40%

50% 50%

60% 60% FV : NEW ORLEANS - VERNACULAR ORNAMENTATION Existing ornamentation patterns will be used as sunshading devises according to orientation.

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FV : PROJECT PROPOSAL The project seeks for a new relationship between nature, domesticity and city.

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American Apparel Los Angeles Factory

速

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COMPANY BACKGROUND American Apparel 速

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American Apparel ÂŽ

ISSUES At American Apparel, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve always felt strongly about the subject of immigration. Even as early as 2003, we were running ads and putting up billboards calling for reform (see here). Today this issue is more contentious than ever and we feel the time is ripe for individuals, companies, and communities to speak out honestly about it.

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Company Background

â&#x20AC;&#x153;At American Apparel we support our workers. We support our community. We support the pride of American and the American dream.â&#x20AC;?

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American Apparel ®

▼ ►

◄ ▲

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Company Background

LEGALIZE LA

LEGALIZE GAY

▼

American Apparel ® ▲

ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES

▲

ORGANIC PRODUCTS

MULTIPLE ISSUES IN ONE IDENTITY American Apparel has integrated manufacturing, distribution and retail as no one has before. With virtually every step of the process executed in downtown LA, our vertically integrated business model allows us more ﬂexibility and faster turnaround times than most in the market. From dyeing, cutting, and sewing to advertising and design, we do everything in-house and do not rely on outsourcing.

VERTICAL INTEGRATION

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American Apparel ®

DOV CHARNEY AND AMERICAN APPAREL “Mr. Charney cultivates his faintly off-color persona, part garmento, part 1970’s pornographer. In fact, he works it studiously preening in a snug polo shirt and white belt, his mustache scrolling from his upper lip to his muttonchop whiskers. He is nearly a ringer for the photographer Terry Richardson, famous downtown for bringing the aesthetics of soft-core

pornography to fashion photography. These days he is wooing retail customers with a mix of social conscience and hedonism. ‘This is a new generation of young adults,” Mr. Charney said. ‘They want what their parents wanted at that age, what kids always want: to have a beer, to smoke a joint,to go to a good movie, to party.’”

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Company Background

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American Apparel ®

VERTICAL INTEGRATION Charney explains American Apparel’s success on its anti-establishment business model, arguing that it made more sense for his company to locate its factory operations in the United States. American Apparel’s ‘vertically integrated’ structure, the concentration and strategic intermingles all company departments under one roof. Charney serves as head fashion

designer, marketer, and CEO—a cost-saving, efﬁciency enhancing way of doing business that allowed the company to accommodate higher manufacturing costs. The American Apparel factory in Los Angeles has become the country’s largest garment manufacturing facility, with more than 3,000 workers and the ability to produce one million T-shirts per week.

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Company Background

FINANCIAL

PEOPLE

▼▼▼ DESIGNING

▼▼▼ ► MARKETING ▼ KNITTING

DYING ◄

▼ FABRIC STORAGE

► CUTTING ▼ SEWING

▼ WAREHOUSE DISTRIBUTION ▼ WHOLESALE SALES

▼ RETAILING IN 19 COUNTRIES

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American Apparel ®

WORKER BENEFITS • HIGHER STANDARDS OF PAY • AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE • IN HOUSE CLINIC • ENGLISH LANGUAGE CLASS • FREE BIKE SHARE PROGRAM • SUBSIDIZED MEALS • FREE LONG DISTANCE PHONE • STRETCHING AND MASSAGES • BIRTHDAY CELEBRATIONS • COMPANY WIDE CELEBRATIONS • $18 MILLION IN COMPANY STOCK

IMMIGRATION REFORM “These people don’t have freedom of mobility, they’re living in the shadows,” he said in an interview. “This is at the core of my company, at the core of my soul.” “What I think is startling is that this is a partisan advertising campaign that advocates for workers and is not advocating for the consumer,” Ms. Schmidt Camacho said. “It’s an ap-

peal that is based on their brand and identiﬁcation with particular values.” Mr. Charney said American Apparel’s customers appreciate the company’s views on immigration. He said his customers were “borderless.” He named the company American Apparel, rather than “USA Apparel,” he said, on purpose.

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Company Background

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

â&#x20AC;&#x153;American Apparel attracts customers through internallydeveloped, edgy, high-impact, visual advertising campaigns.â&#x20AC;?

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American Apparel ®

“Sex is good. Business is good. I don’t see why I should be ashamed,”

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Company Background

PAGE TITLE The company made a name for itself largely on its amateurporn-style ads full of crotch shots, sweat stains and bikini rashes. Former porn star turned Ph.D. sexologist Annie Sprinkle says American Apparel’s promotions tap into American culture’s

contradictory views about sex. “They can be fun, sexy and positive,” Sprinkle says, or they can be a turnoff—depicted as dirty and ugly. “But that’s why it’s a great ad campaign,” she says. “As a feminist, I like the ads and I like the grafﬁti [the New York billboard was defaced with]. It makes us think about how we view sexuality.”

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

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American Apparel ®

At American Apparel there is no logo in sight.

Anti-Brand “There is a highbrow stand against commercial culture right now,” said Alex Wipperfürth, a partner in Plan B, a marketing ﬁrm in San Francisco. “People are sick of being walking advertisements for clothing. By stripping brands of logos and of pretense, by being more subtle in your cues, you are saying that you are more about quality than image.” American Ap-

parel reﬂects a cultural shift. Younger consumers have grown suspicious of corporate branding. At American Apparel there is no logo in sight.

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Company Background

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

“One ad I remember even encouraged shoppers to Google the model, only to ﬁnd out she was a rising Canadian porn star.”

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American Apparel ®

“The company made a name for itself largely on its amateurporn-style ads full of crotch shots, sweat stains and bikini rashes.”

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Company Background

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

BUTT is an important art magazine that I support. No question, that it is going to offend people and it is my feeling that that is the nature of provocative art. At times, to make progress, you end up offending people. And people were offended by many things I have done over the years. But I did what I felt was right, especially from an art and creative point of view.

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American Apparel ®

“Almost every stage of our union-bursting and sexual harassment occurs in the same building in downtown Los Angeles.”

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Company Background

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American Apparel ®

It’s basically like, ‘Here’s my a--, f--- me’,” if you want to be as blunt as possible, says Steve Hall, the creator of Adrants, an advertising blog.”

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Company Background

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American Apparel 速

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Company Background

The identity of American Apparel expands beyond their product as stock, facilitating the creative expression of its sub-culture.

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HISTORICAL PRECIDENTS American Apparel 速

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American Apparel ®

Improved social aspects of working in a factory. Large outdoor sporting and leisure facilities for the workers. Curved office block. Raw products were taken to the top floor and moved down a floor after each stage of processing. Eight levels for tobacco, five levels for the coffee section with double height spaces. Circular tea room on top floor.

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Historical Precidents

Van Nelle Factory LOCATION: ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS (URBAN) ARCHITECT: JOHANNES BRINKMAN DATE: 1926-1930 PROGRAM: COFFEE, TEA AND TOBACCO FACTORY

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American Apparel ®

Goal was to create a new kind of public meeting place to match the new form of public life. Melnikov stated, “It was a search without tradition and without a clear programme.”

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Historical Precidents

Rusakov Worker’s Clob LOCATION: MOSCOW, RUSSIA (URBAN) ARCHITECT: KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV DATE: 1927-1929 PROGRAM: SOCIAL GATHERING PLACE FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

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American Apparel 速

King Henri IV proposed Place de Vosgues as a silk factory on the north side of the square with the remaining three sides would serve as factory worker housing. Though backed by Henri IV, Place de Vosges was not built by the crown, but by private investors, nobles of the robe, merchants and artisans.

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Historical Precidents

Place Des Vosges LOCATION: PARIS, FRANCE (URBAN) ARCHITECT: KING HENRI IV DATE: 1605 - 1612 DIMENSIONS: 140m by 140m PROGRAM: SILK FACTORY & HOUSING

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American Apparel ®

Combined warehousing with internal railcar and freight truck off-loading as a solution to the cost of traffic delays in NYC. Tracks lead directly from the piers on the Hudson into the building where freight cars carried by boat from New Jersey could be moved in 30 foot, 300,000 pound capacity elevators to truck pits on upper floors. Every floor could host a factory. Upper floor setbacks (set by building code) created massive outdoor terraces

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Historical Precidents

Starrett Leigh Building LOCATION: NEW YORK, NEW YORK (URBAN) ARCHITECT: CORY & CORY, PRUDY & HENDERSON DATE: 1930 DIMENSIONS: 20 STORY, 2,309,739 (FULL NYC BLOCK) PROGRAM: WAREHOUSE, FREIGHT TRUCK OFFLOADING

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American Apparel ®

Design features which improved the quality of the work environment to prevent labor turnover and attract skill workers. Plan reﬂected the latest innovations in Ford mass production. The Highland Park Plant was the birth place of the moving assembly line. It had an arrangement that would facilitate expansion and allow for adaptation as production systems improved. Policies on efﬁciency and productivity drove the design. Built in a tight formation to assist movement of materials. Known as a “daylight” factory because of its expanse of windows.

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Historical Precidents

Ford Motor Company LOCATION: HIGHLAND PARK, MICHIGAN (SUBURBAN) ARCHITECT: ALBERT & JULIUS KAHN DATE: 1910 DIMENSIONS: PRODUCTION FACTORY 288m by 22.5m PROGRAM: AUTO FACTORIES

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American Apparel ®

Urban

Sub-Urban

Contemporary public space

Ground floor is porous allowing a connection to the plaza. Lowest section consists of four levels of city government departments where the public has wide access. Middle section houses the public officials and is semi-public. Upper stories contain the city office space rarely visited by the public. Top floors surround an inner courtyard that brings light to the lower levels.

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Historical Precidents

Boston City Hall LOCATION: BOSTON, MA (URBAN) ARCHITECT: KALLMANN, MCKINNELL & KNOWLES DATE: 1962 PROGRAM: MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT BUILDING

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LOS ANGELES American Apparel 速

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American Apparel 速

SITE LOCATION SCALE = 1:3000

Industrial Downtown Located in a industrial zone in Los Angeles. An area where multiple national factories are leaving and outsourcing their work. In reverence to this culture, American Apparel situates itself in downtown Los Angeles.

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Los Angeles

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TRANSPORTATION DISTANCE MAP SCALE = 1:3000

TRAIN STATION BUS STOP

We are Bus People Within a 1/4 mile (as deﬁned by the USGBC as an appropriate walking distance to a bus stop) we have 14 stops. Within a 1/2 mile there are no train stations.

1 MILE

1/2 MILE

American Apparel ®

1/4 MILE

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Los Angeles

33 68 44

12 1

28 11

3 14 0

10 33

4 10

3 POPULATION DENSITY DIAGRAM

MEASURED IN PEOPLE PER ACRE

Population Density By extending the envelope 120â&#x20AC;&#x2122; above the existing building, we are able to accomplish 45% more views around the perimeter of the I-10 loop around Los Angeles. This not only helps with American Apparels focus on communicating to the larger public, but with solar shading of the existing space.

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08 09 10 11

1,000’

2,000’

3,000’

4,000’

5,000’

6,000’

7,000’

8,000’

02 9,000’

American Apparel

American Apparel ®

10,000’

05 06

13 14

15 16 17

18 19

PLAN KEY

SCALE = 1:6000

07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Visibility from I-10 Loop By extending the envelope 120’ above the existing building, we are able to accomplish 45% more views around the perimeter of the I-10 loop around Los Angeles. This not only helps with American Apparels focus on communicating to the larger public, but with solar shading of the existing space.

American Apparel

1,000’

2,000’

3,000’

4,000’

5,000’

6,000’

7,000’

Los Angeles

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Scales of View The site is situated in a way that multiple scales of view inform the envelope. From the distance views of the freeway that essentially understand the envelope as sign, to the intimate understand of the interior court space. This problem will inform the development of the envelope.

5,000’

American Apparel ®

6,000’

1,000’

2,000’

3,000’

4,000’

American Apparel ®

Los Angeles

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BUILDING ANALYSIS American Apparel 速

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American Apparel 速

W 6% 12% 48% 24% 30% 36% 42% 48%

WIND ROSE AVERAGE WIND SPEED = 7-16 KNOTS CALM WINDS (< 3.23%)

SPACE CREATION

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Building Analysis

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American Apparel ®

800’

NYC STREET

148’

GRAF ZEPPELIN

578’

AMERICAN APPAREL

550’

TATE MODERN

232’

BOEING 747

192’

GOODYEAR BLIMP

122’

SPACE SHUTTLE

175

Building Analysis

SCALE OF SPACE The current condition of the space between the buildings at the American Apparel factory require a large volume solution to ďŹ ll the vacuous space. In comparison, our space is equivalent to the tate modern. We are inspired by this space and propose an equally transformation interventions to generate a better space for the public.

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American Apparel ®

TRUCKS

50 LOADING DOCKS

PARKED CARS

142 PARKING SPACES

VENDER MARKET 132 STALLS @ 10’X10’

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Building Analysis

POLITICAL RALLY

6700 PEOPLE STANDING

BANQUETT 1100 SEATS

AUDITORIUM 5292 SEATS

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American Apparel 速

CONNECTIVITY

179

Building Analysis

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American Apparel ®

3 Points

• Enhance Vertical Integration / Connectivity • Work with Low Tech/Low Cost • Expand Communication with Consumer and Public

RETAIL APPROACH American Apparel approaches their retail space design in a similar way as their fashion design. The spaces are oddly undesigned with very little attention placed on the infrastructure other than a superﬁcial coat of white paint. From this base coat of paint, low tech/ low cost approaches are implemented to expand the versatility of the space and highlight their

colorful clothing. This approach has not only worked for AA, but has proven extremely successful. By paying close attention to their methodology, we can better address their factory condition as well.

181

Building Analysis

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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS American Apparel 速

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American Apparel ®

The most signiﬁcant climatic concern is Los Angeles’ solar radiation and corresponding heat gain. On average Los Angeles has 320 sunny days a year. Even on the coldest day, Los Angeles experiences high levels of sun light. There is signiﬁcant potential for solar energy gain and a corresponding need for solar shading.

185

Environmental Analysis

J F M A M

A S

O N D

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American Apparel 速

187

Environmental Analysis

Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; prevailing winds originate from the south west and the east. Wind frequency remains fairly constant throughout the year with the a peak in the spring and less wind in the winter.

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American Apparel 速

Los Angeles receives very little rainfall often averaging under a few inches each month and totaling 15 inches annually.

189

Environmental Analysis

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American Apparel ÂŽ

Los Angelesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; subtropical climate is warm yet comfortable with an average temperature between 50 and 75 degrees throughout the year. The hottest period occurs in September with the average peak around 90 degrees. The coldest period occurs in December with the temperature dipping to 40 degrees in the evening.

191

Environmental Analysis

50 AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE

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American Apparel 速

193

Environmental Analysis

Los Angeles’ current climate necessitates only subtle changes to moderate the overall condition and react to occasional peak times of the year. Environmental Notes • Abundance of Sun • Little Humidity

Environmental Strategies • Provide Shade • Allow Ventilation

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ENVELOPE AS ATMOSPHERE American Apparel 速

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American Apparel 速

197

Envelope as Atmosphere

MASS

MASS - MULTITUDE - ATMOSPHERE American Apparel approaches their identity through atmospheric branding. It is no longer easy to define what is the brand, how it is maintained, or where it will go. It is understandable that the definition of their identity is defined through its own sub-culture.

MULTITUDE

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American Apparel ®

So we simply answer the question as to the atmospheric basis that ﬁrst enables democracy in terms of spatial and media theory. The public sphere is not just the effect of people assembling but in fact goes back to the construction of a space to contain them and in which the assembled persons are ﬁrst able to assemble. The agora is the manifest urban form thereof, but we can only gain an adequate notion of its function if we construe the coming together of persons in this space as an installation. Installations such as those with which we are familiar from contemporary art have the task of developing compromises between observation and participation. Their meaning is to transform the position of juxtaposed observation into an immersive relationship to the milieu that surrounds the erstwhile beholder. -- Peter Sloterdijk

199

Envelope as Atmosphere

SURFACE

ENVELOPE AS ATMOSPHERE The envelope becomes atmosphere through its relationship to depth. The single surface creates a division of space, effect, and environmental condition. Whereas the depth of atmosphere blurs the relationship to border while maintaining the over arching affect. This depth also allows for a site speciďŹ c response of shading while maintaining ventilation.

ATMOSPHERE

200

American Apparel ÂŽ

The two approaches mirror the historical precedent of two spaces within the urban factory typology -- production and leisure. The two spaces demand separate readings of atmosphere. A sponge ďŹ lter to condition the production space, and the leaves of a tree to canopy the leisure alley.

201

Envelope as Atmosphere

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PROPOSALS American Apparel 速

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American Apparel 速

205

Proposals

TYPICAL AWNING CONDITION ONLY SUN SHADING

ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION SUN SHADING AND ADDITIONAL EFFECTS

DRAWING ON THE TRADITION OF MEXICAN FIESTA

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American Apparel 速

ACOUSTIC ELEVATION DIAGRAM

PHOTO VOLTAIC ELEVATION DIAGRAM

ROOF ELEVATION DIAGRAM

The envelope uses the principle of using an aggregation of element which create a new whole greater than itself. The simple panel element is transformed via changes in placement and material to faciliate a series of different effects. All provide shading, the main environmental concern for the space but in combination create a series of unique spacs.

207

Proposals

REFLECTION ELEVATION DIAGRAM

ADVERTISING ELEVATION DIAGRAM

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American Apparel 速

ACOUSTIC PANELS DIAGRAM

ADVERTISING PANELS DIAGRAM

The acoustic and advertising panels faciliate and augment the current activities occuring at the American Apparel Building thereby construsting an envelope which physically marks and enhances their identity.

209

Proposals

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American Apparel ®

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS DIAGRAM

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS DIAGRAM VENTILATION

Photovolatic panels provide clean energy to the American Apparel facoty building. The current building has panels on the roof which block activity from occuring in that space, by raising the panels over the central corridor and roof the panels operate beyond their energy creating capacities. They create a warm area above the corridor which encourages air circulation. On the roof the photovolatics serve as sun shading devices and become visual ﬂags of American Apparel’s green

identity.

211

Proposals

WHITE PANELS BECOME PROJECTIVE SCREENS

White panels on the roof intermix with the photovoltaic shading devices. The reďŹ&#x201A;ect the omnipresent Los Angeles sun while serving as projection screens for activities ranging from political statements to music videos.

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American Apparel ®

American Apparel identity is strongly linked with voyeurism. Its intimate advertising and daily updated website create a gaunlet of images from sexual exhibitionism to factory activities The reﬂective panels provide a new life for that attitude by creating a visual link between the building interior and the public ground plane. We can see them. They can see us. The corridor is transformed into a voyeuristic ﬁeld.

213

Proposals

REFLECTION PANELS DIAGRAM

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American Apparel 速

215

Proposals

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American Apparel ®

THERMAL MASS STACK EFFECT

CROSS SECTION A-A SCALE = 1/16 = 1’-0”

217

Proposals

PLAN

SCALE = 1/32 = 1’-0”

LONG SECTION B-B SCALE = 1/32 = 1’-0”

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS We propose to demolish the existing windows from the factory building, remove the air conditioning units and replace that sealed conditioning with a porous one through atmospheric techniques.

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American Apparel 速

Program: Production Space Operation: Standard Performance: Screen

Program: High Level Production Space Operation: Increase Scale Performance: Decreased Airflow

Program: Low Level Production Space Operation: Decrease Scale Performance: Increased Airflow

Program: Office Space Operation: Translation Performance: View Locations

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Proposals

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American Apparel 速

221

Proposals

Material: DARK FABRIC Fill: INFLATED

Material: LIFE FABRIC

Material: FABRIC Fill: FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

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American Apparel 速

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Proposals

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225

GEOMETRY American Apparel 速

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American Apparel 速

BUILDING ELEVATION

WINDOW GRID

EXPLODED GRID

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Geometry

SHORTEST CROSS DISTANCE NO THIRD POINT CONNECTION

EXCESSIVE CABLE TO ACHIEVE THIRD POINT CONNECTION

SHORTEST CABLE TO ACHIEVE THIRD POINT CONNECTION

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American Apparel ®

POINTS IN FIELD DIA-

Each panel becomes a point in the ﬁeld with three cables connecting it with the existing building transforming the rigid grid into an atmosphere of ﬂoating points and effects. This structure freed the panels from wall. Although they are similar, each occupies a unique point in space, and only in aggregation do they perform .

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Geometry

PLANES IN FIELD

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American Apparel 速

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24 10

DIAGRAM OF POINT CONNECTIONS TO

This diagram marks each of the connection points to the building. Like a musical score it notates the placements of each point in space. Reading the attached spreadsheets one can follow the panels as they waft through the space.

231

Geometry

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232

American Apparel ® POINT A_M_1 A_M_2 A_M_3 A_M_4 A_M_5 A_M_6 A_M_7 A_M_8 A_M_9 A_M_10 A_M_11 A_M_12 A_M_13 A_M_14 A_M_15 A_M_16 A_M_17 A_M_18 A_M_19 A_M_20 A_M_21 A_M_22 A_M_23 A_M_24 A_M_25 A_M_26 A_M_27 A_M_28 A_M_29 A_M_30 A_M_31 A_M_32 A_M_33 A_M_34 A_M_35 A_M_36 A_M_37 A_M_38 A_M_39 A_M_40 A_M_41 A_M_42 A_M_43

CONNECTION 1 II1Σ II2Σ II7Σ II3Σ I4Σ I3Σ II5Σ I8Σ I3Σ Z8Σ Z8Σ Z3Δ II6Σ Z4Δ Z5Δ Z5Δ Z7Δ Y7Δ Z6Δ Y5Ξ X5Γ Z6Δ Y5Ξ Y7Ξ X3Π X7Π X4Λ Y1Γ Y2Γ W8Π Y6Γ W3Λ X7Λ V4Π W5Λ W6Λ V5Π X6Π V7Π W7Π V6Π W2Λ V5Π

CONNECTION 2 ii7σ II2σ ii7σ z4σ ii4σ ii4σ i4σ ii5σ i5σ ii6σ ii2δ i5σ z4δ z4δ z2δ z5δ y1ξ y6δ z8δ y4ξ z8δ x6γ x7λ x1γ y7ξ y7δ y8ξ x8π w2λ x4γ w7λ x5λ w3π x2λ w8γ W1λ x8λ v4λ y4ξ v7π w2π v8π v4λ

CONNECTION 3 I3Σ I5σ i4σ Z7Δ i2δ i4σ z4σ II2Σ z6δ y1δ z4δ z5δ Y8Σ y6δ Y4Ξ z3δ X6Ξ z7δ y5ξ y8γ x8ξ Y7Γ X5Λ y1ξ y8γ x1δ x8γ X7Π x4ξ x5π x4λ X6Λ W7Π Y4Γ w1γ W3Λ Y4Ξ x7δ w6π x4ξ W4Λ v6λ v5π

LENGTH 1 6' 7.25" 21' 1 7/8" 35'8" 2' 5 1/8" 24'3.5" 41' 3.5" 35' 8" 9' 5/18" 1'3" 23' 3 7/8" 38' 2 7/8" 12'6 3/8" 28' 3.25" 38' 1 3/8" 19' 6.5" 3' 4.125" 4' 6 3/8" 44' 7 7/8" 22' 7" 21' 9" 47' 9 7/8" 8' 2.125" 8' 8.75" 22' 11 3/8" 49' 11 3/8" 53' 10.75" 36' 7 3/8" 7' 0 5/8" 26' 11.5" 50' 1.75" 24' 1" 8' 0 7/8" 16' 0.75" 35' 10.5" 37' 4" 5' 2.125" 16' 0.5" 36' 2.25" 10' 11 7/8" 36' 10.75" 4' 1.75" 50' 24' 6 3/8"

LENGTH 2 34' 2.25" 19'7 1/8" 5'1" 48' 1 3/8" 19' 11.75" 2' 11.75" 8' 9.125" 35 7 7/8" 39' 9 5/8" 27' 2 7/8" 5' 9.5" 32' 2 5/8" 17' 0.25" 8' 4.25" 25' 8.75" 43' 1.5" 41' 10.125" 3' 4.75" 22' 2" 23' 0.125" 5' 6.25" 47' 4" 49' 1.125" 23' 5.125" 2' 11 3/4" 12' 4.125" 14' 9.5" 50' 4 5/8" 31' 5" 4' 5" 30' 6.125" 37' 2.125" 34' 10.25" 16' 9.75" 9' 7.5" 41' 9" 34' 6.125" 15' 11" 39' 8 5/8" 11' 1 7/8" 46' 11.75" 4' 5.75" 21' 11.25"

LENGTH 3 17' 9.25" 27' 9 7/8" 18' 11 1/8" 34' 3 3/8" 23' 2" 15' 4 7/8" 15' 3" 57'11 7/8" 44'9 5/8" 42' 6.25" 15 3 5/8" 36' 9.25" 37. 0.25" 16' 1.125" 39' 9 7/8" 10' 8.25" 43' 7.75" 8' 6.5" 28' 5" 29' 6 5/8" 16' 7 3/8" 20' 8 3/8" 22' 9.125" 27' 10 5/8" 8' 9 5/8" 20' 1.125" 20' 11.25" 26' 5 3/8" 27' 8.25" 21' 6 5/8" 19' 11" 13' 8 3/8" 19' 1.125" 40' 1.25" 14' 3.5" 12' 9.25" 51' 4" 44' 11.125" 60' 11 7/8" 57' 10.25" 20' 1.125" 12' 5 7/8" 25' 6 5/8"

A_S_1 A_S_2 A_S_3 A_S_4 A_S_5 A_S_6 A_S_7 A_S_8

B7Λ B6Π C7Π B6Π D7Λ B6Π B7Π C6Π

b8π c8π b5λ d3π b2π d3π d4λ e8π

c6λ D8π e5γ D6Λ d8λ b8π D4Λ D8Λ

26' 14' 33' 21' 44' 21' 22' 14'

20' 33' 19' 35' 12' 19' 40' 42'

34' 47' 53' 30' 23' 29' 24' 27'

9.5" 4 5/8" 6 5/8" 6.5" 5" 6.5" 9.75" 4.5"

0.125" 8" 1.75" 10.5" 9.75" 5.125" 2.25" 7 7/8"

4 5/8" 2 5/8" 4.5" 6.25" 2.5" 6.75" 3 7/8" 1.5"

233

Geometry _ _ A_S_9 A_S_10 A_S_11 A_S_12 A_S_13 A_S_14 A_S_15 A_S_16 A_S_17 A_S_18

D8Π C5Π D8Λ C2Π D6Λ D1Π E3Π F2Π D5Π F3Π

c8π d1π c6π e1π f8π e2π c6π d8λ f5π d5λ

e2π F2Π e6π b8π f1λ b8π C6Π e6λ d7λ D4Π

31' 10.75" 15' 2 3/8" 37' 3.25" 28' 11 7/8" 18' 4 5/8" 35' 6.25" 18' 2.5" 49' 4.75" 32' 6.125" 29' 10 7/8"

22' 1 3/8" 32' 11 3/8" 12' 3 7/8" 32' 3 3/8" 31' 2" 15' 2.25" 39' 5.25" 11' 11.5" 17' 7" 36' 4.75"

37' 5.125" 45' 10 7/8" 34' 3/8" 55' 10.75" 40' 1 7/8" 49' 6 7/8" 40' 11.5" 22' 7 3/8" 28' 1.25" 36' 5 7/8"

AD_1 AD_2 AD_3 AD_4 AD_5 AD_6 AD_7 AD_8 AD_9 AD_10 AD_11 AD_12 AD_13 AD_14 AD_15 AD_16 AD_17 AD_18 AD_19 AD_20

A5Π A2Ξ A1Λ A8Π A8Π A7Γ A6Π A2Λ A3Γ A3Σ A5Σ A2Σ A2Σ A1Σ A4Ξ A3Ρ A5Ξ A3Ρ A3Ρ A4Ξ

a2λ a5π a6π a7γ a7γ a5π a5δ a3δ a2σ a4γ a6π a5γ a4ξ a6ξ a1σ B1Λ a3ρ a3λ a1ρ a3ρ

A1Λ a5λ A3Π A8Σ a1π A8Λ A2Δ A2Σ A1Ξ a3δ A1Σ A1Λ a2σ a5δ a6ξ a6ξ a3ξ A2Σ A2Σ b3σ

5' 11" 54' 8.5" 6' 0.5" 25' 6.5" 42' 4.75" 11' 2.5" 38' 6.5" 24' 6.75" 3' 6" 50' 3 3/8" 12' 6 7/8" 31' 10.125" 42' 10" 9' 5" 42' 10" 31' 5.5" 38' 8.5" 7' 10.25" 16' 11.125" 53' 2 3/8"

42' 5 5/8" 7' 6 5/8" 43' 3/8" 28' 2.5" 11' 4 3/8" 43' 6.75" 25' 3 7/8" 29 3.75" 54' 11.5" 6' 10 7/8" 55' 8.25" 30' 4.75" 10' 3.125" 45' 4.125" 8' 11.25" 33' 10 3/8" 24' 3 3/8" 50' 9.25" 38' 1/4" 7' 4 3/8"

16' 0 7/8" 5' 9.75" 12' 5/8" 52 4 5/8" 18' 4.75" 14' 3.75" 41' 7 5/8" 40' 11.5" 9' 9.5" 22' 2" 18' 7 3/8" 36' 6" 22' 9 5/8" 14' 2 3/8" 27' 1.125" 48' 1.25" 31' 9" 8' 11 5/8" 17' 5.25" 6' 7.75"

234

American Apparel 速

Each plan contains a compressed series of planar cuts through the building. The atmospheric envelope operates through depth, thereby demanding an expanded conception of the plan, which shows objects cutting through space instead of plans cutting through objects.

235

Proposals

236

American Apparel ® RAYLEIGH SCATTERING FORM I a 1/(l^4)

DIAGRAMMATIC GEOMETERY FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING

REPRESENTATIONAL SCATTERING APPLIED TO PANELS

A signiﬁcant aspect of this envelope’s geometry exists in its non-visual effects. Drawing from representations of geometrical optics of atmospheres, speciﬁcally the rayleigh scattering form, the diagram uses individual panels’ direction and wavelength effects to represent the non-visible part of the envelope atmosphere.

237

Geometry

ATMOSPHERIC REPRESEN-

238

American Apparel 速

239

Geometry

VARIABLE GEOMETRY

240

241

FABRICATION American Apparel 速

242

American Apparel 速

FABRIC / CABLE CONNECTIONS

BELT CONNECTION

FABRIC POCKET WITH CABLE

CABLE LOOP

CHANNEL WITH GROMMETS AND LACING

FORK CONNECTOR TO MAST

COATED STAINLESS STEEL OPEN SPIRAL STRANDS

STEEL CABLE

BASE CONNECTOR

FORK CONNECTOR TO MAST

CABLE BASE PLATE

CABLES

COATED STAINLESS STEEL OPEN SPIRAL STRANDS

STEEL CABLE

MATERIAL

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FABRIC TENSOTHERM FABRIC

PANEL TYPE

ROOF SHADING PANELS

PET FELT WITH MOISTURE BARRIER PLASTIC

PTFE FIBERGLASS

COTTON POLYESTER BLEND

PLANTING

RAINWATER COLLECTION

SEATING PANELS

CATALOUGE OF PARTS Like American Apparel clothing, the envelope panels use a simple base component and by changing material and connective elements transform that unit into countless variations. This catalouge documents the panels outlined in the proposal and also projects a possible additional variations.

243

Fabrication

FABRIC POCKET WITH CABLE

TUBE IN CABLE POCKET

EDGE CABLE WITH CLAMPS

SINGLE HINGE CONNECTING BASE PLATE

STAINLESS STEEL OPEN SPIRAL STRANDS 1x19

TEFLON COATED FIBERGLASS

NOMEX

ACOUSTIC PANEL

DOUBLE HINGE CABLE BASE PLATE

BELT CONNECTION

DOUBLE HINGE CABLE BASE PLATE

MOMENT RESISTING CABLE BASE PLATE

COATED STAINLESS STEEL OPEN SPIRAL STRANDS 1x61

MIRROR WITHIN PTFE FIBERGLASS MEMBRANE

REFLECTIVE PANEL

CYLINDRICAL CONNECTOR CABLES

COATED STAINLESS STEEL OPEN SPIRAL STRANDS

THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL ADHERED TIO2 COATED PTFE TO POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FABRIC FIBERGLASS

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

MEDIA MESH

ADVERTISING PANELS

244

American Apparel 速

245

Fabrication

246

the end

American Apparel 速

247

Building Analysis

American Apparel

速

248

249

Vertical

250

251

“Conventional Office Developments do not provide enough interstitial space to accomodate inter-company transactions, mobile workers or the overlapping activities that are characteristic of networked working”. -Francis Duffy, Work and the City “...The average life span of new skyscrapers in New York City is 35 years. The reasons do not lie in poor building construction, but rather in rigid specification, one in which the structures become absolutely fit for purpose”. -Richard Sennett, The Public Realm

252

In the research of workplace experts such as Frank Duffy, we see that recent growth in the amount of internal office space devoted to collective activities, meeting spaces, social hubs, and gathering spaces illustrates how this increase in shared space fosters interconnection. The points to the right outline the benefits of this increase in social/ collaborative spaces per this research.

Increased Allocation of Social + Collaborative Spaces_

Typiycal Social Space Allocation

Social/ Interstitial

Limited Connectivity

Increased Social Space Allocation

Greater Connectivity

Social/ Interstitial

Increased Social/ Collaborative/ Interstitial Spaces Creates greater connectivity and fosters a stronger knowledge economy.

253

What this increase offers... Interconnected Use of Spatial Resources

Strengthened Networking + Communication/ Knowledge Economy Changeability of Uses Over Time

Rediscovery of the Serendipity Through Overlapping Interstitial Zones Greater Connectivity

Increased Opportunities for the Growth of Embryologic Businesses

254

Site 125th Street & Park Avenue, NYC 28,000 s.f. Site

255

330,000 s.f.

Tower Use Percentages & Approximate Depths Transportation 100,000 _33% Incubators 75,000 _23% University Services 30,000 _9% Office Space 75,000 _23% Social/ Public Space 50,000 _ 15%

125,000 s.f.

Program

50,000 s.f.

Tower Total Gross s.f. = 330,000 s.f.

Transportation Hub Total Gross s.f. = 100,000 s.f.

100,000 _

33%

Incubators Total Gross s.f. = 75,000 s.f.

75,000 _

23%

University Services Total Gross s.f. = 30,000 s.f.

30,000 _

Office Space Total Gross s.f. = 75,000 s.f.

23%

75,000 _ Start up and corporate

Social/ Public Space Total Gross s.f. = 50,000 s.f.

15%

50,000 _

Programatic Breakdown

Increase in Mixed Use Towers in the last 20 years

-The Skyscraper and the City, Book 1

256

The Tower with Podium Zoning Envelope is the most desirable for the 125th and Park site in Harlem, NYC due to its main orientation along the energetic 125th street corridor, and its solar orientation elongated along the East/ West axis.

257

125th St. Zoning District

C4-4D Potential Cultural Uses C6-3 C4-7 R7 A/C2 4

The Site.

S.F. max= 330,000 s.f. FAR =12 Maximum Height= 330’

200’ 172’ 24’

120’’ 72’’ 46’’

140’

Transportation Line

Zoning Perimeter

258

259

Calculated: 374,250 s.f. Target Maximum: 330,000 s.f.

+ 12% ...12% needs to be trimmed from the total square footage

260

Calculated: 323,000 s.f. Target Maximum: 330,000 s.f.

- 2%

Shaping Option Orientation/Sf Driven

261

Trimming the 12% by means of exterior carving away or shaping do not improve the interior condition of the tower and contribute to social/ spatial connectivity.

262

Calculated: 330,000 s.f. Target Maximum: 330,000 s.f.

Social Voids Social Space Zones Driven _Pragram Based Social Clusters that correspond to Intensity

Maxing out the zoning envelope and inserting internal social cells, improves the interior condition of the tower and contributes to social/ spatial connectivity.

263

Lounge/ Break Out Space

Lounge/ Break Out Space Lounge/ Break Out Space

Lounge/ Break Out Space

Sky Garden Lounge/ Break Out Space Lounge/ Break Out Space

Cafe

Auditorium

Transit Hub

Retail

The four main Social/ Public Spaces within the tower are connected by large escalators that ascend into the tower. The social spaces become smaller as the tower ascends.

264

Private

Low

1 person per 30 s.m.

Programatic Intensity

1 person per 15 s.m.

2 1

Public

1 person per 10-12 s.m.

1 person per 7 s.m.

High

Overlapping/ Interstitial Social Spaces

The 3 programmatic zones are of varying intensity levels that are measured by the density of people per area, and public permeability. The lowest portion of the tower is the most intense as it is anchored to the street through the transportation hub, retail spaces, auditorium, and public plaza.

265

2 1 The above diagram illustrates the placement of the social cells/ activation spaces. The spaces are larger and more public at the base of the tower where the programmatic intensity is high, and the floor plates are the largest. As the tower ascends, the social cells become smaller and more private as the intensity lessens and public permeability decreases.

266

1 The following diagrams show each of the three zones, their social cell programs and corresponding typical depths.

267

The Zone 3 soicial break out spaces are smaller sized double height spaces thatserve to strengthen the connections between inhabitants of less intense programatic elements.

CORE 15’

CORE 20’ -25’

Zone 2 Social spaces are comprised of a mix of smaller social lounge spaces, as well as a 18th -21st floor skygarden, and a large cafe/restaurant zone. The larger social activation spaces such as the skygarden and cafe/restaurant spaces act as destination spaces that draw inhabitants from all areas of the tower.

CORE 30’

Zone 1 Social spaces are larger as they meet the needs of the transportation hub, retail space, and auditorium. These serve as anchor spaces for the tower that create a strong connection to site and community.

268

Programatic Tower Depth Range

15’

30’

Small Start Depth for Social Space, 15’

Medium Sized Office zones/ Incubators, 20’ -25’

Corporate/ Larger Public Program depth, 30’

The floor plate diagram to the left illustrates the basic range of program based distances from the core to the envelope.

The following diagrams show each of the three zones, their corresponding typical depths.

269

3 2 1

15’

15’ 20’

2 3

20’

30’ 30’

30’

15’

The floor plates decrease in size as the tower ascends, offering smaller plate depths that work better for programs such as small offices, and embryonic start up compamnies.

Permeability

1 Core Circulation _Most Permeable 2

Social Zone _Less Permeable

Office Space/ Housing _Least Permeable

270

ction

271

272

273

Twr

Conflicted Icon

274

Inequality in Vertical Typologies

275

Icon through Diferentiation

? C

Icon by Default

A C

C C

276

Field with Burj Dubai

277

Field of Burj Dubai

278

? Inevitability of the Icon

Icon Unwhelms the Collective

Individual Kills Collective

279

? C

A C

C C

Icon by Default

Move Contextual Reference Closer to Collective

B B

Split Icon

? B

B B

? B B

280

B B

Split Icon

A ?

? B

Differentiated Split Icons

Collective Character vs Collective Engine

Collective Character

Collective Engine

281

Where is the Podium and Who is in it?

Center of Gravity Center of Attention

282

= $$$

Tower sits on Land Hidden Temple Front

Tower sits on Podium which sits on Land Displayed Temple Front

Tower Raises Podium Podium = Crown

$$$

(

)

283

Stacked Podiums = Inequality in the Collective

284

Center of Gravity & Center of Attention

+! ?

Emotions of the Tower

285

Falling

Fragmented

Unstable

Hidden Center of Gravity

286

A A

Program

Surface

Form

287

Francesco Borromini San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Form (more corrugation) (moving muscularity)

Jacopo Sansovino Biblioteca Marciana

Leon Battista Alberti San Andrea at Mantua

Surface (little or no corrugation) (little or no muscularity)

Some Corrugation Rigid Muscularity

Fragmentation

form

postmodernism?

Alejandro Zaera-Polo

Ben van Berkel

Rem Koolhaas Herzog de Meuron

Jesse Reiser

Zaha Hadid

BIG

surface

288

? C

A C

C C

Icon by Default

B B

? B

B B

Split Icon

Move Contextual Reference Closer to Collective

? B B

289

‘The will of the epoch translated into space’ + Fish = Individual & Collective

290

$$$

291

$$$$$

Four Stages

$$$ Long Term Leasable Space

Small Start Ups Incubators

$$$ University Services / Housing Transportation HUB Theater Street

Social Occupation

Surface Dominates

Form Dominates

Material Occupation

292

293

Flat Horizontal

4 294

Flat Horizontal

Though its spatial flexibility can accomodate a wide range of programs, the economic logic of the Flat Horizontal type is geographically limited. It resists density and is almost invariably suburban.

FH : Situating the Type Though the utility of the Flat Horizontal in a wide range of programmatic applications makes it difficult to classify functionally, it obeys a more or less consistent logic of location and positioning. Its large footprint generally resists density while its associated infrastructureâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;parking lots, loading docks, and access roadsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;draw it toward transportation thoroughfares.

The organizational logics of the building tend to trump site specificity. Highway access, limited vegetation and large expanses of flat land are privileged, and where topographic variation is encountered, it is overcome with brute force and rendered sufficiently flat for occupation.

295

1.5

M il e

Architecture in the Expended Field

6 296

Flat Horizontal

In this sense the FH is less a building type than it is an economic logic writ large. It climatizes a large floor area under an expansive roof, on an even larger site.

297

Architecture in the Expended Field

Floor Area Ratio

Site Area

8 298

Flat Horizontal

The economic efficiency of this operation for enclosing spatially extensive programs has made the FH ubiquitous. In the guise of the shopping mall and the big-box store it has become the normative space of suburban public life. FH : Case Study: The Mall at Short Hills One of the first planned communities in the country, Short Hills was the dream of Stewart Hartshorn who purchased 1,500 acres of land in the late 1800s. Throughout the first half of the century, the suburban community grew quickly, and in 1949 the Prudential Insurance Company of America acquired a large tract of land where The Mall at Short Hills now sits.

Seven years later, B. Altman opened a 130,000-square-foot store on the land and eventually added an additional 50,000 square feet to meet market demands. Local residents continued their demand for expanded retailing and in the early 1960s, a small open-air center opened that included retailers such as FAO Schwarz and Pottery Barn.

299

Architecture in the Expended Field

The momentum continued as America’s largest Bloomingdale’s premiered on the site in 1967. In 1974, Prudential Insurance Company of America began working with The Taubman Company, The Mall at Short Hills’ current owner. By 1980, the two had completed a two-year, $100 million project to enclose the mall.

The first phase of a major expansion was completed in November 1994 adding a 100,000-square-foot, the next expansion phase was completed in August 1995 adding two anchors -- a 137,000 square-foot Neiman Marcus and a 188,000 squarefoot Nordstrom -- and many new specialty stores.

10 300

Flat Horizontal

While usually constructed in service of commerce, the ability of the FH to accomodate programmatic variation across a unified interior can be put to use for public institutions as well.

FH : Expanded uses of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Big Boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The tendency to consolidate resources under one roof (the logic of the suburban shopping center) can expand beyond the purely economic drivers of commercial development. Examples from Dronten, Holland (Demeerpaal) to New Jersey High Schools demonstrate the opportunities that the big box offers as a space of assembly and social interaction.

301

Architecture in the Expended Field

Community Fundraiser

High School Graduation

Speaking / Performance Events

Shopping

12 302

Flat Horizontal

In the suburban context, spaces of public assembly tend to be dispersed (often in schools). But in the current environmental and economic climate, this arrangement can be questioned.

FH : Dispersal of Assembly By their very nature, recreation centers and spectator facilities pose a major dilemma for schools. Besides their construction cost, they tend to be enormous guzzlers of water (for showers, restrooms, concessions, and pools. In addition, they feature large volumes (atriums, natatoriums, gymnasiums) that come with huge air-conditioning requirements and include

energy consumptive programs and often utilize large expanses of glass that can add significantly to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat load. Large events likewise burn energy and create mountains of solid waste.

303

Architecture in the Expended Field

Hopewell Boro

Pennington Boro

Mercer County *Public Schools

Hopewell Twp Lawrence Twp

Twin Pines Site

At the same time, these venues mark a notable point of public assembly in the social networks of the suburbs. Connected as they often are to schools and education facilities, they mark a point of intersection between governmental investment and public use that is unrivaled in the suburban landscape.

14 304

Flat Horizontal

Strained budgets have already prompted a pooling of resources in service of recreational programs. But this consolidation could be intensified.

FH : Consolidating Resources The current economic recession has forced many suburban communities to consolidate resources for programs of assembly and recreation. Dependent as they are on state educational funding, these facilities are subject to increasingly difficult economic restrictions. As budgets tighten extra-curricular activities are among the first to be cut, and the expensive

construction, maintenance and energy costs of these large facilities becomes increasingly burdensome.

305

Architecture in the Expended Field

Hopewell Boro

Pennington Boro

$ Mercer County Hopewell Twp

*Public Schools

$$$$

$$ Lawrence

$$ Twp

Twin Pines Site

16 306

Flat Horizontal

The Twin Pines project in Mercer County, NJ currently includes facilities for performance and recreation, but lacks an interior that would allow for a wider range of events and assemblies.

FH : Consolidating Resources The Twin Pines site is one such example of combining resources to create a space of recreation. It marks a combined effort between 4 municipalities and the County government to establish a shared facility for sports and recreation on a former airfield in Hopewell Township.

307

Architecture in the Expended Field

18 308

Flat Horizontal

Using the ability of the FH type to consolidate a range of recreation and assembly programs under one roof, we propose to develop at the Twin Pines site a space of intensified public activityâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a non-commercial place of assembly in the suburbs.

309

Architecture in the Expended Field

Lecture

Art Room Class room

Mtg

Class room Class room

Reading

Dir Office

Class room

Watching Listening

Demo Room

Toilets

Store

Fencing Theater Drama

Lockers Showers

Kitchen

Concert

Archery Boxing Wrestling Roller Skating

Cafeteria

Racquetball Squash Volleyball

Indoor Soccer

Gymnastics

Lobby Table Tennis

Basketball Badminton

Social Events Dancing (Disco)

Exhibiting

Dancing (Ballroom)

Tennis

20 310

Flat Horizontal

We propose that the shed of the FH type (generic, ordinary, decorated or otherwise) is not a building as much as it is a euphemism for an expansive, environmentally-conditioned interior (Sloterdijk’s macrointerior) that ‘constructs protective islands’.

311

Architecture in the Expended Field

22 312

Flat Horizontal

Programs can themselves be seen as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;protective islandsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, defined by a highly specific set of requirements governing environmental conditions.

FH : A Whole lot of Parts The wide programmatic variation accomodated by this interior is a direct product of a series of factors regulating climatic performance.

z: 4.2

Meeting

x: 8 y: 14 z: 4.2

a: 30

Videoconferencing x: 8 y: 14 z: 4.2

a: 30

x: 18 y: 18 z: 7

a: 324 v: 2268

x: 26 y: 36 z: 7.6

a: 936 v: 7113.6

Racquetball/Squash x: 6 y: 10 z: 6

Roller Skating Classroom x: 30 a: 1800 x: a: 96 Classroom y: 608 v: 9900

Social Event

z: 4.2 Indoor Soccer Classroom (Lecture) x: 27 a: 1215 14 a: 224 Classroom (Lecture) y:x:45 v: 10935

Dancing (Disco)

z: 5.5 Tennis Demonstration x: 20 a: 740 14 v: 7895.8 a: 224 Demonstration y:x:37

x: 30 y: 40 z: 7

a: 1200 v: 8400

a: v:

Dancing (Ballroom) x: 30 y: 40 z: 7

a: v:

Exhibiting

x: 30 y: 40 z: 7

a: v:

General Gym x: 32 y: 36.5 z: 9.1

a: 1168 v: 10630

Archery

x: 7.5 y: 37 z: 3

a: 277.5 v: 832.5

Basketball x: 27 y: 45 z: 7

a: 1215 v: 8505

Boxing/Wrestling x: 18 y: 18 z: 7

a: 324 v: 2268

Gymnastics x: 26 y: 36 z: 7.6

a: 936 v: 7113.6

128 x: z:y:5.5 z:y:4.2 12

y: x:16 z: 914 z:y:5.5 16

y: x:16 14 z: 10.67 z:y:5.5 16 z: 5.5

v: 403.2 a: 96 v: 403.2

v:a: 1232 224 v: 1232

Volleyball Art Production x: 20 a: 1215 a: 112 Art Production y: x: 378 v: 11056 148 x: z:y:9.1 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

v: 470.4 a: 112 v: 470.4

Fencing

x: 10.5 y: 14.4 z: x: 8 y: x: 148 z:x: y:4.2 714 4.2 y:z:14

a: 151.2 v: -

Office Work (Private) a: 20 Office Work (Private) a: 20 Table Tennis a: 98 v: 392

z: 4 (Open) Officework x: 8 (Open) a: 95 Officework y: x: 148 a: 95 Badminton z:y:4.2 14 x: 10.5 a: 189 4.2 v: 1587.6 y:z:18 z: 8.4 x: 8 a: 30 y: x: 148 a: 30 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

Meeting Meeting

Lobby Videoconferencing x: 10.5 a: 100 a: 30 Videoconferencing y: x: 188 148 x: z:y:8.4 z:y:4.2 14 z: 4.2

a: 30

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4 x: 30 y: x:40 30 7 y:z:40 x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

Cafeteria

Auditorium a: 1200 Auditorium v: a:8400 1200 Kitchen v: 8400 a: 500

Racquetball/Squash

z: 8.4 Social Event x: 30 a: Social Event y: v: x:40 30 a: Lockers/Shower 7 y:z:40 v:

Roller Skating

z: 8.4 (Disco) Dancing x: 30 (Disco) a: Dancing y: v: x:40 30 a: Toilets 7 y:z:40 v:

Indoor Soccer

8.4 Dancingz:(Ballroom) 30 a: Dancing x:(Ballroom) y: v: x:40 30 a: Storage 7 y:z:40 v:

Tennis

Exhibiting a: Exhibiting v: a: Corridors v:

x: 6 y: 10 z: 6

x: 30 y: 60 z: 5.5

x: 27 y: 45 z: 9

x: 20 y: 37 z: 10.67

a: 60 v: 360

a: 1800 v: 9900

a: 1215 v: 10935

a: 740 v: 7895.8

x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 250

x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 100

x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18 z: 8.4 x: 30 y: x:40 30 7 y:z:40 x: 10.5 z: 7 y: 18

a: 100

a: v:

z: 8.4

Volleyball

General Gym x: 32 a:Gym 1168 General

Fencing

Archery x: 7.5Archery a: 277.5

Table Tennis

Basketball x: 27 a: 1215 Basketball

Badminton

Boxing/Wrestling x: 18 a: 324 Boxing/Wrestling

x: 20 y: 37 z: 9.1

a: 1215 v: 11056

y: 36.5 x: 32 9.1 y:z:36.5 z: 9.1

v:a: 10630 1168 v: 10630

y: 7.5 37 x: 3 y:z:37 z: 3

v: a:832.5 277.5 v: 832.5

y: x:45 27 7 y:z:45 z: 7

v: a:8505 1215 v: 8505

y: x:18 18 7 y:z:18 z: 7

v:a: 2268 324 v: 2268

y: x:36 26 z:y:7.6 36 z: 7.6

v: 7113.6 a: 936 v: 7113.6

y: x: 106 6 y:z:10 z: 6

v:a: 360 60 v: 360

y: x:60 30 z:y:5.5 60 z: 5.5

v: a:9900 1800 v: 9900

Lockers/Shower

y: x:45 27 9 y:z:45 z: 9

v:a: 10935 1215 v: 10935

Toilets

x: 20 y: x:37 20 z: 10.67 y: 37 z: 10.67

Storage

x: 20 y: x:37 20 z:y:9.1 37 z: 9.1

v:a: 11056 1215 v: 11056

Corridors

x: 10.5 y: x:14.4 10.5 z: y: 14.4 z: -

v: a: 151.2 v: -

x: 10.5 y: 14.4 z: -

x: 7 y: 14 z: 4

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 151.2 v: -

a: 98 v: 392

a: 189 v: 1587.6

Architecture in the Expended Field

a: 60 v: 360

Auditorium x: 30 y: 40 z: 7

313

Gymnastics

Gymnastics x: 26 a: 936 Gymnastics x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

Lobby a: 100

Cafeteria

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

Kitchen

x: 10.5 y: 18 z: 8.4

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: v:

Racquetball/Squash x: 6 a: 60 Racquetball/Squash Roller Skating x: 30 Skating a: 1800 Roller Indoor Soccer x: 27 Soccer a: 1215 Indoor Tennis a: 740 Tennis v: 7895.8 a: 740 v: 7895.8

Volleyball a: 1215 Volleyball Fencing a: 151.2 Fencing

Table Tennis x: 7 Tennis a: 98 Table y: x: 147 4 y:z:14 z: 4

v:a: 392 98 v: 392

Badminton a: 189 Badminton

x: 10.5 18 x:y:10.5 z:y:8.4 18

v: 1587.6 a: 189 v: 1587.6

Lighting Requirements - Lux < 100

300

500

800

1000

1500

Daylighting Control Requirements Moderate

Minimal

Maximum

Acoustic Requirements - RC (N) 45-55

40-50

34-45

30-40

25-35

25-30

<25

Ventilation Requirements - cfm/ft2 <0.1

0.3

0.4-0.5

0.7-0.9

1.2

Thermal/Moisture Control Requirements Temp Control No Seasonal difference

Temp Control Seasonal Difference

Temp Control Humidity Control Seasonal Difference

Temp Control w/ minute calibration Humidity Control Seasonal Difference

24 314

Flat Horizontal

This is why programmatic variation typically relies heavily on systems of mechanical control. Building enclosure is divorced from environmental conditioning.

315

Architecture in the Expended Field

Site & Climate Energy Use denied

Iconicity

I AM

Security & Access Acoustics

Lighting

Flexibility

recreate Thermal light

Air Quality

“Re-flattening” of Ground

Offsite Carbon Offsetting

HVAC Life Cycle

100% Offsite Power Generation

reliance on external systems

Heavy reliance on HVAC leads to shorter lifecycles

Environmental Cost

316

The Princeton Envelope Group (PEG) is a design and research unit at the Princeton University School of Architecture. Headed by Alejandro ZaeraPolo and coordinated by Urtzi Grau. The unit is engaged in a three year research program on the Politics of the Building Envelope the conclusions of which will be published in a forthcoming book by Actar Press. Students part of this second installment: Brandon Clifford, Juan DeMarco, Rachel Glabe, Yu-Cheng Koh, Christina Mcmillan, Martin Roth, Osnat Tadmor and Philip Tidwell