Synthesis of Flooding Management - AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-17

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Pengkun Li Pei-Chin Lin Xinqi Zhuang

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Local farmland pattern and its territorial connection with River Severn.

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2015/16 ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE LONDON, UK

DIRECTOR ALFREDO RAMIREZ EDUARDO RICO

STUDIO MASTER CLARA OLORIZ

HISTORY & THEORY TUTOR DOUGLAS SPENCER

TECHNICAL TUTOR GUSTAVO ROMANILLOS GIANCALO TORPIANO VINCENZO REALE

MACHINING LANDSCAPES TUTOR TOM SMITH

SUBMITTED BY MArch. PENGKUN LI MArch. PEI-CHIN LIN MSc. XINQI ZHUANG BOOKLET LAYOUT AND EDITING PEI-CHIN LIN

ABSTRACT

Hedgerow is one of the most important and most widespread landscape elements in the UK, which dominates the terrain, textures the surface and identifies the culture. This semi-natural landscape has, over the course of history, contributed to nature and assisted human production in several aspects, one of which is to regulate runoff water. There is a trend for owners to neglect the maintenance of their hedgerow, which decreases their function and brings more consequences, one of them being more flooding.

The UK’s constant battle with floods and their consequences has forced the government to spend large amounts of money on building flood defenses. However, these have continuously failed to contain the increase of frequency and the volume of these events. An abundance of information indicates that climate change is the main cause of floods while ignoring the social and political structures in place that have favored their recurrence.

Our project seeks to find a dry trade platform with respect to territory management, economy, social structure and policy, and to argue for a potential way of defending against floods, using a landscape urbanism concept, instead of each individual building their own defenses. This would help all parties suffering from a flood to assemble and cooperate.

Physically, various tools apply according to the diverse scale of terrain. In catchment areas, one would implement a ‘Dynamic Flow Allowance System’ that modulates the speed of runoff. The Shropshire catchment area is a prototypical example, in relation to land use, land ownership, existing and proposed vegetation and soil type. The system can be implemented to allow farmers and stakeholders to negotiate run-off rates in exchange for a range of benefits: social, economic and productive incentives. A catalogue of landscape and engineering techniques, existing and proposed, will materialise this ‘Dynamic Flow System’ to encourage land productivity and avoid the land degradations favoured by current policies. On a particular site, hedgerow intervention structured on the negotiation with farmers to rebuild the hedgerows will be based on their needs, to stop the progress of hedgerow decline, contribute to nature, and reduce flooding, in response to our original purpose.

The idea of the system is that every farmer could make the decision on their needs and would exchange data from bottom to top and vice versa. In this way, landscape architects would no longer just be the top-down designer who designs the final products for each farmer, he would become the one who understands all the connections and consequences in this system and, after understanding that, he will be able to build a system in which every participator in this scheme could take part in designing for themselves. Rather than being a top-down infrastructure designer, we are proposing this bottom-up and spontaneous way; every farmer could design for themselves based on their own lands’ conditions and their needs. As the full data is being gathered and exchanged through the system, the catchment manager would be better able to make decisions on flood schemes. The basic principle of the system is spontaneous, bottom-up, and thorough information sharing. ► SATELLITE IMAGE OF SOMERSET LEVEL FLOODS 2014 Figure 01

â–² HALDON HALL, NEAR EXETER Figure 02

THE UK LANDSCAPE

Hedgerow is one of the most importance landscape characters, ranking alongside great cathedrals, quaint villages and spectacular coastlines.

All of them, compose of the English landscape.

CONTENT HEDGEROW

14

A UNITED KINGDOM LANDSCAPE HERITAGE HEDGEROWS TRANSITION HISTORY THE IMPORTANCE OF HEDGEROWS RUNOFF SIMULATION HEDGEROW TYPES

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE

24

AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY AS A FLOOD CREATOR FLOOD FACTS FLOOD TERRITORIES CATCHMENT RIVER TYPOLOPY FLOOD FREQUENCY & HEDGEROW PATTERN AGRICULTURE STAGES & FARMLAND TRANSITIOIN HISTORY FARMLAND PATTERN CHANGING ARICULTURAPAL LANDSCAPE AND PATTERN HEDGEROW INTERVENTION

HEDGEROW EVOLUTION

40

TWO DESIGNED NEGOTIATION TOOL

48

SITE CONDITIONS

50

SHREWSBURY - NORTH SHROPSHIRE COUNTY AGRICULTURE IMPACTS ON FLOOD SOCIAL FORMATION SOCIAL FORMATION - MULLER DAIRY CURRENT SITUATION OF FARMLAND LAND OWNERSHIP CHANGES FLOOD DAMAGE

66

68

DRY TRADE GRADING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME TECHNIQUES HEDGEROW MANAGEMENT WATER MANAGEMENT HEDGEROW LAYING HEDGEROW CONSTRUCTION HEDGEROW VARIATION

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM

HEDGEROW MAINTENANCE HEDGEROW LAYING CYCLE ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION NATURAL WATER REGULATION

THE DRY TRADE PLATFORM

HEDGETOPIA

102

FLOODING CONDITION IN SERVEN CATCHMENT AGRICULTURE IMPACTS ON FLOOD SEVERN CATCHMENT FOREST PROPORTION LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION SEDIMENT & EROSION SITE & RUNOFF LAND CONDITION & GRADING SYSTEM GEOMORPHOLOGY RUNOFF RATE CATALOGUE OF INTERVENTIONS & SIMULATIONS

EPILOGUE

134

APPENDIX

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A UNITED KINGDOM LANDSCAPE HERITAGE

Hedgerow is one of the most importance landscape characters, ranking alongside great cathedrals, quaint villages and spectacular coastlines. All of them, compose of the English landscape.

In the UK, 70% of land use is agriculture. As farmland enclosure, there is 402000 km managed hedgerows and 145000 km unmaintained. Which texture UK terrain.

The Texture of hedgerow transited through time, depending on human’s need.

From primary to present, the forest had been replaced by hedgerow, and hedgerow has started been replaced by electric wires, due to intensive work and the high cost of maintaining. Despite the awareness of value to nature, regulations and subsidies were set up to incentive farmers to protect and extend hedgerow. However, the hedgerow is keeping vanish for the neglect of maintaining.

14 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

HEDGEROW

HEDGEROWS TRANSITION HISTORY

13TH CENTURY ~ 17TH CENTURY

1603

In 1603, the first Act promoting enclosure was passed. Enclosure acts specified that the plots of land they created be enclosed by hedges and ditches and maintained by the owner subsequently. Oliver Rackham estimates that over 200,000 miles of hedge were planted between 1750 and 1850 and that this was as much as in the previous 500 years. ▲ ► P.K. Li

16 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

1946

In 1946, there were an estimated 500,000 miles of hedge in England.

1950

1993

1998~2007

The intensive farming methods developed since the end of the Second World War required larger field sizes for the effective deployment of large farm machinery and led directly to large-scale hedgerow removal.

More recently, the 1993 CPRE Hedgerow Survey estimated that an average of 2,200 miles of hedgerow was deliberately destroyed in England and Wales each year between 1990 and 1993.

Between 1998 and 2007 6.1% (26,000km) length of managed hedgerow decreased – a large proportion of these managed hedges turning into lines of trees and relict hedges (which increased by 13.2%), reflecting a reduction in management intensity

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 17

HEDGEROW

THE IMPORTANCE OF HEDGEROWS

Hedgerow has five different functions(values). From farmers’ aspect, the original and most valuable functions, agriculture regulation and provisioning service, had been replaced in contemporary p r a c t i c e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y, i n p u b l i c i t y ’s p o i n t o f v i e w, t h e hedgerow is the last natural defence on the over developed territory. On the trend of hedgerow vanish, all function declined (Forest’s coverage d r o p p e d t o 11 % , c o m p a r e d t o Europe’s average 20%.) ► MODEL OF HEDGEROW REGULATORY SERVICES P.K. LI

FARMAER

Hedgerow transition is the same progress as deforestation, agricultural movement and urbanisation in history. Comparing to flood frequency map, the more decreased density of hedgerow brought out more flooding issues.

Agriculture Regulation • Boundaries and barriers • Protection of livestock

Natural Regulation • Water quality / purification • Climate regulation • Water regulation • Flood control • Erosion regulation • Pest control • Pollination

PUBLICITY

Wildlife Services

Cultural Services

• Biodiversity • Food, breeding sites and shelter • Movement and dispersal through landscape • BAP and rare species

Provisioning Services

• Recreation (field sports) • Cultural heritage • Historic heritage • Aesthetics and sense of place (landscape character)

• Food • Fuel

► HISTORY TRANSITION OF HEDGEROW FUNCTIONS P.K. LI

13TH C.E. ~ 17TH C.E.

18 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

1603

1946

1950

1993

1998~2007

HEDGEROW

RUNOFF SIMULATION

This simulation reveals the hedge’s function of water regulating, to catch water and slow down, lead to vegetation for absorbing, to reduce and control the runoff.

▲ RUUNOFF SIMULATION / WITHOUT HEDGEROW P.K. Li

▲ RUUNOFF SIMULATION / WITH HEDGEROW P.K. Li

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 19

HEDGEROW

HEDGEROW TYPES

FUNCTION

OOF L PR A IM AN

PROD UC ING

R BO LA

HA B I TA T

BIODIVERSIT Y

TIANING MAN CO

ST

ES ECI SP B OR OS AB

SLOW E D OW N

OFF EFFECTIV RUN

HEDGEROW CATEGORIES AND VALUATION There are eight types of existing hedgerows on site. Valuing them from mainly four aspects, which are the function, biodiversity, runoff controlling and maintaining to decide where and how to employ intervention. Diagrams show each sort of hedgerows current values in the red line in four aspects and eight in detail and indicate values trends in future in red dash line to discover the necessity and urgency of Intervention. As an example, lined trees are keeping to lose its function for agriculture regulation, and the decrease in runoff controlling and biodiversity as well since the trees are keeping grow mature then start getting old. Hedgerowlaying is a technique of refresh trees and always keep them in a youth situation for achieving bigger abilities in different aspects.

20 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

FUNCTION

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

PROD UC ING

ST ST

TIANING MAN CO

ST

TIANING MAN CO

R BO LA

R BO LA

B OR OS AB

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

ST

TIANING MAN CO

R BO LA

ST

TIANING MAN CO

R BO LA

B OR OS AB

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

PROD UC ING

ST

TIANING MAN CO

R BO LA SLOW E DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN

BIT AT

BIT AT

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

FENCED DISCONNECTED HEDGEROW

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

ST

PROD UC ING

ES ECI SP

ES ECI SP

TIANING MAN CO

BIT AT

BIT AT

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

ES ECI SP

ES ECI SP

FENCED LAID HEDGEROW

B OR OS AB

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

PROD UC ING

B OR OS AB

ST

B OR OS AB

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

PROD UC ING

R BO LA

BIT AT

BIT AT

B OR OS AB

DO WN

OFF EFFECTIV RUN SLOW E

TRIMMED OR COPPICED HEDGEROW

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

FENCED LINED TREES

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

ES ECI SP

ES ECI SP

LAID HEDGEROW

PROD UC ING

B OR OS AB

TIANING MAN CO

TAINING MAN CO

OFF EFFECTIV RUN

R BO LA

BOR LA

SLOW E DO WN

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

PROD UC ING

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

BIT AT

BIT AT

LINED TREES

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

BIODIVERSIT HA Y

FENCED NATURAL HEDGEROW

FUNCTION

F PROO AL IM AN

ES ECI SP

ES ECI SP

NATURAL HEDGEROW

PROD UC ING

B OR OS AB

F PROO AL IM AN

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22 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

â–² HEDGEROW AND WIRE FENCE X.Q. Zhuang

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 23

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY AS A FLOOD CREATOR Since Floods in UK become much frequenter, wider in range and more urgent in recent years, Agriculture is situating in the center of arguments on floods causes and protections. Generally, it is commonly known that intensive upland agricultural production brings extra runoff to submerge populated areas downstream. However, agriculture has never stopped and cannot stop expanding as the most fundamental industrial to support the growing population globally.

Our project is aiming to study the subtle relationship of agriculture and flood through the parameters of runoff and soil erosion(the former is related in the agriculture spatial layout and geomorphology, and the later is caused by the former but degrades agriculture and enhances more intensive production due more runoff further), comparing flood patterns varies along the transition of land use patterns through history, to reach the deep-seated causes in agriculture responding to UK inland flood, to argue the issues of human intervention and policies on territory.

Climate Change

â–ş UK FLOOD ATLAS P.C. Lin â–ź UK FLOOD DIAGRAM P.K. Li

Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

Afforestation

Peat Land

Forest

Agriculture

Peat Cutting

Deforestation

Intensive Farming

Urbanization Urbanization

Peat Loss

Increase Runoff

Destroy Embanment

Soil loss

River Erosion

Increase Runoff

Dredging

Increase Runoff

Polution

Wetty Weather Sea Level Rising Soil Degradation

River Erosion

Hydrology

Flood

24 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

River Erosion

The UK Flood Atlas The drawing above is presenting the recorded flood events with the UK in history. We represent recorded flood event in blue and high potential flood risk area in red. Also, we indicate major flood disasters in this country after 2000. On the right-hand page, showing relevant news on the public medias, discussing flood issues, defence flood policies, and damages flood caused during last winter. Letting us understand flood issues is an urgent topic we need to discuss and needs to prepare with an exact design solution.

0°0’0”

10°0’0”W

5°0’0”W

15°0’0”W 60°0’0”N

5°0’0”E

15°0’0”W

60°0’0”N

Morpeth, 2008 Glasgow, 2002

Morpeth, 2008

55°0’0”N

Glasgow, 2002 Cumbria, 2009 / 2015 55°0’0”N

Cumbria, 2009 / 2015

Yorkshire, 2000 / 2007 / 2015 Hull, 2007 Yorkshire, 2000 / 2007 / 2015 Hull, 2007 Shrewsbury , 2000 Worcestershire , 2007 Shrewsbury , 2000 Aberystwyth, 2012 Worcestershire , 2007 Aberystwyth, 2012 Gloucestershire , 2007 Gloucestershire , 2007 Somerset Levels, 2014 Maidstone, 2000

Somerset Levels, 2014

Uckfield,Maidstone, 2000 2000 Lewes, 2000

Boscastle, 2004

Uckfield, 2000 Lewes, 2000

50°0’0”N

50°0’0”N

Boscastle, 2004

0

10°0’0”W

0

0°0’0”

5°0’0”W

5°0’0”E

5 KM 200

RECORDED RECORDED FLUVIAL FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA FLOOD AREA RECORDED RECORDED LOW FREQUENCY FLUVIAL HIGH FREQUENCY FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA LOW FREQUENCY

FLOOD AREA HIGH FREQUENCY

LOW RISK FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA LOW RISK FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA

HIGH RISK FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA HIGH RISK FLUVIAL FLOOD AREA

SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 25

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE FLOOD FACTS

1. Flood Payment Plan The drawing on the privious page is presenting the recorded flood events with the UK in history. We represent recorded flood event in blue and high potential flood risk area in red. Also, we indicate major flood disasters in this country after 2000. On the button of this page, showing relevant news on the public medias, discussing flood issues, defence flood policies, and damages flood caused during last winter.

Letting us understand flood issues is an urgent topic we need to discuss and needs to prepare with an exact design solution.

YES 60%

NEU

25% NO

2. Flood Voluntary Plan YES 44%

56% NO&NEU

3. The farming industry had been unfairly blamed for contributing to the problem of flooding YES 70%

30%

NO&NEU

4. Farmland should be given greater protection SURVEY SUGGESTS FARMER SUPPORT FOR FLOOD PAYMENT PLAN A majority of farmers are in favour of the idea of producers being paid to accept floodwater on their land to avoid flooding in more populated areas, according to a Farmers Weekly survey.

In a bid to gauge farmer opinion on the subject of flooding, an online survey of Farmers Weekly readers was carried out on the magazine’s website over 11 and 12 January 2016. (136 respondents)

YES 70%

30%

NO&NEU

5. Worried about the prospect of all or part of their land being flooded during the next 12 months YES 44%

56% NO&NEU

6. Allowing farmers to dredge ditches and watercourses running through their land helps reduce flooding incidents 24% NO

YES 76%

7. Growing trees to increase the amount of water that percolates into the ground YES 52%

► SURVEY RESULT P.K. Li

NEU

7 Jan. 2016 By doing everything the farming lobby asks, the UK environment secretary is using public money to make the flooding of the built environment even more likely (Monbiot, 2016)

26 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

NO

8. Too many homes have been built in unsuitable parts of the country, making flooding inevitable YES 99%

LIZ TRUSS IS CHOOSING TO PROTECT FARMERS OVER FLOOD VICTIMS

30%

NO 1%

BUILD ON FLOOD PLAINS DESPITE THE RISKS, SAY UK GOVERNMENT ADVISERS

BRITAIN’S FLOOD DEFENCES AFTER STORM DESMOND: ARE THEY FIT FOR PURPOSE?

7 Dec. 2015

7 Dec. 2015

Climate change experts say construction should go ahead – but households should be made aware of possible threats (Harvey, 2016).

“Flood defences such as those used in Cumbria were built to withstand flooding “of a certain magnitude”, according to the Environment Agency – but they can be overcome in extreme storms or if they have been poorly maintained. On Monday, experts called for new measures to be implemented –such as raising new buildings a metre above ground – to help cope with global warming-induced flooding.”(Halliday, 2015)

AGRICULTURE in UK 70% COUNTRY'S LAND AREA 1.5% WORKFORCE EMPLOYEED 0.62% GROSS VALUE

SEVERN CATCHMENT

90% LAND FOR AGRICULTURE USE 11,420 KM2 BASIN 354 KM LENGH

â–² UK ADRICULTURE DIAGRAM P.C. Lin

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THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE FLOOD TERRITORIES

To define flood territory is the most essiential work we must do at the beginning of our work. By doing so, we could identify where are the uplands and where are the downstreams, who are the flood contributors and who suffer from the flushing water.

The flood territory is a concept to help us to clearify the boundary of our sites. It could be as large as a whole river catchment, or as small as a farm plot.

After defining the site, we will develop appropriate negotiation tools to bind different authorities or individual (depending on the scale of the flooded territory), and to weigh their interests and profits. To Aim to create a virtuous cycle between everyone who involved in this territory.

â–ş P.K. Li

28 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

CATCHMENT WATER COLLECTING

CITIES WATER DRAINAGE

LAKE & RESERVIOR WATER STORAGE

FOREST WATER ABSOBBING & VAPERATION

RIVER WATER STORAGE & FLOWING

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 29

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE CATCHMENT RIVER TYPOLOPY

Overlapping UK inland flood records layer with river typology mapping.The fragile of submerged areas are always a long course rive with servral triburaies, Thames, Serven and York catchments are obvious suffered in flood through history. For the long river journey through massive area in one catchment or through servral ones carrying more runoff water from surface, which will stay and drown the lowland along its flow. Another fact is the rivers thretened by inland flood are always locating in the middle of UK land, and short and simple river close to ocean are used to be flooded by tides.

A

B

B2

B3

B4

UK RIVER TYPES TYPE A A simple major river in one catchment

C

TYPE B One estuary withmore than two primary rivers in one catchment.

TYPE C One river with more than two estuaries in one catchment.

TYPE D River or rivers in one catchment without direct estuary.

Combinated types is based on these four typical ones with numbers indicating triburaies and estuaries.

30 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

C2

B3C2

AD

B2D

D

â–˛ RIVER TYPOLOGY IN UK P.K. Li

â–² RIVER TOPYLOGY & FLOOD P.K. Li

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 31

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE FLOOD FREQUENCY & HEDGEROW PATTERN

There are four foundermental causes due to current UK flood Situation, deforestation, Agriculture, urbanization and globle weather changing. Throught time, UK forest coverage had dropped to lowest point by 1900s since intensive deforestation happened during Rome time. And affrestation in recent centries raised forest coverage back to around 13%, which is almost the lowest figure comparing to other Euroupean coutries. Agriculture behavior started from a natural selfsufficiency mode, through servral Agriculture Acts to be intense with machinery wildely involved.

That is the major factor impacting on UK land managment recently. Urbanization is align to industrial development and has a certian direct attribution to flood but limited in size comparing to agriculture. Global clime changing is dued by all other three factors or more, which caused sea level and temperature raised and more extreme climate.

Comparing each factor’s pattern with flood frequency , Agrculture and lacking of afforestation

can be considered as the major and controllable factors to UK inland flood. Basing on different stages of agriculture development, inland flood in UK can be categoried into 5 stages respectively as the mapping showing on right side, and the mapping on left shows a allover picture of recorded flooding events location and distribution.

1703-1840

1840-1947

1947-1976

1976-2000

2000-2015

▲ ► THE POLICY & FLOOD TIMELINE P.K. LI

32 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Hedgerow transition is the same progress as deforestation, agricultural movement and urbanisation in history. Comparing to flood frequency map, the more decreased density of hedgerow brought out more flooding issues.

75%

BC 4000

BC5000-4500 Farming was introduced from Syria

BC 3500 50%

BC 500

13th C.E.- 17th C.E.

BC500 Open-field system

15%

1086

1086 Domesday Book 1500 Dissolution of the Monasteries

1703

1750 British Agricultural Revolution

Period: 137y Count: 8 Minimum: 0.31ha Maximum: 8490.32ha Sum: 8,735.61ha

1760 Industrial Revolution 1840

1840

1850 Great Depression of British Agriculture

5%

Period: 107y Count: 213 Minimum: 0.02ha Maximum: 6703.38ha Sum: 37238.65ha

1939 Rationing in the United Kingdom 1947 Agriculture Act

1948

1603

1946

1947 Period: 28y Count: 3867 Minimum: 0.0011ha Maximum: 20624.62ha Sum: 402525.66ha

20 times of Everage Month Rain over 100mm in 28 Years

1950

1976

1976 Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act

1976

2000 the European Water Framework Directive (EWF)

2000

Period: 24y Count: 6266 Minimum: 0.0012ha Maximum: 5972.85ha Sum: 235407.59ha

16 times of Everage Month Rain over 100mm in 24 Years

1998

2000 13 times of Everage Month Rain over 100mm in 25 Years 11%

2015

Climate

11%

2015

Deforestation

2015

Agriculture

Period: 16y Count: 11779 Minimum: 0.0008ha Maximum: 5898.89ha Sum: 252115.59ha 2007

2015

Urbanisation

2015

Floods

Hedgerow AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 33

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE

AGRICULTURE STAGES & FARMLAND TRANSITIOIN HISTORY KEY CHANGES TO UK AGRICULTURE A number of key changes are evident from the data and are summarised below: • The 1947 Agriculture Act - sought to attain self-sufficiency in food production in the UK led to initial intensification; • Entry into the European Community in 1973 which resulted in expansion of crop types and a rapid rise in the area of some specific crops - e.g. the rise in Oilseed rape from 92,000ha (1.8% of cropped area) to 500,000ha (10.2%) in 1998; • The general progressive change from spring-sown to autumn sown cereals; • Changes in trafficking, including an increase in the use of on-farm contract machinery and working at unfavourable times to the soil status, e.g. later (mid-winter) sugarbeet harvesting; • An increase in grazing animals; cattle numbers have increased three fold in England & Wales since 1866 although were broadly steady or falling from 1980. At the same time, sheep numbers rose sharply from 1980 onwards; • The change from hay to silage and the use of intensive grassland, and more recently the move towards longer grazing seasons; • A general reduction in drainage status following cessation of grant aid; • A gradual reduction in new plantings of coniferous forests with an emphasis towards deciduous farm woodlands, especially in the SouthEast.

34 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

BC5000-4500 Farming was introduced from Syria

BC500 Open-field system 1086 Domesday Book 1500 Dissolution of the Monasteries 1750 British Agricultural Revolution

1850 Great Depression of British Agriculture ▲ AGRICULTURE PATTERN IN 1945 Figure 03

1939 Rationing in the United Kingdom 1947 Agriculture Act

1976 Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act

2000 the European Water Framework Directive (EWF)

2015

Agriculture ▲ AGRICULTURE PATTERN IN 2007 Figure 04

THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE FARMLAND PATTERN CHANGING

1945 SAMLL PLOT & DIVERSE CROPS

DEFORESTATION

Since Agriculture production impacts on UK inland flood seriously, a study of agriculture variation is imperative to understand the changes of territory from production method, social and political effects.

Basing on the changes to further study to find out how and why the agriculture influence flood.

As the two maps showing on the left, Google map supplies an objective comparison of farmland pattern changing through time. UK farmland transited from small plots with hedges and diverse crops to merged into bigger scale by deforestation, hedge removing to more suitable for machinery. Plant types simplified in the same progress.

Agricultural mode changed the pattern of a social and economic requested and policies of environment concerning. From free dredging old time to European Water Framework Directive, till today’s allowance of dredging conditional for flooding protection.

Agriculture is the most fundamental industry and now blamed by the public of being the creator of UK flood. Our study is trying to argue on that it is the way of agriculture production, not its self to bring extra runoff to form flood. ◄ ▼ FARMLAND PATTERN CHANING THROUGH TIME P.K.LI

HEDGE REMOVING

MACHINERY

>3M NO DREDGE HEDGE RESERVERING >2M WILD BUFEER NO DITCHES

2007 BIG PLOTS & SIMPLEX CROPS

▲ EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE P.K.LI

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THE UK AGRICULTURE & LANDSCAPE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND PATTERN

GOOGEL MAP OF 1945

• Various small plots with hedges and woods • Working path is relatively uncompacted • Runoff absorbed and reinfiltrated while flowing • Soil quality is capable and saturative.

• Natural river condition with an active variable runoff source area and riparian zone • Infiltration reaches the water table which response to create an expanding runoff source area downslope ▲ PRE-WAR AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND PATTERN Figure 05

36 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

GOOGEL MAP OF 2007

• Large plots of field with hedge removing • Machinery practice compacted soil and hard paved road constructed • Drainage system on land from top to canal • Cracks and mole drain connecting to ditches • Runoff with little absorbing flowing over soil • Plough lines, ditches and tyre tracks connecting flow to lead runoff quickly to canal • Channelized canal without riparian zone ▲ CURRENT AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND PATTERN Figure 06

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HEDGEROW INTRODUCTION HEDGEROW INTERVENTION

Since hedgerow’s density matters to flood. Instead of continuing ordinary flood wall in front of the City, we propose to consider hedgerow as a tool to reduce and control runoff to contribute to flood defence. Furthermore, if there has enough hedgerow be involved, there might have a chance to shrink the floodplain to achieve more valuable land. We choose North Shropshire as our site, where contains a typical relationship of upstream and downstream, and dominated by the agriculture industry. ▼ ► P.K. LI

RUNOFF < 0.4

？

ORDINARY RIVER COURSE FLOOD PLAIN

FLOOD DEFENCE

RUNOFF RAISED

ENLARGE WATER CATCHMENT

HIGHER FLOOD DEFENCE

RUNOFF REDUCE AND CONTROL

RELEASE FLOODPLAIN PRESSURE

LOWER THE FLOOD WALL

WATERSHAD

FLOODPLAIN

38 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

CITY

â&#x2013;² SHREWSBURY - NORTH SHROPSHIRE P.K. Li

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H E D G E R OW

E VO LU T I O N

As we discuss in the previous chapters, the hedgerow is such a precious landscape element in the UK and can slow down and lead flush water. Thus, we ask ourselves what the next generation of hedgerow is? What can hedgerow be positioned in the next generation of agricultural industry? For the farmers, could it be a productive tool instead of only be the farm plot boundary which is not appealed to the farmers? For citizens, could it also play an influential role in the way to reducing runoff water? Moreover, for the environment, could it help us to sustain soil, provide habitat for birds and animals?

Combine all of the thoughts, and we think it should contain agriculture production, natural and flood defence requirement.

The next generation of hedgerow = hedge maintaince + agricultural production + Natural regulation

40 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

ï¼&#x; MAINTAIN CULTURE PRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY

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HEDGEROW EVOLUTION HEDGEROW MAINTENANCE

Hedge laying is a country skill typically found in England and is used to achieve a number of goals: • To form a livestock-proof barrier.

• To help rejuvenate an ageing hedgerow by encouraging it to put on new growth and by contributing to improving its overall structure and strength.

• To provide greater weather protection for crops and local wildlife.

• To provide a pleasing screen to a garden or field.

42 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

▲ HEDGE LAYING AS A WAY OF MAINTENANCE Figure 07

▲ ► DISTRIBUTION OF HEDGE LAYING STYLES Figure 08, Figure 09-16

MIDLAND

NORTHSOMEREST

DEVON

LANCS-WEST

SOENGLAND

YORKSHIRE

LANCS-EAST

WELSHBORDER

British learned to lay hedgerow for centuries. Hedgelaying is a traditional way of hedge management. It varies in style according to different regions and agriculture practices, vegetation species for various purposes.

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HEDGEROW EVOLUTION HEDGEROW LAYING CYCLE

HEDGEROW RE-LAYING Hedgerow laying creates a live fence, which can last 50 years maximum. Laid hedgerow grows back into lined tree eventually without care. Hedgerow laying and natural growth repeatedly rotate to become the sustainable and balanced way to cooperate with nature.

LINED TREES OR SHRUBS

HEDGEROWLAYING IN WINTER

LAID HEDGEROW

â&#x2013;² HEDGE LAYING CYCLE DIAGRAM P.K. Li

44 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

NATURAL GROWTH 8-12y from new laid to mature Max Lasting 50y

â&#x2013;² HEDGEROW BY ERIC THOMAS & JOHN T. Figure 17

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HEDGEROW EVOLUTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

LINEAR ORCHARD CONCEPT How hedgerow make money?

A linear orchard concept keeps the efficiency of machinery harvest as centralised one. Above it, geometry, it is more adaptable to existing hedgerow system and achieving more efficient intervention to nature at the key locations.

Since the regulation function of hedgerows. Hedgetopia assumes to reduce the runoff and manage water usage by carrying, slowing down and accumulating water. A water system organised aims to reduce and control runoff in rain season, and catch and store water, then distribute to irrigate the farm and water the animal, which is another attraction for farmers being involved.

▲ ORCHARD SYSTEM DIAGRAM Figure 18, 19, 20

▲ LINEAR ORCHARD CONCEPT DIAGRAM P.K. Li

46 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

▲ ORCHARD FARM TYPES Figure 21, 22, 23

HEDGEROW EVOLUTION NATURAL WATER REGULATION

Since the regulation function of hedgerows. Hedgetopia assumes to reduce the runoff and manage water usage by carrying, slowing down and accumulating water. A water system organised aims to reduce and control runoff in rain season, and catch and store water, then distribute to irrigate the farm and water the animal, which is another attraction for farmers being involved. ► RUUNOFF SIMULATION / WITH HEDGEROW P.K. Li

▲ RUUNOFF SIMULATION / WITH HEDGEROW INTERVENTION P.K. Li

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TWO DESIGNED NEGOTIATION TOOL We develop two designed negotiation system to deal with the UK flooding.

Dynamic Flow Allowance System One is “Dynamic Flow Allowance System”, which works on a larger scale such as river basin, it uses eight kinds of interventions to work with each authority to control runoff and river flow to avoid flow peak in particular river intersections.

Hedgetopia The other we call it “Hedgetopia”, it is a tool for a smaller unit. Through this system, farmers can invest in it and use it for a range of multi-purpose aims, including, flood alleviation, diversified economies ( orchards) and the introduction of structures ( shades, barns, ponds). ▲ P.C. Lin

48 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Dry Trade

Dynamic Flow Allowance System

RIVER CATCHMENT SCALE

COUNTY SCALE

Hedgetopia

SUBCATCHMENT SCALE

PLOT SCALE

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S I T E

C O N D I T I O N S

SHREWSBURY - NORTH SHROPSHIRE COUNTY

Shropshire is at the upstream of Severn River, where the river originates from Wales and flow through. The north part of Shropshire is the region around the central county-Shrewsbury. This area is a major floodplain of the river, and large agricultural land is under seasonal flooding. The choice of this particular site is made by the conflicts happen on this site, that is the farm land on a hill lack of water for production in summer, and the ones on the floodplain is suffering in flood in winter and spring. Besides, Agriculture is the major industry of this area but becomes to lose attractive to local people since the service got to flourish.

Our study will base in this site to find a solution to reduce runoff to release flood to plain, further benefit the downstream region.

â&#x2013;ş NORTH SHROPSHIRE SITE CONDITION P.K. Li

50 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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52 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

â&#x2013;² AERIAL IMAGE OF SHREWSBURY COUNTRYSIDE X.Q. Zhuang

This image of the territorial connection between farmers and their land ownerships. The distribution of the sheep reveals the plot usages.

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SITE CONDITIONS

AGRICULTURE IMPACTS ON FLOOD

A close view of this diagram gives more details of locating each farm house and showing the structure basing on the existing infrastructure. North Shropshire is chosen to be the study site, where conflicts listed below are existing: 1.Flood Creator and Sufferer North Shropshire locates at the upstream of Serven River, where intensive agriculture brings runoff water to flood it is own floodplain and downstream as well.

2.Water usage seasonal unbalanced Grazing and Crop production needs water in summer and floodplain have to bare extra water destroy in winter and spring.

3 Soil erosion and degradation on hillside, but fertile soil submerged Runoff takes runoff away from high land and degrades farmland there, on the contrary, floodplain was threatened by flood containing fertile soil, but which only can be classified as a lower productive land.

â&#x2013;˛ AGRICULTURE AND FLOOD Strewsbury, 30th march 2016

Flood is caused by intensive agriculture but interrupting agricultural practice as well.

54 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Crop Farm Grazing Farm Village

Village Town

Runoff from Grazing Field Runoff from Crop Field Flood alarm Area

â&#x2013;² AGRICULTURE LAND USE IMPACTS ON FLOOD IN NORTH SHROPSHIRE P.K. Li

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SITE CONDITIONS SOCIAL FORMATION

Shrewsbury is a market town with a long history; now it still serves as a marketing centre in this region for supplying distribution and storage service.

Relying on the highway of A5 around Shrewsbury and connecting to Wales and the other main cities around, the town attracted 90% of the workforce being involved in service, and the other labours are mainly still in agriculture. This diagram shows how Shrewsbury as the centre of the region with infrastructure and facilities to work with major industrials there.

As profit of agricultural production keeping decline, Farmlands are seeking more diverse business in North Shropshire, and horticulture is an outstanding one and got rapidly developed in recent years, including orchard plantation and farm flow growing.

Shrewsbury Flow Show is the most famous event or festival in this region with fair long history. From flower displaying, horticultural skill sharing, to local agricultural production export and trade, such as bee honey and fruit.The show is annual hold to supply a stage for local farmer and florists to grow their business.

This event is run by a local charity organisation call Horticulture Society, they started from this and developed more relative cooperative such as Bee Keeper.

Flower ArBusiness Future in the UK is ever-bright with 2 billion yearly. British flower always consumes at the top place globally, but the business from local growing converted into importing. Cutting flower growing on the farm is encouraged by florists’ organisation to reduce shipping cost. Thus, to interplant horticulture and other productive agricultural activity such as orchard system into traditional agriculture for both flooding and industrial orientation issue.

▲ CATHERINE'S THE SHROPSHIRE FIELD Shropshire, 30th march 2016 ► SOCIAL FORMATION P.C. Lin

56 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Route of Distribution Producer to Consumer

Route of Production Farm to Producer

Arable Land

Dairy Farm

Woodland

Built Area

Flooded Area

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SITE CONDITIONS

SOCIAL FORMATION - MÜLLER DAIRY

Muller UK settled in Shropshire with a headquarters, three facilities and one logistic company, which collects milk from the local member dairy farm and produce several products for international market and private UK ones.

Muller is an important cooperation supplying plenty of jobs directly and indirectly, and managing and supervising dairy raising process in contracted farm. Which make it be taken into our project to study whether there is any chance for the dairy farms on upland be involved into UK flooding fighting.

▲ MULLER UK Figure 24, 25 ► MULLER UK MAP P.K. Li

58 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Based in Market Drayton, Müller Yogurt & Desserts is the UK’s leading yoghurt manufacturer, responsible for major brands such as Müller Corner, Müllerlight and Müller Rice.

MÜLLER YOGHURT & DESSERTS Production facilities in Minsterley near Shrewsbury, chilled desserts including Cadbury Bubbles of Joy, Pots of Joy, Layers of Joy and Twin-pot products under licence from Mondelez International.

MÜLLER MILK & INGREDIENTS aims to be the biggest and best fresh milk and ingredients business with a network of dairies and depots servicing customers throughout the country.

MÜLLER YOGHURT & DESSERTS Müller Yoghurt & Desserts also supplies the UK private label yoghurt market from a state of the art yoghurt facility in Telford, Shropshire.

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SITE CONDITIONS

CURRENT SITUATION OF FARMLAND

Shrewsbury located in the north-west corner of the Severn Catchment, most lands in this area are farmlands.

Like any traditional farmlands in England, the major activities for farmers are farming and livestock.

The major livestock is sheep and cattle.

â&#x2013;˛ FARMLAND PANO X. Zhuang

texture of land

ELEMENTS IN THE FARMLAND Upon visiting the site, we found the elements of the site. As the ploughed land, the drainage system, the wetlands, the small ponds are all the textures of the ground. The sheep, the cultivator machine, the houses are all the characters taking participate on this land.

The fence, the bushes, the ditches are the boundaries of the territory.

Moreover, the local horticulture industry also plays a significant part in the economy.

Character on land

boundary of territory

â&#x2013;ş DETAILS OF FARMLAND X. Zhuang

industry of flowers

60 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

CURRENT SITUATION OF LIVESTOCK A local farmer Charlie Groves lead us to his cattle ranch, the cattle here are mostly grown for their meat.

They are typically grown maximum to two years old before they being sent to the local trading market.

Charlie does not have any cow for milk, a number of his cattle is about twenty to thirty. ► BEEF CATTLE X. Zhuang

LOCAL CONVERSATION Charlie: We are just staying family size farm, but because we got some smaller fields then we can do the...they have the environmental schemes and the entry level plans.

However, we do not have to do too much because we got so many hedges and natural fields.

Pei-Chin: I also read some report that said in Upper Severn catchment area, in some specific seasons, farmlands will be in short of the water for, like washing the cattle.

Patrick: I mean like in some of the area, in the mountain area, they are in lack of water because they need to water the animals, it is true or not?

Andrew: Not really. We got nature water that helps, you know we got broken-seam streams, so we don’t use too much main water... ► X. Zhuang

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SITE CONDITIONS

LAND OWNERSHIP CHANGES

The local farmer Charlie Groves shared the map of his family’s farmlands with us. From which he told us the story about how the land ownership on this land changed during the past and how the drainage system on this land changed their way, being removed or added according to the environmental policies or usage purposes. He told us that during the history, he brought most of the lands from their neighbours. The exchange of land’s ownership between neighbour is quite normal locally, and there are also some cases that the owner sold entire lands to business company, who would split the lands into small pieces to sold them separately. Moreover, the changes of land ownership between farmers and farmers, farmers and the business company are quite often.

LANDS' SELLING AND BUYING - LANDOWNERSHIP CHANGES

drainage Yell`s lyth Toudor charles fox jones ▲ PROCESS OF LAND OWNERSHIP CHANGES X. Zhuang

drainage lyth oakleys toudor wood fox jones ▲ PROCESS OF LAND OWNERSHIP CHANGES X. Zhuang ► LOCAL FARMER'S MAP X. Zhuang

62 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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SITE CONDITIONS FLOOD DAMAGE

No one could be dry in flood 50% of landowners suffering in floods. 10% of land submerged by floods.

Due to the significant size of land ownership. Upstream farmers also have downstream suffered land. Floods could threaten the properties within the city. Is it possible to assemble all sides to contribute to creating a flood defence system? We think the answer is Yes, and we called it dry trade. â&#x2013;º SHREWSBURY FLOOD DAMAGE MAP P.K. Li

64 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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T H E D R Y T R A D E P L AT F O R M This diagram shows the relationship in the between farmers and citizens.

Farmers produce goods for customers, at the same time, let the storm water flush into downstream. Although government give subsidy and establish regulations and build up flood defence to fight against floods, of course, these do not work efficiently and fluently in nowadays social structure. Every authority works isolatedly to create a vicious production chain. We think instead of relying on these methods as a cure for this disabled system. These needs a well-organised platform to connect every individuals and authority. To bridge them all together and create a way to negotiate in between. To encourage everyone to participate the movement. To create a more healthy and flood immune environment.

Moreover, this organisation we call it â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dry Tradeâ&#x20AC;&#x153;.

66 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

INCREASE` RUNOFF EXCAVATION DRAINAGE

rain A

FARMER

B

LAND

FARMER

DAIRY PRODUCER

LOCAL CONSUMER

AUCTION

consumer

C

LANDOWNER

FARMER

CROPS

D

CAUSE DAMAGE

FLOOD

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE

LIVESTOCK

CERTIFICATION

FARMER

DRY TRADE

INVESTING

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H

E

D

G

E

T

O

P

I

A

SHREWSBURY - NORTH SHROPSHIRE COUNTY

Dry trade aims to connect producers, costumers, upstream and downstream altogether. Upland and floodplain farmers build up the system to improve the environment and provide agriculture products. Downstream provide storage, retail and logistic. When customers buy these certificated products, part of the profit will flow back to participants depending on their contribution to dry trade.

In this case, not only flood damage could be eased, or build up a new socialecological connection, but to upgrade the land value and production chain.

Moreover, it could turn the relationship into a virtuous cycle.

â&#x2013;ş DRY TRADE IMPLEMENTATION MAP P.C. Lin

68 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

HEDGETOPIA North Shropshire Social Formation Farmer produce goods for customers, at the same time, let the storm water flush into downstream. Although government give subsidy and establish regulations and build up flood defence to fight against floods, we think these are not the cure for this disabled system. Every authority works isolatedly to create a vicious production chain.

Dry trade aims to connect producers, costumers, upstream and downstream altogether. Upland and floodplain producers build up the system to improve the environment and provide agriculture products. Downstream provide storage, retail and logistic.

When customers buy these certificated products, part of the profit will flow back to participants depending on their contribution to dry trade. In this case, not only flood damage could be eased, or build up a new social-ecological connection, but to upgrade the land value and production chain. Moreover, it could turn the relationship into a virtuous cycle.

2°45’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°63’0”W

2°66’0”W

2°69’0”W 52°54’0”N

2°42’0”W 52°39’0”N

52°39’0”N

52°42’0”N

52°42’0”N

52°45’0”N

52°45’0”N

52°48’0”N

52°48’0”N

52°51’0”N

52°51’0”N

52°54’0”N

5

0

2°69’0”W

0

2°66’0”W

5

2°63’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°42’0”W

2°45’0”W

KM

Destination

FLOW DIRECTION

DRY TRADE SUPPORT

FLOODED AREA

TOWN

DOWNSTREAM SETTLEMENT

AGRICULTURE LOGISTIC

DRY TRADE FARM

70 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

â&#x2013;² NORTH SHROPSHIRE P.K. Li AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 71

HEDGETOPIA

DRY TRADE GRADING SYSTEM

We have three class of our Dry Trade membership: For the entry level members, they should maintain and refine the existing hedgerows. The mid-level members need to provide at least one hydro linkage and online water storage within their farm. The primary level, to assemble hydro network which also includes Orchard hedgerow system. Three different level benefited varies depending on their contribution to the union.

DRY TRADE ORGANISATION PRIMARY LEVEL

RESPONSIBILITY / DFAS member / Import Complete Orchard Hedgerow System / Refine Existing Hedgerow

â&#x2013;º DRY TRADE GRADING SYSTEM P.C. Lin

Existing Hedgerow

Orchard System

Hydro Linkage

Flow Storage Logistic Linkage

Orchard Storage

PRIMARY LEVEL 72 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Flow Storage + Barn

Flow Storage + Barn

Orchard Storage

BENEFITS / Product Certification Level 1 / Additional Profits from Orchard Products / Refined Hydro-System / Reduce Runoff / Reduce Soil Erosion / Financial Support / Shared Resources with Members

MID LEVEL

ENTRY LEVEL RESPONSIBILITY / Import Orchard Hedgerow System / Refine Existing Hedgerow

MID LEVEL

Flow Storage + Barn

Orchard Storage

Flow Storage + Barn

BENEFITS

RESPONSIBILITY / Refine Existing Hedgerow BENEFITS / Product Certification Level III / Improved Farming environment / Reduce Runoff / Reduce Soil Erosion

/ Product Certification Level II / Additional Profits from Orchard Products / Refined Hydro-System / Reduce Runoff / Reduce Soil Erosion / Financial Support / Shared Resources with Members

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HEDGETOPIA

DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME

FARM JONES & SON

FARM JACKSON & SON

FARM MESSRS & PARRY

Take a site located in the north-west of Shrewsbury, where is one of the upstream areas of this town as an example. We assume these three farms wants to join in different levels. Moreover, depends on their concerns, they will have different decision to participate in “Dry Trade”. These weights will influence their implementation on their land to create various landscapes. ▲ FARM OWNERSHIP P.C. Lin

74 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

NATURAL HEDGEROW

NATURAL HEDGEROW

NATURAL HEDGEROW

LINED TREES

LINED TREES

LAID HEDGEROW LINED TREES

LAID HEDGEROW

LAID HEDGEROW TRIMMED OR COPPICED HEDGEROW

TRIMMED OR COPPICED HEDGEROW

FENCE

The drawing is current site condition, indicating different hedgerow types and plot boundary.

â&#x2013;² FARM HEDGEROW CLASSIFY P.C. Lin

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HEDGETOPIA

DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

FRUITS STORAGE

HYDRO NETWORK

HYDRO LINKAGE

For the Jackson and his son, who are sheep farmers, they want to accede to the primary level in this union. They start to build up a hydro network across their farm, within it, it should contain an orchard hedgerow system and connect to local water corridor at their downstream area. Their sheep could also benefit from the shading, wind break and water provided by this system. Moreover; they need to build several online flow storages at

the specific nodes for irrigation and buffer volumes in high flood risk seasons. At last but not least, they need to have a fruit storage near traffic route and could well connect to their neighbours. â&#x2013;² STAGE I P.C. Lin

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

FRUITS STORAGE

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

HYDRO NETWORK

FENCE MANIPULATION

HYDRO LINKAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

76 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

FENCE MANIPULATION

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

FRUITS STORAGE

HYDRO NETWORK

HYDRO LINKAGE

Their neighbour Jones participate the dry trade movement in entry level as a test. Because he finds out, the environment in Jackson’s farm has improved a lot after they join the primary level. For Jones, he builds a water pond and hydro linkage between his flow storage and Jackson’s.

▲ STAGE II P.C. Lin

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

FRUITS STORAGE

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

HYDRO NETWORK

FENCE MANIPULATION

HYDRO LINKAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION FENCE MANIPULATION

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HEDGETOPIA

DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

FRUITS STORAGE

HYDRO NETWORK

HYDRO LINKAGE

After applying these interventions on site, both farms benefits a lot from the improved environment and raised productivity. Jacksons starts to enlarge their orchard system; on the other hand, Jone begins to his orchard corridor.

â&#x2013;² STAGE III P.C. Lin

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

FRUITS STORAGE

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

HYDRO NETWORK

FENCE MANIPULATION

HYDRO LINKAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

78 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

FENCE MANIPULATION

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

FRUITS STORAGE

HYDRO NETWORK

HYDRO LINKAGE

Moreover, thanks to the foresight plan, they could share the fruit storage together even hire labour to take care of their orchard production because their systems are well connected. We think this movement could encourage more and more farmers like Jones and Messrs to join to work out a better future together.

â&#x2013;² STAGE IV P.C. Lin

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

FRUITS STORAGE

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION

HYDRO NETWORK

FENCE MANIPULATION

HYDRO LINKAGE

TREE-ROW MANIPULATION

HEDGEROW MANIPULATION FENCE MANIPULATION

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HEDGETOPIA TECHNIQUES

Newly designed Hedgerow intervention starts from the existing hedgerow management, through landform recreation, structural trees planting, water system creating, then to structural tree construction.

â&#x2013;˛ â&#x2013;ş P.K. Li

80 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

◄ HEDGEROW MANAGEMENT

◄ CONTOUR RIDGES

◄ AFFORESTATION

◄ WATER MANAGEMENT

◄ HEDGEROW LAYING

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW MANAGEMENT

Hedgerow management is to value the existing hedgerows according to their conditions and apply different strategies, such as preserving good one, enhancing loose one, and replanting humble one.

According to the result of the simulation, choose the right part of hedgerow to intervene to recirculate runoff on site.

Planting trees on a slope require reforming the land to catch water to avoid drought. Consistent linear tree planting naturally builds a contour ridge on site. Along the target existing hedgerow, to create contour ridges with 2 meters height difference. â&#x2013;ź P.K. Li

â&#x2013;˛ HEDGEROW FLOOD DEFENCE ABILITY P.K. Li

Water Carrying Water Slowing Down and Absorbing Water Storage

82 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

HEDGETOPIA

WATER MANAGEMENT

Micro water management will happen between contour ridges, for leading and carrying water, making water journey longer to slow down and filling up the contour ridges as rain gardens, and the ponds on the proper locations for storing water in rain season. It is also a system to irrigate farmland, water animal, recycle and distribute nutrient from between tree farmland.

CARRYING WATER

SLOWING DOWN WATER

► ▲ P.K. Li

ACCUMULATE WATER

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW LAYING

The structural tree is used for creating a live structure, includes the fence, trellis and other structures. Hazel and Blackthorn are the most common native species due to their fast growth and flexibility. Having 1-meter distance between trees along length direction, sloping aspect defines the density of the tree rows between every two contour ridges Once structure trees grow for nearly four years and reach 5 meters in height, when is the right time to maintain them for different purposes.

Laying them to be a fence, bending and tie with rope to be a trellis for orchard, shade canopy and wind break for sheep. Take the service radius into consideration, building a shelter for cattle, which is also used to store tools and products for a linear orchard.

TYPE A LAID FENCE

TYPE B TRELLIS

â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

84 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

TYPE C OTHER STRUCTURES

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW CONSTRUCTION

Hedgerow construction is to use structural trees, such as hazel and blackthorn to create a living structure for various purposes by laying them into a fence for cattle proof, tying tops of trees fort orchard trellis and waving blinders around to be structures of shelter, shading canopy, wind break and building enclosure of storage. â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

86 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW VARIATION

One Path Orchard 2 meters wide machinery path centralised between 3 meters apart two row of trees, keeping and tying every fifth tree on both sides to be a series of arches for constructing orchard trellis, and laying the other trees along both sides to be fenced to keep the linear orchard out of disturbing by cattle. â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

88 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW VARIATION

Multi-Path Orchard The wider part of land use allows to place more than two paths alongside, laying the trees at both edges to be a fence, and bending and tying the middle rows of trees rotated to create trellis with multi-paths.

â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

90 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW VARIATION

Stucture for animal Despite fence to regulate cattle from farmland, waved screen can be built on site for shading animal from the sunshine in summer, rain in wet weather and breaking wind in fridge winter. Those structures suppose to be sized and distributed according to the animal density and farmland ownership, which is also supplying a place for wild animals as well for settling and nesting. â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

92 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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HEDGETOPIA

HEDGEROW VARIATION

Stucture for Production Basing on the length and productivity of linear orchard, building temporary structures to use as shelters for grazing and storages of fruit and tools for the linear orchard. The size of buildings is defined by the location, service radius and quantity of animals and fruit trees in its range. â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

94 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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HEDGETOPIA

96 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

FUNCTIONAL CORRIDOR

ANIMAL SHELTER SHADING CANOPY STORAGE

LINEAR ORCHARD

TRELLIS FENCE MACHINERY PATH

Two spaces: one is the corridor of a linear orchard, which is well circulated for machinery to work through. Moreover, enclosed with hedge laying fence for keeping the animal out of it, The spaces between orchard corridors are the pocket spaces open to the farmland, where cattle get watered and shaded, and the wild animal gets settled, and birds get nested.

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HEDGETOPIA

NORTH SHROPSHIRE HEDGETOPIA IMPLICATION

Designed hedgerow system occupied 0.5 percent of unused farmland, but it is a green loop interplanted on the existing hedges, a linear productive orchard to organise all farmers involved to manage, work on and benefit from it. It is also a system to recirculate the runoff for flood protection and water usage. ► ▲ P.C. Lin

98 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

HEDGETOPIA North Shropshire Hedgetopia Implication Designed hedgerow system occupied 0.5 percent of extra farmland, but it is a green loop interplanted on the existing hedges, a linear productive orchard to organise all farmers involved to manage, work on and benefit from it. It is also a system to recirculate the runoff for flood protection and water usage.

Relating to the different local available agricultural practice, more loops can be built for producing various products, such as wild fruit, horticulture, cutting flower, and etc.. Those loops will gradually grow to connect and to be a new hedgerow system, and all loops can be organized into dry trade system, which can break through the limitation from local to national.

2°42’0”W

2°45’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°63’0”W

2°66’0”W

2°69’0”W

52°54’0”N

52°54’0”N

OSWESTRY

52°51’0”N

WEM

WEST FELTON 52°51’0”N

RUYTON-XI-TOWNS

PANT BASCHURCH LLANYMYNECH

BOMERE HEATH

52°45’0”N

52°45’0”N

52°48’0”N

52°48’0”N

WILCOTT

FORD

52°39’0”N

52°39’0”N

52°42’0”N

52°42’0”N

SHREWSBURY

5

0

2°69’0”W

0

2°66’0”W

5

2°63’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°42’0”W

2°45’0”W

KM

5

0

PROPOSED GREEN LOOP (HYDRO LINKAGES)

EXISTING WATER CORRIDOR

TOWN SETTLEMENT

EXISTING WOODLAND

KM

FLOODED AREA AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 99

0

5

KM

100 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 101

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM SEVERN CATCHMENT TERRITORY FORMATION

Serven catchment is the region where the longest river of Serven meeting with Avon before flowing into the ocean. It contains massive land on various levels from north-west of Wales to England. In this catchment, over 90% of land are used for agriculture production in diverse sorts, including crops, grazing, horticulture, etc.. Serven River has a very long flooding history, and the floodplains nearby Shrewsbury and Tewkesbury are under threat of floodwater frequently for the spectacular runoff collecting from the massive upland to drawn downstream. The choice of Serven Catchment as our project site, because the agriculture and flood there are relative typical and closely connected.

â&#x2013;ş SEVERN CATCHMENT TERRITORY FORMATION Initial & Finalised by P.C. Lin Landuse Impact by P.K. Li

102 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM Severn Catchment Territory Formation Serven catchment is the region where the longest river of Serven meeting with Avon before flowing into the ocean. It contains massive land on various levels from North-West of Wales to England. In this catchment, over 90% of land are used for agriculture production in diverse sorts, including crops, grazing, horticulture and etc.. Serven rive has a very long flooding history, and the floodplains nearby Strewbury and Twesbury are under thresten of floodwater frequently for the spectacular runoff collecting from the massive upland to drawn downstreams. The choice of Serven Catchment as our project site, because the argriculture and flood there are relative typical and closely connected.

1°20’0”W

1°40’0”W

2°00’0”W

2°20’0”W

2°40’0”W

3°00’0”W

3°20’0”W

3°40’0”W

52°40’0”N

1°00’0”W

52°40’0”N

ELLESMERE

NEWPORT

TELFORD

52°20’0”N

52°20’0”N

SHREWSBURY

ELLESMERE

NEWPORT

SHREWSBURY

TELFORD

WOLVERHAMPTON

52°00’0”N

52°00’0”N

COVENTRY

KIDDERMISTER

WOLVERHAMPTON

COVENTRY

WORCESTER KIDDERMISTER

WORCESTER

51°40’0”N

51°40’0”N

TEWKESBURY

TEWKESBURY

GLOESTER

51°00’0”N

51°00’0”N

51°20’0”N

51°20’0”N

GLOESTER

0

3°40’0”W

3°20’0”W

3°00’0”W

2°40’0”W

2°20’0”W

2°00’0”W

1°40’0”W

1°20’0”W

1°00’0”W

CROP FARM Crop Farm

0

5

GRAZING FARM Grazing Farm

KM

VILLAGE (CROP) Village (Crop)

Forest FOREST DENSITY Density

Catchment & CATCHMENT & SUB-CATCHMENT Sub-catchment FOREST DENSITY

Agriculture Flooded AGRICULTURE DOMINATED FLOODED AREA CATCHMENT Dominated CATCHMENT & AGRICULTURE DOMINATEDArea SUB-CATCHMENT CATCHMENT Catchment 0

5

10

20 0

5

Runoff Settlement RUNOFF DIRECTION SETTLEMENT FLOODED AREA Direction RUNOFF DIRECTION SETTLEMENT

40 10

20

VILLAGE CITY (GRAZING) Village (Grazing)LOCATION DIAGRAM CITY LOCATION DIAGRAM Location

80 KM 40

80 KM

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 103

5

KM

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM FLOODING CONDITION IN SERVEN CATCHMENT

Tewkesbury was cut off for four days. Three people drowned, more than 5,000 homes and businesses were flooded, and the Mythe water treatment works to shut down for two weeks, depriving 140,000 people of running water.

▲ 1997

▲ 2000

▲ UNSUBMERGED FLOODPLIAN IN TEWKESBURY Figure 26

▲ SUBMERGED FLOODPLIAN IN TEWKESBURY Figure 27

► TWEKESBURY P.K. Li

104 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

▲ 2007

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 105

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM AGRICULTURE IMPACTS ON FLOOD

â&#x2013;˛ SEVERN CATCHMENT GROUNDCOVER P.K. Li

RIVER SEVERN CATCHMENT Area 11,000km2 Population 2.3 million Major Urban Settlements

Newtown, Welshpool, Shrewsbury, Ironbridge, Bridgnorth, Bewdley, Stourport-on-Severn,Upton upon Severn, Worcester, Tewkesbury, Ledbury, Cheltenham,Gloucester, Tenbury Wells, Ludlow, Coventry, Rugby, Leamington Spa, Warwick, Stratford-on-Avon, Evesham and Pershore.

Serven catchment is over 90% covered by agriculture lands, including paddle land for crops and grazing land for cattle. This diagram is trying to explain how and which types of agriculture land use attribute to flooding water in entire Severn catchment, which is organised by farm unit to villages, then to towns and cities. From this integral spatial diagram, to locate the areas along Severn and Avon river, where and which agriculture production brings runoff water, and where is suffering from flood, to help design team to figure out a particular site.

106 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Crop Farm Grazing Farm Village Village Town Runoff from Grazing Field Runoff from Crop Field Flood alarm Area

â&#x2013;² AGRICULTURE LAND USE IMPACTS ON FLOOD IN SERVEN CATCHMENT P.K. Li

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 107

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM SEVERN CATCHMENT FOREST PROPORTION

SURFACE WATER CONTRIBTION Forest and Plantation could sustain water in the ground and prevent soil erosion greatly, because of their root system. It is one of the key factors that we need to understand prior than others. To analysis, the how forest influence water runoff and how they contribute to environmental surround. In the whole Severn basin, contains 107 sub-catchments, we highlight each tree, forest, and plantation feature mapped in the GIS software.

Calculate their proportion ratio in each sub-catchment. We can easily find out: that flooded area usually take place in the sub-catchments which have less nature.

Catchments, where has more tree benefit by plantations exist, has lower potential suffered flooding.

LOCATION DIAGRAM

Forest proportion rate 90%

10%

108 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

â&#x2013;² SEVERN CATCHMENT FOREST PROPORTION P.C . Lin

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM LAND USE DISTRIBUTION

PLOT DENSITY Considering within entire Severn basin’s main industry is agriculture. Moreover, we assume land plot size will also influence the ability to provide water run-off of the land. That is to say; one big land plot will provide more water runoff than several small parcels. The drawing on the right-hand side means to explore the relation mentioned above. Calculating the agriculture land’s density and overlaying recorded flood area, in pursuit of to proof our assumption.

Landuse density 90%

10%

Hydrology

Flooded area

▲ LAND USE DISTRIBUTION P.C. Lin

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 109

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM SEDIMENT & EROSION

With the help of CAESAR simulating the process of the water exchange in the catchment scale, the erosion area is where the answer of the negotiation between water and soil made the territory changed.

â&#x2013;º SIMULATION ON WATER EROSION Xinqi. Zhuang

110 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

â&#x2013;² WATER EROSION Xinqi. Zhuang

Water erosion Soil saturation

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 111

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM SITE & RUNOFF

The diagram on the right shows the runoff index at different points in the catchment, monitored by the Center for Ecology & Hydrology. The columns in the bottom showed the primary flow index and mean flow index. The monitoring station under different location reflects the different index according to the sub-catchment area’s land types. Different lands cover affects the water flow consequences upper and lower reaches. The study of this provides evidence in understanding the flood mechanisms well and provide evidence for our future strategies developing (National River Flow Archive, 2015).

▲ GAUGING STATION AT SHREWSBURY ► SEVERN CATCHMENT GAUGING SITE MAP X.Q. Zhuang

112 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

1 0

10

10 +

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 113

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM LAND CONDITION & GRADING SYSTEM

A diagrammatic mapping showing both farmland grades and scales distribution in North Shropshire-colored legends representing agriculture grades (grade 1 and 5 are invalid on site), and the dot legends in different sizes showing the plot scale from less than 5 ha to over 100ha in 5 levels.

The paradigm of the soil quality and flooding situation is that fertile soil is sitting on the floodplain, where is also so perfectly flat for machinery but seasonal submerged by water. That makes numerous valued land to be sorted into a lower grade. Our research is trying to reduce seasonally flooded range by reducing runoff and holding water from uplands to set more valued land on the floodplain.

Grade 1 High Productive No Flooded Siutable for Machinery

Grade 2

Grade 3

Grade 4

Moderate Productive Seldom Flooded

Grade 5

Low Productive Seasonal Flooded

Siutable for Machinery

Uniutable for Machinery

Accroding to Agriculture Land Classifying Regulation from Authority, farmland can be sorted into five grades by productive ability generally and taking soil quality, flood situation, suitability for machinery and ect...

GRADE ONE Excellent soil, general sloping and never flooded.

GRADE TWO AND THREE Moderest soil quanlity and general sloping, but seldom flooded.

GRADE FOUR Low quanlity soil, feasible for machinery, and seasonal flooded GRADE FIVE Low quanlity soil,seasonal flooded but not suitable for machinery. â&#x2013;ş â&#x2013;˛ P.K. Li

114 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

< 5ha 5ha< < 20ha 20ha< < 50ha 50ha< < 100ha 100ha<

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 115

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM G

E

O

M

O

R

P

H

O

L

O

G

Y

When design with the DFAS, one important thing is how is the dynamic system should be. The design comes from the difference between reality and proposal, between where we want it to be fastened yet it is slow and where we want it to be slow, and it is fast.

To work out our proposal, about where should be fast and where should be slow. We made several principles such as the area near a city, or environmentally sensitive area should be fast so that water does not stay too long, and where there is mostly farmlands and forest, water could remain slow and be absorbed more.

Limitations such as constraint area or potential area for techniques and existing techniques both could be related factors that affect the areas for designing methods.

Flood risk areas are the major factor that would tell us howâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s our design working. Moreover, one task for us to evaluate the system. â&#x2013;ş SEVERN CATCHMENT GEOMORPHOLOGY Initial & Drawing by X.Q. Zhuang Finalised by P.C. Lin

116 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

When design with the DFAS, one important thing is how is the dynamic system should be. The design comes at the difference between reality and proposal, between where we want it to be fasten yet it’s slow and where we want it to be slow and it’s fast.

To make our proposal about where should be fast and where should be slow, we made several principles such as the area near city or enviornmental sensitive area should be fast so that water don’t stay too long and where there’re mostly farmlands and forest, water could stay slow and being absorbed more.

Limitations such as constraint area or potential area for techniques and existing techniques both could be related factors that affect the areas for designing techniques.

Flood risk area are the major factor that would tell us how’s our designed working. And one task for us to evaluate the system.

2°20’0”W

2°00’0”W

1°40’0”W

2°00’0”W

1°40’0”W

1°20’0”W

2°20’0”W

1°00’0”W

3°00’0”W

2°40’0”W 2°40’0”W

1°20’0”W

1°00’0”W

0°40’0”W

3°00’0”W

3°20’0”W 52°40’0”N

52°40’0”N

52°20’0”N

52°20’0”N 51°40’0”N

51°40’0”N

52°00’0”N

52°00’0”N

51°20’0”N

51°20’0”N

”W

Geomorphologyia

3°20’0”W

2°40’0”W

2°20’0”W

2°00’0”W

1°40’0”W

0°40’0”W

1°20’0”W

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 117

118 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 119

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM RUNOFF RATE

94.0 94.0 91.0 90.0

88.0

89.0

88.0

85.0

80.0

70.0

65.0

83.0 78.0 85.0

81.0

81.0

54.0

91.0

72.0

81.0

74.0

80.0

64.0

74.0

78.0

69.0

66.0

71.0

62.0

77.0

75.0

73.0

96.0

94.0

85.0 88.0

57.0

96.0

96.0

C + CR

Contoured & terraced (C&T)

Newly graded areas (pervious areas only, no vegetation)

Fallow

85.0 89.0 87.0 89.0

93.0

85.0 76.0

Gravel

92.0

83.0

98.0 98.0

98.0 Paved; curbs and storm sewers

98.0 98.0 98.0

SR + CR

98.0 Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.

Streets and roads

C Impervious areas

C + CR

Developing urban areas

Small grain

Fully developed urban areas (vegetation established)

C&T

65.0 C&T + R

Open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, etc.)

49.0

80.0

88.0

87.0

70.0

83.0

Arid and semiarid rangelands

Poor condition 68.0 (grass cover <50%)

Other agricultural lands

Pasture, grassland, or range continuous forage for grazing.

63.0 C&T

75.0

Good

64.0 75.0

Fair

72.0

86.0 80.0

Good 63.0 ?

61.0

82.0 85.0

73.0

Poor Fair 59.0 60.0

72.0

80.0

84.0

79.0

83.0

Fair

70.0 71.0

82.0

81.0 81.0

Good

58.0

Poor

66.0

69.0

78.0 78.0

Poor

77.0 80.0

77.0

85.0

89.0

Fair 58.0

72.0

81.0

85.0

Good

-

64.0

55.0

75.0

83.0

85.0

Fair

Poor

61.0

86.0

80.0 80.0

83.0

83.0

86.0

89.0

72.0 79.0

60.0 76.0

78.0 80.0

84.0

82.0 82.0 83.0

73.0 77.0

83.0

71.0

74.0

79.0

79.0

58.0

45.0

70.0 77.0

58.0

73.0 76.0

78.0

30.0

69.0

68.0

67.0 69.0

â&#x2013;˛ RUNOFF RATE CHART X.Q. Zhuang

120 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

51.0

63.0

36.0

65.0

56.0 67.0

39.0

49.0

Good

30.0

30.0 48.0

35.0

48.0

Good

Good 61.0

72.0

81.0

Poor

Fair 60.0

73.0

84.0

Good Fair

Farmsteads buildings, lanes, driveways, and surrounding lots.

Poor 62.0

81.0

79.0

66.0

erbaceuous mixture of grass, weeds, and low-growing brush, with brush the minor element

Woods.

Fair Poor

Oak-aspen mountain brush mixture of oak brush, aspen, mountain mahogany, bitter brush, maple, and other brush

Woods grass combination (orchard or tree farm).

74.0

84.0

Pinyon-juniper pinyon, juniper, or both; grass understory

Brush brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major element.

60.0

83.0

79.0

Sagebrush with grass understory

Meadow continuous grass, protected from grazing and generally mowed for hay.

Poor

69.0

84.0

Desert shrub (grass cover 50 to 75%) major plants include saltbush, geasewood, creosotebush, blackbrush, bursage, palo verde, mesquite, and cactus.

65.0 C

76.0

84.0

Close-seeded or broadcast legumes or rotation meadow

61.0 SR

80.0

74.0

Good condition 39.0 61.0 (grass cover >75%)

Fair condition

77.0

98.0

89.0

Paved; open ditches

Western desert urban areas

Row crops

91.0

82.0 72.0

Dirt

Residential districts by average lot size Urban districts

SR

88.0

77.0

Artificial desert 63.0 landscaping Natural desert landscaping

Cultivated agricultural lands

79.0

95.0

90.0

83.0

75.0

87.0

82.0

76.0

C&T + R

82.0

51.0

93.0

81.0

67.0 SR + CR

64.0

79.0 86.0

70.0

92.0

87.0

71.0 Contoured (C)

75.0

84.0

46.0

77.0

68.0

86.0

61.0 1 acre 92.0 77.0 1/3 acre Newly graded (20% imp.)

1/2 acre (30% imp.) 1/8 acre or less areas (pervious Bare soil 81.0 (25% imp.) areas only, 2 acres 81.0 1/4 acre (town houses) Crop residue 89.0 no vegetation) (12% imp.)

74.0 (65% imp.)

(38% imp.) cover (CR) Industrial Commercial and business (72% imp.)

72.0 Straight row (SR) 96.0 (85% imp.)

78.0

82.0

88.0

85.0 83.0

85.0 87.0

65.0

86.0

80.0

79.0

77.0 86.0

91.0

90.0

90.0

91.0

85.0

84.0

82.0

93.0

89.0

1

0.1 â&#x2013;² RUNOFF RATIO X.Q. Zhuang

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 121

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM CATALOGUE OF INTERVENTIONS & SIMULATIONS

We proposed eight techniques to be implemented into the Dynamic Flow Allowance System. They all have different capacities that either to fasten, lower down the water speed or to store the water at various scales.

Such as agroforestry that helps to absorb and slow down water, offline storage that contributes to store water and reduce the amount for some time, wing dykes and levees that contribute to faster water flow.

They can be taken into different size as agroforestry would be able to implement into multiple areas upstream while online flow storage would be suitable for downstream. They have different controlments and flexibility as they are either more fixed or more dynamic.

These various features of the techniques make our proposal Dynamic Flow Allowance System more diverse.

For technique as contour ridges, offline storage and agroforestry, we focus on more details about their arranging pattern and their geometrical research.

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang 122 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

FLOW ONLINEONLINE FLOW STORAGE COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

STORAGE

OFFLINE FLOW OFFLINE FLOW STORAGE

STORAGE

COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 123

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM CATALOGUE OF INTERVENTIONS & SIMULATIONS

DIVERSION DIVERSION SPILLWAYS

SPILLWAY

COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang 124 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

CHANNEL STRAIGHTENING CHANNEL STRAIGHTENING COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 125

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM CATALOGUE OF INTERVENTIONS & SIMULATIONS

CONTOUR CONTOUR RIDGES

RIDGES

COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang 126 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

AGROFORESTRY AGROFORESTRY COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 127

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM CATALOGUE OF INTERVENTIONS & SIMULATIONS

LEVÉES

LEVEES

COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

▲P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang 128 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

WING DYKES

WING DYKES

COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

â&#x2013;²P.C. Lin & X.Q. Zhuang AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 129

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM TECHNIQUES DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

After analysing each techniques’ ability and character. We start to find out the potential location for each technique to be built. Through GIS analysis and use the DFA system software to reconfirm within a flood territory.

AGROFORESTRY 1. Slope_Relatively Plain 2. Habitat_Connectivity & 250m Buffer Zone

We need to set up several rules for each technique according to their characteristics before we start the analysis. Take agroforestry as an example. We need to find the places which are relatively plain and could be connected to neighbour natural habitat easily (set the buffer zone for 250m for instance).

AGRI-PRODUCTIVITY

RUNOFF

AGROFORESTRY COST SIZE

LAND USE IMPACT

VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

SLOPE

HABITAT CONECTION

SLOWDOWN AREA

DISTRIBUTE MAP

▲ P.C. Lin

130 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

CONTOUR RIDGES 1. Slope_Relatively Cliffy 2. AgriClass_Low Productive 3. LandUse_Low Land Use except for Forest & Built Area 4. Runoff_More Surface Water Runoff 5. Speed_Low Speed

AGRI-PRODUCTIVITY

RUNOFF CONTRIBUTION

CONTOUR RIDGES COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC

LAND USE IMPACT

SLOPE

SLOWDOWN AREA

DISTRIBUTE MAP

â&#x2013;² P.C. Lin

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 131

DYNAMIC FLOW ALLOWANCE SYSTEM TECHNIQUES DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS

OFFLINE STORAGE 1. Slope_Relatively Plain 2. AgriClass_Low Productive 3. LandUse_Low Land Use except for Forest & Built Area 4. Along the River 5. Speed Map_Slow Down

ONLINE STORAGE 1. Slope_Relatively Plain 2. AgriClass_Low Productive 3. LandUse_LowLandUse except for Forest & Built Area 4. Along the River 5. Speed Map_Slow Down

HYDROLOGY

LACATION

ONLINE FLOW STORAGE COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

LANDVALUE

SLOPE

DISTRIBUTE MAP

SLOWDOWN AREA

â&#x2013;² P.C. Lin

132 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

WING DYKES 1. According to Hydrology 2. Speed Map_Speed Up

RIVER CHANNEL

WING DYKES COST SIZE VELOCITY ACCELERATION FIXED / DYNAMIC ONLINE / OFFLINE

DISTRIBUTE MAP

SPEEDUP AREA

â&#x2013;² P.C. Lin

AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 133

E

P

I

L

O

G

U

E

Hedgerow intervention will encourage more farmers upstream and downstream to be involved in getting their diversity in producing, partially unifying the individual farmer back to cooperating with similar products, such as cultivating, in order to regulate and use rainwater to eventually contribute to releasing the flood. Dry trade helps to assemble all parties in different industrial situations in order to soft-build a smart and subtle defence of the flood. Farmers could produce products from the hedgerow, retailers could distribute the products, and citizens could consume them. This mode can be simply in one region, but it can also be complicated on a cross-regional scale on the national level, such as buying an apple from Shrewsbury in a Tesco in London; thus, contributing to releasing the flood at Severn rivers, and somebody, somewhere else doing the same to reduce extra water flushing toward London.

Climate

Greenhouse Afforestation Peat Land

Forest

Peat Cutting

Deforestation

Grazing Ma

Intensive

Peat Loss

EXTRA WATER

FLOOD DAMAGE

Increase Runoff Wetty Weather Sea Level Rising Soil Degradation

RUN OFF

SOIL LOSS

WATER POLUTION

Sediments

SOIL DEGRADATION

Hydro

FERTILIIZER

Flo

INTENSIVE ARGRICULTURE

â&#x2013;˛ EUROPEAN FLOOD RELATIONSHIP P.K. Li

134 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

HEDGETOPIA HEDGETOPIA North Shropshire Flood Defence LoopsHedgetopia and Growth

2°45’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°63’0”W

2°66’0”W

2°69’0”W

52°54’0”N

52°54’0”N

2°42’0”W

Designed hedgerow system occupied 0.5 percent of extra farmland, but it is a green loop interplanted on the existing hedges, a linear productive orchardordinary to organise all farmers manage, work on and benefion t from It is alsoand a system to recircuInstead of continuing flood defence involved strategy, to which is creating catchments the it. floodplain building up flood latewall the in runoff oodCity, protection and water usage.hedgerow as a tool to reduce and control runoff inorder to contribute to flood frontfor of flthe we propose to consider Relating to the different local available agricultural practice, more loops can be built producing various such defence.

Furthermore, if there has enough hedgerow be envolved, there might havefor a chance to shrink theproducts, floodplane to as achieve wild fruit, horticulture, cutting fl ower, and etc..

Th ose loops will gradually grow to connect and to be a new hedgerow system, more valuable land. We take North shropshire as our site, where contains a typical relationship of upstream and downstream, and anddominated all loops can be organized dry trade system, which can break through the limitation from local to national by the agricultureinto industry.

Relating to the different local available agricultural practice, more loops can be built for different products, such as wild fruit, horticulture, cutting flower, and ect. those loops will gradually grow to connect together and to be a new hedgerow system, and all loops can be organized into dry trade system, which can breakthrough the limitation from local to national.

HEDGETOPIA Flood Defence Loops and Growth 52°51’0”N

52°39’0”N

52°39’0”N

52°42’0”N

52°42’0”N

52°45’0”N

52°45’0”N

52°48’0”N

52°48’0”N

52°51’0”N

Instead of continuing ordinary flood defence strategy, which is creating catchments on the floodplain and building up flood wall in front of the City, we propose to consider hedgerow as a tool to reduce and control runoff inorder to contribute to flood defence. Furthermore, if there has enough hedgerow be envolved, there might have a chance to shrink the floodplane to achieve more valuable land. We take North shropshire as our site, where contains a typical relationship of upstream and downstream, and dominated by the agriculture industry.

Relating to the different local available agricultural practice, more loops can be built for different products, such as wild fruit, horticulture, cutting flower, and ect. those loops will gradually grow to connect together and to be a new hedgerow system, and all loops can be organized into dry trade system, which can breakthrough the limitation from local to national.

5

0

2°69’0”W

2°66’0”W

2°60’0”W

2°63’0”W

2°57’0”W

2°51’0”W

2°54’0”W

2°48’0”W

2°42’0”W

2°45’0”W

▲ EUROPEAN FLOOD RELATIONSHIP P.C. Lin 5

0

RUN OFF < 0.4

KM

ORDINARY RIVER COURSE FLOOD PLAIN RUN OFF < 0.4

FLOOD DEFENCE ORDINARY RIVER COURSE FLOOD PLAIN

ENLARGE WATER CATCHMENT

RUN OFF RAISED FLOOD DEFENCE

RUN OFF RAISED

HIGHER FLOOD DEFENCE ENLARGE WATER CATCHMENT

HIGHER FLOOD DEFENCE

RUN OFF REDUCE AND CONTROL

RELEASE FLOODPLAIN PRESSURE

LOWER THE FLOOD WALL

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RUN OFF REDUCE AND CONTROL

RELEASE FLOODPLAIN PRESSURE

LOWER THE FLOOD WALL

APPENDIX

RUNOFF SIMULATION

09

WITHOUT HEDGEROW

01

136 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

05

15

09

WITH EXISTING HEDGEROW

01

15

05

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RUNOFF SIMULATION

WITH HEDGEROW INTERVENTIONS

01

138 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

05

09

15

APPENDIX MODEL

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APPENDIX

TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM by X.Q. ZHUANG With the understanding of the consequence of the synthesis of the floods on our site. One way to fully manipulate with the connection between runoff, water speed and typology is needed. We start the first step of developing this system and build our model which give us more flexibility than our simulation tools.

The basic functions of the model are several features as below: 1). Agents based model. Water are considered as agents which have different direction and velocities. In the model itself, we use red represent higher velocity and purple as lower velocity to visualise information.

2). Colour mapping of terrain. In this way to show the typology more straight to understand the typology as one factor that affects water runoff process.

3). Soil movement. Water and soil change each other during this process, as soil, slow down and absorb parts of water while soil also takes or deposit soil at some time. In the model itself, the red column on each agent means taking soil while yellow column means deposit soil.

4). Evaporation and soil are carrying simulation. The make the soil and water movement more measurable; the quantitative analysis is implemented into the model. The upper text on each agent means the soil itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s taking; the lower text means the life of the agents equals to the evaporation time.

class agents { Vec3D pos; Vec3D vel; Vec3D acc; Vec3D prePos; HE_Vertex meshPt2 ; WB_Coord posCopy; WB_Coord meshPt; WB_Transform upp; WB_Coord up=new WB_Point(0, 0, .5); float maxVel; float maxForce; float rangeOfVis; int type; float life=0; float Radius; ArrayList neighborList; ArrayList neighborTrail; boolean behaviour = false; boolean Across=false; boolean onground=false; boolean closeToMesh = false; boolean flooding= false; boolean trails= false; //---------------------Constructor----------------------agents(Vec3D _pos, Vec3D _vel, int _type) {

5). Plot distribution and runoff data. The visualised information of each plotâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s runoff reflects the general water condition of each plot. This way helps to show the changes when further technique will be applied into. }

pos = _pos; vel = _vel; type= _type; neighborList = new ArrayList(); neighborTrail= new ArrayList(); agentPop.add(this); maxForce=1.5; acc = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); // Bounce = .5; posCopy = new WB_Point(pos.copy().x, pos.copy().y, pos.copy().z); meshPt = mesh.getClosestPoint(posCopy, vertexTree); prePos=pos.copy(); closeToMesh=false;

int diss=0; float neighNum; //---------------------Action----------------------void update() { neighNum=neighborList(agentPop, 25).size(); acc=new Vec3D(); maxVel=6; if (diss>5) trails=true; if (onground) { maxVel=1; diss++; }

140 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

if ((frameCount+resolution-1)%resolution==0) { prePos=pos.copy(); } alignTrail(alignTrailRange, .5); if (onground) { Vec3D f1=new Vec3D(0, 0, -gravity); pos.addSelf(f1); } river(); // cohesion(agentPop, 0, 20, .02); // separation(agentPop, 1, .05); vel.addSelf(acc); vel.limit(maxVel); pos.addSelf(vel); torusSpace(); posCopy = new WB_Point(pos.copy().x, pos.copy().y, pos.copy().z); meshPt = mesh.getClosestPoint(posCopy, vertexTree); float xPos = (Float) meshPt.xf(); float yPos = (Float) meshPt.yf(); float zPos = (Float) meshPt.zf(); Vec3D posNew = new Vec3D(xPos, yPos, zPos); float tdist2 = pos.distanceTo(posNew);

}

AbusoluteTerritory(); evaporate(); if (onground|tdist2<5) { pos = posNew; } if (tdist2<5) { onground=true; } render(); LeaveTrail(); //if (vel.magnitude()<.25)agentPop.remove(this);

}

void evaporate() { //float drying=.5; //if (neighNum>10)drying=.01; //if (neighNum<=10&&neighNum>=1) drying=map(neighNum, 10, 0, .01, .1); //if (neighNum<1)drying=.25; //life+=drying; life+=.5; if (life>200)agentPop.remove(this); //println(life); //if (neighNum>=2)maxVel=map(neighNum, 15, 2, 5, 1); } void river() { // if (neighNum>=5)maxVel=map(neighNum, 10, 5, 4, 1); if (neighborTrail.size()>=150)maxVel=map(neighborTrail.size(), 300, 5, 4, 1); float floodForce=map(neighborTrail.size(), 300, 0, 15, .01); separation(agentPop, seperationRange/10, floodForce); } void force() { Vec3D f1=new Vec3D(.027, 0, 0); acc.addSelf(f1); }

void LeaveTrail() { Vec3D trailPos=pos.copy();

}

int floodon=0;

void AbusoluteTerritory() { float runoff=map(vel.magnitude(), 1.5, 0.2, 1, -1); if (runoff>1)runoff=1; if (neighNum<8&&neighborTrail.size()<300) { HE_Vertex meshPt2 = mesh.getClosestVertex(posCopy, vertexTree); for (int i = 0; i < meshPt2.getNeighborVertices().size(); i++) { HE_Vertex Pt3=meshPt2.getNeighborVertices().get(i); Pt3.setZ (Pt3.zd()-runoff*.009); //stroke(255, 0, 0); //strokeWeight(15); //point(Pt3.xf(), Pt3.yf(), Pt3.zf()); } meshPt2.setZ (meshPt2.zd()-runoff*.03);

} println(neighborTrail.size());

if (frameCount%resolution==0) { myTrail=new ATrail(trailPos, prePos, trails, type, flooding); }

ATrail myTrail; // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------// SWARM // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------void cohesion(ArrayList Pop, float Range1, float Range2, float Scale) { Vec3D sum = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < Pop.size (); i++) { agents g = (agents) Pop.get(i); float dist = pos.distanceTo(g.pos); if ((dist > 0) && (dist < Range2)&& (dist > Range1)) { sum.addSelf(g.pos); count++; } } if (count > 0) {

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM by X.Q. ZHUANG count++; neighborTrail.add(other);

sum.scaleSelf(1/(float)count); sum.subSelf(pos); sum.limit(maxForce); sum.scaleSelf(Scale);

}

} acc.addSelf(sum);

void align(ArrayList Pop, float Range, float Scale) { Vec3D sum = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < Pop.size (); i++) { agents other = (agents) Pop.get(i); float dist = pos.distanceTo(other.pos); if ((dist > 0) && (dist < Range)) { sum.addSelf(other.vel); count++; } } if (count > 0) { sum.scaleSelf(1/(float)count); sum.scaleSelf(Scale); } acc.addSelf(sum); //acc.scaleSelf(Scale); } void separation(ArrayList Pop, float Range, float Scale) { Vec3D sum = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < Pop.size (); i++) { agents other = (agents) Pop.get(i); float dist = pos.distanceTo(other.pos); if ((dist > 0) && (dist < Range)) { Vec3D vec = pos.sub(other.pos); vec.scaleSelf(1/dist); sum.addSelf(vec); count++; } } if (count > 0) { sum.scaleSelf(1/(float)count); //sum.limit(maxForce); sum.scaleSelf(Scale); ; } acc.addSelf(sum); // acc.scaleSelf(Scale); }

void alignTrail(float Range, float Scale) { Vec3D sum = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); int count = 0; neighborTrail= new ArrayList(); for (int i = 0; i < trailPop.size (); i++) { ATrail other = (ATrail) trailPop.get(i); float dist = pos.distanceTo(other.pos); if ((dist > 0) && (dist < Range)) { sum.addSelf(other.vel); 142 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

}

} } if (count > 0) { sum.scaleSelf(1/(float)count); sum.scaleSelf(Scale); } acc.addSelf(sum); //acc.scaleSelf(Scale);

void wander(float scale) { Vec3D wan; float wanderR = 16; // Radius for our “wander circle” float wanderD = 60; // Distance for our “wander circle” float change = 60.25; float wandertheta = 0; wandertheta += random(-change, change); // Randomly change wander theta Vec3D circleloc = vel.copy();// Start with velocity circleloc.normalize(); circleloc.scaleSelf(wanderD); // Multiply by distance circleloc.addSelf(pos); // Make it relative to agent’s location Vec3D circleOffSet = new Vec3D(wanderR*cos(wandertheta), wanderR*sin(wandertheta), wanderR*tan(wandertheta)); circleOffSet.addSelf(circleloc); wan= steer(circleOffSet); // Steer towards it wan.scaleSelf(scale); acc.addSelf(wan); } // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------// Local Decisions // --------------------------------------------------------------------------------ArrayList neighborList(ArrayList pop, float range) { ArrayList local = new ArrayList(); for (int i = 0; i < pop.size (); i++) { agents t = (agents) pop.get(i); float d = pos.distanceTo(t.pos); if ( (d < range) && (d > 0) ) { local.add(t); } } return local; } boolean inView(Vec3D target, float angle) { boolean resultBool; Vec3D vec = target.sub(pos); float result = vel.angleBetween(vec, true); result = degrees(result); if (result < angle) { resultBool = true; } else { resultBool = false; } return resultBool; }

Vec3D steer(Vec3D target) { target.subSelf(pos); float distance = target.magnitude(); if (distance > 0) {

}

target.normalize(); target.scaleSelf(maxVel); target.subSelf(vel); target.limit(maxForce); } else { target = new Vec3D(0, 0, 0); } return target;

void torusSpace() { if (type==1) { if (pos.x > boxWidth-1)CNCagent=false; if (pos.x < 1) CNCagent=false; if (pos.y > boxHeight-1)CNCagent=false; if (pos.y < 1)CNCagent=false; if (pos.z > boxDepth) CNCagent=false; if (pos.z < 0) CNCagent=false; }

}

if (pos.x > boxWidth-1)agentPop.remove(this); if (pos.x < 1) agentPop.remove(this); if (pos.y > boxHeight-1)agentPop.remove(this); if (pos.y < 1) agentPop.remove(this); if (pos.z > boxDepth) agentPop.remove(this); if (pos.z < 0) agentPop.remove(this);

void render() { pushMatrix(); translate(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z); if (type==1)translate(0, 0, 2); noStroke(); if (type==2) { fill(255); sphere(1); } else { if (onground) fill(255, 0, 0); // sphere(5); }

}

}

popMatrix();

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM by X.Q. ZHUANG The second step we develop about our model is that it’s able to show tests with the runoff data, the screenshots below show that with and without the runoff data, how the water runoff process has been changed.

Where the runoff is being more absorb, the water has been evaporating more under different runoff data map. Thus, when we are thinking about taking different scales of catchment under consideration and plans, the catchment scale give us a major goal on the general design version of that area, which would allow us to implement technique and evaluate them further.

With the model itself, users will be able to change the runoff data, text with how the water process has been changed, they will be able to choose what kind of land use they want to apply with, and click on the certain plot to change that original land use which furtherly changed the runoff data.

In this way, users could manipulate with the site and get a map of how the designed dynamic map they want.

void cpSet() { cp=new ControlP5(this); // cp.addSlider(“MaxVelocity”, 1, 5, 10, height-100, 300, 15); cp.setAutoDraw(false); cp.addButton(“water”) .setValue(0) .setPosition(55, 280) .setSize(200, 19) .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ; cp.addButton(“farm”) .setValue(0) .setPosition(55, 300) .setSize(200, 19) .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ; cp.addButton(“farm2”) .setValue(0) .setPosition(55, 320) .setSize(200, 19) .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ; cp.addButton(“farm3”) .setValue(0) .setPosition(55, 340) .setSize(200, 19) .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ; cp.addButton(“garden”) .setValue(0) .setPosition(55, 360) .setSize(200, 19) .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ; // Slider s04= cp.addSlider(“rainSpeed”, 2, 7, 10, 170-30, 300, 20); // Slider s05= cp5.addSlider(“dryingTime”, .5, 2, 10, 210-30, 300, 20); // Slider s06= cp5.addSlider(“gravity”, .1, 3, 10, 250-30, 300, 20); // cp.addSlider(“MaxVelocity”, 1, 5, 10, height-100, 300, 15) //.setColorValue(color(255)) //.setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) //.setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) //.setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) //;

144 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

//s04 .setColorValue(color(255)) // .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) // .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) // .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) // ; //s05 .setColorValue(color(255))

// // // //

.setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) ;

//s06 .setColorValue(color(255)) // .setColorActive(color(30, 155, 155)) // .setColorForeground(color(255, 0, 0)) // .setColorBackground(color(155, 75)) // ; //s04.setNumberOfTickMarks(7); myTextarea = cp.addTextarea(“txt”) .setPosition(55, height-330) .setSize(200, 200) .setFont(createFont(“Arial”, 6)) .setLineHeight(20) .setColor(color(255)) .setColorBackground(color(155, 100)) .setColorForeground(color(255, 100)); ; console = cp.addConsole(myTextarea);// } Textarea myTextarea; Println console; //public void controlEvent(ControlEvent theEvent) { // println(theEvent.getController().getName()); // n = 0; //} public void water(int theValue) { nameofuse=”rf_ratio_10000”; rfofuse=00; println(“water”); } public void farm(int theValue) { nameofuse=”rf_ratio_10072”; println(“farm1”); rfofuse=72; } public void farm2(int theValue) { nameofuse=”rf_ratio_10062”; println(“farm2”); rfofuse=62; } public void farm3(int theValue) { nameofuse=”rf_ratio_10032”; println(“farm3”); rfofuse=32; } public void garden(int theValue) { nameofuse=”rf_ratio_10091”; println(“garden”); rfofuse=91; }

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM by X.Q. ZHUANG

The third step we did is, when we have a model like this, it allow itself to make decisions or to say, design the best results for us when we apply different rules on it.

We set the rules for how is our definition of dynamic and how are rules for fast and slow areas, and howâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the rules for apply techniques such as dam or levees.

After setting the rules, the computer begins to calculating and generating the most optimised results for us based on the rules.

When we changed the rules, the results change accordingly.

In this way, we as the landscape architect no longer making objective final decisions but set the rules for the system, the part we design how we design the rules. Still the results are designed by people, but it comes with a more scientific and reasonable result.

146 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

The fourth step we did, is to set the rules, and found the potential area for each technique. We set the rules for different technique such as below: 1). Offline Storage Slope_Relatively Plain AgriClass_Low Productive LandUse_Low Land Use except for Forest & Built Area Along the River Speed Map_Slow Down 2). Online Storage Slope_Relatively Plain AgriClass_Low Productive LandUse_LowLandUse except for Forest & Built Area Along the River Speed Map_Slow Down 3). Agroforestry Slope_Relatively Plain Habitat_Connectivity & 250m Buffer Zone 4). Contour Ridges Slope_Relatively Cliffy AgriClass_Low Productive LandUse_Low Land Use except for Forest & Built Area Runoff_More Surface Water Runoff Speed_Low Speed 5). Wing Dykes According to Hydrology Speed Map_Speed Up

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM by X.Q. ZHUANG

After the design process, the next step we did is to make the model user-friendly to everyone, so that each farmer could use it and design with themselves.

The visualised user interference would allow user simply to click on the icon that represents the technique they want to apply, in which way it switches to the different mode, and then a user will be able to apply where they want to implement the techniques. The model would also give them the relative runoff data and how much profits they would benefit from that.

As each farmer designs like this, their confirmed decision’s data would be collect by the system, so that the catchment manager would be able to design after their decisions on where hard and large infrastructures like dams or levees should be.

The model is designed as a platform for each to participate, to engage, to design for themselves. It also works as the evaluation and the simulation model, which could tell the advantages and disadvantages for users, as well as data uploading and exchanging.

We think, in a large scale process like flooding, we as a few landscape architectures would not change the situations. A possible way needs massive negative and adjustments with each farmers’ requests.

However, if we give the right to decide for the landscape to the farmers themselves, each one would decide for their small land, each of them negotiate with several others, they benefit from it, the manager also saves time and efforts gathering data at the same time. It is only bottom-up and spontaneous way like this make changes at minimal steps and evolves into real improvements.

Ideally, with the design tools that we developed, farmers should be able to select certain plots on their upstream ones, the tool would help to calculate the how much they shall benefit from this area of lands and calculating how much water runoff such interventions helps to reduce. So that they could manipulate with this tool and make their decisions. When millions of farmers make such decisions and upload their data to the online system, catchment manager would know more clear of the newly-designed runoff landscape and go on manipulate with the tool to test their design parts such as online storage or wing dykes. void icons() { tint(255); if (techinics==1)tint(255, 0, 200); image(img1, 55, 420, 30, 30); tint(255); if (techinics==2)tint(0, 255, 155); //dam image(img2, 55+34, 420, 30, 30); tint(255); if (techinics==3)tint(255, 200, 0); //forest image(img3, 55+68, 420, 30, 30); tint(255); if (techinics==4)tint(0, 255, 0); //river image(img4, 55+102, 420, 30, 30); 148 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

}

tint(255); if (techinics==5)tint(255, 0, 0); //wall image(img5, 55+136, 420, 30, 30); tint(255); if (techinics==6)tint(0, 200, 255); //wall image(img6, 55+170, 420, 30, 30);

boolean CCC=true; int openyourmouth=5; void keyPressed() { if (key == CODED) { if (keyCode==UP)openyourmouth+=1; if (keyCode==DOWN)openyourmouth-=1; if (keyCode==LEFT) selectionRange+=5; if (keyCode==RIGHT)selectionRange-=5; } if (key == ‘g’) { start=true; } if (key == ‘s’) { if (SoilSituation) SoilSituation=false; else SoilSituation=true; } if (key == ‘1’) { println(“On-line Flow Storage”); techinics=1; } if (key == ‘2’) { println(“Off-line Flow Storage”); techinics=2; } if (key == ‘3’) { println(“Contour Ridges”); techinics=3; } if (key == ‘4’) { println(“Agroforestry”); techinics=4; } if (key == ‘5’) { println(“Divesion Spliting”); techinics=5; } if (key == ‘6’) { println(“Wing Dykes”); techinics=6; }

if (key == ‘0’) { println(“Change Landuse”); techinics=0; } if (key == ‘l’) { if (runoffdis) runoffdis=false; else runoffdis=true; }

}

if (key == ‘p’) { if (pause) pause=false; else pause=true;

}

cam.endHUD(); hint(ENABLE_DEPTH_TEST);

if (key == ‘c’) { if (ColorMap) ColorMap=false; else ColorMap=true; } if (key == ‘v’) { if (CCC) CCC=false; else CCC=true; }

}

if (key == ‘i’) { if (information) information=false; else information=true; } if (key == ‘r’) { record=true; }

boolean runoffdis=false; void GUI() { hint(DISABLE_DEPTH_TEST); cam.beginHUD(); noStroke(); fill(50, 100); rect(0, 0, 310, height); pushMatrix(); noStroke(); ortho(); translate(-300, -360); Iterator<HE_Face> iter = mesh.fItr(); for (int i = 0; iter.hasNext(); i++) { HE_Face f = iter.next(); float zmap= f.getFaceCenter().zf(); if (CCC)f.setColor(color(zmap*5, 255-zmap*2, 355-zmap*6)); else { float cc=map(zmap, 20, 120, 0, 100); colorMode(HSB, 100); // Use HSB with scale of 0-100 color c = color(cc, 75, 100); f.setColor(c); colorMode(RGB, 255); } } mesh.scale(.2); render.drawFacesFC(mesh); mesh.scale(5); translate(300, 360); perspective(); popMatrix(); icons(); texts(); cp.draw(); AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-16 | 149

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM

Contour Ridges Prototype_Shape

Contour Ridges Prototype_Density

150 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Offline Flow Storage Prototype_Shape

Online Flow Storage Prototype_Shape

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TECHNICAL REPORT - DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM

152 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

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APPENDIX

CARTOGRAPHIES 1. Atlas - The UK Flood Map 2. Territorial Formation - The Severn River Catchment 3. Geomorphology - The Severn River Constrains 4. Dry Trade Implementation Map 5. Hedgetopia - Development Timeframe 6. Hedgetopia - Water Corridor 7. Hedgetopia

FIGURE LIST Figure 01 - Satellite Image of Somerset Level Floods 2014 DMC International Imaging, (n.d.). Satellite Image of Somerset Flood. [image] Available at: http://www.dmcii.com/?p=9923 [Accessed 15 Apr. 2016].

Figure 02 - Haldon Hall, near Exeter Towne, F. (1780). Haldon Hall, near Exeter. [Oil paint on canvas] London: Tate.

Figure 03 - Agriculture Pattern in 1945 Google Map (2016). Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/ maps?source=tldsi&hl=zh-CN[Accessed: 20 March 2016].

Figure 04 - Agriculture Pattern in 2007 Google Map (2016). Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/ maps?source=tldsi&hl=zh-CN[Accessed: 20 March 2016].

APPENDIX VIDEOS

1. Technical Report 1_ https://vimeo.com/167869429 2. Technical Report 2_ https://vimeo.com/167869443 3. Technical Report 3_ https://vimeo.com/171240722 4. Technical Report 4_ https://vimeo.com/171240787 5. Technical Report 5_ https://vimeo.com/171240841 6. Technique Catalogue Simulation_ https://vimeo.com/167869418

Figure 05 - Pre-war agricultural landscape and Pattern O’Connell,D., Ewen,J., O’Donnell,G.,Quinn,P (2007) Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding? Available at: http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/96/2007/hess-11-96-2007. pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2016].

Figure 06 - Current agricultural landscape and Pattern O’Connell,D., Ewen,J., O’Donnell,G.,Quinn,P (2007) Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding? Available at: http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/96/2007/hess-11-96-2007.pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2016].

Figure 07 - Hedge Laying as A Way of Maintenance hedge laying as a way of maintenance. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://sadeik.wordpress.com/2016/03/08/hedge/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016].

Figure 08 - Distribution of Hedge Laying Styles Map Ancient tree forum, (n.d.). Ancient tree map. [image] Available at: http://www.ancienttreeforum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ treescapes-map.png [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016].

Figure 09 - Hedge laying style 01 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

APPENDIX

DFAS SIMULATION SYSTEM CODE GITHUB 1. https://github.com/RobinZhuang/DFAS 2. https://github.com/RobinZhuang/DFAS/tree/RobinZ_DFAS_ TechniqueCatalogue_Dam

154 | Synthesis of Flooding Management

Figure 10 - Hedge laying style 02 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 11 - Hedge laying style 03 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 12 - Hedge laying style 04 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 13 - Hedge laying style 05 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 25 - Muller Icons Muller, (n.d.). muellergroup. [image] Available at: http://www. muellergroup.com/en/group/our-sites/ [Accessed 9 Apr. 2016].

Figure 14 - Hedge laying style 06 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 26 - Unsubmerged Floodplian in Tewkesbury Aerial photographs of the 2007 great floods on the River Severn in the UK(2016). Available at: http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/ greatfloods/?g2_page=3 [Accessed: 15 March 2016].

Figure 15 - Hedge laying style 07 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 16 - Hedge laying style 08 Hedge laying style. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www. hedgelaying.org.uk/pg/info/styles.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

Figure 27 - Submerged Floodplian in Tewkesbury Mullergroup (2016). Available at: http://www.muellergroup.com/diegruppe/unsere-standorte/[Accessed: 20 March 2016].

Figure 28 - Hedge Laying Hedge Laying. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://heartwoodforest. wordpress.com/tag/hedgelaying/ [Accessed 22 Nov. 2016].

Figure 17 - Hedgerow by Eric Thomas & John T. Hedgerow by Eric Thomas & John T. (n.d.). [image] Available at: https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/435160382725425577/ [Accessed 20 Nov. 2016].

Figure 18 - Orchard System Diagram 01 Orchard System Diagrams. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://hub. suttons.co.uk/gardening-advice/growing-guides/fruit-growing-guides/ apple-trees-growing-guide [Accessed 29 Nov. 2016].

Figure 19 - Orchard System Diagram 02 Orchard System Diagrams. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://hub. suttons.co.uk/gardening-advice/growing-guides/fruit-growing-guides/ apple-trees-growing-guide [Accessed 29 Nov. 2016].

Figure 20 - Orchard System Diagram 03 Orchard System Diagrams. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://hub. suttons.co.uk/gardening-advice/growing-guides/fruit-growing-guides/ apple-trees-growing-guide [Accessed 29 Nov. 2016].

Figure 21 - Orchard Farm Types 01 Orchard Farm Types. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.yara.us/ agriculture/crops/apple/key-facts/agronomic-principles/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016].

Figure 22 - Orchard Farm Types 02 Orchard Farm Types. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.yara.us/ agriculture/crops/apple/key-facts/agronomic-principles/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016].

Figure 23 - Orchard Farm Types 03 Orchard Farm Types. (n.d.). [image] Available at: http://www.yara.us/ agriculture/crops/apple/key-facts/agronomic-principles/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016].

Figure 24 - Muller UK Map Muller, (n.d.). muellergroup. [image] Available at: http://www. muellergroup.com/en/group/our-sites/ [Accessed 9 Apr. 2016].

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AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM 2015/16