2012
Transport
DOKUMENTATION TRANSPORTATION PROCESSES PASSENGER CAR
Content General Discription of Processes .............................................................................................. 2 Process Characterization / Naming ........................................................................................... 2 Classification into ....................................................................................................................... 2 Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5]) ................................................................................ 2 Emission Category (cf. [5]) .................................................................................................... 2 Road Categories (cf. [5]) ....................................................................................................... 2 Emissions Calculation ............................................................................................................... 3 General Emissions Calculation .............................................................................................. 3 Singularity for CO2 ................................................................................................................. 3 Calculation of SO2 ................................................................................................................. 3 Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3) ............................................................................. 3 Production and end of life .......................................................................................................... 4 Variable Parameters .................................................................................................................. 4 Inputs ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4 Outputs ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Valuable Substances ............................................................................................................. 4 Emissions .............................................................................................................................. 4 Systems and Emissions that are not considered ...................................................................... 5 Application ................................................................................................................................... 5 Process Integration .................................................................................................................... 5 Input Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 5 Sulfur Content of Fuel ............................................................................................................ 5 Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters: “share_mw”, “share_ru”, “share_ur”) .......................................................................................................... 5 Driving Performance .............................................................................................................. 5 Representativeness ................................................................................................................... 6 Technological......................................................................................................................... 6 Spatial .................................................................................................................................... 6 Temporal................................................................................................................................ 6 Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Process List (GaBi) ..................................................................................................................... 7
– 1/8 –
2012
Transport
General Discription of Processes This documentation describes transportation processes for gasoline/diesel driven passenger cars. The processes comprise the use phase with fuel demand and emissions released. Production and end of life can be integrated. The default functional unit is 1 vehicle kilometer. Process Characterization / Naming General process naming: Vehicle category, fuel, capacity, emission category A list of processes available is added to this document. Classification into Vehicle Category, fuel, capacity (cf. [5]) Passenger car gasoline driven <1,4 Passenger car gasoline driven 1,4-2 l Passenger car gasoline driven >2 l Passenger car diesel driven 1,4-2 l Passenger car diesel driven >2 l Emission Category (cf. [5]) ECE 15'04 (gasoline only) without catalytic converter non-controlled catalytic converter (gasoline only) controlled catalytic converter < 87 (gasoline only) controlled catalytic converter 87-90 (gasoline only) conventional (gasoline only) other measures (e.g. exhaust gas recirculation) 1986-88 (diesel only) Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Road Categories (cf. [5]) Average Motorway (MW) Average Rural (RU) Average Urban (UR)
– 2/8 –
2012
Transport
Emissions Calculation The emission calculations are derived from emission factors from literature (HBEFA) [5] which are based on measurements. Additional calculation principles are elucidated below. General Emissions Calculation The total emissions for each pollutant are to be calculated based on emission factors (EM) by road category (Motorway = MW Em, Rural = RUEm, Urban = UREm) taken from literature in [g/km] and share of road categories (Motorway = MW share, Rural = RUshare, Urban = URshare) [-] berechnet:
g Emission X MWshare MWEM RU share RU EM URshare UREM Emission km
(1)
Singularity for CO2 The calculations for carbon dioxide emissions are based on the emission factors according to equation (1), whereas a constant relation of 3.175 kgCO2/ kgfuel for the fuel consumption is assumed. Gasoline: with a medium density of 0.742 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of 2.356 kgCO2/lgasoline Diesel: with a medium density of 0.832 kg/l; this is equal to a ratio of 2.642 kgCO2/ldiesel. Calculation of SO2 For sulfur dioxide, a complete stoichiometric conversion of the sulfur contained in the fuel and of oxygen into SO2 is assumed. The sulfur content in the fuel is a variable parameter, which can be set individually by the user. S + O2 → SO2
EF _ SO2
x _ ppmS kg S 64 g SO 2 kg Diesel_Consumption Diesel kgCar go 1 000 000 kg Diesel 32 g S EF_SO2
Emission factor for SO2
x_ppms
Mass share of sulfur in fuel
kg SO 2 kgCar go
(2)
Laughing Gas (N2O) and Ammonia (NH3) The emission factor for laughing gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) is assumed to be constant for each emission category and each road category. The emission factor for ammonia (NH3) is set as constant throughout all categories.
– 3/8 –
2012
Transport
Production and end of life Production and of life are not part of the passenger car process though a model specific integration is intended into input and output. The scaling results from 1/km driving performance to the unit of 1 vehicle kilometer. Variable Parameters Parameter Name
Comment
Unit
share_MW
Driving Share on Motorway (MW)
-
share_RU
Driving Share Rural (RU)
-
share_UR
Driving Share Urban (UR)
-
share_CO2_bio
Share of Biogenic C in Fuel
-
driving performance
life-time Mileage of Vehicle
km
ppm_sulfur
Mass Share of Sulfur in Fuel
ppm
Inputs Valuable Substances Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Gasoline/Diesel
Crude Oil Products
kg
Vehicle
Material Systems
pcs
Outputs Valuable Substances Flow
Flow Group
Vehicle Kilometers
Others
Vehicle
Material Systems
Unit 1000m pcs
Emissions Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Ammonia
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Benzene
Group NMVOC to Air
kg
Carbon Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Carbon Dioxide (biotic)
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Carbon Monoxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Dust (PM2.5)
Particles to Air
kg
Methane
Organic Emissions to Air (Group VOC)
kg
Nitrogen Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4/8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;
2012
Flow Nitrogen Monoxide
Transport
Flow Group
Unit
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
NMVOC (unspecific)
Group NMVOC to Air
kg
Sulfur Dioxide
Inorganic Emissions to Air
kg
Systems and Emissions that are not considered
Vehicle production (integration optional where required) Vehicle recycling (integration optional where required) Infrastructure (roads/...) Noise Diurnal losses and refueling losses (see [6]) Hot-Soak-Emissions Oil use Cold-Start Emissions Emissions from air conditioning (relevance < 1 %, see [4]) Abrasion of tyres and brakes
Application Process Integration The passenger car process is integrated into the model by the flow „vehicle kilometers“. Input Parameters The truck processes can be adapted to specific conditions by means of the variable parameters. Sulfur Content of Fuel The sulfur content in diesel fuel varies strongly worldwide; the transport processes can be adapted accordingly. Average sulfur contents for example: EU = 10 ppm [2]. Driving Shares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (respective parameters: “share_mw”, “share_ru”, “share_ur”) The driving shares for Motorway (MW), Rural (RU), Urban (UR) can be adapted to specific boundary conditions. The predefined standard values represent the shares for Germany for the respective vehicle. In addition, the shares must be 1 total. Driving Performance The parameter „driving performance“ is necessary to scale production and end of life. In case neither production nor end of life is considered ( this means the respective processes are not connected) the parameter remains constant. – 5/8 –
2012
Transport
Representativeness Technological The standard emission classes are covered by different datasets. The technologies are representative Europe-wide and can be adapted for worldwide locations with some minor restrictions. There is a need to identify the corresponding emission classes. Spatial The reference locations are Germany, Austria and Switzerland. However due to the similarity of the vehicle structures and the same emissions limit values, the models are representative for the entire EU. The model can be adjusted to conditions in other countries worldwide with only some minor uncertainties. Note: impreciseness increases with the increase of deviation of the vehicle structure and with the road categories and the utilisation behavior – these can be adapted by modifying the driving share (MW/RU/UR) as well as the utilisation ratio and sulfur content in the fuel for individual conditions. Temporal The reference year of the data sets is 2010; representativeness may be assumed for the period of 2010 to 2015. Modification of the age structure of vehicles for each emission class leads to changes in the emission profile. The validity of the data set is given for about 5 years (until 2015). Prognoses in HBEFA [5] based on comprehensive time series (1994-2020) report that there is no change in emission profiles within a certain size class, emissions class or road category. Only the different composition of a total vehicle fleet results in some changes between 2010 and 2015. Literature [1]
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: Directive 1999/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles and amending Council Directive 88/77/EEC. Brussels, Official Journal L 044, 16/02/2000 P. 0001 – 0155.
[2]
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: Directive 2003/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 March 2003 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels. Brussels, Official Journal of the European Union L76/10, 22/03/2003.
[3]
EUROPÄISCHE UNION: EUROPA – Environment – Auto-Oil II Programme. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/autooil/index.htm – 6/8 –
2012
Transport
[4]
SCHWARZ, Dr. Winfried; LEISEWITZ, Dr. André: Emissionen und Minderungspotential von HFKW, FKW und SF6 in Deutschland, Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Forschungsbericht 29841256, Frankfurt, 1999.
[5]
Umweltbundesamt Berlin; BUWAL / OFEFP Bern; Umweltbundesamt Wien: Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs, Version 3.1, http://www.hbefa.net, Berlin, Bern, Vienna / Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 2010.
[6]
UMWELTLEXIKON: Umweltlexikon: Betankungsverlust. http://www.umweltlexikon-online.de/RUBluft/Betankungsverlust.php
Process List (GaBi) The following processes for passenger cars are avaliable: region
standard
emission standard
type
engine size
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
gasoline driven
ECE 15'04
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
non-controlled catalytic converter
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter < 87
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
controlled catalytic converter 87-90
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
conventional
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
gasoline driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
– 7/8 –
2012
Transport
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size up to 1,4l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size 1,4-2l
GLO
diesel driven
1986-88
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 1
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 2
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 3
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 4
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
GLO
diesel driven
Euro 5
technology mix
engine size more than 2l
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8/8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;