Architecture Regeneration by Peixin Li

YEAR FIVE

PEIXIN LI 1

Abstract

Beijing Shougang industrial area was first built in 1919. Due to industrial restructuring, serious environmental pollution and the implementation of the Olympic action planning requirements, it was all discontinued at the end of 2010. At present, there are a lot of building structures and facilities were left in this area, which have become an industrial relic of Beijing. With a hundred years long deep history, ShouGang recorded lots of cultures and memories of the city; and its development process can show a microcosm of China's steel industry from scratch. In the regeneration process of here, how to do both effectively protect industrial heritage, but also to achieve sustainable coordinated development of regional economy, society, culture and the environment, is the problem i need thinking of. Architecture is the material carrier of urban civilization. From the old building, people can clearly see the context of urban development. How to deal with the old building also reflects the mainstream ideology and civilization degree of a city. Hoping to re-awaken the memories of Shougang industrial area, to tell people, what was here once is like. And let the old industrial building back to the city to be fully used.

CONTENT

Research Context - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

Research Project - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 -

Location - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15

History - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16

Environmental Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20

Re-use - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34

Keep the Old Structure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -38

Recycle Material - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 40

- How does this building type offer a new typology for a sustainable architecture?

Old and New Independent -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - 42

KEYWORDS:

Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -46

FIELD OF RESEARCH: Architecture Regeneration; Industrial Architecture; Re-function; Recycle material; Sustainable re-design

RESEARCH QUESTIONS: -

The old industrial Architecture is worthy of re-use.

past; present; future; Industrial; re-use; re-function; recycle; sustainable

Bibliography - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 4

RESEARCH CONTEXT

‘The world would have no garbage, only misplaced resources.’ – Dante Alighieri (c.1265-1321, was a major Italian poet of the late Middle Ages)

RESEARCH CONTEXT

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Not Sold to Chinaâ&#x20AC;? Ruhr industrial area was gradually building up from 1860, involves many coal, iron and steel, machinery manufacturing, chemical, power, industrial and mining, etc. It was the most important large industrial zone in Germany and Europe. In the early 1960s, by the impact of structural changes in the world's energy, the industrial and mining enterprise of Ruhr went bankrupt, closed down, relocation or changed jobs, and accompanied by regional severe unemployment, population decline, tax reduction, and left behind industrial pollution and numerous social problems.

In the Ruhr industrial heritage conservation area, there is a mark post on the site of an old steel factory: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Not sold to China". The label comes from an episode during the local residents protecting the industrial heritage.

In the beginning of 1970, the German government has funding to protect the industrial heritage which has important value of historical, scientific and humanistic. "Not sold to China," recording to an episode in the protection process. In the 1980s, a Chinese company's delegation went to the Ruhr area, they fancied some old equipment, some just discontinued Henry blast furnaces and scrap steel, and intended to fully purchase. Facing of such a waste utilization temptation, sale or not sale became a problem that causing discussion by the local citizens. The final result, the majority of people think that these devices represent a culture of the city, could not be sold. Thus, in order to prevent accidental demolition, German marked the labels of "Not sold to China" on those retained devices; it also shows their firm determination to protect this piece of industrial ruins.

RESEARCH CONTEXT

According to China Architectural Society Report, compared with natural and cultural heritage, the value of industrial heritage has been ignored for a long time. Due to a large number of industrial heritages haven't been included within the scope of industrial heritage conservation, they are constantly suffering the devastating threat across the country. Compared with some western countries, which already began to pay attention to the industrial heritage protection since 1960s, China's industrial heritage protection has been delayed for nearly 20 years. The formation and development of industry often requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. But the protection of industrial heritage can avoid waste of resources; prevent the multiple value industrial heritage change into construction waste by major demolition and construction during city transformation; and also help reduce the burden on the environment and promoting sustainable development of the society. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Facing the technical renewal, replacement and transfer in the context of the modernization in China every moment of every day, the industrial heritage protection has the significance of rescue.â&#x20AC;? Mr Zongwei Xu said.

RESEARCH PROJECT LOCATION

RESEARCH PROJECT

- LOCATION Based on the thinking of Industrial architecture renaissance, I am looking into Beijing Shougang industrial area, which is located at the western edge of the main street in the city centre. It is the intersection of three districts of Beijing: Shijingshan, Mentougou Metro and Fengtai Hexi area. In Beijing's â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;two axis - two belt - multiple centresâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urban spatial structure, the Shougang industrial area is in the intersecting nodes between western development zone and east-west part cultural axes.

RESEARCH PROJECT HISTORY

- HISTORY

Shougang was first built in 1919. Its development context can be broadly divided into the following four stages: 1919 ~ 1937: officials and businessmen organized Longyan Iron Co. factory in western Beijing Shijingshan district, formerly known as Shougang. It introduced Western technology to developed early attempts of resources and industrial development, but the construction wasn't been completed, later in 1928 the national government received the factory, but they only custody the jurisdiction area without continued construction, nor put into production. 1937 ~ 1945: During the period that Japanese invaded the northern China, invading army occupied Shijingshan iron ore field, did a lot of planning and construction, including the blast furnace, coke oven, railways, offices, dormitories, telephone booths, greenhouse and so on. Then they forced a large number of prisoners and farmers to do hard labor. I

1945 ~ 1949: After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, national government changed it into state-owned enterprises and employ labor system, but because of the officials stealing and selling equipment wantonly, and also the destruction of war, it just produced a small amount of iron until 1948. In the June of 1949: Shijingshan factory resumed production. After the founding of new China, steel has become an important material of the country due to high demand.

III

In the May of 1958: Shijingshan steel mills began to expand, and in that year it reorganized to Shijingshan Iron and Steel Company. In the year of 1966: Shijingshan Iron and Steel Company changed its name into Capital Iron and Steel Company, and later became an autonomic reform pilot site across a variety of large national enterprise.

Due to industrial restructuring, environmental protection and the implementation of the Olympic action planning requirements, it was all discontinued in the end of 2010 in the Beijing downtown, and completed the relocation now. 17

RESEARCH PROJECT HISTORY

At present, there are a lot of building structures and facilities were left in this area, which have become an industrial relic of Beijing. These industrial relics need to be reasonable protected and reused. But the situations of here are: a huge area size, status quo situation is complex, heavy historical burden, social contradiction and many other issues. ShouGang Group and the government are re-planning and construction the reserved old factory now, which includes industrial heritage visited, industry theme park, business and entertainment centers, museums, concert halls, offices, residential areas and other features. Although its planning time will keep longer, it has been re-using in somewhere already. For example, the strong old industrial atmosphere here has attracted a large number of TV film crew and photographers who came to location shooting, just like a rich art scene. In addition, it is worth mentioning that many of the surrounding residents also come to here as a good place for morning exercise or walking. Perhaps there must be a lot of old ShouGang people. With a long deep history of hundred years, ShouGang recorded lots of cultures and memories of the city and people; and its development process can show a microcosm of China's steel industry from scratch.

RESEARCH PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

Here have to emphatically mention that the main reason of Shougang's discontinued is the industrial production caused serious environmental pollution. In recent years, China's air pollution is getting worse, which has fog and haze around the major cities. Especially in Beijing, people have to wear protective masks during outdoor activities. The direct factor of haze produced in China mainly involves irrational energy consumption structure, a large number of industrial emissions, car exhaust and construction dust and so on.

Beijing, Haze

The way that China uses the western style to transfer the pollution is not feasible in current situation. Although today's China and 60 years ago United Kingdom experienced the same haze event, but due to occur in two different periods, which determines today's China cannot go on take the same governance road as British. Because today's China haze pollution appears in the background of global environmental crisis on the verge; it appears in the situation which world environmental capacity has been saturated, and there is no spare carrying space. WWF released "Living Planet Report 2012" shows that THE Living Planet Index fell by 28% in 40 years. WWF International Director General Jim â&#x20AC;˘ Philip said: "At present, our lifestyles excessive consumption of natural resources, the amount of resources we use exceed more than 50% of the Earth's supply. The earth needs one and a half year to produce renewable resources for human consumption within a year. If we don't change this trend, this number will grow even faster, until 2030, even though two earths cannot meet our needs. "

COMPARE Beijing & London 22

TO BE CONTINUED ... What the sky would be like in the future? 23

RESEARCH PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

In addition to the haze, there is a problem cannot be ignored, that is construction waste. Construction waste refers to the sediment, spoil, reject material and other waste which being produced during the construction, laying or removal, repair of buildings, structures, pipe network and so on. With the acceleration of urbanization, construction waste generation continues to grow, people are enjoying urban civilization, and it is also subject to municipal waste annoyance.

RESEARCH PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

WORLD COUNTRIES CONSTRUCTION WASTE RECYCLING RATE

Studies have shown that: Construction waste accounts for a sizeable proportion of the garbage in the city, accounting for about 30% - 40% of the total. Every 10,000 square meters of buildings in the construction process will produce 500-600 tons of construction waste. By 2020, China will add about 30 billion square meters floor area, and then total construction waste generated will close to 1.8 million tons. However, 40% of the construction waste can be reuse to build new buildings. And the construction waste recycling rate of china is only 10%.

RESEARCH PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

The vast majority of construction waste without any treatment; they were transported to the suburbs or rural, open dumps or landfills. Such process consumes large amounts of land acquisition fees, garbage clean fees, garbage transport fees and other construction funds; meanwhile, the falling stuff among removal and stacking process; and dust, sand, ash fly and other issues also caused serious environmental pollution. Now, the problem is that China is lack of necessary and effective approach of construction waste classification, collection and transportation management, which results the construction waste cannot be collected to the disposal unite. But due to there is no classification before collection, and construction waste contains large amounts of dirt, lightweight mixture and other materials, the disposal will be difficult and costly; and if there is no corresponding support of government policy, the disposal unite will operate difficulties. Therefore, due to the lack of necessary policy supporting in the use of construction waste materials and manufactures, the effective utilization rate is not high. This leads to the private pull Dumping of construction waste become more and more serious, they are stacked next to roads and ditches, even dumped directly into rivers, lakes and ponds without treated. These construction waste occupied road and river, affected the landscape, polluted the environment, caused serious damage to natural environment, and has brought huge problems to urban management and ecological civilization.

RESEARCH PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM The way of complete construction waste resources treatment mainly contains the following aspects: Demolition source- Must be based on the principle of minimization of construction waste to dispose of. First, should do a good planning of urban and rural construction with authoritative and Legalistic. Secondly, we must be very careful to treat buildings and structures demolition, if which can be reinforced and transformation, then it does not necessary have to be demolished and reconstructed. And then we need to do the sorting job at the demolition site under the premise of scientific proof. Sediment removal- First is to regulate sediment transport companies. Secondly is to regulate the technical standard of sediment transport vehicles. Thirdly, we must strengthen the law education of sediment transport enterprises and drivers, forbidden to dump construction waste at the landfill. Processing and production- According to the performance and market demand of construction waste, there are the following main ways to reuse: First, the production of renewable aggregate; the second way is the production of recycled bricks, blocks and other building products; the third way is the production of various types of road materials; the fourth way is the production of other construction aids. Product distribution- need to change the status quo of logistics and distribution companies scattered, small, chaotic and non-professional; integrate development of professional logistics and distribution companies, equip specialized transport vehicles, improve logistics efficiency, reduce logistics costs and ensure traffic safety. Market applications- First, need to strengthen the support advocacy efforts of using construction waste products in the buildings, roads, municipal construction. Second, the government should provide the necessary policy support. Again, companies should make sure the local conditions in the construction waste recycling; they need to determine the product variety and capacity according to the local market demand. 30

RESEARCH PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

According to statistics on the industry association: every million tons of construction waste disposals through recycling can produce recycled standard brick about 24.3 billion and 10 million tons recycled aggregate; which can saving 36 million tons of natural mix, 10 million tons of natural aggregate, 2.7 million tons of coal and reduce 1.3 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions. However, if dumping one hundred million tons of construction waste, it will occupy 2.5 acres of land, and result in environmental and ecological pollution. Thus, in the renovation process, how to do effectively protect industrial heritage, but also to achieve sustainable coordinated development of regional economy, society, culture and the environment, is the problem of an era.

RESEARCH PROJECT

RE-USE

This led to my thinking: one way of architecture regeneration is to build green, economic and sustainable building. If removal all of these old plant, from ecological, economic, historical and cultural point of view, it is absolutely a waste of resources. Thus, transform the existing industrial buildings and then re-use become an effective strategy that be in line with the principles of sustainable development. In the traditional transformation design, we usually redesign from the arts and cultural perspective, although the practical feature of the building was changed to avoid being removed, but because of the lack of reducing energy consumption, changing a healthy comfortable environment and other considerations required, old industrial buildings haven't been reached the fundamental purpose of re-use. The own characteristic of industrial building makes it have more advantages of transformation and re-use. Therefore integrating both industrial building regenerate and green building, which is a new idea to crack old industrial building re-use.

RESEARCH PROJECT RE-USE

The proposal of Shougang Ertong Area is planning to be a cultural creative campus of anime industry. Its central and northern will be reformed as an industrial architectural features centralized reserved area; transform the industrial heritage to urban parks and join public culture construction, such as museum, and strengthen ecological restoration and landscape, promotion of tourism and so on services industry. The original workshop will change its use function and appearance of the building according to the needs, in order to play its own potential, such as large factories combined office, exhibition, catering, commercial, leisure and so on; The special construction, such as cooling towers, blast furnaces can be combined with the tourism industry, transform to landscape elements, such as rock climbing, scuba diving and industrial adventure or theme park. Also, it can also become a cultural creative landscape logo and education base; the variety of machinery, production equipment and transport facilities can take a similar approach as the industrial building renovation to be a display exhibit.

RESEARCH PROJECT

KEEP THE OLD STRUCTURE

Typically the material life of the building is always longer than its functional life, industrial buildings mostly have a strong structure. Therefore, renovation and re-use of industrial building can save money than the new, and the construction period is shorter. Currently most of the idle old industrial buildings were built in the 1980s, most of them haven't exceeded their 50 years of life, complete infrastructure, reliable main structure, with the use of certain functions. So does ShouGang. At the same time, the transformation construction effectively reduces the workload of wet work, significantly shorten the construction period, and thus reduce the construction cost reliable. In general, the use of such buildings to regeneration compared to the same size standards for new buildings can save 25% to 50% of the cost. Now there are large amount old plants in Shougang area. Most of the plant are 6-8 meters high single plant, 24-55 meters workshops span and 6-24 meters column spacing, some of them are allocated with crane. The structure is reinforced concrete columns support. Although the visually of roof structure looks like steel tripod or parallel chord truss, is actually composed of reinforced concrete. Single plant with reinforced concrete column structure has many advantages: high capacity, performance, and can save material. Not only heavy industry plant uses this structure, even some medium-size and light industrial plant also used, it is mainly because of construction fast, can shorten the construction period. The existing structure are full of old industrial atmosphere, clearly visible traces of history, is a different kind of style. On the status of the plant in the site, despite the brick walls and windows have been partially damaged, the main structure entirely can be appropriate repair and continue to use. The Structure So I consider retaining the concrete column and roof structure in my re-design project. Do not change their original appearance, only do some necessary maintenance, and use this as a basis to re-use. 38

RESEARCH PROJECT

RECYCLE MATERIAL

Additionally, it is obviously that urban renewal is always the basic way for the urban development. In order to meet people’s needs for the modern life, large numbers of new buildings have replaced the old buildings with out-dated facilities and poor environment. However, with the collapse of the old buildings, the history and culture of the city we are living in have also elapsed. Nowadays, with the development of the society and the progression of the thought, people begin to reflect and come to realize that it is just a costly improvement for demolition and reconstruction. Urban development is a process with high comprehensiveness, especially from the angle of urban construction, has been proved to be unscientific and inappropriate. So many materials had stayed in the old buildings with dignity, when suddenly being thrown on the ground like garbage, as if to see a full dignity and beauty world was destroyed. The mode is not only damaged the historical context of the city, caused culture missing, but also made a great waste of the existing resource and leads to the production of a large amount of construction waste. However, full of historical traces old building materials tend to be more humane and cultural values. There is an old saying in China: Love will gradually come in time. That means having been together for a long time, they came to have a tender feeling for each other. It’s mostly used between people, but also can used on things, such as architecture. Some things do not just exist in the form of an article; they also have their own significance. Maybe someone will say “out with the old, in with the new’, or ‘keep the old, you get nothing new’. But the old and the new are not the same, even do an exactly same one, its meaning has no longer exists. Maybe sometimes old is not bright than the new, but the new also eventually cannot replace the old emotions. People will generate feeling if they live together for a long time. So do things, they will be friends after being used for a long time. The same as architecture, from the beginning of being used, they have life, and we have love.

RESEARCH PROJECT RECYCLE MATERIAL

In recent years, Retro become the pursuit of fashion trends: retro clothing fashion, retro home decoration; which shows that more and more people discover how valuable our ancestors created the wisdom product is. This is also reflected in the architecture, which is understandable. However, retro is not only pursuing the historical and cultural product of distant hundred years ago, even ten years ago or just now, is that we should cherish, because today will also be the retro of many years later. Every step we take will be the later of cause and effect. As architects, we should be responsible for the architecture from ancient times to the future. So while creating new buildings, we cannot forget or abandon the old building. How to balance this relationship is an issue we need always considering in our mind. In the process of architectural history, farewell old and meet new is an inevitable process, there are always some buildings had to be removed due to some internal or external factors, it is inevitable. But demolition is not necessarily meaning the end. If we make good use of those old buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wreckage, recovered and rebuilt, give them new life and mission, then this cycle process will carry the building's past, present and future, would not it be a good architectural regeneration? Thus, I will try to find ways to allow these old materials revive through the wise method, can be recycled, and let the materials which contain the artisan's effort will not be easily discarded. Strive to be able to reuse a variety of old building materials that are collected in the old area, and mixed together with new materials to build the new building. On one hand these new buildings will get a few decades old history from their birth through using the old materials, which have a sense of history. Those history and culture can be inherited. On the other hand reusing the recycle old material can save a large part of the cost, avoiding waste of resources and energy over-exploitation, moreover to some extent alleviate the environmental pollution that caused by construction waste.

RESEARCH PROJECT

OLD AND NEW INDEPENDENT

Alteration does not necessarily mean that change all the looks into new. For example as ShouGang, the reason of the re-built, on one hand is in order to save the economy, on the other hand is to avoid environmental pollution, then there is a very important point here is to preserve and continue its historical memory and culture. So how can both achieve reconstruction and at the same time not destroy the original is a problem that needs attention. Moreover, this protection cannot be just a temporary or short-term; it needs to be long-term effective. That is, as the building back into use, people will create new traces left behind, some behavioural activity may indirectly cause harm to the old part, so how to maximum extent to avoid this from happening or weaken it? Let old and new buildings relatively independent. Industrial plant design advantage is that the internal space is very complete. This created a good spatial flexibility and control. My idea is to create new independent space in this large open space, big house sets of small houses. New space will have new structure, wall, roof and window. This cannot only protect the old part from the construction and re-use, but also reduce several restrictions under the constraints of the old status quo during reconstruction. Also from the energy point of view, the old plant has poor insulation, and it is obviously inappropriate to resurface on the original walls and roof. Because that is equivalent to renovation, and will change fundamentally, this is not my purpose. However, there will be no need to worry about if regarding to the insulation system on the separate new space. The new space is relatively small scale, easy to control. The periphery old wall is like a protective shield; give the interior space a protection, plus the new space envelope, equivalent double protection.

CONCLUSION

Modern Urbanization has always been a by-product of industrialization. In a few decades ago, people simply cannot imagine, if there are no factories, how can we build a city? Today, not only the city centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new plan will no longer be left location to the traditional manufacturing, but also the traditional city is setting off a "deindustrialization" wave. In recent years, Beijing developed rapidly. As world economic developed and the expansion of the city, industrial building located from the city edge to city centre. Due to the replacement of out-dated production process, plant relocation, bankruptcy, and some other reasons, various industrial buildings have been abandoned, losing their original function value. Thus, a large number of old industrial buildings appeared. But during this period, the city's construction has been a way of demolishing and then rebuilding. Especially, some of the abandoned old industrial areas in particular have not been taken seriously. But being abandoned does not mean being dead. Carrying the trace of people living in former times, those old buildings are not only the witness of time, but also the hero of history. Now, people gradually realized that those old industrial areas which were left hundreds of years ago, are not necessarily inconsistent with the contemporary urban life, instead, their existence increase the sense of place and sense of history for the city. People also recognized that industrial heritage was an important economic factor of social composition. As a matter landmark, they also witnessed the development of human civilization. Obviously, if there is no such process, people will have no material, no spiritual wealth and no human society today. Beijing Shougang industrial area was first built in 1919. Due to industrial restructuring, environmental protection and the implementation of the Olympic action planning requirements, it was all discontinued in the end of 2010 in the Beijing downtown, and completed the relocation now. At present, there are a lot of building structures and facilities were left in this area, which have become an industrial relic of Beijing. With a hundred years long deep history, ShouGang recorded lots of cultures and memories of the city and people; and its development process can show a microcosm of China's steel industry from scratch. In the renovation process how to do effectively protect industrial heritage, but also to achieve sustainable coordinated development of regional economy, society, culture and the environment, is the problem of an era. Architecture is the material carrier of urban civilization. From the old building, people can clearly see the context of urban development. How to deal with the old building also reflects the mainstream ideology and civilization degree of a city. I hope to re-awaken memories of Shougang industrial area and also want to tell people, what was here once looks like. Hoping rebuild building by a more economical, sustainable and meaningful way, and also hoping the old industrial building that back to the city can be fully used.

BIBLIOGRAPHY •

Building:

Urban Outfitters corporate campus St. Luke’s Magna Centre Manchester Science and Industry Museum "Ruhr" Steel City Park House No.8 Car B CCA Glasgow

•

Website:

http://www.archdaily.cn/cn/600835/8hao-bche-xiang-slash-arturo-franco http://news.qq.com/a/20100512/000487.htm http://memo.cfisnet.com/2014/0228/1298485.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/2009news/wenyu/zongheng/2014-08/27/ content_637145.htm http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2009/4/218713.html?id=218713 http://www.archcy.com/focus/renovation/74d28daf7f378606 http://www.archdaily.cn/cn/600938/urban-outfitters-corporate-campusslash-meyer-scherer-and-rockcastle

•

Book:

Re- reading - Sally Stone, 2004 Building Return – Yu Chen, 2008 Re- Material- Alejandro Bahamón, Maria Camila Sanjinés, 2010 Adjustment, Improvement, Enlargement – Pengyu Zhang, 2011 Architecture reborn: converting old buildings for new uses - Kenneth Powell, 1999 48