in the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551. Plenty of notes, real-life examples and exercises are given to guide students to understand and apply the concepts in daily life.
BBB1235
Focus Smart Textbook Health Education covers the entire range of topics included
PELANGI
FOCUS SMART TEXTBOOK Health Education Mathayom 1
Published by:
In collaboration with:
Dickens Publishing Ltd.
Suite G7-G8, Davina House, 137-149 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7ET, United Kingdom. E-mail: info@dickenspublishing.co.uk
Health Edu M1.indd 1
BBB1235 ISBN 978-616-541-228-5
,!7IG1G5-ebccif!
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
1/14/15 2:40 PM
Health Education Mathayom
ISBN 978-616-541-228-5 First Published 2015
1 Written by Ping June
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
Printed in Malaysia by The Commercial Press Sdn. Bhd. Lot 8, Jalan P10/10, Kawasan Perusahaan Bangi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Chapter 1 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System
1
Chapter 2 Growth in Teenagers
16
Chapter 3 Coping with Changes in Teenagers
30
Chapter 4 Sexual Harassment
42
Chapter 5 Nutrition for Teenagers
50
Chapter 6 Fitness
62
Chapter 7 First Aid
74
Chapter 8 Danger of Drugs
90
Chapter 9 Staying Away from Drug Abuse
103
ii
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1
The Nervous System and The Endocrine System
Imagine this. A fierce dog is charging towards you. What will be your immediate response? Your feet will immediately spring into action, running as fast as possible to get away from that dog! How do you do that? Where do you get the sudden energy to run that fast? Learning Outline: m 1.1 The Nervous Syste m 1.2 The En docrine Syste Nervous r 1.3 Taking Care of Ou an d En docrine Systems ng Together 1.4 Both Systems Worki Learning Stan dard: s importance of nervou H1.1 G7/1 Explain the alth, nd system affecting he system an d ductless gla nt of teenagers. growth an d developme ods of taking care of H1.1 G7/2 Explain meth for ctless gland systems nervous system an d du normal functioning.
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1.1
The Nervous System
Our nervous system helps to coordinate all parts of our body. It relays information back and forth from the brain to different parts of the body.
Components of Our Nervous System Our nervous system is made up of: (a) the central nervous system (CNS) which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. (b) the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which consists of the cranial nerves from the brain and the spinal nerves from the spinal cord.
Central Brain nervous Spinal system cord
Cranial nerves Peripheral nervous Spinal system nerves
The human nervous system
Our sensory organs such as our eyes, ears, skin, tongue and nose have receptors which detect stimuli or changes in the environment. They produce electrical messages called nerve impulses which are sent to the central nervous system by the cranial nerves or spinal nerves. The central nervous system will interpret the impulses and decide what to do. It will then transmit impulses to the effector organs such as the muscles and glands to produce a response. Our nervous system is like a computer that gathers, transmits and interprets information.
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The Central Nervous System
The Brain
Our brain is divided into three parts – the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The forebrain is the largest part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus.
Cerebrum Controls thinking, reasoning, speech, memory and motor processes
Forebrain
Thalamus Relays impulses that enter the brain
Hypothalamus Controls and regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep and emotions
Cerebellum Coordinates body movement and body balance
Hindbrain Midbrain Pons Relays impulses between cerebrum and cerebellum Medulla oblongata Controls involuntary actions such as digestion, respiration and coughing
The human brain
The midbrain connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. It acts as the main coordinator for all messages going in and out of the brain to the spinal cord. The hindbrain is composed of the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. The hindbrain and midbrain are often known as the brainstem.
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The Spinal Cord
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is the extension of the brainstem. It is enclosed within the bones of the spinal column. Along it, many nerves branch out to the whole body, making the peripheral nervous system. The function of the spinal cord is to relay impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
Spinal nerves
Spinal cord
Spinal column
The Peripheral Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) is connected to the whole body by the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves from the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves from the spinal cord. They send impulses from the receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the effectors such as the muscles and glands. The PNS is made up of two subdivisions – the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls the skeletal muscles, which help us to move. These muscles are controlled voluntarily to produce voluntary actions that we are aware of such as walking and talking. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System (controls voluntary actions)
Autonomic Nervous System (controls involuntary actions)
The autonomic nervous system regulates gland and organ functions in our body which we are not aware of. This includes controlling the heartbeat, breathing, digestion and gland functions. For examples, the size of our pupils increase automatically when we walk into a dark room and our salivary glands release saliva when we eat. These actions are known as involuntary actions.
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How Our Nervous System Works Example 1 – Responding to a tap on the shoulder The nervous system sorts and interprets incoming information before directing a response. Your skin detects a tap on the shoulder.
The skin produces nerve impluses which are transmitted to the brain through the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
PNS & CNS
The nerve impluses are interpreted by the brain. A response is sent out from the brain.
A nerve impluse is sent to the neck muscles through the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
CNS & PNS
E The neck muscles are activated, causing your head to turn.
The transmission pathway of information when responding to a tap on the shoulder
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Example 2 – Responding to a mosquito bite
4 The brain receives and interprets the nerve impulses.
4
3 The nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain from the spinal cord.
5 The brain decides that you should scratch your arm with your right hand. It sends a nerve impulse back to the spinal cord.
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3 6 2
1
2 The skin produces nerve impluses which are transmitted to the spinal cord via the spinal nerves.
1 Your skin detects an itch on your arm.
6
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6 The nerve impulse is sent to the muscles of the right hand through the spinal nerves.
7 The muscles move your hand to scratch the itchy skin.
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1.2
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the second system that helps to coordinate the activities in our body. In the nervous system, electrical impulses are the messages, whereas in the endocrine system, chemical substances are used instead. These chemical substances are known as hormones. They are produced by the endocrine glands in our body.
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
Locations of some main endocrine glands
Once the hormones are produced, they are released into the blood stream, instead of ducts. Therefore, the endocrine glands are sometimes known as ductless glands. Hormones can only act on specific target organs in our body which are usually located far from the glands. Thus, the endocrine system does not react as fast as the nervous system.
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Some Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the main link between the endocrine system and the nervous system. It releases hormones that control the secretion of some pituitary hormones.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a small pea-sized tissue located in the brain. It is also known as the master gland because it secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands. It also produces hormones to regulate growth, water balance in body and milk production in mothers.
Thyroid gland
This gland is located at the lower part of the neck. It secretes thyroid hormones that control the body’s metabolism. The release of thyroid hormones is controlled by the pituitary gland.
Thymus
The thymus is located in the upper part of the chest. This gland secretes hormones that are important during puberty and to develop a healthy immune system.
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Adrenal gland
The two adrenal glands are located on the upper part of each kidney. They secrete hormones to regulate the body’s metabolism, immune system, sexual functions and help the body during physical and emotional stress by increasing the heartbeat rate and blood pressure.
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Pancreas
The pancreas is located at the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. It has both the digestive and hormonal functions. It secretes hormones known as insulin and glucagon that control the level of glucose in our blood.
Ovaries (in women)
In females, the ovaries are located on both side of the uterus. They produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones control the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the development of breasts. They are also involved in menstruation and pregnancy. The release of these hormones is controlled by the pituitary gland.
Testes (in men)
Testes are located in the scrotums. They produce the hormone testosterone which promotes the secondary sex characteristics in men such as growth of facial hair and the deepening of the voice at adolescence. Their release is also controlled by the pituitary gland.
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Common Endocrine Disorders If the hormone levels in our body are too low or too high, we may face a hormonal disorder. For example, if the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a person may grow too tall. However, if it produces too little, he may be very short. Doctors usually treat these endocrine disorders by controlling the production of the respective hormones or by replacing certain hormones with medication or hormone supplements.
Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder. There are two types of diabetes. Type-1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Without sufficient insulin, too much glucose stays in the blood. Over time, this can lead to serious problems with the kidneys, eyes, heart and nerves.
A person with Type-2 diabetes has enough insulin, but his body does not respond to it normally. He tends to be overweight. People with such conditions need regular oral or injection of insulin. They can manage this problem with healthy diet, adequate physical activities and regular blood glucose testing. Self-checking blood glucose
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone in the blood. This disorder accelerates the body’s metabolism significantly, causing sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating and nervousness. Doctors might prescribe anti-thyroid medications or perform surgery to remove parts of the thyroid gland. However, if the thyroid glands do not produce enough hormones, hypothyroidism occurs. Hypothyroidism can cause obesity, joint pain, heart disease and infertility. This can be treated by taking hormone supplements. When the pituitary gland releases hormones that stimulate the testis or ovary to produce sex hormones too early, the children will go through puberty at a very young age. This condition is known as precocious puberty.
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1.3
Taking Care of Our Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Both our nervous system and endocrine system, are complex and vital to us. There are many things that can go wrong if they are not well taken care of. Here are some general tips on how to help our systems work well and healthily:
➢ Eat a balanced diet with ample sources of vitamins and minerals. Make sure your diet contains lots of fresh fruits and vegetables. Stay away from fast food and processed food.
➢ Drink plenty of plain water to prevent dehydration. Limit the intake of caffeinated drinks.
➢ Stay physically active. Do at least 15 to 30 minutes of aerobic activity three times a week. ➢ Get enough of vitamin D by exposing yourself to the sun for at least 15 minutes a day.
➢ Do not smoke. ➢ Do not take drugs.
Chapter 1 The Nervous System and The Endocrine System
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in the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551. Plenty of notes, real-life examples and exercises are given to guide students to understand and apply the concepts in daily life.
BBB1235
Focus Smart Textbook Health Education covers the entire range of topics included
PELANGI
FOCUS SMART TEXTBOOK Health Education Mathayom 1
Published by:
In collaboration with:
Dickens Publishing Ltd.
Suite G7-G8, Davina House, 137-149 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7ET, United Kingdom. E-mail: info@dickenspublishing.co.uk
Health Edu M1.indd 1
BBB1235 ISBN 978-616-541-228-5
,!7IG1G5-ebccif!
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
1/14/15 2:40 PM