BBB3235
Focus Smart Textbook Health Education covers the entire range of topics included in the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551. Plenty of notes, real-life examples and exercises are given to guide students to understand and apply the concepts in daily life.
PELANGI
FOCUS SMART TEXTBOOK Health Education Mathayom 3
Published by:
In collaboration with:
Dickens Publishing Ltd.
Suite G7-G8, Davina House, 137-149 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7ET, United Kingdom. E-mail: info@dickenspublishing.co.uk
Health Edu M3.indd 1
BBB3235 ISBN 978-616-541-237-7
,!7IG1G5-ebcdhh!
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
5/20/15 11:34 AM
Health Education Mathayom
ISBN 978-616-541-237-7 First Published 2015
3
Written by Ping June
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
Printed in Malaysia by Gains Print Sdn. Bhd. No. 5, Lorong 7/3A, Kawasan Perindustrian Seri Kembangan, 43300 Selangor Darul Ehsan.
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Chapter 1
Human Growth and Development
1
Chapter 2
Society and Teenagers
13
Chapter 3
Reproductive Health
22
Chapter 4
Family Conflicts
35
Chapter 5
Food
44
Chapter 6
Disease Prevention
57
Chapter 7
Health Promotion
72
Chapter 8
Staying Fit
79
Chapter 9
Risky Behaviors
91
Chapter 10 Violence
105
Chapter 11 CPR
111
ii
00 Content.indd 2
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Human Growth and Development
1 There are four main stages in a person’s life. They are infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. As we go through these stages of life, we experience distinct physical, social, emotional and cognitive developments. Let us learn more about these developments during the different stages of life. Learning Outline: 1.1 Infancy 1.2 Childhood 1.3 Adolescence 1.4 Adulthood
Learning Stan dard: anges in physical, H1.1 G9/1 Compare ch ial an d intellectual mental emotional, soc in life. aspects at each stage
Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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1.1
Infancy
Infancy is the first stage of a person’s life. It lasts from birth to 18 months.
Social Development Newborn babies become quiet when they are picked up and smile in response to familiar voices and faces. When older, they show excitement by waving their limbs and start to recognize their own name. As they learn to crawl and walk, they begin to explore and point to objects around them. They may also understand different emotions shown by their parents. By 10 months, they understand simple instructions such as “no” or “come here” and may even imitate some of their parent’s actions. They are usually very attached to their parents. Some may even say simple words.
Cognitive Development Newborn babies can see near objects clearly. They can taste sweet, salty, bitter and sour substances and detect differences in pitch and volume. As they grow, they can recognize and respond to familiar faces. They can imitate facial expressions and are able to distinguish differences between pictures. By one, they start to imitate the actions and language of the adults, differentiate between “me” and “you” and point out familiar objects and people in a picture book. They learn by exploring.
Emotional Development Newborn babies feel contented when they are full and when cuddled. They cry when they are hungry and uncomfortable. As they grow, they begin to express emotions. They are happy seeing or hearing familiar faces or voices. They are afraid and sad when separated from their parents or when they see strangers.
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Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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Crawling and walking
Sitting
Rolling
Head and trunk control
lifts head way up slightly
sits only with full support
holds head up briefly
Selected physical Average age development when skills begin
Physical Development
sits with hand support
holds up head and shoulders
rolls back to belly
pulls to stand
sits well without support
rolls over and over easily in play
holds head up well when lifted
9 months
begins to sit without support
turns head and shifts weight
6 months
begins to crawl scoots or crawls
sits with some support
rolls belly to back
holds head up high and well
3 months
takes steps
walks
runs
twists and moves easily while sitting
moves and holds head easily in all directions
1 year
1.2
Childhood
The second stage is called childhood and it can be further divided into three parts, namely early childhood, play age and school age.
Early Childhood (19 months – 3 years old)
Physical Development Young children can run, climb and jump. They learn to walk up the stairs. They can kick and throw a ball in a particular direction. They start to self-feed using a spoon and drink from a cup. They learn to undress and dress themselves. They also like to play with toy bricks and scribble with pens or crayons.
Cognitive Development Young children can understand simple stories and have vivid imaginations. They may enjoy simple puzzles and playing house. They are able to name familiar objects and know their uses. They can point to pictures of people doing familiar activities in books. Young children can count 1-2-3 and understand them.
Social Development Young children of this stage are interested in other children and like playing with them. They can speak a few words, or even some short sentences. They become increasing aware of themselves.
Emotional Development Some young children get angry when they are stopped from doing certain things and may throw tantrums. They are easily distracted due to their short attention span. They fear dark places and are afraid of being abandoned by their parents. They love to play make-believe.
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Play Age (4 – 5 years old)
Physical Development Children can climb up and down stairs easily. Hopping, skipping and climbing are some of their favorite activities. Their catching and throwing abilities improve in speed and accuracy. They learn to pedal and steer a tricycle. They can hold crayons and draw complex shapes. They are able to twist lids off containers and door knobs. They can also button their clothes or zip up their pants by themselves.
Social Development Children like to play with other children, but they always want to win and be the first. However, later they prefer to play with their own group of friends. They like to show off and seek attention from others. They become increasingly inventive in role-play and love to play dress-up. They can also distinguish between fantasy and reality.
Emotional Development Cognitive Development Children are able to answer simple questions such as “What is your name?” They can name different shapes and colors, and sing simple songs. At the later stage, they can respond to “why” questions, tell a story, have better understanding of time, ask questions and even memorize their parents’ telephone numbers.
Children tend to be self-centered and feel responsible for anything that happens around them. They can enjoy jokes and silly games. They may even become protective towards their parents, younger siblings and pets. They become less frustrated and angry easily. Some show their anger by slamming doors and stamping their feet. They may be friendly and talkative to strangers.
Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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School Age (6 – 12 years old)
Social Development Children enjoy being with their peers. They become less dependent on their parents. They want to fit in with their friends of the same sex. They will still need adults to help sorting out any argument and disagreement in their play. They can become attached to other adults such as their teachers and often regard them as heroes.
Emotional Development Children begin to share their negative emotions with friends more than their parents. They can accept delays in getting the things they want. They also realize that they can have more than one feeling. Towards the end of this stage, they may experience mood swings due to their changing hormone levels.
Physical Development Children become aware of the differences between girls and boys. At the end of this stage, body changes such as the appearance of pubic hair, widening of hips, and the development of testes and breasts, indicate the approaching puberty.
Cognitive Development Younger children think in concrete ways. They think about possibilities and are able to reason, although the reasoning may be immature. As they grow older, they begin to generate and compare ideas, and their thinking process begins to mature. They become interested in word games, board games and puzzles. They are better at remembering than when they were younger.
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1.3
Adolescence (13 – 19 years old)
Adolescence is a time of great developments for young adults when these developments are happening at an accelerated rate.
Social Development Young adults want to search for their own identity and where they fit into the world. They seek for more independence and responsibility. They have the strong desire to be accepted by their peer group. As they grow older, there will be less conformity and more tolerance of individual differences. There will also be increasing conflict between them and their parents. They also show a greater interest in the opposite sex.
Cognitive Development Young adults now begin complex and abstract thinking. They are able to analyze situations logically in terms of cause and effect. They show concern for the future, evaluate alternatives and set personal goals. They are able to delay gratification and grow interest in moral reasoning.
Physical Development Young adults experience rapid growth and sexual maturity. Pubic hair will grow and production of oil and perspiration will increase. Girls will develop breasts and experience menstruation. The testicles and penis in boys will grow. Boys will experience wet dreams and deepening of their voices.
Emotional Development With so many changes in their physical and cognitive developments, young adults experience a huge range of emotions that they have never experienced before. As they search for their own identity, they get moody, irritable and frustrated easily. However, they will soon learn to manage these fluctuating emotions. They will also develop a greater sense of empathy for others.
Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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1.4
Adulthood
Adulthood can be further divided into three parts namely early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood.
Early Adulthood (20 – 39 years old)
Physical Development The early years in this stage are often referred to as the peak years. Young adults experience great health, energy and physical functioning. Their strength, coordination, reaction time, sensory abilities, sexual responses and fine motor skills are at the peak. Many physical capacities begin to decline at the later stage although some may not be noticeable.
Emotional Development Now, young adults see peer group as less important as a determinant of behavior. They develop emphatic feelings and establish their own identity and image. Their moodiness reduces and their sense of responsibility increases. Choices concerning marriage and family are often made during this period.
Cognitive Development Many young adults view life from an idealist point of view as they are yet to accumulate enough of life experiences. They may question but they expect absolute answers from absolute authorities. Later, they begin to realize that a question can have more than one answer. They will then begin to accept contradiction, imperfection and other issues that are not parallel to their beliefs.
Social Development Young adults now seek to form relationships and find their life partner, and later to start a family. They give more attention to their family and work rather than to friends. The number of friends in the group is reducing.
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Middle Adulthood (40 – 60 years old)
Physical Development The aging processes become more noticeable. Vision and hearing are declining. The hair starts to thin and turns grey. The skin becomes drier and loses its elasticity as wrinkles start to appear. Age spots and blood vessels become more apparent. There will be a decline in strength and flexibility. The metabolic rate slows down and some may gain weight. Women will experience menopause, which is the end of menstruation and ovulation.
Cognitive Development Middle-aged adults learn to make compromises and work through disputes, after gaining insights and understanding from life events. They no longer view the world from one absolute fixed angle. In the later stage, their cognitive processing speed may slow down and their memory and reaction time are not as good as they used to be. However, they are better at other things, such as strategizing and time management, as these involve linking past experiences with current activity, and they have plenty of past experiences.
Emotional Development Middle-aged adults realize they have already lived half of their life time and they view the remaining years as precious. Those who are more successful in life are more stable emotionally and have high self-esteem.
Social Development Middle-aged adults tend to have fewer friends whom they treasure a lot. Loss of a friend is felt deeply. Friendships are fewer and more deeply valued. They usually have better relationship with their children and their own parents.
Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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Late Adulthood (> 60 years old)
Physical Development Bones are losing calcium and becoming brittle. Ligaments are hardening, making movements stiffer and slower. The brain is losing some of its neurons, resulting in loss of memory and problems with cognition and thought processes. Vision and hearing continue to deteriorate. Other senses such as taste, touch and smell are also less sensitive. The immune system is weakened, making many old people prone to sickness and diseases.
Emotional Development Old people are at peace with themselves and accept their life course. They do not like to be treated differently just because they are old. They will get agitated and moody. They may feel contented or despair with their lives and achievements. They need to cope with retirement which can be rather stressful depending on their income, activity level and social network. They need to cope with the loss of their spouse too.
Cognitive Development Memory starts to fail and old people have difficulties remembering names, places and events. Their hypothetical problem-solving skills decline, but their decision-making skills tend to be faster and more focused as they have vast practical knowledge based on life experiences. Keeping their mind active by working on puzzle, having hobbies, learning to use a computer and reading can stimulate their mind and minimize the decline of memory and other cognitive functions.
Social Development As most of the old people are retired, they spend their time taking care of the house and grandchildren. Staying connected to other people is important. Some may withdraw from the society and focus more on their inner life, preparing for death. Some may challenge themselves by taking up new pursuits such as painting and religion.
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1. List the four stages of life.
2. Describe briefly the following developments in the four stages of life. Physical development: Infancy:
Childhood:
Adolescence:
Adulthood:
Cognitive development: Infancy:
Childhood:
Adolescence:
Chapter 1 Human Growth and Development
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Adulthood:
Emotional development: Infancy:
Childhood:
Adolescence:
Adulthood:
Social development: Infancy:
Childhood:
Adolescence:
Adulthood:
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Health Education Mathayom 3
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BBB3235
Focus Smart Textbook Health Education covers the entire range of topics included in the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551. Plenty of notes, real-life examples and exercises are given to guide students to understand and apply the concepts in daily life.
PELANGI
FOCUS SMART TEXTBOOK Health Education Mathayom 3
Published by:
In collaboration with:
Dickens Publishing Ltd.
Suite G7-G8, Davina House, 137-149 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7ET, United Kingdom. E-mail: info@dickenspublishing.co.uk
Health Edu M3.indd 1
BBB3235 ISBN 978-616-541-237-7
,!7IG1G5-ebcdhh!
In collaboration with Dickens Publishing Ltd. (UK)
5/20/15 11:34 AM