Glossary Standardished Terms

Administration

1

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

zl-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¾Å-ºV¼ü TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

º²Ûm-BôP-zl-Vhü ADMINISTRATIVE TERMS

ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¯ô¤-OÛG-±m-qü PUBLICATION CELL / DOE

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2

abandonment

1ü ÇtôP-zºÛ-¾Åü 2ü Mz-Bô¼-xÛ¼-ºfïmü

abate

GTôG-V-‚ïh-qü ZÝP-hÝ-GbôP- ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼-hP.ü zü ƒÛ-zü ±h-GŸÛº¤-P¼-ÁÝGÅ-Wï-VßP-hÝ-GbôP-zü

abbreviation

1ü zÇkÝÅ-»ÛG zÇ+ÝPÅ-»ÛG 1ü ±ÛG-G¤-±ÛG-±ôGÅ-fÞP-hÝ-zbP2ü ±ÛG-±ôGÅ-zBåPÅ-qü zºÛ-n¤-qü 2ü V-ÁÅ-¼ï-ºGº-h‚ãP-zº¤-xÛÅbï-fÞP-hÝ-GbôP-zü

abdication

Gô-GmÅ-ºhô¼-zü

¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-HÛ-hGôPÅ-ŸÝ-hP.ü hzPV-hô¼-zº¤-„ÀôÅ-GbôP-ü

abditory

Ç~-Åü Z¼-±GÅ-‚ïh-Åü

¼Ûm-fP-Tm-HÛ-T-hPôÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Ç~-ºWôGG¤-GTïÅ-Z¼-‚ïh-Åü

abduction

z®m-FÛhü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-z®m-qô-hzP-Áïh-ˆÛÅz¸ÞP-Z¼-‚ïh-q-hP.ü ºFÛh-qºÛ-FۤźG¾-‚-GŸG

abetment

PG-GÛ-zMãh-Ç+ݾü Pm-Ç+ݾü

PG-GÛ-Ç+ݾ-ÇÀôP-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

abettor

zMãh-Ç+ݾ-‚ïh-qôü Pm-Ç+ݾ-‚ïh-qôü

GŸm-¾-zMãh-Ç+ݾ-¾¤-Åï¤Å-ÁÝGÅÇtô¼-zº¤-¼ôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dmü

abeyance

GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-PP-ºfïmü

‚ïh-ÇKô-GP-ŸÛG-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-¼ÛP-

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-ÇôtP-zºÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü ¾Å-ºGm-m¤-¤ôÅ-q-»ôh-zŸÛm-hݼôGÅ-¼¤-¤¤-Mz-Bô¼-xÛ¼-ºfïm‚ïh-qü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

3

¤±¤Å-ºWôG ‚ïh-ÇKô-GP-ŸÛG-Çtï¾-Oæz-fÞz-qºÛ¼P-zŸÛmü

ability

ºWôm-fP.ü

abinitio

fôG-¤-ZÛh-mÅü ºGô-Çôeh-mÅü fôG-¤¼-ºGô-º²âGÅ-hÝÅ-mÅü

abnormal

uÛ¼-zbP-¤Ûm-qü

uÛ¼-zbP-P¤-uÛ-ljô¤Å-ˆÛ-V-¾Ån¤-q-f-hh-qü

abolition

1ü ¯-Gbô¼ü ÇoÝz-qü 2ü ±ï-G»ôG-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-¯ÇoÝzü

1ü ÇÀh-¤¼-¯-º²Ûm-¾G-zÇe¼-¤ÛhGôÅ-q-z¸ô-zºÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü ±ï-G»ôG-¾¤-Æô¾-¯-Gbô¼ü

aboriginal

Å-BïÅ-lô-BïÅ-ˆÛü Ghôh-¤ºÛü fôG-¤-ZÛh-mÅ-Å-DÞ¾-hï-¼P-hÝGmÅ-qºÛü

Above cited

GôP-ǨôÅü

¯ô¤-ƒÛÅ-Ť-hqï-hïz-ˆÛ-V-ÁÅ-ÇS¤¼-ǨôÅ-¸Ûm-qºÛü

above mentioned

GôP-Gžü GôP-ºDôhü

hï-GºÛ-mP-ÇSôm-mÅ-zXôh-¸Ûm-qºÛü

abridge

1ü zÇkÝÅ-qü 2ü ljÛP-zÇkÝÅ-z¸ô-zü

1ü zXôh-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-»ÛG-GŸÛZÝP-ºyÛ-‚ïh-qü 2ü ljÛP-hôm-¤-z½ÀG-q¼-zÇkÝÅ-ÅÞGbôP-zü

abridgement

ljÛP-qô¼-zÇkÝ-±ß¾ü

¤hô¼-zÇkÝ-zº¤-fÞP-hÝ-GbôP-zºÛ-‚GŸG

Administration

4

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

abrogation

¯ÛÅ-¤ïh-z¸ô-±ß¾ü

mÝÅ-q-hP.ü V-ºWôG-¿-e zÞ-¤ïh-q-z¸ô±ß¾ü

absconder

Gz-‚ô¾-zü

º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-P¤-FÛ¤Å-GbàGÅ-¾ÅG»ô¾-fzÅ-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-mG-Tm-qü

absence

1ü ¤ïh-qü 2ü ±ôGÅ-Vhü Pô-Vhü

1ü GmÅ-hï¼-¤ïh-qºÛ-GmÅ-Çz+ Å-Ť¼P-zŸÛmü 2ü ¤Û-Pô-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-Pô-zT¼-¤-fÞz-qü

absentee

1ü ±ôGÅ-Vh-qü 2ü Çkôh-GmÅ-ÅÞ-¤ïh-qºÛGP-¸G

1ü ¼P-GÛ-¾Å-;-‚ïh-ż-¤-ÇïÀzÅqºÛ-GP-¸G 2ü ¼P-GÛ-Çôkh-GmÅ-ÅÞ-¤ïh-qºÛ-Bï-zôü

absenteeism

¾Å-‚ô¾ü ¾Å-G»ô¾ü

Mãm-Gbm-mÅ-¾Å-zT¼-¤Û-‚ïh-qºÛ-¼PGÁÛÅü

absolute

1ü ¿eôÅ-¤ïhü V-±P-zü 2ü ¿Ëh-¤ïhü

1ü ¿eôÅ-¤ïh-ˆÛ-Eh-VôÅ-Ť-Pô-zô»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-µôGÅ-qü 2ü zÆïÅ-¿Ëh-¤ïh-qü

absolve

1ü h;¼-ºhôm-‚ïh-qü 2ü ºGm-¾Å-Iô¾-zü

1ü mG-ZïÅ-Ť-ZïÅ-Bôm-¤ïh-qºÛzTh-F-OôG-qü 2ü ¾Å-ºGm-¾Å-GÝ-»PÅ-GbôP-zü

absorption

1ü ÅÛ¤-qü ºfÛ¤-qü 2ü ljô¤Å-ºWâG

1ü Vß-¿-e zÞ-mP-hÝ-ÅÛ¤-qºÛ-‚-GŸGG¤-zMãh-¼Û¤ü 2ü h¤ÛGÅ-q-¾-¯ï-GTÛG-bà-GmÅ-qºÛÅï¤Å-ˆÛ-GmÅ-Ç+zÅü

Administration

5

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

abstract

1ü ljÛP-hômü 2ü uÛ-¤±mü

1ü Gmh-hôm-G¾-ºGPÅ-Vï-zn¤Å-zÇkÝÅ-qºÛ-zXôh-qü 2ü ¼P-¤±m-HÛ-¿ôkG-¹-Çïeü ‚hPôÅ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-dôGzbGÅ-®¤-HÛ-Pô-zô-hP-EhVôÅü

abstractor

ljÛP-hôm-ÇkÝh-qôü

Gmh-hôm-GTïÅ-zbàÅ-‚ïh-qôº¤Ç‰ÛP-zÇkÝÅ-ºGôh-¤Dmü

absurd

1ü Mã-¤±m-hP-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛü 1ü ¼ÛGÅ-qº¤-Mã-¤±m-»P-hGDÞPÅ-¾ÞP-¤ïh-qºÛü hP-¤Û-¤fÞm-qü 2ü n¤-hrôh-ˆÛÅ-hzïm-qü 2ü n¤-hrôh-h¤-z¸P-qôºÛ-ÁïÅVô-¤ïhü ¼z-hP-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-hzïm-qü

abundance

ºzï¾-qôü ºzï¾-¿ËàG-¿ËàG

hGôÅ-PïÅ-¾Å-¿ËG-qºÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼¼¤-¤Dô-vôhü

abuse

1ü ¾ôG-q¼-uôh-qü 2ü h¤º-ºzïzÅ-qü

1ü hzP-V-¿e-zÞ-±ß¾-¤fÞm-¤Ûmqº¤-¾ôG-q¼-uôh-qü 2ü h¤º-ºzïzÅ-Ť-¤fôP-VßPGÛÅ-±ÛG-Pm-zXôh-qü

academic

ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛü G®ßG-¾G-GÛ

ÇÀôz-I-Ô hP.ü ¤fô-ÇôÀzü G®ßG-¾GÇÀôz-DP-Åô-ÅôºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-m¤-hï-hGhP-ºƒï¾-zºÛü

academician

1ü G®ßG-¾G-¼z-º‚¤Å-qü 1ü G®ßG-¾G-ÇôÀz-DP-GÛ-ÁïÅ-¿mk 2ü G®ßG-¾G-ÇôÀz-hqômü ¤Û-Çoü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

6

2ü ¤fô-ÇÀôz-z¤-G®ßG-¾G-ÇÀôz-GZï¼DP-hÝ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-‚-z-Çtï¾-¤Dmü academics

G®ßG-¾G-ÇÀôz-±mü

¤fô-ÇÀôz-z¤-G®ßG-¾G-ÇÀôz-DP-GÛ-ÇÀôz±m-hP-ÇÀôz-¢ôP.ü

academy

G®ßG-¾G-ÇÀôz-DP.ü

¼ÛG-GmÅ-‚ï-ƒG-q-GTÛG-G¤-hÝ-¤-ÇÀôz¢ôP-‚ïh-źÛ-ÇÀôz-GZï¼-DP.ü

accede

1ü ºhôh-Çàme -‚ïh-qü 2ü ºGm-GmÅ-¾ïm-qü 3ü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-‚ïh-qü

1ü GŸm-HÛ-ºhôh-qº¤-zŤ-±ß¾-¾Pô-ÆâP-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¾Å-;ºÛ-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-„PÀ Å-qü 3ü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-Mz-Bô¼-‚ïh-qü

acceleration

1ü ¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-Vü 2ü ¥ã¼-±h-Çôom-ÇPe Åü

1ü Wï-¤HôGÅ-Wï-¤HôGÅ-Å-Þ ºIô-zºÛ-Vü 2ü ¥ã¼-±h-Çôt¼-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

accept

1ü DÅ-¾ïm-qü 2ü hP-hÝ-¾ïm-qü 3ü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-‚ïh-qü

1ü PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¢Ûm-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-hGºqôºÛ-PP-¾ïm-qü 3ü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-‚ïh-qü

acceptability

DÅ-¾ïm-ºôÅ-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

ºhôh-„Àô-DïPÅ-qº¤-PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-¼ÞPzºÛ-Eh-VôÅü

acceptable

DÅ-¾ïm-¼ÞP-zºÛü

PôÅ-¾ïm-‚-ºôÅ-qºÛü

accession

1ü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞmü 2ü Gô-ż-ºDôh-qü

1ü ‚-z-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-‚ïh-qü 2ü Gô-GmÅ-hP.fôz-fP-Gż-q-

Administration

7

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

3ü hïz-ºGôhü

ºfôz-fzÅü 3ü hqï-¤²ôh-¿-e zÞºÛ-¤-hïz-mP-hïzºGôh-‚ïh-qü

accessory

1ü ‚-Pm-¤fÞm-IôGÅü 2ü ¸Þ¼-Çôom-V-¾G

1ü ¾Å-hôm-hï¼-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-¤Z¤ŸÝGÅ-¤ïh-ˆP-ü ¤Û-GŸm-ŸÛG¾-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛ-‚-z-z¯¤Mã¼-¼ôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dmü 2ü ºyâ¾-VÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Ÿô¼GbôGÅ-V-ÁÅü

accident

1ü Aïm-VG 2ü ÇeïÅ-hzP.ü

1ü ©Å-Bôm-m¤-ºVÛ-Aïm-º‚ãPGŸÛºÛ-VG-ÇKôü 2ü Mã-Aïm-D-Gž-¤Û-¿mk -mºP¼P-zŸÛm-ÇezÅ-¾ïGÅ-ˆÛÅ‚ãP-zü

accidental

ÇeïÅ-hzP-GÛ

¼ï-ºhÝm-hP-;Ým-ÇÀôP-¤ïh-q¼-‚ãPzºÛü

accommodate

1ü GÝ-ÁP-‚ïh-qü 2ü hGôÅ-¤Dô-¢ô¼-zü 3ü Çkôh-DP-vôh-qü

1ü hGôÅ-hôm-Gż-q-ŸÛG-¾-¼mqºÛ-ºHã¼-z-GbôP-zü 2ü hGôÅ-¤Dô-¿¼e -¤Dô-ºhôm-‚ïh-qü 3ü GmÅ-DP-¢Ûm-qü

accommodation

1ü GÝ-ÁP.ü 2ü Çkôh-DP.ü 3ü ºhݤ-qü

1ü ºôÅ-ÁÛP-º±¤Å-q¼-z¸ô-zü 2ü ¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-ÇÀh-hÝ¢¼-zºÛ-GmÅ-DP.ü 3ü zŤ-±ß¾-¤Û-¤fÞm-q-n¤ÅºIÛGÅ-ºWGÅ-‚ïh-qü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

8

accompanist

(¼ô¾-¤ôºÛ-)¼¤-ºhïGÅ-qü

¼ô¾-¤ôºÛ-¼¤-Bô¼-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

accomplished

1ü ‚P-Vßz-qºÛü 2ü hrÛÅ-xÛm-qºÛü

1ü ¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¢PÅ-¯¾wÞ¾-hÝ-‚ãP-zºÛü 2ü ¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-¾ïGÅ-q¼zOæzÅ-qº¤-¤WâG-Bï¾-‚Å-qºÛü

accord

1ü „Àô-D-¤fÞm-qü 2ü VÛPÅ-»ÛG-ºWôG-ÇPe Åü 3ü VÛPÅ-»ÛG

1ü zŤ-±ß¾-¤fÞm-qü 2ü ¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-HÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-IôÅ-¤fÞmºWôG-±ß¾ü 3ü ¼P-hzP-G®P-¤ºÛ-zhG-qôº¤-M¾Dz-wm-±mß -IôÅ-¤fÞm-»GÛ -Vü

accordance

1ü ¤fÞm-qü 2ü GmP-±ß¾ü 3ü ¤-IôÅ-zŤ-q-GTÛG¤fÞmü

1ü hï-hP-zÇeàm-bïü 2ü GmP-z-vôh-qºÛ-‚-GŸG 3ü Bï-zô-wm-±ßm-hz¼-HÛ-zŤ-±ß¾GTÛG-bà-¤fÞm-qü

accordingly

hï-hP-zÇemà -bïü GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-Çïüe ¾Å-hmô -GP-ŸGÛ -GŸm-hP-Ç-ôK zÇemà -‚Å-büï

account

1ü Mã-¤±m-ºIï¾-zXôhü 2ü ¯ÛÅ-Fü

1ü ‚-uôh-h¤-hôm-Aïm-‚ï-ƒG-qºÛhGôÅ-hôm-ºIï¾-zXôhü 2ü hPÞ¾-ºw¼-vôh-±ß¼-¾ïm-hP.ü ‚ãP-ÅôP-GÛ-¯ÛÅ-fôü

account book

¯ÛÅ-hïzü

GbôP-»ôP-¯ÛÅ-FºÛ-hïzü

account for

1ü hïºÛ-Mã-¤±mü hïºÛ-Gž- 1ü GŸÛ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-Mã-¤±m-m¤zÁhü Gž-zÁhü 2ü Mã-¤±m-ºiïm-qü 2ü Mã-¤±m-ºGôh-qü

Administration

9

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

accountability

¾ï-fôGÅü ºGm-ºFÛü

Bï-zôº¤-¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-¾-zzÅqºÛ-ºGm-DÞ¼ü

accountable

1ü ºGm-ºFÛ-»ôh-qºÛü 2ü ºIï¾-¼ÞP.zºÛü

1ü Mã-¤±m-Gž-zÁh-ˆÛ-ºGmDÞ¼-»ôh-qºÛü 2ü ¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-Vïh-GžzÁh-‚-¼ÞP-zºÛü

accountancy

¯ÛÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü

¯ÛÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-;-Çïeü ¯ÛÅ-F-Z¼ºWôG-hP-ŸÛz-ºWâG-GÛ-¾Å-hômü

accountant

¯ÛÅ-qü

¯ÛÅ-F-Z¼-ºWôG-¾Å-hôm-HÛ-Vïh¾Å-qü

accoutrements

(h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-)»ô-VÅ-hˆãÅ-¤ü Hôm-q-hP-Gô-¤±ôm-¾Å-GŸm-qºÛh¤G-¤ÛºÛ-»ô-VÅü

accretion

ºwï¾-Bïhü

D-Çoôm-m¤-M-zBïh-¾-zdïm-mÅ-‚ãPzºÛ-Mã-hPôÅ-ºwï¾-Bïhü

accrual

1ü GÅôG-±ß¾ü 2ü ºwï¾-Bïhü

1ü GÅôG-ºWôG-GÛ-‚-GŸG-G¤zMãh-¼Û¤ü 2ü Mã-hPôÅ-¿-e zÞ-ºwï¾-Bïh-h¤GÅôG-ºWôG-‚ïh-qü

accrue

1ü ¼P-zŸÛm-HÛÅ-º‚ãP-zü 2ü ¼P-zŸÛm-HÛÅ-ºwï¾-zü

1ü ¼P-‚ãP-fôm-Bïh-h¤-ºƒÅ-zÞ-¿-e zÞ¼-º‚ãP-zü 2ü ¼P-zŸÛm-ºwï¾-z-¿-e z¼Þ -º‚ãP-zü

accumulation

1ü GÅôG-ºWôG

1ü ÇtäPÅ-GÅôG-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

10

ÇtäPÅ-GÅôG 2ü ºwï¾-±ß¾ü

2ü IPÅ-ºzô¼-Wï-Vï¼-ºwï¾-zºÛ-zMãh¼Û¤ü

accuracy

1ü ºFâ¾-ƒ¾ü 2ü bG-bG

1ü Bôm-hP-mô¼-ºFâ¾-¤ïh-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü 2ü ±h-bG-bG-G¤-WÛ-¤-WÛ-zŸÛm-»ÛmqºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

accurate

1ü bG-bG 2ü ºxãGÅ-¤ïhü

1ü hPôÅ-GmÅ-hP-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-¤fÞm-qºÛü 2ü Bôm-hP-mô¼-ºFâ¾-¤ïh-qºÛü

accurately

¤-ºxãG-q¼ü

VïÅ-ºxãG-q-¤ïh-q¼ü

accusation

1ü mG-ZïÅ-Bôm-º²âGÅü 2ü Bôm-º²âGÅü

1ü GP-¸G-TÛG-¾-mG-ZïÅ-»ôh-q¼zXôh-qºÛ-¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-HÛ-Bômº²âGÅü 2ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-¾¤mG-Tm-»Ûm-q¼-zXôh-±ß¾ü

accuse

1ü mG-ZïÅ-º²âGÅ-qü 2ü Bôm-º²âGÅ-qü

1ü mG-ZÅï -»hô -qºÛ-Bmô -º²âGÅ-‚hï -qü 2ü GŸm-¾-DG-h=Û-‚ïh-qü

accused

mG-ZïÅ-º²âGÅ-»Þ¾ü

FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-mG-º²âGÅ-‚ïh-źÛ-GP¸G-GTÛG-G¤-hÝ-¤ü

achieve

Åôm-qü fôz-qü

ºzh-z¯ôm-HÛÅ-fôz-qü

achievement

Iâz-ºƒÅü

¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-¾ïGÅ-q¼-Åôm-qºÛºƒÅ-zÞü

achiever

‚Å-XïÅ-Tmü ½‰ïh-q-Tmü

Iâz-ºƒÅ-¾ïGÅ-qô-fôz-qºÛ-GP-¸G

Administration

11

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

acknowledge

1ü DÅ-¾ïm-qü 1ü »ôh-qº¤-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-GmÅ2ü º‚ô¼-¾m-vôh-qü ¾ÞGÅ-Ť-zhïm-q-»Ûm-q-DÅ3ü fÞGÅ-Xï-¾ïGÅ-GÅô¾-Ÿ-Ý zü ¾ïm-‚ïh-qü 2ü »Û-Gï-¿-e zÞ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-º‚ô¼¾m-vôh-qü 3ü z;º-iÛm-zŤ-ÁïÅ-Ť-fÞGÅXï-¾ïGÅ-GÅô¾-zXôh-qü

acknowledgement

1ü DÅ-¾ïmü 1ü ¾Å-hôm-GP-»P-zOæzÅ-q¼-»2ü º‚ô¼-¾mü ¾m-Gžü ¾m-m¤-¾m-ºhïzÅü 3ü fÞGÅ-Xï-¾ïGÅ-GÅô¾ü 2ü z;º-iÛm-zŤ-ÁïÅ-Ť-XïÅÅÞ-»Û-¼P-GÛ-fÞGÅ-Xï-¾ïGÅGÅô¾-ŸÝ-zºÛ-n¤-qü 3ü ¾Å-hôm-ŸÛG-zOæzÅ-q¼-z;ºiÛm-Vï-ŸïÅ-¤±ôm-qºÛ-»-¾mü

acquaintance

1ü Pô-ÁïÅü 2ü MãÅ-¤Pºü

1ü ¼P-GÛÅ-Pô-ÁïÅ-qºÛ-¤Ûü 2ü Bï-zôº¤-hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-Çô+¼HÛ-ÁïÅ-dôGÅü

acquire

1ü Oæz-qü 2ü ¥ôP-zÅ-Iâz-qü

1ü ¼P-GÛÅ-ºzh-z¯ôm-‚Å-mÅfôz-qü 2ü Z¤Å-¥ôP-GÛ-¾¤-mÅ-‚ãP-zü

acquisition

1ü fôz-±ß¾ü 2ü fôz-qü

1ü ºfôz-q¼-‚ïh-qºÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü fôz-qº¤-‚ãP-zºÛ-hPôÅ-qôü

acquit

1ü Bôm-º²âGÅ-¾Å-Oô¾-zü 1ü ZïÅ-Bôm-z®ßGÅ-q-¾Å-Oô¾-zü 2ü ¾Å-ºGm-¾Å-Oô¾-zü 2ü ¾Å-ºGm-mÅ-zÁô¾-zü 3ü ZïÅ-¤ïh-zTh-F-OôG-qü 3ü FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-mG-ZïÅ-Tm-¤Ûm-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

12

qºÛ-zTh-F-OôG-qü acquittal

1ü ZïÅ-¤ïh-zTh-Fü 2ü ZïÅ-Iô¾ü

1ü mG-ZïÅ-º²âGÅ-»Þ¾-hï¼-Zïź²âGÅ-‚Å-q-¿e¼-HÛ-ZïÅ-q-¤ïhqºÛ-fG-GTôhü 2ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-mG-Tm-¤Ûm-q-¼ºyôh-‚ãP-±ß¾ü

act

zTÅ-FÛ¤Åü

IôÅ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Gbm-¾-wz-qºÛ-FÛ¤Åü

acting

¾Å-±zü

ºy¾-Åï¾-¼ÛP-GŸm-HÛ-¾Å-±z-‚ïh-qôü

action

(FÛ¤Å-GTôhü)¾G-zÇe¼ü

OÛG-FÛ¤Å-¯-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-ZïÅ-ºGï¾-¾GzÇe¼-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

actionable

(FÛ¤Å-GTôhü)¾G-zÇe¼ºôÅ-qºÛü

FÛ¤Å-GTôh-‚-MãºÛ-GŸÛ-¯-»ôh-qºÛü

active

OÛ¤-qôü Èà¼-qôü

¾Å-;¼-Èà¼-z¯ôm-hP-IâP-Á-hôh-qôü

actively

Èà¼-qôºÛ-ÇKô-mÅü OÛ¤-qôºÛ-ÇKô- Èà¼-z¯ôm-hP-IâP-Á-hôh-qôºÛ-ÇKô-mÅü mÅü

activity

‚-GŸG ‚ïh-ÇôKü

‚ïh-ÇKô-‚ï-ƒG-q-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zü

actual

hPôÅü hôm-hPôÅü

mÝÅ-q-¿km-qº¤-ÆÛh-q-®¤-¤Ûm-q¼-h¿eºÛ-Ç+zÅ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-»ôh-qü

actuary

ºGm-ÆâP-¤-ºWôG-¯ÛÅ-qü

Zïm-ÆâP-¤-ºWôG-GÛ-»-Zïm-hP-¹-hÝÅvôh-ºzz-¯ÛÅ-MG-‚ïh-¤Dmü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

13

ad hoc

Vïh-º²âGÅü

Gmh-hôm-‚ï-ƒG-q-GTÛG-hP-ºƒï¾zº¤-hïºÛ-ÇÀh-hÝü

ad infinitum

¤fº-»Å-q¼ü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¤fº-¤ïh-qº¤-¤Þ¤fº-¤ïh-qü

ad interim

z¼-zL¾ü

z¼-¤ºÛ-hÝÅ-»Þm-Vïh-hÝü

ad valorem

¼Ûm-fP-¾-zÇ+ô¼-zºÛü

F¾-zMzÅ-¸Ûm-qºÛ-hPôÅ-¸ôG-GÛ±ôh-hqG-¼Ûm-fP-hP-hô-¤Z¤-qü

adaptable

ºyôh-ºiÛÅ-fÞz-qºÛü

Gô¤Å-ºiÛÅ-fÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q-hP-¿kmqü

addendum

D-Çôomü D-Çô+P.ü

q¼-ºIï¤Å-‚Å-qºÛ-hqï-hïz-ÅôGňÛ-D-Çoôm-»ÛG-Vü

addressee

GbôP-»Þ¾ü

hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-GbôP-źÛ-»Þ¾ü

addressograph

D-‚P-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼ü

D-‚P-¼P-ºGݾ-q¼-ºhïzÅ-‚ïhqºÛ-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-ŸÛG

adequate

ºhP-PïÅü

hGôÅ-¤Dô-Ç+ôP-fÞz-PïÅ-Ť-ºhPPïÅü

adherence

zTôÅ-¤Ûm-Mz-Bô¼ü zTôÅ-¤Ûm- ÆÛh-hôm-±ôGÅ-qº¤ü ¯-hôm-m¤ü VôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-¿e-zÞ¼-D-Ÿï-GZÛÅ-¤ïhXïÅ-ºƒP.ü ˆÛ-Mz-Bô¼ü

adhesive

º‚¼-±Ûü

hPôÅ-qô-wm-±ßm-¤Z¤-hÝ-¢ô¼-‚ïh-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

14

ˆÛ-º‚¼-zG-Tm-HÛ-µÅü adjacent

1ü Zï-ºFÛÅü 2ü ¤fº-£ï¾-HÛü

adjoin

1ü £ï¾-zü 1ü GŸÛ-GP-ŸÛG-hP-Zï-z¼-ºƒï¾-zü 2ü ºhzÅ-ºƒï¾-hÝ-GmÅ-qü 2ü GŸÛ-GŸm-ŸÛG-hP-Zï-z¼-GmÅ-qü

adjourn

1ü ¤±¤Å-ºWôG-‚ïh-qü 2ü z¼-GÅïP-ºWôG-qü 3ü xÛ¼-zÁô¾-‚ïh-qü

adjournment

1ü ±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-¤±¤Å-ºWôG 1ü ±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-z¼-¤±¤Å-ºWôG-qü 2ü hÝÅ-±ôh-GŸm-ŸGÛ -z¼-x¼Û -ºHPÅü 2ü xÛ¼-zÁô¾ü

adjudge

1ü FÛ¤Å-fG-GTôh-qü 2ü ZïÅ-Vh-GbôP-zü

1ü FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-fôG-mÅ-fG-GTôh‚ïh-qü 2ü FÛ¤Å-fôG-mÅ-ZïÅ-Vh-GbôP-zü

adjudicate

Zm-ŸÛzü

D-¤Vß-GbàG-zÁï¼-Ç+zÅ-FÛ¤Å-hqôm-HÛPô-zô¼-zŸÝGÅ-bï-Gmh-hôm-hrh-ŸÛz‚ïh-qü

adjudicator

zTh-F-GbôP-¤Dmü Ÿ¾-¿Uï-zü

¯ôh-½‰ôG-hP-D-¤Vß-¿e-zÞºÛ-Gmh-hôm-ZmŸÛz-ˆÛÅ-fG-GTôh-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

1ü GŸÛ-GP-ŸÛG-hP-Zï-¾ôGÅ-hï-¤-fGqºÛü 2ü ¸Þ¼-¼¤-¤fº-¤±¤Å-fÞm-¤ôPTmü

1ü ±ôGÅ-fïPÅ-¤±¤Å-ºWôG-‚ïh-qü 2ü ºhÝ-º²ô¤Å-Ť-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-z¼¤±¤Å-ºWôG-qü 3ü ±ôGÅ-ºhݺÛ-¾Å-¼Û¤-hÝÅ-±ôhGŸm-ŸÛG-z¼-w¼-ºHPÅ-‚ïh-qü

Administration

15

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

adjust

1ü ljô¤-OÛG-‚ïh-qü 2ü ºiÛÅ-Gô¤Å-‚ïh-qü

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-±h-GŸÛ-bGbG-G¤-¼m-qô-»ôP-Vïh-ÇePź²Ûm-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼P-ZÛh-GmÅ-ÇPe Å-Gżqº¤-¤Û-ºi-z-ŸÛG-¾-ºiÛÅGô¤Å-‚ïh-qü

adjustment

1ü ljô¤-OÛG 2ü zTôÅ-OÛG

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¼m-º±¤Åz¸ô-±ß¾-¾¤-VGÅ-±ß¾ü 2ü Hôm-VÅ-ˆÛ-V-±h-¿e-zÞ-zNå¼zTôÅ-zbP-Çeï-¤Û-ºi-z-z¸ô±ß¾ü

adjustor

ljô¤-OÛG-qü

Zïm-ÆâP-¤-ºWôG-GÛ-GÝm-GÅz-fôzVºÛ-fG-GTôh-Gmh-ǨÛm-»ôP-VïhŸÛz-ºWâG-hP-ºV¼-ºzÞ¾-‚ïh-¤Ûü

adjutant

h¤G-hqôm-HÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-¾Å¼ôGÅü

h¤G-hqôm-ŸÛG-¾-º²Ûm-BôP-¾Åhôm-fh-xG-¼ôGÅ-GmP-¤Dm-HÛ¾Å-‚ïh-q-ŸÛG

administer

º²Ûm-BôP-‚ïh-qü

º²Ûm-BôP-z;ôh-OÛG-GÛ-¾Å-GmÅOæz-qü

administration

º²Ûm-BôP.ü

1ü º²Ûm-BôP-z;ôh-OÛG-GÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-ˆÛÅ-¤P±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-¾Å-hôm-z;ôh-‚ãÅ‚ïh-ÇePÅü

administrative

º²Ûm-BôP-GÛ

º²Ûm-BôP-hP-ºƒï¾-zº¤-º²Ûm-BôP-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

16

GÛ-¾Å-ºGm-»ôh-qºÛü admissibility

PôÅ-¾ïm-fÞz-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

DÅ-¾ïm-hÝ-¼ÞP-zºÛ-Mã-¤±m-HÛÅ-Pôžïm-fÞz-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

admissible

1ü DÅ-¾ïm-ºôÅ-qºÛü 2ü º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-¼ÞP-zºÛü

1ü DÅ-¾ïm-‚-¼ÞP-zºÛü 2ü º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-ˆÛ-Eh-VôÅ-±P-zºÛü

admission

ŸÝGÅ-hôhü

ÇÀôz-IÔ-¿e-zÞ-ŸÛG-¾-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚-MãºÛVïh-vôh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-»ômü

admit

1ü DÅ-¾ïm-qü 2ü ŸÝGÅ-ÅÞ-ºWâG-qü 3ü Çkï-I¾-hÝ-ºWâG-qü

1ü hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾¤-zhïm-q¼PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-qü 2ü mP-hÝ-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚-MãºÛ-GmP-zvôh-qü 3ü Çkï-±m-m¤-±ôGÅ-I¾-GP-¼ÞP-hÝŸÝGÅ-MãºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-vôh-qü

admittance

ŸÝGÅ-ºfÞÅü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¾Å-hôm-GP-¼ÞP-mPº²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-‚ïh-hÝ-ºWâG-qºÛ-‚-GŸG

admonish

1ü „ÀP-hô¼-¾¤-Çôem-qü 2ü D-b-ÇÝ+¾-¿GU -‚ïh-qü

1ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-;Ým-uôh-ºEＱ߾-fh-¾-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-GmP-zü 2ü OÛG-ºG¾-‚ïh-¤Û-¿-e zÞºÛ-GP-¸GTÛG-¾-iG-mm-Vï-zºÛ-Zïm-zlGbôP-zü

admonition

D-b-Ç+ݾ-¿UG

º‚ãP-Zï-zºÛ-Zïm-±zÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾hôGÅ-¸ôm-‚ïh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zÇÀz-‚-ZïmzlºÛ-ÇÀôz-Çeômü

charge

Administration

17

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

adolescent

1ü h¼-¾-¤-zz-qºÛü 2ü GŸôm-mÝü 3ü ¾P-±ô-h¼-Çz+ Å-ˆÛü

1ü m-±ôh-¤-¾ôPÅ-qºÛ-GmÅÇ+zÅü 2ü m-GŸôm-(¾ô-13mÅ-19z¼ü) 3ü ¾P-±ô-h¼-zŸÛm-q-mÅ-m¼-Åômz¼-HÛ-º±¼-¾ôP-º‚ãP-zŸÛmqºÛ-GmÅ-Ç+zÅü

adopt

1ü zÞ-±z-Z¼-zü 2ü ¤ôÅ-ºhï¤Å-‚ïh-qü

1ü FÛ¤Å-¤fÞm-HÛ-ÇôK-mÅ-GŸm-HÛyâ-GÝ-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-mP-¤Û¼-Z¼-bïGÅô-BôP-‚ïh-qü 2ü DÅ-¾ïm-‚-Mã¼-ºôÅ-ºwïm-qü

adopter

zÞ-±z-Z¼-¤Dmü

GŸm-HÛ-yâ-GÝ-zÞ-±z-bà-Z¼-bï-GÅôBôP-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

adult

1ü Lm-±h-¾ôPÅ-qü m¼-Åôm-qü 2ü h¼-¤ü

1ü FÛ¤Å-¤fÞm-HÛ-¾ô-±h-¾ôPÅqº¤-m-±ôh-ǨÛm-qºÛ-Bï-zôü 2ü ¾ô-zTô-zMh-h¤-Zï¼-GTÛG-¿-e zÞ-¾ô-IPÅ-PïÅ-Tm-¾Å-ºhÅqºÛ-Bï-wô-¤ôü

adulterant

¿Ëhü

ÇtäÅ-;-Ÿm-qº¤-hPôÅ-µÅ-GŸm-DÇoôm-zHÛÅ-bï-Bôm-Tm-z¸ô-zº¤-zÆïBôm-GbôP-‚ïhü

adultration

zÆïÅ-¿Ëhü

hPôÅ-qô-ÇtäÅ-;-¾ïGÅ-q-¿e-zÞ-ŸÛG¾-ÇtäÅ-;-Ÿm-qº¤-hPôÅ-µÅ-GŸmzÆï-zü

advance

1ü ÇS-ºhôm-vôh-qü

1ü Zï¼-¤DôºÛ-hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-TÛ-¼ÛGÅ-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

18

2ü ÇS-ºhômü

ÇS-Çoݼ-HÛÅ-ºhôm-GbôP-‚ïh-qü 2ü hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-TÛ-¼ÛGÅ-ÇSôm-±ßh-mÅvôh-qºÛ-‚-GŸG

advantage

Dï-wmü hGï-¤±mü

‚-hPôÅ-Ť-‚-GŸG-GP-ŸÛG-mÅ-‚ãPzºÛ-wm-ºƒÅü

adverse

1ü ¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛü 2ü ºG¾-¹ºÛü ¿kôG-xôGÅ-ˆÛü

1ü D-Gbh-‚ïh-qºÛü 2ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-wm-zhﺤ-Dï-wmhP-ºG¾-¹¼-ÅôP-zºÛü

adverse party

xôGÅ-ºG¾-±ôGÅ-qü

¿e-z-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-ÆÛh-hôm-±ôGÅ-q-¿e-zÞD-Gbh-ÁôG-DG

advertise

Ez-zOGÅ-‚ïh-qü

±ôP-ƒÛm-qô-»ôP-z-hP.ü ±ôP-¸ôG-GÛ-Ehn¤-ºzÞ¼-ºfôm-ÇÀh-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-iÛ¾zOGÅ-‚ïh-qü

advertiser

Ez-zOGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dmü

±ôP-hôm-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-GP¸G

advice

zÇÀz-‚ü D-bü

¾¤-Çeôm-HÛ-D-b-ÇÀôz-GÅôü

advise

zÇÀz-‚-MG-qü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾-D-b-ÇÀôz-GÅô-‚ïh-qü

advisory

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-ŸÝ-źÛü

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-±ôGÅ-VßP-¿e-zÞ-¾Å-hôm-GP»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-Vïh-¾¤-Çeôm-‚-MãºÛ-hzP±h-Tmü

advisory board

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-¿Ëm-MÅü

¾¤-Çeôm-»ô-zÆP-‚-MãºÛ-ºGm-hzP-Tm-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

19

HÛ-ºhÝÅ-±ôGÅü advisory committee

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-±ôGÅ-VßP.ü

¾¤-Çeôm-HÛ-D-b-ÇÀôz-GÅô-‚ïh-¤DmHÛ-±ôGÅ-VßP.ü

advisory council

ÇÀôz-Çeôm-¿Ëm-±ôGÅü

¾¤-Çeôm-HÛ-D-b-ÇÀôz-GÅô-‚ïh-¤DmHÛ-¿Ëm-±ôGÅü

advocacy

ŸÝ-GbàG GbàG-zÁï¼ü

GmÅ-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-Vïh-hÝ-¯ôh¾ïm-m¤-ŸÝ-GbàG-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

advocate

ŸÝ-¯ôh-qü

FÛ¤Å-DP-mP-D-¤Vß-ŸÝ-GbàG-‚ïh¤Dm-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-¯ôh-qü

aerial

Gm¤-Ç+Ýhü

G¸ÞGÅ-¤fôP-z½‰m-ºyÛm-m¤-½ÀâPºyÛm-HÛ-G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m-hP-OºÛ-zlGbôP-¾ïm-‚-MãºÛ-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-HÛ-¤¾G-¿UGÅ-Ç+Ýh-¿e-zÞ-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºIïP-MãŸÛG

aerodrome

Gm¤-fP-VßP-zü

Gm¤-Iâ-ºzz-Å-hP.ºwÞ¼-źÛ-¿eïGmÅ-VßP-IÅü

aeronautical

Gm¤-Iâ-z¸ô-GbôP-GÛ

Gm¤-Iâ-GbôP-¾Å-hP.ü z¸ô-¾Å¼ÛG-qº¤-hï-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛü

aeroplane

Gm¤-Iâ

m¤-¤D¼-ºwÞ¼-Bôh-‚ïh-qºÛ-»ô-VÅü

affect

ÁÝGÅ-Aïmü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾-ÁÝGÅ-mÝÅ-fïzÅPïÅ-ˆÛ-±ô¼-z-iG-qôü

Administration

20

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

affidavit

ºzº-»ÛG

»ÛG-fôG-z;ôh-qºÛ-Gmh-hôm-GP-ŸÛGhPôÅ-zhïm-»Ûm-qºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-h¤-zTºü

affiliate

ºƒï¾-DôPÅü

±ôGÅ-q-Vï-z-ŸÛG-GÛ-DôPÅ-GbôGÅ-ÅÞŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-Bï-zôº¤-OÛG-º²âGÅü

affiliation

1ü ºƒï¾-DôPÅ-PôÅ-¾ïmü 2ü ºƒï¾-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÝGÅ-qü

1ü ÆÛh-hôm-±ôGÅ-qº¤-OÛG-º²âGÅVï-DG-bà-¿Ëm-ŸÝGÅ-ˆÛ-ºƒï¾-¾¤ü 2ü ±ôGÅ-q-GP-ŸÛG-mP-¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞmHÛÅ-ºƒï¾-¾¤-¤¤-±ôGÅ-ŸÝGÅ‚ïh-±ß¾ü

affinity

1ü GZïm-OÛG-ºƒï¾-zü 2ü ¤±ßPÅ-VôÅü

1ü GZïm-OÛG-¾-zdïm-mÅ-‚ãP-zºÛºƒï¾-¾¤ü 2ü hPôÅ-qôº¤-Bï-zô-wm-±ßm-hz¼-HÛ¿Ëm-BïÅ-ˆÛ-ºi-zºÛ-Eh-VôÅü

affirmation

1ü »Ûm-q¼-Oæz-qü 1ü Gmh-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-Gbm-¾-ºzïzÅ2ü zhïm-±ß¾-Gž-zOGÅü qºÛ-‚-GŸG-G¤-Gbm-¾ºzïz-±ß¾ü 2ü GP-ŸÛG-zhïm-q-»Ûm-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛGž-zOGÅü

affirmative

1ü »Ûm-q¼-Oæz-qºÛü 2ü Mz-Bô¼-HÛü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-HÛü

1ü Gbm-¾-ºzïzÅ-qº¤-¤ôÅ-¤fÞm‚ïh-qºÛü 2ü zŤ-„ôÀºÛ-ºEï¼-ÇPe Å-ŤÆÛh-‚ãÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾-Mz-Bô¼‚ïh-qºÛü

affirmative

Ǩm-qºÛ-‚-GŸG

zÞh-¤ïh-h¤-IPÅ-ZÝP-±ôGÅ-Çkï-DG-GÛ-

action

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

21

DôPÅ-ÅÞ-GbôGÅ-q-n¤Å-¾-ÇÀôz¢ôP-hP-¾Å-;ºÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-ÇS¼-¿ËG»¼-MÅ-GbôP-MãºÛ-ºzh-z¯ôm-mmqôü affix

¤Z¤-¢¼ü Ám-¢¼ü

hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-wm-±ßm-OôG-q-hP¤fÞh-qü »P-m-hïºÛ-ÇïeP-D-ÇôomMG-qü

afford

1ü ºIô-Iôm-GbôP-fÞz-qü 2ü „ÀôÅ-GbôP-fÞz-qü

1ü ‚-z-GP-ŸÛG-‚-M㺤-hPôÅ-qôGP-ŸÛG-Zô-Vïh-hÝ-hq¾-º‚ô¼¤fÞm-Aïm-»ôh-qü 2ü „ÀôÅ-GbôP-wôh-qü

afforestation

mGÅ-±¾-ºhïzÅ-º²âGÅü

Å-ÇeôP-P¤-ŸÛP-Å-ÁÛP-mGÅ-ÅÞzNå¼-zü

affranchise

1ü ¼P-hzP-¢Ûm-qü 1ü ±ï-G»ôG-G¤-ƒm-G»ôG-¾¤2ü ºôÅ-ºhï¤Å-fôz-fP-vôh-qü ¾ÞGÅ-¿-e z-Þ mÅ-¼P-hzP-¢mÛ -qü 2ü ºôÅ-ÁGô -ºwP-Mºã -Û fzô -fP-vhô -qü

aforesaid

ÇS¼-ǨôÅ-qºÛü

ÇSôm-hÝ-zXôh-¸Ûm-qºÛ-Gmh-hôm-GP»P-¼ÞP-zü

afresh

ÇÀ¼-»P.ü

Gż-hÝü »P-zB¼ü zB¼-hÝü

afternoon

xïh-»ô¾ü ZÛm-Mzü

ZÛm-hGÝP-Vß-±ôh-zTß-GZÛÅ-»ô¾zºÛ-XïÅ-ˆÛü

afterward

xÛÅ-ÅÞü XïÅ-Åô¼ü

hÝÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-XïÅ-¾ü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

22

against

¿kôG-xôGÅ-ÅÞü

D-Gbh-ˆÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞü

ageism

m-±ôh-h‚ï-º‚ïhü

¾ô-m-Lm-ºDôGÅ-hP.ü h¼-»ô¾-¾h¤º-ºzïzÅ-ˆÛ-¿e-±ß¾ü

agenda

IôÅ-GŸÛü

±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-¿e-zÞ¼-IôÅ-zÇkݼ-Vïh-ºEï¼MãºÛ-hôm-Gmh-DG

agent

1ü Pô-±zü 2ü GÅP-zºÛ-¾Å-‚ïhü

1ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-ºfÞÅ-¤Ûº¤-Pô-±z¤±ôm-q¼-‚ïh-qü 2ü ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GÛ-GÅP-zºÛ-¾Å-hôm-HÛ¤Û-ºIô

aggrandizement

¤Pº-fP-GôP-ºwï¾ü

fôz-Gô-ź¤-¤±m-Çm‰ ü Mã-mô¼-ÅôGÅGôP-Çtï¾-hÝ-GbôP-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

aggravation

1ü ¯çz-uôhü 2ü Wï-ÇÝkG-bà-GbôP-±ß¾ü

1ü GŸm-¾-zÅÞm-ÇPo -hP-Fô-z-ÇôÀP-z¼‚ïh-qºÛ-¤Û-ºfh-qºÛ-;Ým-uôhü 2ü h;º-P¾-Wï-Vï¼-¼¤-mh-GŸÛ-WïÇkÝG-bà-GbôP-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

aggregate

1ü wÞP-qô¼-ºhÝ-zü 2ü Eôm-zÇkô¤Åü

1ü hPôÅ-qô-¤P-qô-GôP-zÞ¼-xôGÅ-qº¤ºhÝÅ-qü 2ü IPÅ-ºzô¼-f¤Å-Th-GTÛG-bàzÇkïzÅ-qºÛ-Eôm-ºzô¼ü

aggregation

wÞP-GÅôG ¤Z¤-Çïkzü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¤Z¤-hÝ-Çkïz-qºÛ-‚GŸG

aggrieved

1ü „Àô-w¤ü »Ûh-Vhü

1ü ¼P-ZÛh-¾-iP-zhïm-‚Å-¤-‚ãP-

Administration

23

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü GhÝP-zÅ-môm-qºÛü

lj¤-qºÛ-±ô¼-zü 2ü iP-zhïm-¤-»Ûm-qº¤-FۤźG¾-HÛ-‚-GŸG-GÛÅ-AïmqºÛ-hô-wôG-‚ãP-zºÛ-ŸÝ-ºzôhü

agitation

1ü ¸ÛP-ÇôÀP.ü 2ü Ç+ݾ-ÇôÀP.ü

1ü ½‰ôG-¸ÛP-ÇôÀP-zºÛ-‚-GŸG-G¤½‰ôG-¸ÛP-GÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü 2ü ¯ôh-GŸÛ¼-Hã¼-zºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅŤ-Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-Gmh-hôm-fh¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-Ç+ݾ-ÇÀôP-‚ïhfzÅü

agitator

¸ÛP-ÇÀôP-‚ïh-qôü ¸ÛP-ÇÀôP-¤Dmü

uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-ÆÛh-hôm-HÛ-½‰ôG-i-¿e-zÞz¸ô-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

agrarian

Åô-m¤-ŸÛP-¾Å-ˆÛü

Åô-m¤-ŸÛP-¾Å-Ť-IôP-GÅïz-ˆÛGmh-hôm-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛü

agreement

IôÅ-¤fÞmü ¤fÞm-IôÅü

M¾-Dz-z¤-GP-¸G-wm-±ßm-Gmhhôm-GP-¼ÞP-fôG-GZÛÅ-¤ôÅ-ˆÛÅzŸG-qºÛ-Gm-Mü

agriculture

ŸÛP-¾Åü

Å-ŸÛP-ºhïzÅ-¾Å-ˆÛ-¾Å-;

aid

1ü ¼ôGÅ-Bô¼-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼ôGÅ-Bô¼ü

1ü GŸm-¾-¼ôGÅ-q-hP-Mz-Bô¼‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼ôGÅ-¼¤-hP-Mz-Bô¼ü

air base

Gm¤-h¤G-¿eï-GmÅü

Gm¤-h¤G-GÛ-Gm¤-Iâ-ºzz-fPhP.ü h¤G-ǼK -Í-¤ü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

24

air force

Gm¤-h¤G ¤Dº-h¤G

Gm¤-Iâ-¾-zdïm-mÅ-h¤G-ºfz-‚ïhqºÛ-hqÞP-Çkïü

air hostess

Gm¤-ºIâ¾-Ÿ¾-b-¤ü

Gm¤-IâºÛ-mP-ºIâ¾-q¼-¤Iôm-zhG-GÛzÅÞ-z-ŸzÅ-bôG-Oæz-¤Dm-zÞh-¤ïhü

air mail

Gm¤-£G

Gm¤-fôG-GbP-MãºÛ-£G-»ÛG

aircraft

Gm¤-Iâ

m¤-¤D¼-ºwÞ¼-Bôh-fÞz-qºÛ-Iâ

alarm

1ü ºiôG-ºGô 2ü Zïm-zl-GbôP-zü

1ü Zïm-±zÅ-»ôh-q-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-‚ãP-AïmHÛÅ-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-‚ãP-zºÛ-ºWÛGÅ-ÇoP.ü 2ü Zïm-D-»ôP-GÛ-»ôh-qºÛ-zl-GbôP-zü

alcohol

VP-¼G

z¸Û-D-Tm-HÛ-zbàP-z-VP-hP-Í-¼G-GÛ¼ÛGÅü

alderman

Lm-qôü

IôP-Çïk-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-GôP-¤ºÛ-±ôGÅ-¤-Û ŸGÛ

alertness

1ü zG-¸ômü 2ü OÛ¤-qôü

1ü hô-ÇPo -G¸z-mm-¤Þ-¤fÞh-vôh-qºÛ-‚¼Û¤ü 2ü G¸z-mm-HÛÅ-ÇôK-mÅ-hô-ÇPo -vôh-qü

alias

¤ÛP-GŸmü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-hPôÅ-¤ÛP-GÛ±z-bà-zïh-uh-qºÛ-¤ÛP-GŸm-ŸÛG

alien

1ü »Þ¾-Çôkh-xÛ-¤Ûü 2ü xÛ-M¾-HÛü

1ü ¼P-ZÛh-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚-»Þ¾-hï-GºÛ-¤ÛÅï¼-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-Bï-zôü 2ü »Þ¾-¾ÞP-GŸm-HÛü

Administration

25

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

alienable

zhG-hzP-ºwô-¾ïm-¼ÞP-zºÛü

zhG-hzP-GŸm-¾-ºwô-¾ïm-‚-ºôÅqºÛü

alienation

1ü ¼ÛG-º±ô-¤-¸Ûm-qü ºxô-zü 2ü D-H¼-zü

1ü Åï¤Å-ºVô¾-z-¿e-zÞºÛ-Åï¤Åº±ô-¤-¸Ûm-qºÛ-GmÅ-Ç+zÅü 2ü IôGÅ-ºiÛÅ-¤Û-‚ïh-q¼-¾ôGÅÅÞ-h‚ï-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

alignment

1ü xôGÅ-OÛ¾ü 2ü ljô¤-OÛG

1ü Çkï-DG-ÁôG-OÛ¾-¾¤-Gô-¼Û¤OÛG-ÇePÅü 2ü ¿Ëà-¾G-ÅôGÅ-fh-;¼-OÛGÇePÅü

allegation

1ü ZïÅ-º²âGÅü 2ü ljôm-º²âGÅü

1ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾-z®ßGÅ-qºÛ¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-Bôm-º²âGÅü 2ü zhïm-q-hG-Bï¾-‚-MãºÛ-IOÛG-»ôh-qºÛ-Gmh-hôm-ŸÛGDÅ-¾ïm-qº¤-¤Û-¾ïm-qºÛzXôh-qü

alleged

1ü zOGÅ-qºÛü 2ü hôGÅ-GŸÛ-Tmü

1ü »Ûm-q¼-DÅ-ºVï-»P-DÞPÅBï¾-¼-vôh-¤-fÞz-qºÛü 2ü Gmh-hôm-hôGÅ-GŸÛ-Tmü

allegiance

Á-Ÿïmü

ºzPÅ-¤Û-Åï¼-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-Åô-ÅôºÛM¾-Dz-¾-zTPÅ-qºÛ-hGº-ŸïmhP-¾-Mü

alliance

1ü xôGÅ-OÛ¾ü 2ü ¤mº-ºƒï¾ü

1ü wm-±ßm-¤fÞm-xô‡-zOÛ¾-qº¤xôGÅ-zOÛ¾-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü

Administration

26

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-zOæzVïh-¤Û-Çkﺤ-M¾-Dz-wm-±ßmhz¼-¤Z¤-¤fÞm-‚-Mã¼-zŸG-qºÛ¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-HÛ-¤fÞm-IôÅü allied

1ü ¤fÞm-xôGÅ-ˆÛü 1ü ¤fÞm-±ôGÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÝGÅ-qº¤-xôGÅ2ü IôÅ-¤fÞm-HÛÅ-£ï¾-zºÛü GbôGÅ-ÅÞ-£ï¾-zºÛü 2ü VÛPÅ-»ÛG-G¤-¤fÞm-IôÅ-ˆÛÅ£ï¾-zºÛü

allocation

1ü ¸Þ¼-zThü 1ü hGôÅ-hôm-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-Vïh-hÝ2ü zGô-zÁºü zGô-ºIï¤Åü h¤ÛGÅ-bï-¸¼Þ -ºWôG-‚Å-qºÛ-fôz-Vü 2ü V-zGôÅ-Ť-zGô-ºIï¤Å-ˆÛ-‚GŸG

allottee

zGô-»Þ¾ü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-zGô-ºIï¤Å-‚Å-qºÛV-ÁÅ-fôz-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

allow

1ü ‚ïh-hÝ-ºWâG-qü 2ü GmP-z-vôh-qü

1ü ‚-GŸG-GP-ŸÛG-¾-ºG¾-¹º¤ºGôG-Çkô¤-¤Û-‚ïh-qü 2ü z;º-ºFô¾-GmP-zü

allowable

VôG-qºÛü

PôÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-ºôÅ-qº¤-VôG-¤Vm-vôh¼ÞP-ü

alteration

1ü ºHã¼-¿ôkG 2ü z¸ô-zTôÅü 3ü zTôÅ-zNå¼ü

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-GmÅ-Çz+ ÅGTÛG-mÅ-GŸm-hÝ-ºwô-zºÛ-Ç+zňÛ-‚ãP-zü 2ü Hôm-VÅ-ˆÛ-V-±h-¿-e zÞ-zNå¼-zTôÅGbôP-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

Administration

27

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

3ü zB¼-zTôÅ-Ť-zNå¼-zTôÅGbôP-±ß¾ü altercation

D-º²ÛP.ü D-ºFâG

wm-±ßm-Gb¤-Pm-Áôh-¼ïÅ-ˆÛ-¯ôhJÀïP.ü

alternate

1ü ¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-ˆÛÅ-‚ãP-zü 3ü zXï-¾ïm-‚ïh-qü

1ü ‚-z-GP-ŸGÛ -zXï-¼ïÅ-ˆÅÛ -‚ïh-qü 2ü zXï-¾ïm-HÛ-ÇôK-mÅ-‚ãP-zü 3ü ¾Å-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-hôm-Gô-±P-zOæz-ÇÀh-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-¼ÛP-Bï-zôGTÛG-GÛ-Gô-ż-GŸm-¼ïÅ-¤ôÅÅÞ-ºWôG-qü

alternative

1ü ¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-ˆÛü 2ü Gh¤-;

1ü Gh¤-;-hP-¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-ˆÛü 2ü hPôÅ-qô-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤ºÛ-FôhˆÛ-Gh¤-;

alternatively

¼ïÅ-¤ôÅ-‚Å-bïü Çtï¾-¤¼ü

GTÛG-GÛ-Gô-ż-GTÛG-ºWôG-qº¤hïºÛ-±z-bàü

amalgamate

1ü hPÞ¾-Vß-hP-Æï-¢ô¼-‚ïh-qü 1ü ¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GŸm-hP-hPÞ¾-VߤZ¤-zÆïÅ-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¤Z¤-hÝ-¢ô¼-zü 2ü GôP-zÞ-V-±P-z-GTÛG-Iâz-qºÛVïh-hÝ-¹-OÛ¾-zü

amalgamation

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-¤Z¤-ºiïÅü

¼ÛGÅ-¼ÞÅ-wm-±ßm-ºiï-±ß¾ü

amateur

hP-Ÿïm-qü

1ü Nå-¯¾-hP.ü ±m-¯¾ü ¯ïh¼ÛGÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-hGº-Ÿïm-HÛźWâG-qºÛ-GP-¸G

Administration

28

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü hÝÅ-±ôh-ºhº-‚ïh-hÝ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-P¤¯ïh-¼GÛ Å-ÅôGÅ-¾-ºWâG-qºÛ-Bï-zôü ambiguous

1ü Gô-hôm-¤P-zºÛü 2ü Gž-D-¤ïh-qºÛü

1ü Gô-hôm-GZÛÅ-Ť-GZÛÅ-¾Å-¤P-z»ôh-ÆÛh-qºÛü 2ü zXôh-hôm-D-Gž-¤ïh-qºÛü

amend

1ü ¾ïGÅ-zTôÅ-‚ïh-qü 2ü zB¼-zTôÅ-‚ïh-qü

1ü »¼-MÅ-Ť-Wï-¾ïGÅ-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-zGbôP-zü 2ü FÛ¤Å-z¸ôºÛ-Gmh-hôm-¿-e zÞ¼-ÇôomºyÛ-Çtô¼-GTôG-zHÛÅ-bï-zNå¼zTôÅ-GbôP-zü

amenity

1ü »Ûh-hÝ-ºôP-zºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü 1ü „Àô-¾-ºfh-qº¤-ÇPo -z-ºIô-zôºÛ2ü ¤fÞm-Aïmü Eh-VôÅü 2ü xÛ-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-zhï-z¼-IôGÅ-‚ïhqºÛ-V-Aïmü

amicable

¤²º-¤fÞm-HÛü

¤fÞm-ºƒï¾-hP-IôGÅ-ºiÛÅ-ˆÛ-Eh-VôÅ¿km-qºÛü

ammunition

1ü µÅ-¤hï¾ü 2ü ¤±ôm-Vü

1ü ¤ï-¤hº-hP-¤ï-NôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºwïmMãºÛ-¤hïºÞü 2ü ¤Û-ºzô¼-Vïm-qô-Çïkz-GÅôh-‚ïh-q¼¤±ôm-V-¿e-zÞ-zïh-uôh-GbP-MãºÛlݾ-ym-hP.ü µÅ-ºHã¼ü BïhPôÅ-y-¤ôºÛ-µÅ-¼ÛGÅü

amnesty

1ü ZïÅ-»P-hÝÅ-»Þmü 2ü ZïÅ-Vh-VG-»P.ü

1ü FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-z-n¤Å-¾-ZïÅ-VhVG-»P-GbôP-zºÛ-hÝÅ-±ôhü

Administration

29

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾ÞGÅ-¤fÞm-HÛÇKô-mÅ-ZïÅ-q-GÝ-»P-GbôP-zºÛ‚-GŸG amount

Eôm-ºzô¼ü ºzô¼ü

IPÅ-¤P-ZPÝ -P¤-Eôm-Vï-VPß -G-Û ±hü

amplifier

Çtô¼-‚ïhü

JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-¾-zdïm-qºÛ-zl-¾m-HÛmÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Çtô¼-‚ïh-ˆÛ-JÀôG-GÛ-»ô-‚hü

amplitude

1ü ºzï¾-¿ËàG-¿ËàG 2ü ºzï¾-qôü

1ü ºzï¾-qôºÛ-GmÅ-ÇPe Å-Ť-¼PzŸÛmü 2ü hGôÅ-¤Dô-¾Å-¤P-zºÛ-ºzô¼ü

amputation

»m-¾G-GTôh-ºƒïG

h¤ÛGÅ-zž-GÁG-zTôÅ-¾-zdïmmÅ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-@P-¾G-»ôPÅ-µôGÅŤ-V-ÁÅ-GTôh-ºƒïG-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

analogous

1ü V-®¤-ºi-zºÛü 2ü ‚ïh-¾Å-®¤-ºi-zºÛü

1ü Gmh-hôm-ºGº-¼ï-ºi-¤±ßPÅ»Ûm-qºÛü 2ü º‚ãP-DÞPÅ-hP-Oô¤-GŸÛ-¤Û¤±ßPÅ-ˆP-‚ïh-¾Å-¤±ßPÅ-qü

analyse

1ü h‚ï-ŸÛz-‚ïh-qü hrh-ŸÛz-‚ïh-qü 2ü V-Åô-Åô¼-º‚ïh-qü

1ü ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-ŸÛz-y-»ôP-ÇhÀ -ŸÛzºWâG-G¤-hrh-ŸÛz-‚ïh-qü 2ü Iâz-VºÛ-µÅ-Ť-G¾-VïºÛ-VÁÅ-Åô-Åô¼-h‚ï-zü

ancestor

1ü ¤ïÅ-qôü 2ü w-¤ïÅü

1ü w-GŸÛÅ-¿-e zÞ-GP-mÅ-¾ïm-źÛGP-¸G 2ü ¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-¼ÛGÅ-Mãh-DÞPÅ-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

30

ºhïh-‚ïh-źÛ-GP-¸G anchorage

1ü zdôh-Åü 2ü dôh-JüÀ

1ü M-¤±ôºÛ-¤f¼-Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-ºhôGÅźÛ-GmÅü 2ü Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-dôh-GmÅ-ÅÞ-zbGÅqºÛ-JÀ-ºzzü

ancillary

1ü ¾G-G»ôG 2ü GÁ¤-ºôG

1ü ¾Å-;¼-¼ôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Dmü 2ü GmÅ-¼Û¤-ºôG-¤ü

animal

ÇKô-xãGÅ-GÅô-BôP.ü

d-¾ÞG-¾-ÅôGÅ-qºÛ-ÇKô-xãGÅ-Åï¤ÅTm-n¤Å-Bï-Çtï¾-‚ïh-qü

animosity

1ü ºDôm-Åï¤Åü 2ü ÇkP-Åï¤Åü

1ü ÇkP-¸ÞG-iG-qô-º‚ãP-GŸÛºÛ-Åï¤Å±ô¼ü 2ü ÇkP-Åï¤Å-ˆÛ-±ô¼-zº¤-‚-uôhü

animus

1ü ºDôm-º²Ûmü 2ü ÇkP-º²Ûmü

1ü ºDôm-qºÛ-Åï¤Å-±ô¼ü 2ü Ÿï-ÇPk -iG-qôºÛ-„ôÀü

annexe

GŸôGÅ-DP.ü zÞ-DP.ü

¤-DP-ŸÛG-M-Bïh-GbôP-zºÛ-Vïh-hÝ-MzqºÛ-DP-qü

annihilation

1ü ¯-Gbô¼ü 2ü ¯-ÇôePÅü

1ü ¯-¤ïh-GbôP-±ß¾-HÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤¤¤-‚-GŸG 2ü GP-ŸÛG-¯-Gbô¼-zbP-zºÛ-ÇôKmÅ-zTô¤-qü

anniversary

¾ô-ºDô¼-hÝÅ-imü

‚-GŸG-GP-ŸÛG-¾ô-¼ï-ºDô¼-zºÛ-hÝŤ±¤Åü

husbandry

Administration

31

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

annotation

¤Vm-ºIï¾ü

ºIï¾-zÁh-hP-¸¼Þ -¤Vm-ºGôh-±¾ß ü

announcement

Gž-zOGÅü

GmÅ-hôm-ŸÛG-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-Vïh-Çtï¾zºÛ-zl-Ezü

announcer

1ü Gž-zOGÅ-qü 2ü ¾Å-¼Û¤-Pô-vôh-qü

1ü GmÅ-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-Ez-zOGÅ‚ïh-¤Dmü 2ü ½ÀâP-ºyÛm-hP.ü ±ôGÅ-ºhÝÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-‚ïh-ÇKô-Pô-vôh-‚ïh-¤Ûü

annoyance

ÅÞm-G®ï¼ü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾-ÅÞm-qôº¤-½‰ôG-iz¸ô-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

annual account

¾ô-ºDô¼-¯ÛÅ-Fü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-‚ãP-ÅôP-¯ÛÅ-Fü

annual

¾ô-ºDô¼-º²Ûm-BôP-ljm-fôü

º²Ûm-BôP-¾Å-hôm-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¾ôGTÛG-GÛ-ljm-fôü

administrative report annual financial statement

¾ô-ºDô¼-hPÞ¾-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-¯ÛÅ-ÁôG ¾ô-¼ïºÛ-hPÞ¾-¯ÛÅ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-ˆÛ¯ÛÅ-ÁôG

annual report

¾ô-ºDô¼-ljm-fôü

hÝÅ-»Þm-¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-¾Å-hôm-GP»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-ljm-fôü

annual review

¾ô-ºDô¼-zB¼-ŸÛzü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-¾Å-hôm-GP-¼ÞP-hPºƒï¾-zºÛ-zB¼-ŸÛzü

annuity

1ü ¾ô-ºzzü 2ü ¾ô-¼ïºÛ-¾ôG-ºzzü

1ü ¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-xôGÅ-zÇkô¤ÅwôGÅ-Ť-»ôP-ºzzü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

32

2ü ¤-º²âGÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛBïh-;-fï-zºÛ-¾ô-¼ïºÛ-hPÞ¾-ºzzü annul

mÝÅ-¤ïh-z¸ô-zü

anomaly

1ü uÛ-hP-¤Û-Çô‰¤Å-qü 1ü uÛ-Çô‰¤Å-Ť-±h-GŸÛ-hP-ºG¾2ü ;Ým-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-GP-¸G zºÛ-Vü 2ü uÛ¼-zbP-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-GP-¸G

anonymous

1ü ¤ÛP-¤ïh-qºÛü 2ü ¤ÛP-¬ôÅ-¤ïh-qºÛü

1ü ¤ÛP-¤ïh-qºÛü 2ü ÅÞ-»Ûm-¤ÛP-¬ôÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-GP-¸GŸÛG-mÅü

answer book

¾m-hïzü

iÛ-¾m-ºƒÛ-źÛ-hïzü

answer sheet

¾m-ÁôG

iÛ-¾m-ºƒÛ-źÛ-ÁôG-zÞü

answerability

1ü ºGm-ºDÞ¼ü 1ü ¾Å-hôm-HÛ-ºGm-hzP-»ôh-qºÛ2ü ¾m-ºGm-»ôh-qºÛ-GmÅPP-±ß¾ü ÇePÅü 2ü ¾m-ºhïzÅ-ˆÛ-ºGm-ºFÛ-»ôh-qºÛGmÅ-ÇePÅü

answering

¾m-ºhïzÅ-ºyâ¾-VÅü

D-q¼-zMãh-mÅ-O-wz-hP-zl-¾m-vôh‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºyâ¾-VÅü

antagonist

D-Gbh-qü

GŸm-hP-ºIm-Çkݼ-¼¤-D-Gbh-‚ïh¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

antecedent

ÇS-GmÅ-ˆÛü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-ÇSôm-hÝ-‚ãPzº¤-ºIô-zºÛü

machine

FÛ¤Å-fôG-mÅ-¯ÛÅ-¤ïh-z¸ô-zü

Administration

33

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

antedated

¹-±ïÅ-ÇS-ºGôh-‚Å-qºÛü

hPôÅ-ÅÞ-º‚ãP-MãºÛ-±ïÅ-IPÅ-¾ÅÇS-z¼-z;ôh-qºÛü

antedated cheque

¹-±ïÅ-ÇS-ºGôh-‚Å-qºÛ-TïGº²Ûmü

±ïÅ-IPÅ-ÇS-ºGôh-‚Å-qºÛ-TïGº²Ûmü

anticipated

ÇSôm-hqG-ºIô-Iômü

¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-±ôh-hqG-GÛ-ºIô-ÅôP.ü

anticipated income

ÇSôm-hqG-»ôP-ºzzü

¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-±ôh-hqG-GÛ-»ôP-ÇKôü

anticipated profit

ÇSôm-hqG-Dï-ºzzü

¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-±ôh-hqG-GÛ-Dï-z¸P.ü

anticipated saving

ÇSôm-hqG-GÅôG-ºWôG

¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-±ôh-hqG-GÛ-GÅôG-ºWôG

anticipation

1ü ¼ï-ºhÝmü 2ü ÇSôm-hqG

1ü ¼ï-z-zMz-qº¤-±ôh-hqG-‚ÅqºÛ-PP-±ß¾ü 2ü Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-¾-zdïm-qºÛÇSôm-±ßh-ˆÛ-±ôh-hqG

antique

Gmº-zôºÛü Gmº-¼zÅ-ˆÛü

Gmº-zôºÛ-hÝÅ-mÅ-‚ãP-zº¤-hï-hPºƒï¾-zºÛü

antiquity

1ü ÇS-¼zÅü 2ü ½‰ÛP-Z¤Åü

1ü Gmº-hÝÅ-bïü h¤ÛGÅ-zžhÝ-hÝÅ-¼zÅ-z¼-¤ºÛ-ÇS-¼ô¾-hÝ‚ãP-zü 2ü Gmº-zôº¤-½Û‰P-qºÛ-Eh-VôÅü

apartheid

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-h;¼-mG-h‚ï-º‚ïh(ˆÛ-ÆÛh-WâÅü)

¿Ëô-Íw-¼Û-;ºÛ-mP-¾G-zÇe¼-‚ÅqºÛ-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-h;¼-mG-h‚ï-º‚ïh-ˆÛ-

expenditure

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

34

ÆÛh-WâÅü apathy

vô-ÇoP-Ÿm-qü

Gmh-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-¾-hô-ÇoP-hP-Åï¤Å±ô¼-¤ïh-qü

apex

1ü »P-¯ïü 2ü ¤f¼-fÞG

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-GmÅ-¤fô-ÁôÅü 2ü Gb¤-zXôh-¿e-zÞºÛ-¤fô-½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-¯ï¤ôü

apology

z¸ôh-GÅô¾ü hGôPÅ-Åï¾ü

wôG-fÞG-G¤-mô¼-ºFâ¾-‚ãP-¼ÛGÅ-¾ºHôh-Åï¤Å-Ť-hGôPÅ-hG-fÞGÅzhïm-ŸÝ-±ß¾ü

apparatus

»ô-‚hü ¤Dô-VÅü

‚ïh-ÇKô-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-zOæz-ÇÀh-hÝ-z;ô¾MãºÛ-Vïh-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-hPôÅ-VÅü

apparent

1ü n¤-q¼-Gž-zºÛü 2ü ¤Pôm-ÅÞ¤-HÛü

1ü »Ûh-hP-hzP-qô¼-Gž-qô-ºV¼-zºÛü 2ü zhïm-qº¤-¤Pôm-ÅÞ¤-hÝ-ÇPo -zºÛü

appeal

1ü ŸÝ-ºzôh-‚ïh-qü 2ü GôP-ŸÝ-‚ïh-qü

1ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¼ôGÅ-Bô¼-Vïh-²iG-ºzôh-Ç+ݾ-‚ïh-qü 2ü FÛ¤Å-DP-ºôG-¤-ŸÛG-mÅ-fGzTh-¸Ûm-qºÛ-D-¤Vß-ŸÛG-FÛ¤Å-ÅGôP-¤¼-zB¼-hÝ-ŸÝ-GbàG-‚ïh-qü

appearance

1ü xÛ-±ß¾ü 2ü ÇoP-±ß¾ü

1ü hPôÅ-qôº¤-Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛxÛºÛÇoP-±ß¾ü 2ü hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇPo -±ß¾-¾¤ºV¼-±ß¾ü

Administration

35

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

appeasement

1ü Pô-ÆâP.ü 2ü ŸÛ-fzÅ-Pô-ÆâP.ü

1ü ºhôh-„ôÀ-Çô+P-fzÅ-ˆÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü wm-±ßm-ŸÛ-¤fÞm-¿ËÛP-ºWGÅGmÅ-fzÅ-ÅÞ-hI-zôº¤-z®mÁïh-Tm-HÛ-¤Pôm-ºhôh-Ç+ôPfzÅ-ˆÛ-ÆÛh-‚ãÅü

append

D-Çôom-MG-qü Çoôm-qü

GP-ŸÛG-D-Çoôm-HÛ-±ß¾-hÝ-¢ô¼-zº¤¤fÞh-qü

appendix

1ü ¿Ëm-fzÅü 2ü Mã-¿ËG

1ü hïz-ˆÛ-¤WâG-bà-z;ôh-qºÛ-D-ÇôomHÛ-¯ô¤-OÛG-Mã-Vü 2ü Mã-¤-hP-¾ôP-G-GZÛÅ-ºƒï¾¤±¤Å-mÅ-¾ôGÅ-ÅÞ-m¼-zºÛ¸Å-Ç+ô¤-¤Û-Mã-zºÛ-Mã-¤-y-¾fÞP-z-ŸÛG

appliance

»ô-‚hü

¾Å-hôm-‚ï-ƒG-Oæz-Vïh-ˆÛ-ºyâ¾VÅ-Ť-»ô-VÅü

applicability

¢ô¼-¼ÞP-zºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

¢ô¼-¼ÞP-zº¤-ºWâG-qôºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

applicable

¢ô¼-¼ÞP-zºÛü ºWâG-qºÛü ¾G-zÇe¼-¼ÞP-zºÛü

¾G-zÇe¼-Vïh-uôh-fÞz-qºÛü

applicant

ljm-ŸÝ-ºzÞ¾-¤Ûü

¾Å-;-hPü Gô-GmÅü º²â¾ŸÝGÅ-‚-Mã-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-ljm-ŸÝºzÞ¾-¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

application

ljm-ŸÝü

GôP-¼Û¤-hP-¾Å-GmÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛVïh-hÝ-ºzÞ¾-MãºÛ-»Û-Gï

Administration application

36

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

ljm-ŸÝºÛ-ºGïPÅ-ÁôG

ljm-ŸÝ-ºzÞ¾-MãºÛ-Gmh-hôm-ºGôh-źÛÁôG-¿Ëïü

appointee

zÇ+ôÅ-qºÛ-¤Ûü

¾Å-Çoﺤ-Gô-GmÅ-GP-ŸÛG-bà-zÇ+ôÅqºÛ-GP-¸G

appointment

1ü zÇ+ô-GŸG 2ü hÝÅ-¼ü

1ü ¾Å-Çoï-¿e-zÞ¼-zÇ+ô-º²âGÅü 2ü Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-GmÅGP-hÝ-fÞG-ºyh-‚-MãºÛ-hÝÅ-z;Gz¸ô-zü

appointment

zÇ+ô-GŸG-»Û-Gï

¾Å-Çoï-¿e-zÞ¼-zÇ+ô-º²âGÅ-ˆÛ-»Û-Gï

apportionment

zGô-zÁºü

Ç+¾-zº¤-hݤ-zÞ¼-zGô-ºIï¤Å-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

appraisal

1ü ¼Ûm-fP-Gbm-ºzïzÅü 2ü dôG-ŸÛzü

1ü hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-GôP-±h-h¤¼Ûm-fP-Gbm-ºzïzÅü 2ü ¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-¿-e z-Þ h‚ï-º‚ïh-ˆ-Û hrh-qü

appraise

1ü ¼Ûm-fP-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-‚ïh-qü 1ü ¼Ûm-fP-fG-GTôh-h¤-Gbm-ºzïzÅ2ü ±ôh-hqG-‚ïh-qü ‚ïh-qü 2ü Mã-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-¼Ûm-fP-P¤ÇtäÅ-;ü »P-m-Eôm-ºzô¼-±ôhhqG-‚ïh-qü

appraiser

¼Ûm-fP-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-‚ïh-qôü Å-DP-P¤-mP-ºiïm-hPôÅ-¸ôG ¤D¼¼Ûm-fP-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-‚ïh-¤Dmü hzP-¿e-zÞºÛ-T-hPôÅ-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-fP-GbmºzïzÅ-‚ïh-MãºÛ-hzP-±h-Tm-HÛ-Bï-zôü

form

letter

Administration

37

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

apprehend

1ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-qü 2ü Gô-hôm-dôGÅ-qü

1ü FÛ¤Å-fôG-mÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-qü 2ü Gmh-hôm-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-Gô-hômÁïÅ-qü

apprehension

1ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP.ü 2ü Gô-dôGÅü

1ü ZïÅ-Tm-¾-ÅôGÅ-q-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP‚ïh-±ß¾ü 2ü Gô-dôGÅ-¾ôm-qºÛ-Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛGGÛ-„ÀôºÛ-º²Ûm-ÇePÅü

approach

1ü Zï-z¼-zT¼-zü 2ü fzÅ-¾¤ü ºWâG-ÇôKü

1ü ºI¤-hÝ-Wï-Zï-Wï-Zï¼-ÇÀïzÅ-±ß¾ü 2ü GP-ŸGÛ -hP-Zï-ż-ºWâG-qºÛ-Çô-K hP.ü fzÅ-¾¤ü Gô-Çz+ ÅzTÅü

appropriate

1ü ºôÅ-qôü ºôÅ-ÁÛP-º±¤Å- 1ü hÝÅ-Çz+ Å-Ť-GmÅ-ÇPe Å-‚ïqºÛü ƒG-q-ŸÛG-Vïh-hÝ-¼m-qôº¤2ü ¸Þ¼-ºWôG-‚ïh-qü ºIÛG-qôü 2ü ¾Å-hôm-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸGÛ -G-Û Vïh-h-Ý zïh-uôh-‚-M¼ã -¸¼Þ -ºWôG-‚ïh-qü

approval

1ü z;º-ºFô¾ü 2ü VôG-¤Vmü ºFô¾-Vü

1ü GôP-¼Û¤-HÛÅ-GmP-z-vôh-±ß¾ü 2ü VôG-¤Vmü ¤ôÅ-¤fÞmü z;º-ºFô¾ü

approximate

1ü w¾-Vï¼ü 2ü Zï-z¼-ÇïÀzÅ-qü 3ü ±ôh-hqôG-qü

1ü È-¾¤-bG-bG 2ü GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-Zï-¾ôGÅ-hï-¤-fGbà-ÇÀïzÅ-qü 3ü Çtô¤-±ôh-h¤-¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-fGGTôh-qü

Administration

38

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

approximately

È-¾¤ü w¾-Vï¼ü

TßP-¸h-¤-GbôGÅ-xôGÅ-»ôPÅ-mÅ-ºizº¤-¤fÞm-q-¿e-zÞü

appurtenance

V-¾G-ºw¼-¤ü

mÝÅ-±h-GôP-ºwï¾-GbôP-‚ïh-ˆÛ-D-GÅzˆÛ-V-¾G

aptitude

1ü BïÅ-¯¾ü 1ü ÁïÅ-ÇeôzÅ-Vï-z-¿e-zÞ-BïÅ-ÇeôzÅ-ˆÛ2ü ºWâG-q-¥ã¼-qü „Àô-nô-zü ¯¾-»ôh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü 3ü mÝÅ-qü ºWôm-fP.ü 2ü ¼ÛG-qºÛ-GmÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¢ôP-zhP.ü Gô-dôGÅ-¥ã¼-zºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü 3ü ‚-z-GP-ŸÛG-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅ-Ť-»ôm-bmü

aptitude test

BïÅ-¯¾-±ôh-¿eü

Bï-zô-ŸÛG-¾Å-;-hP.ü ÁïÅ-»ômü ¾G¯¾-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛGÅ-WÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-¾-h¤Û‡zž-hÝ-¼m-¤Ûm-zdG-fzÅ-ˆÛ-±ôh-¿eü

arbitrary

¼P-ÇoP-GP-im-HÛü

FÛ¤Å-¤ïh-¾ÞGÅ-¤ïh-‚Å-q-Çïeü ¼PZÛh-ˆÛ-ºhôh-hôm-hP-zŤ-±ß¾-¾¤ºhÝm-q-Dô-m¼-GŸÛ-zTô¾-zºÛü

arbitrate

1ü z¼-ºhݤ-‚ïh-qü 2ü z¼-ºhݤ-q¼-vôh-qü

1ü xôGÅ-wm-±ßm-hz¼-HÛ-¤Û-¤fÞm-qn¤Å-ºhݤ-q¼-‚ïh-qü 2ü fG-GTôh-‚-MãºÛ-Vïh-hÝ-z¼-ºhݤq¼-¯ÛÅ-vôh-qü

arbitrator

z¼-ºhݤ-qü

¯ôh-hôm-fG-GTôh-‚-Mã¼-ºGm-hzP»ôh-qºÛ-GP-¸G

architecture

1ü DP-z¸ô-¼ÛG-qü

1ü DP-qºÛ-z¸ô-z;ôh-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-qº¤-

Administration

39

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü DP-qºÛ-z¸ô-z;ôhü

Nå-¯¾ü 2ü DP-q-WÛ-¿¼e -z¸ô-zºÛ-ºIôÅŤ-z;ôh-qü

back out

D-hm-±ÛG-¾-¤Û-GmÅ-qü

DÅ-¾ïm-h¤-zTº-¾-¤Û-GmÅ-qü

back payments

vôh-Çkh-ºw¼-ºzzü

¾Å-¤Û-ŸÛG-¾-ÇS-Å-mÅ-JÀ-wôGźw¼-zºÛ-Mã-¤±m-HÛÅ-fôz-qºÛhPÞ¾-ºzzü

backdated

1ü ºhÅ-±ïÅ-z;ôh-qºÛü 2ü ºhÅ-±ïÅ-»¼-¾ôG-GÛ

1ü »ÛG-V-¿-e zÞ-ºhÅ-qºÛ-±ïÅIPÅ-Pô-¤-¾Å-ÇS-zºÛ-±ïÅIPÅ-z;ôh-qü 2ü hÝÅ-±ïÅ-ÇôSm-¤-ŸÛG-mÅ-¯º²Ûm-HÛÅ-Çt¼-V-‚-Mãü (h¤ÛGÅ-zž-J-À wôGÅ-¿-e zÞü)

background

Mz-¿YôPÅü

1ü q¼-hP-¼Û-¤ô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Mz-ˆÛ»Þ¾-¿YôPÅ-Ť-z;ôh-qü 2ü GP-¸G-TÛG-GÛ-¾Å-;ºÛ-¢ôPzl¼-hP.ü ÁïÅ-»ômü Z¤Å¥ôP- ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅü

background paper

1ü Mz-¿ôYPÅ-Gž-zOGÅü 1ü GŸÝP-ŸzÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-Gż2ü Mz-¿ôYPÅ-Gż-ºyÛmü ºGôh-q¼-GŸÝP-GÛ-ÆÛh-‚ãÅŤ- ¾Å-hôm-ŸÛG-GÛ-Mz-¿YôPÅŸÛz-y-Gž-zÁh-‚ïh-źÛGż-ºGôh-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-ŤzT¼-ºiÛü 2ü GŸÝP-GÛ-ÆÛh-‚ãÅ-Ť-‚ïh-ÇKôºÛ-

(backgrounder)

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

40

Mz-¿YôPÅ-Ç+ô¼-ŸÛz-y-Gž-zÁh‚ïh-qºÛ-GŸÝP-ºƒï¾-Gż-ºyÛmm¤-Gż-ÁôG backhander

¯Ûz-lôü

¿+ôG-Qm-HÛ-w¾-Ç+hü

backlog

1ü Mz-ÁÛP.ü iôh-ÆâP.ü 2ü ¾Å-ºyôü 3ü Vïh-Z¼ü

1ü ¤ï-iôh-¤Û-fô¼-zºÛ-Vïh-fz-ˆÛ-Mz¾ôGÅ-ÅÞ-ºWôG-MãºÛ-ÁÛP-hݤ-Vïm-qôŸÛG 2ü ‚Å-¤-±¼-z¼-wÞP-GÅôG-fïzÅqºÛ-¾Å-;ü 3ü ‚ïh-ÇôK-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-ŸÛG-G¤-¤ºôPÅ-qºÛ-Vïh-hÝ-Z¼-±GÅ-‚ÅqºÛ-hPôÅ-qôü

backup

Mz-dïmü

1ü ¼ôGÅ-±z-bà-Z¼-zºÛ-GP-¸G-G¤hPôÅ-qôü 2ü ;¤-qÞ-‡¼-mP-GÛ-»ÛG-V-GP-¼ÞPŸÛG-GÛ-ºi-zÁÝÅ-;¤-qÞ-‡¼-hï-¾Å¾ôGÅ-ÅÞ-Z¼-±GÅ-‚Å-qºÛ-ºizÁÝÅü

backward class

XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-I¾-¼Û¤ü

uÛ-¤±ßPÅ-¿e¼-»¼-MÅ-ºIô-¤-fÞz-qºÛ¤Û-Çkïü

backward tribe

XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-±ô-qü

XïÅ-¾ÞÅ-fïzÅ-qºÛ-±ô-qü

bad conduct

uôh-Pmü

uôh-¾¤-¤Û-¾ïGÅ-qü

bad debt

zÞm-mG

xÛ¼-vôh-¤Û-fÞz-qº¤-ºhïh-DÞPÅ-¤ïh-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

41

qºÛ-zÞ-¾ômü badge

1ü hqÞP-dGÅü 2ü dGÅ-¤ü

1ü ±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-±ôGÅ-¤Ûº¤Gô-GmÅ-¤±ôm-Vïh-¾ÞÅ-ÇeïP-hÝGhGÅ-MãºÛ-¤±ôm-dGÅü 2ü GP-¸G-ŸÛG-¾-G¸ïPÅ-zÇeôhh¤-Vï-zÇeôh-ˆÛ-ÇÀh-hÝ-wÞ¾-zºÛ¤±ôm-dGÅü

baggage

Ç+Ý-VÅü hô-VÅü

ºIâ¾-zBôh-Ç+zÅ-ºEï¼-MãºÛ-T-¾G

bail

1ü Gbº-hPÞ¾ü 2ü DG-ºEG 3ü Gbº-hPÞ¾-HÛÅ-„â-À zü

1ü ZïÅ-º²âGÅ-‚Å-qºÛ-Bï-zô-GPŸÛG-FÛ¤Å-DP-hÝ-GbàG-zÁï¼Ç+zÅ-Pô-zT¼-¤-‚Å-±ï-ºGmDG-¾ïm-¤ÛÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-hݺzÞ¾-Mã¼-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-qºÛ-hPÞ¾ºzzü 2ü ºGm-¾ïm-Gbº-hPÞ¾-ºzÞ¾MãºÛ-DÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-qôü 3ü Gbº-hPÞ¾-zŸG-Çïe-JôÀhz=ô¾-GbôP-zº¤-Gbº-hPÞ¾HÛÅ-„Àâ-zü

bailiff

FÛ¤Å-¼ºÛ-hô-h¤-qü

FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛ-ºGm-ÆâP-¾Å-‚ïhü

bailment

1ü Gbº-hPÞ¾-ºzÞ¾-ºWôG 2ü zTô¾-ºWôG

1ü ZïÅ-º²âGÅ-‚Å-qºÛ-Bï-zô-ŸÛGGÛ-Vïh-hÝ-Gbº-hPÞ¾-ºzÞ¾±ß¾ü 2ü T-hPôÅ-Ť-D¼-hzP-¤Û- GŸm¾-zTô¾-ºWôG-‚-fzÅü

Administration

42

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

balance

1ü ÆP.ü M-¤ü Z-G 2ü ;ü ‚ãP-ÅôP-D-ºfzü Dü ‚ãP-ÅôP-z¼-Ehü 3ü ¿ËG-ºyôü

1ü ¿YÛh-±h-ºW¾-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ô-VÅü 2ü ;ü ¯ÛÅ-FºÛ-‚ãP-ÅôP-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-hô¤Z¤-Çkô¤-ºzô¼ü Dü ¯ÛÅ-FºÛ-‚Pã -ÅôP-hz¼-H-Û Èï-zG 3ü Áݾ-hÝ-¾ÞÅ-qºÛ-¿ËG-¤ü

balance sheet

¯ÛÅ-FºÛ-D-ÁôG ¤fº-Çôk¤¯ÛÅ-ÁôG

±ôP-¾Å-Ť-¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¯ÛÅhÝÅ-PïÅ-Tm-HÛ-D¼-hzP-hP.ü ¤-¯ü zÞ-¾ôm-ÅôGÅ-D-Gž-z;ôh-qºÛ-¯ÛÅ-Fü

balance to trade

±ôP-ºƒï¾-z¼-Ehü

M¾-Dz-TÛG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-»Þm-PïÅ-Tm-¼ÛPM¾-mP-fôm-Bïh-xÛ¼-º±ôP-‚Å-q-hï-hPxÛ-M¾-HÛ-±ôP-¸ôG-mP-ºiïm-‚Å-qGZÛÅ-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-fP-z¼-Ehü

balanced budget

hô-¤Z¤-ÇSôm-¯ÛÅü

hÝÅ-»Þm-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-GÛ-ºIô-Iôm-hP»ôP-ºzz-V-¤Z¤-qºÛ-ÇSôm-¯ÛÅü

ballot

1ü ºôÅ-ÁôG 2ü (GÅP-zºÛ)ºôÅ-zÇkÝü

1ü ‚ï-ƒG-bà-GÅP-zºÛ-ºôÅ-ÁôG-ºwïmÇ+zÅ-ˆÛ-ºôÅ-zÇkݺÛ-ÁôG-¿Ëïü 2ü ‚ï-ƒG-bà-GÅP-zºÛ-ºôÅ-ÁôG-zÇkݾïm-‚ïh-ÇePÅü

ballot box

ºôÅ-ÇK¤ü

ºôÅ-zÇkݺÛ-Ç+zÅ-ºôÅ-ÁôG-¿kÝG-źÛÇK¤ü

ban

1ü z;G-Mü 2ü z;G-Çôk¤ü 3ü GmÅ-h‚ãP-ü

1ü ‚-GŸG-GP-ŸÛG-ºGôG-Çôk¤-‚ïhqºÛ-z;º-Mü 2ü ZïÅ-Vh-¿-e zÞÅ-¼P-GÛ-GmÅ-»Þ¾mÅ-fG-¼ÛP-hÝ-ºzÞh-qü

(trade balance)

Administration

43

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

3ü ±ôGÅ-qº¤-BÛh-ÇÝkG-¿-e zÞ-mÅxÛ¼-ºzÞh-‚ïh-qü band

1ü ºVÛP-fG Çkï¤-fG 2ü ¼ô¾-VºÛ-¼Þ-DG

banishment

MP-ºzÞhü (»Þ¾-)uåGÅü Åô-ÅôºÛ-»Þ¾-mÅ-xÛ¼-ºzÞh-qº¤MP-ºzÞh-GbôP-zü

bank

1ü hPÞ¾-DP.ü 2ü PôGÅü Vß-ºI¤ü 3ü z;¼-ºWâG

1ü hPÞ¾-HÛ-±ôP-hôm-¾Å-DÞPÅÁÛG-Çeï-GP-hÝ-hPÞ¾-¾ô¼-zTô¾ºWôG-hP.ü ¤-hPÞ¾-º²âGÅqü zÞm-G»¼-GbôP-zü hPÞ¾¾ô¼-zXï-¾ïm-‚-»Þ¾ü 2ü ¤±ô-hP-¤±ïºÞ-º¤-G®P-qôºÛD-ºI¤-HÛ-Å-Mãh-PôGÅü 3ü GmÅ-±ß¾-²-iG-G¤-¤-ºôPÅqºÛ-hGôÅ-¤DôºÛ-Vïh-GÅôGºWôG-‚Å-qºÛ-Gm-¤²ôhü

bank account

hPÞ¾-DP-¯ÛÅ-Fü

¤Û-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¿e¼hPÞ¾-ºhôm-ºWâG-‚ïh-VôG-qºÛhPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-¯ÛÅ-ºGô

bank balance

hPÞ¾-DP-¿ËG-zÇkhü

hÝÅ-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-¾-hPÞ¾-DP-¯ÛÅFºÛ-mP-»ôh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼ü

bank book

hPÞ¾-DP-¾G-hïzü

hPÞ¾-DP-mÅ-hPÞ¾-zTô¾-¤Dm-¼ï-

1ü T-hPôÅ-¿-e zÞ-¤P-qô-¤Z¤-hÝÇkï¤-‚ïh-ˆÛ-OôG-fG-Æz-¤ôü 2ü ¼ô¾-V-¤Z¤-GbôP-‚ïh-¤DmHÛ-Çkï-DG

Administration

44

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

¼ï¼-hïz-VßP-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-¤Û-Åô-ÅôºÛ-hPÞ¾‚ãP-ÅôP-GÛ-¯ÛÅ-F-ºGôh-źÛ-hïz-VßP.ü bank credit

hPÞ¾-DP-zÞ-¾ômü

hPÞ¾-DP-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-Gbº-¤-zŸG-XïÅhPÞ¾-DP-hï-mÅ-G»ô¼-¾ïm-VôG-qºÛhPÞ¾-ºzô¼-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG

bank draft

hPÞ¾-DP-^z-º²Ûmü

hPÞ¾-DP-GTÛG-mÅ-GTÛG-zMãh-fh¾ïm-‚-MãºÛ-hPÞ¾-º²Ûm-ŸÛG

bank guarantee

hPÞ¾-DP-ºGm-¾ïmü

zÞ-¾ôm-zbP-z-ŸÛG-¾-xÛÅ-ÅÞ-vôh-ºW¾¤-fÞz-±ï-hPÞ¾-DP-¾-ºW¾-vôh-‚ïhMãºÛ-ºGm-¾ïm-HÛ-Gm-Mü

bank holiday

hPÞ¾-DP-GÝP-ÅïP.ü

hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-GŸÝP-hôm-GÝP-ÅïP-GÛ-ZÛm¤ôü

bank rate

hPÞ¾-DP-Bïh-fP.ü

M¾-Dz-TÛG-GÛ-hPÞ¾-DP-hzÞÅ-¤ÅM¾-mP-GÛ-M¾-»ôPÅ-hPÞ¾-DP-DG-¾hPÞ¾-zÞm-G»ô¼-zºÛ-Bïh-;ºÛ-ºzz-±hü

bank statement

hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-¯ÛÅ-zXôhü

hPÞ¾-DP-ŸÛG-mÅ-hPÞ¾-DP-hïºÛ-mPhPÞ¾-zTô¾-¤Dm-¤Û-¼ï-Pô-¼ï¼-hÝÅÇ+zÅ-Åô-Åô¼-z¸ô-zºÛ-‚ãP-ÅôP-zÇkhGÅÞ¤-HÛ-¯ÛÅ-Fü

banker

hPÞ¾-DP-hô-h¤-qü hPÞ¾-DP-zhG-qôü

hPÞ¾-DP-ŸÛG-GÛ-zhG-qôº¤-ºGm-»ôhqºÛ-¾Å-Çoïü

banking

1ü hPÞ¾-DP-¾Å-hômü

1ü hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-Dï-¾Å-hP-ºƒï¾-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

45

2ü hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-¾Å-;ü

zºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü 2ü hPÞ¾-DP-zhG-qôº¤-ºGmº²Ûm-HÛ-¾Å-;ü

banking company

hPÞ¾-DP-±ôP-Çkïü

hPÞ¾-zTô¾-ºWôG-hP-zÞm-GbôP-‚ïhqºÛ-Dï-¾Å-OÛG-º²âGÅ-ÁÛG

banking facilities

hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-¤fÞm-Aïmü

hPÞ¾-DP-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGňÛ-V-Aïmü

banking service

hPÞ¾-DP-ŸzÅ-ŸÝü

hPÞ¾-¾Å-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ÆÛ-ŸÝü

bankrupt

¤-¯-lÛz-qü

FÛ¤Å-fôG-mÅ-zÞ-¾ôm-G®P-ºW¾‚ïh-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûmü

bankruptcy

¤-¯-lÛz-qºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü

Dï-¾Å-Ť-¤Û-ÇKï¼-q-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅzÞ-¾ôm-G®P-ºW¾-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-GmÅÇePÅü

banner

1ü ºyïh-h¼ü 2ü ºGô-zXôh-Vïm-¤ôü

1ü ¤²ïÅ-z;ôh-h¤-Ez-zOGÅ-ˆÛ¼Å-GŸÛ-m¼-¤ôü 2ü ±GÅ-q¼-H-Û ºGô-zXôh-Vï-ŸPÛ ¼ÛP-zü

banquet

GÅô¾-Çeôm-MÅ-qü

1ü I-MÅ-ÁÛP-¸Å-¼ÛGÅ-Ç-o º²ô¤Å-Tm-HÛ-Çeôm-¤ôü 2ü GP-¸G-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-¾-Vï¤fôP-P¤-hÝÅ-±ÛGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛVïh-hÝ-zÁ¤Å-qºÛ-Çeôm-¤ôü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

46

bar

1ü 2ü 3ü 4ü

bar code

GÅP-fÛG

±ôP-¸ôG-GÛ-¼Ûm-ºzz-D-IPÅ-GTÛG-mÅhGÝ-z¼-¤±ôm-‚ïh-ˆÛ-fÛG-¼ÛÅ-y-Ç~ô¤-Ço±ôGÅ-¤Z¤-zÁÛzÅ-ÅÞ-z;ôh-qºÛ-GÅPdGÅü

bargain

1ü ±ôP-OÛG-qü 2ü Zô-¤Dm-HÛ-Dï-wmü

1ü hPôÅ-µÅ-Zô-±ôP-P¤-zXï-±ôP-Çz+ żÛm-GôP-Gb¤Å-qº¤-OÛG-qü 2ü hPôÅ-µÅ-Zô-¤Dm-ŸÛG-¾-fôz-qºÛDï-wmü

bargaining

¼Ûm-GôP-Gb¤Å-qü

Zô-±ôP-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-q-Çtô¼-GTôG-GÛ-GôzÇkݼü

barrack

h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-Çkôh-DP.ü

h¤G-hqÞP-zTº-Çôhk -‚ïh-źÛ-DP-qü

barrage

1ü zTh-¼GÅü 2ü ¤±ôm-¼GÅü

1ü G®P-qô-ŸÛG-mÅ-ŸÛP-Vß-ºiïm-qhP.ü JÀôG-¤Dô-ºhôm-‚ïh-qü ;ô-z-w¼-±ß¼-ºIô-zBôh-zhï-zÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-ºyïh-zTh-hÝzMz-qºÛ-¼GÅü 2ü hI-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-¤hÝm-¤VôP-‚ïhÇ+zÅ-±ß¼-Lô¾-ºGôG-fzÅ-ÅÞ¤ï-NôGÅ-¿e-zÞ-¤±ôm-¤±¤Å-

VP-DP.ü z;G-ºGôG FÛ¤Å-¯ôh-qü FÛ¤Å-¼ü

1ü 2ü 3ü 4ü

VP-¼G-ºfÞP-źÛ-DP-qü z;G-Çkô¤-HÛ-‚-GŸG FÛ¤Å-¯hô -qºÛ-Eh-VÅô -±P-zºÛ-¤-Û Çüïk FÛ¤Å-DP-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-Zm-ŸÛzÇ+zÅ-FÛ¤Å-hqôm-hP.ü Fۤůôh-q-zTÅ-ˆÛ-Çkôh-źÛ-¼-zü

Administration

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º²Ûm-BôP-ü

ºWôG-¤ïh-q¼-ºwïm-qºÛ-Lô¾fzÅ-ÁÛG barren

¼zÅ-Vhü

zÞ-yâG-¿e-zÞ-¼P-GÛ-Mãh-xÛ-¤-Bï-ÇtﾤÛ-fÞz-qü

barren land

Å-Lôhü

wm-fôGÅ-¿km-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¤Û-Bï-zºÛÅ-V-f-Lôhü

barrier

1ü ºGG 2ü zTh-¤±¤Åü

1ü ¼-Ç+ô¼-¿e-zÞ-¤Û-hP-hÝh-ºIô-Åô‡w¼-±ß¼-ºIô-ºôP-ºGôG-‚ïhü 2ü Å-V-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-h‚ï-¤±¤Åü

barter

zXï-±ôP.ü

hPÞ¾-zïh-uôh-¤-zbP-z¼-±ôP-¸ôGG¤-ŸzÅ-ŸÝºÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅ-wm-±ßmzXï-¼ïÅ-ˆÛ-±ôP-¾Åü

base

¤-ÇK¼ü

OÛG-º²âGÅ-hP.ü ‚ïh-ÇôKü ¤fÞmAïm-¤Dô-vôh-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¿eï-GmÅü

baseless

GŸÛ-¤ïhü

Mã-¤±m-hP-hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-±ß¾HÛ-GŸÛ-¯-¤ïh-qü

basement

ºôG-DP.ü

DP-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-Å-PôÅ-¾Å-V-ÁÅ-ŤÉÛ¾-qô-h¤º-zºÛ-DP-qü

basic

©P-GŸÛºÛü GŸÛ-¯ºÛü

1ü ¤ïh-hÝ-¤Û-¼ÞP-qºÛ-©P-GŸÛºÛIâz-Vº¤-Pô-zôü 2ü basic training ¾-¿ôeÅü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

48

basic training

©P-GŸÛºÛ-¢ôP-zl¼ü

h¤G-¤Û-Gż-ŸÝGÅ-q¼-vôh-MãºÛ-GŸÛ¼Û¤-HÛ-¢ôP-zl¼ü

basis

GŸÛ-¯ü

¯-hôm-m¤-Mã-¤±m-¿e-zÞ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïPhÝ-‚-hPôÅ-Vï-Gï-¤ô-GP-»P-©P-GŸÛºhÛP-Åü

batch

1ü Çkïz-z¸ôÅü 2ü ; ¤Dô-ºzô¼ü D fôm-ºzô¼ü 3ü Çkïü hݤ-zÞü

1ü hÝÅ-GTÛG-bà-¤Z¤-z¸ô-‚Å-qºÛzG-¾ïz-ˆÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼ü 2ü ; ¾Å-fïPÅ-GTÛG-¾-hGôÅ-qºÛºzô¼ü D ¾Å-fïPÅ-GTÛG-GÛ-fôm-ºzô¼ü 3ü ¤Ûº¤-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-±ôGÅ-DG

batten

1ü ÆâzÅ-ÁÛP.ü 2ü qP-GT¾ü

1ü ÇKô-hP-HP-¯ÛG-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-qP-¾ïzhz¼-HÛ-ÆâzÅ-D-ºGïz-MãºÛ-ÁÛP¾ïz-Æz-qô-m¼-¤ô-ŸÛG 2ü DP-qºÛ-Ÿ¾-z¼-ºhÛP-MãºÛ-qP-¾ïzm¼-¤ôü

beauty spot

¿e-m-ÇkÝG-qºÛ-GmÅü

¤²ïÅ-ÁPÛ -»hÛ -h-Ý ºôP-z¼-º²Ûm-qºÛ-Å-Vü

bedding

1ü ¤¾-VÅü 2ü hÝh-ºIôºÛ-ºôG-Çme ü

1ü ÇeïP-hÝ-Hôm-MãºÛ-Z¾-VÅü 2ü ºWG-¯Ó-¿e-zÞ-hÝh-ºIô-Z¾-żºhÛP-MãºÛ-hPôÅ-¼ÛGÅü

bee keeping

£P-¤-GÅô-BôP.ü

£P-¯Û-fôm-Bïh-ˆ-Û Vïh-h-Ý £P-¤-GÅô-zü

before hand

ÇS-Å-mÅü

hÝÅ-Ť-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¾Å-ÇS-zü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

49

behaviour

uôh-¾¤ü

ºIô-ºhÝG-uôh-¾¤-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-GÁÛžÞGÅü

belief

»Ûh-VïÅü

fï-±ô¤-¤ïh-q¼-zhïm-q¼-º²Ûm-qºÛ„Àôü

bellhop / boy

¾G-hôü

¤Iôm-DP-ŸÛG-mÅ-Ç+Ý-¤Iôm-HÛ-hôVÅ-ºô¼-ºiïm-¿e-zÞºÛ-xG-¼ôGÅ-ŸÝ¤Dm-hÝ-JÀÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-¤Ûü

below par

±h-GŸÛ-¾Å-Ÿm-qºÛü

Mãm-¿km-m¤-hGôÅ-PïÅ-ˆÛ-±h-GŸÛ¾Å-h¤º-zºÛü

bench

1ü FÛ¤Å-hqôm-¿Ëm-±ôGÅü 2ü ¾Å-FÛü 3ü FÛ-ÁÛP-m¼-¤ôü

1ü FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-ÇPe Å-º²Ûm-‚ïh¤Dm-HÛ-ºhÝÅ-±ôGÅü 2ü ÁÛP-z¸ôº¤-ºyâ¾-¾Å-qºÛ-z¸ôÇeïGÅü 3ü ¤Û-GZÛÅ-Ť-hï-¾Å-¤P-zÇkôh-źÛ-@Ýz-ÇeïGÅ-¼ÛP-¤ôü

benchmark

±h-GŸÛü

‚-hPôÅ-ÁÛG-¾-±h-ºW¾-zº¤hrh-q-GbôP-Ç+zÅ-zïh-uôh-qºÛºW¾-GŸÛü

beneficial

Dï-wm-Tmü

wm-fôGÅ-»ôh-qºÛü

beneficiary

Dï-wm-fôz-¤Dmü

D-Vï¤Å-hP.ü Zïm-ÆâP-¿-e zÞ-mÅ-Mãmô¼-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Dï-wm-fôz-¤Dmü

benefit

1ü Dï-wmü

1ü wm-fôGÅ-Ť-¤fÞm-qºÛ-Aïm-hÝ-

Administration

50

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü hGôÅ-hPÞ¾-ºhÝ-ºGôhü

ºHã¼-zºÛ-‚-hPôÅü 2ü ¤Û-ÇïK¼-ŸÛG-G¤-¾Å-hôm-ŸÛG-¾h¤ÛGÅ-qºÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-ºhÝ-ºGôhˆÛ-Vïh-GZï¼-¾Å-ºGݾü

benefit of doubt

hôGÅ-GŸÛºÛ-Dï-wmü

FÛ¤Å-fG-GTôh-Ç+zÅ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛzhïm-hqP-V-¤-±P-zºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-ZïŤïh-hÝ-¯Û-zü

benevolence

1ü wm-Åï¤Åü 2ü GŸm-wmü

1ü ¤Û-GŸm-¾-zhï-BÛh-Cæm-ºhôh-ˆÛzŤ-qü 2ü GŸm-¾-wm-q-Oæz-qºÛ-‚-zü

benevolent fund

GŸm-wm-fïzÅ-¯ü

GŸm-¾-wm-IôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-h¤ÛGÅqºÛ-fïzÅ-¯ü

bequeath

1ü Áݾ-º²Ûm-D-Vï¤Å-ºWôG-qü 1ü Áݾ-º²Ûm-zhG-fôz-ˆÛ-D-Vï¤ÅºWôG-qü 2ü zMãh-vôh-‚ïh-qü 2ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GTÛG-GÛÅ-GŸmŸÛG-¾-vôh-qü

bequest

Áݾ-µÅü Áݾ-zŸG

Áݾ-º²Ûm-zhG-fôz-ˆÛ-D-Vï¤Å-zŸGqºÛ-Mã-mô¼ü

bereaved

¥-Pm-HÛÅ-môm-qºÛü

¼P-GÛ-hGº-Zï-IôPÅ-qºÛ-¥-Pmü

betray

1ü mP-Gb¤-xÛ¼-Bï¾ü 2ü ÇÀâ-zü

1ü ¤Ûº¤-‚-hPôÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-Çô+¼-HÛ-¼PxôGÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-hI-zô¼-¤Dôvôh-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼P-¾-»Ûh-VïÅ-„Àô-ºGï¾-‚ïh-

Administration

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º²Ûm-BôP-ü

¤Û¼-h¤-±ÛG-¾-M-¤-ÆâP-z¼Ÿïm-q-¾ôG-bà-ºWâG-qü betterment

»¼-MÅ-GôP-ºwï¾ü

»¼-MÅ-ˆ-Û xôGÅ-Å-Þ Bôh-qºÛ-ºHã¼-zü

beverage

zbàP-zü Ç+ô¤ü

Vß-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-zbàP-zºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

bias

xôGÅ-¿ËàP.ü xôGÅ-¼ÛÅü

¯ôh-½‰ôG-fG-GTôh-ˆÛ-Gmh-hôm-hPºƒï¾-zºÛ-iP-zhïm-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-¿e±ß¾ü

bibliography

hqï-fôü

¯ô¤-q-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-z¯¤Å-VôÅ-ˆÛ-¤ÛPÅôGÅ-D-Gž-z;ôh-qºÛ-fôº¤-¯ô¤q-qô-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-z¯¤Å-VôÅ-GP-ŸÛGºƒÛ-Ç+zÅ-hïºÛ-mP-¾ÞP-ºiïm-‚ÅqºÛ-hqï-VºÛ-¤ÛP-ÅôGÅ-D-Gžz;ôh-qºÛ-fô-GŸÝP.ü

bicameral

IôÅ-±ôGÅ-¸ÞP-¿kmü

IôÅ-±ôGÅ-GôP-ºôG-GZÛÅ-¿km-HÛFÛ¤Å-z¸ô-¿Ëm-±ôGÅü

bid

¼Ûm-GôP-MG-qü

‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾-Gb¤Å-qºÛ-¼ÛmGôP-ü

biennial

¾ô-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛü

¾ô-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛ-mP-fïPÅ-¤-¼ï-º‚ãPzºÛ-‚ãP-zü

biennial report

¾ô-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛ-ljm-fôü

¾ô-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛ-mP-fïPÅ-¤-¼ï-º‚ãPzºÛ-ljm-fôü

Administration

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º²Ûm-BôP-ü

bifurcate

GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-h‚ï-zü

hݤ-zÞ-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-zGô-zº¤-»m-¾GGZÛÅ-ÅÞ-HïÅ-qü

bigamy

z¸º-GÅÞ¤-mG-ZïÅü

Bï-zô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-z¸º-¹-º±ôGmÅ-»ôh-zŸÛm-hÝ-FÛ¤Å-fôG-mÅ-D-¤HïÅ-q¼-¹-zô-GŸm-ŸÛG-z®¾-mÅ-GZïmOÛG-‚Å-qºÛ-mG-ZïÅü

bilateral

xôGÅ-GZÛÅ-ˆÛü

xôGÅ-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-‚Å-qº¤-xôGÅGZÛÅ-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-‚-GŸG

bilingual

Ç+h-GZÛÅ-(ˆÛü)

Ç+h-GZÛÅ-hP-ºƒï¾-zº¤ü »P-m-Çh+ GZÛÅ-Ám-¢¼ü

bill

1ü fôz-º²Ûmü 2ü FÛ¤Å-ºV¼ü 3ü ¢¼-»ÛG zl-»ÛG

1ü T-hPôÅ-ˆÛ-¼Ûm-ºzz-z¤-¾Å-hôm-HÛn¤-IPÅ-ÅôGÅ-z;ôh-qºÛ-º²Ûm»ÛG 2ü FÛ¤Å-z¸ô-¿Ëm-DP-ŸÛG-¾-GbmºzïzÅ-Vïh-ºV¼-ºzÞ¾-‚Å-qºÛFÛ¤Å-»ÛG-¸Ûm-ƒÛÅü 3ü ‚ïh-ÇôK-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-Çô+¼-GžzOGÅ-ˆÛ-¢¼-»ÛG

bill of entry

±ôP-F¾-fô-GŸÝP.ü

Áô-F¾-¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÅÞ-xÛ¼-±ôP-P¤ü »Pm-mP-ºiïm-Vïh-º‚ô¼-zºÛ-hPôÅ-¸ôG-fôGŸÝP.ü

bill of exchange

vôh-º²Ûm-Gm-»ÛG

uÛ¼-M¾-uÛºÛ-±ôP-ºƒï¾-Ç+zÅ-±ôGÅ-qGTÛG-GÛÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-¾-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-Bïh-;-¤ïh-q¼-ÇSôm-±ßh-

Administration

53

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

mÅ-fG-zTh-qºÛ-¹-±ïÅ-¾-vôh-MãºÛz;º-ÁôG bill of lading

hôÅ-º²Ûmü

hôÅ-¸ôG-hzô¼-ºiïm-qÅ-zhG-qô¼-vôhqºÛ-hPôÅ-¸ôG-G-Û n¤-IPÅ-hP.ü hzô¼-ºiïm-V-Aïm-Gž-zºÛ-»GÛ -Vü

bimonthly report

1ü ¹-xïh-Çm‰ -fôü 2ü ¹-GZÛÅ-Çm‰ -fôü

¹-¼ï¼-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-¼ïº¤-¹-z-GZÛżïºÛ-¤±¤Å-ˆÛ-ljm-fôü

binder

1ü hïz-z¸ô-¤Dmü 2ü º²Ûm-Dïzü

1ü hqï-hïz-¿Ëà-OÛG-hP.ü Mz-ÁMG-¤Dmü 2ü ÁôG-zÞ-¿ËàG-¤-¤Z¤-hÝ-º²ÛmqºÛ-»ô-VÅ-Tm-HÛ-Mz-ÁôG

binding

1ü (hïz-ˆÛ-)Mz-Áü 2ü G»ô¾-fzÅ-¤ïh-qºÛü

1ü hqï-hïz-ˆÛ-Mz-¤hÝm-xÛ-Dïzü 2ü G»ô¾-hÝ-¤Û-¼ÞP-zºÛ-DÅ-¾ïmm¤-¾Å-ºGmü

bio data

¤Û-±ïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ljÛP-zÇkÝÅü

GP-¸G-ÇïK¼-HÛ-Bï-±ïÅ-hP.ü Áïűh-Z¤Å-¥ôP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-ljÛPzÇkÝÅü

bipartite

ÁôG-DG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛü

V-ÁÅ-Ť-xôGÅ-DG-GZÛÅ-»ôh-qºÛü

bipartite

ÁôG-DG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-IôÅ-¤fÞmü

xôGÅ-DG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-fÞm-¤ôP-hÝzŸG-qºÛ-IôÅ-¤fÞmü

BïÅ-±ïÅ-¾G-ºEï¼ü

BïÅ-¾ô-BïÅ-±ïÅ-hP.ü Bï-»Þ¾ü w-¤ºÛ-¤ÛP-zTÅ-z;ôh-qºÛ-GŸÝP-

agreement birth certificate

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

54

ºƒï¾-»ÛG-Vü birth control

Bï-ºGôG

h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Bï-ºGôG-GÛ-fzÅ-¾¤zïh-uh-hï-¼P-ºhôh-zŸÛm-zÞ-yâG-Bïºwï¾-±ôh-º²Ûm-‚ïh-fzÅü

birth date

BïÅ-±ïÅü

Bï-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-±ïÅ-IPÅü

birth day

BïÅ-Ç+¼ü

BïÅ-qºÛ-ZÛm-¤ôº¤-hïºÛ-¾ô-ºDô¼-HÛ-ZÛm¤ôü

birth mark

Á-¤±mü Á-dGÅü

Bï-hÝÅ-mÅ-Á-qGÅ-ˆÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-©ïzÞ-hP-Á-¤±mü

birth place

Bï-»Þ¾ü

¼P-ZÛh-GP-hÝ-Bï-źÛ-GmÅü

birth rate

Bï-ºwï¾-IPÅ-±hü

Å-DÞ¾-ŸÛG-GÛ-¤Û-ºzô¼-¾-GŸÛGÅ-qºÛyâ-GÝ-WÛ-BïÅ-ˆÛ-IPÅ-±hü

biweekly

1ü zhÝm-yG-GZÛÅ-¼ï¼-fïPÅ-¼ï-‚ãP1ü zhÝm-GZÛÅ-¼ïºÛü zºÛü 2ü zhÝm-¼ï¼-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-¼ïºüÛ 2ü zhÝm-yG-GTÛG-GÛ-mP-fïPÅGZÛÅ-¼ï-‚ãP-zºÛü

black economy

¾ôG-qºÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼ü hq¾-º‚ô¼-mG-qôü

GŸÝP-GÛ-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-¤ïh-q¼-¿+ôG-bà-ÇKï¼DG-GÛ-hPÞ¾-w¼-vôh-±ß¼-¾ïm-‚ïh-źÛhq¾-º‚ô¼-HÛ-±m-qü

black market

mG-±ôP-Fô¤-¼ü

FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛÅ-hPôÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Zô-±ôP‚ïh-Åü

Administration

55

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

blackleg

F¤-q-@P-mG wô-¼ôG-h;¼-qôü

¾Å-¤Û-GŸm-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-¾Å¤±¤Å-Pô-Lô¾-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-¤Z¤ŸÝGÅ-¤-‚Å-q¼-¤Þ-¤fÞh-¾Å-;‚ïh-¤Ûü

blacklist

fô-GŸÝP-mG-qôü

hzP-º²Ûm-q-GTÛG-G¤-hÝ-¤Å-Džïm-hP.ü »Ûh-dôm-¤Û-¼ÞP-z¼-¯ÛÅqºÛ-GP-¸G-G¤-M¾-Dz-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛfô-GŸÝP.ü

blackmail

¤±P-ºhôm-ÇkÛGÅ-Ç+ݾü

GŸm-HÛ-GÅP-zºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-¾¤mG-ZïÅ-xÛ-zOGÅ-‚-MãºÛ-ÇkÛGÅÇ+ݾ-‚Å-bï-hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-Ȥ-ºyôG‚ïh-qº¤-¼P-GÛ-¾Å-hôm-Oæz-bàºWâG-qü

blacksmith

¤G¼-zü ¿UGÅ-z¸ô-zü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zlÝPÅ-mÅ-»ô-‚h-z¸ô¤Dm-HÛ-¾G-ÁïÅ-z¸ô-¾Å-qü

blame

DG-h=Ûü Bôm-º²âGÅü DG-h=Û-zü Bôm-º²âGÅ-qü

ZïÅ-ºGm-G»ôG-qº¤-ljh-ºhôGÅqü

blank

1ü ÇeôP-qü 2ü Åï¤Å-ÇôeP.ü >Àh-ÇôeP.ü

1ü hPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇïeP-»Û-GïhP.ü G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰mü dGÅ¿e-zÞ-GP-»P-¤ïh-qü 2ü zŤ-„ôÀº¤-ºV¼-ÇPo -HÛÅhzïm-qºÛ-Åï¤Åü

blank cheque

TïG-º²Ûm-ÇeôP-qü

hô-zhG-GÛ-¤ÛP-dGÅ-z;ôh-¼ÞPhPÞ¾-HÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼-¤-z;ôh-qºÛ-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

56

TïG-º²Ûm-ŸÛG blank

¤ÛP-¤ïh-VôG-¤Vmü

TïG-º²Ûm-ÅôGÅ-hPÞ¾-DP-GÛ-hPÞ¾º²Ûm-ÇeïP-vôh-»Þ¾-¤ÛP-Gž-¤-ºDôhq¼-vôh-º²Ûm-hï-¤Û-ÅÞºÛ-¾G-bà-»ôh-q-hï¾-vôh-ºfÞÅ-ˆÛ-VôG-¤Vmü

blast

ºz¼-GÅü

µÅ-¤ïº¤-ºz¼-µÅ-¿e-zÞºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-iGVï-zºÛ-ºz¼-fô¼ü

blending

zÆï-¢ô¼ü

D-hôG-¿e-zÞ-¤Z¤-hÝ-zÆï-zº¤-Çkïz-qü

blind school

¾ôP-zºÛ-ÇÀôz-IÔ

¤ÛG-GÛ-hzP-qô-Bôm-Tm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-IÔ

block

1ü IôP-JÛPÀ .ü 2ü DP-Çïkü

1ü IôP-Eï¼-mP-GÛ-DP-q-hÝ-¤-hP.ü ¾¤-GŸÝP-Tm-HÛ-Å-Eôm-Iâ-zŸÛ-m¼¤ô-ŸÛG 2ü GŸÛ-M-Vï-zºÛ-DP-q-ŸÛG-V-zGôÅzbP-zºÛ-±m-qü

block letter

»ÛG-Vïmü

ºEãG-»ÛG-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-»ÛG-G¸ÞGÅü

blockade

z;G-ºGôG

M¾-Dz-hP.ü Å-DÞ¾ü IôP-Eï¼ü ¤±ô-D-ÅôGÅ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-z¼-hI-zôÅhqÞP-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-±ôP-¾Å-hP-ºIÛ¤ºIâ¾-HÛ-ºIô-ºôP-z;G-Çkô¤ü

blocked

z;G-M-Tm-HÛ-¯ÛÅ-Fü

Gbº-¤-Gż-ºWôG-¤-‚Å-q¼-¤-@Pºw¼-¤-Zô-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü

endorsement

account

Administration

57

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

blocked currency

z;º-M-Tm-HÛ-hPÞ¾ü

M¾-mP-hÝ-ºIô-MãG-®¤-¾Å-xÛºÛzXï-±ôP-Fô¤-¼¼-ºIô-MãG-VßP-zºÛhPÞ¾ü ºhÛ-¾-zXï-Nå¼-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛhPÞ¾-»P-¸ï¼ü

blood bank

FG-¤²ôhü

uÛ¼-Ǩm-DP-ŸÛG-GÛ-±ôh-¿e-DP-GÛ-Çkï±m-ŸÛG-Çïeü GP-hÝ-FG-¢Ûm-‚ÅqºÛ-FG-¼ÛGÅ-Åô-Åô¼-xï-Çeï-¤-ºôPÅqºÛ-mh-q-±ôºÛ-hGôÅ-¤DôºÛ-Vïh-hÝGÅôG-ºWôG-hP-zhG-Z¼-‚ïh-Åü

blood donation

FG-¢Ûmü

mh-q-±ôºÛ-²-iG-GÛ-hGôÅ-¤DôºÛVïh-hÝ-¼P-GÛ-¾ÞÅ-qôºÛ-FG-¢Ûm-qü

blood relations

Á-Zïü

FG-GÛ-Mãh-q-GTÛG-q-»Ûm-qºÛGZïm-ºƒï¾ü

blotting paper

B-ÁôG ºWÛz-ÁôG

ÇoG-µôz-ºWÛz-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ÁôG-zÞü

blue collar job

GôP-z-ÇSôm-qôºÛ-¾Å-;ü

z¸ô-IÔºÛ-mP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-ˆÛ-¾Å-;-¤»Ûm-qºÛ-P¾-¯ô¾-HÛ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü

blueprint

1ü ÇSô-¼ÛÅü 2ü ºV¼-¼ÛÅü

1ü DP-qº¤-ºyâ¾-VÅ-¿-e zÞ-z¸ôºV¼-HÛ-z;ôh-q-Mz-¿YôPÅÇSôm-qôºÛ-ÇeïP-fÛG-¼ÛÅ-h;¼-qô¤Pôm-qºÛ-hqï-¼ÛÅü 2ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-±ß¾-WÛ-¿¼e Oæz-q¼-Çeôm-qºÛ-ºV¼-GŸÛü

bluff

¸ôG-zÇÀâ-‚ïh-qü

¾¤-mô¼-zÇem-qº¤-¤Gô-Ç+ô¼-GbôP-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

58

zü board

¿Ëm-MÅü

ÇePÅ-º²Ûm-‚-MãºÛ-hzP-±h-¿km-qºÛ±ôGÅ-VßP.ü

board of

PïÅ-Çeôm-¿Ëm-MÅü

Dï-¾Å-Ť-OÛG-º²âGÅ-Vï-DG-GÛ-¾Åhôm-º²Ûm-BôP-Vïh-zh¤Å-qºÛ-¤Û-±ôGÅÁÛG

boarder

1ü GmÅ-J¼À -Çôkh-¤Dmü 2ü Gbm-Çôkh-ÇôÀz-yâG

1ü DP-J-À hP-¿ôe-¼Ûm-vh-mÅ-Çôkh¤Dm-m¤-¿eô-¼Ûm-vh-mÅ-¸-¤-¸¤Dmü 2ü Gbm-ºWGÅ-ÇôÀz-IºÔ Û-mP-Çôkh¤Dm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG

bodyguard

Ç+Ý-ÆâP-zü

hqôm-¼ÛGÅ-¿e-zÞºÛ-GP-¸G-TÛG-¾-ZïmÆâP-‚ïh-qôü

bogey/bogie

¼Û-¾ÛºÛ-DP-¤ÛG

ºDô¼-¤hº-GTÛG-hP-ºDô¼-¾ô-GZÛÅŤ-ºDô¼-¤hº-GZÛÅ-hP-ºDô¼-¾ôzŸÛºÛ-ÇeïP-GmÅ-qºÛ-¤ï-ºDô¼-HÛ-DPOô¤ü

bold letter

»Û-Gï-ºzÞ¼-mG

«åG-D-Vïm-qô-hP-ÇoG-±-G¼-qôÅ-ƒÛÅ-q¿e-zÞºÛ-»ÛG-G¸ÞGÅü

bombardment

ºz¼-¤hï¾-Lô¾-lÝP.ü

ºz¼-µÅ-G»ÞG-mÅ-w¼-Lô¾-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

bonafide

1ü Åï¤Å-q-n¤-hG-GÛ 2ü Pô-¤ü

1ü Åï¤Å-q-n¤-hG-G¤-G»ô-¿Ëh-¤ïhqºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-Oæz-qºÛü

directors

Administration

59

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

2ü DÞPÅ-¿mk -hP-zTôÅ-¿Ëh-¤ïh-qü bonafides

zhïm-hqP-Mz-GZï¼ü

Åï¤Å-q-n¤-hG-G¤-zTôÅ-¿Ëh-¤ïhqºÛ-DÞPÅ-Bï¾ü Pô-¤-»Ûm-qºÛzhïm-dGÅü

bond

1ü Gm-Mü 2ü Gm-º²Ûmü

1ü xôGÅ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤Å-¯ºG¾-¤Û-‚ïh-q¼-DÅ-„ÀPÅqºÛ-IôÅ-¤fÞmü 2ü GŸÝP-P¤-Dï-¾Å-ÁÛG-GÛÅhPÞ¾-zÞm-ºWôG-¤Dm-¾-GbmºzïzÅ-hÝÅ-±ïÅ-ÁÛG-¾-¤-BïhIPÅ-±P-vôh-MãºÛ-»Û-Gï

bonded labour

P¾-¯ô¾-Gbº-G»ôG

JÀ-zô¼-ºWôG-¤Dm-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-GÛJÀ-z-±ô¼-Bïh-;-¤fô-zºÛ-zÞ-¾ômG»¼-XïÅü zÞ-¾ôm-¾ïm-¤Dm-HÛ-zÞ¼zÅ-±-Mãh-ˆÛÅ-¤Û-±ï-ÉÛ¾-qô¼-¾ÅJÀ-VßP-PÞºÛ-P¾-¯ô¾-‚Å-bï-zÞ-¾ômvôh-ºW¾-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛ-¾¤¾ÞGÅ-ÁÛG

bonus

ºzz-Çoômü

¾Å-;ºÛ-Iâz-ºƒÅ-z¸P-qô-»ôP-z¼h¤ÛGÅ-bï-vôh-MãºÛ-JÀ-wôGÅ-ºw¼¤ü

bonus system

ºzz-Çoôm-vôh-Æô¾ü

hÝÅ-±ôh-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-JÀ-ºzzºw¼-¤-vôh-qºÛ-¾¤-Æô¾ü

book

¯ÛÅ-hïzü

±ôP-hôm-Zô-±ôP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hPÞ¾-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

60

ºzz-vôh-¾ïm-ºGôh-hïzü book of

¯ÛÅ-FºÛ-hïzü

±ôP-ºƒï¾-HÛ-¯ÛÅ-F-ºGôh-źÛ-¤-hïzü

book post

hïz-£G

£G-DP-zMãh-mÅ-hïz-ˆÛ-¼ÛGÅ-GbôPÇePÅü

book value

hïz-z;ôh-¤-GmÅü

Fô¤-¼ºÛ-mP-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-¾-hPôÅ-ÅÞ¼Ûm-fP-TÛ-®¤-DÞG-¤Ûm-¾-¤-¿eôÅ-q¼-uÛºIôÅ-®¤-hÝ-z;ôh-qºÛ-¼Ûm-fP.ü

booking

ÇSôm-¤PGÅü zÞG-;ÛP.ü

¹ôÅ-G¼-DP-hP.ü ºIâ¾-Bôh-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛVïh-ÇSôm-±ßh-mÅ-º²Ûm-ÁôG-¤PGÅ-Zô‚ïh-qü

booking office

zÞG-;ÛP-¾Å-DÞPÅü

¿eh-¤ô-hP.ü ºIâ¾-ºDô¼-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ¾G-º²Ûm-Zô-Åü

book-keeper

hïz-GZï¼-zü

Zô-±ôP-hP.ü vôh-¾ïm-¯ÛÅ-F-fô-ºGôh‚ïh-qôü

book-keeping

hïz-GZï¼-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü

Zô-±ôP-hP-ü vôh-¾ïm-HÛ-¯ÛÅ-F-VïhZ¼-HÛ-¾Å-;ü

booklet

hïz-VßP.ü

ÁôG-zÞºÛ-Mz-Á-Tm-HÛ-hqï-hïz-VßP-PÞ.ü

booth

uÛ¾-zÞü (¸Þ¼-zTh-)DP-zÞü hGôÅ-q-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-ÇÀh-hÝ-¾ôGÅ-ÅÞzTh-qºÛ-DP-VßP.ü

accounts

Administration

61

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

booth capturing

uÛ¾-zÞ-z®m-z¸ÞP.ü

ºôÅ-ÁôG-ºwïm-źÛ-uÛ¾-zÞ-hqÞPÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-±ß¾-¤Ûm-ÇePÅ-º²Ûm-‚ïhqü

border line

¤±¤Å-fÛG

h‚ï-¤±¤Å-¤±ôm-‚ïh-ˆÛ-fÛG

borrow

BÛ-zü G»¼-zü

GŸm-ŸÛG-mÅ-hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-zÞ-¾ôm-hݾïm-qü

borrower

BÛ-¤Dmü G»ô¼-¤Dmü

hPÞ¾-hPôÅ-ÅôGÅ-GŸm-mÅ-zÞ-¾ôm¾ïm-¤Dmü

borrowing power

G»ô¼-BÛºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

Dï-¾Å-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-wôm-VïG»ô¼-¾ïm-‚-MãºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

boss

hqômü

OÛG-º²âGÅ-DG-GÛ-ºGm-ºDÞ¼-‚ïhqôü

bottleneck

1ü 2ü 3ü 4ü

ºGG-hôG-Åü ºGôG-Aïmü h¤-zïºÛ-Çï+ü ºGôG-Aïm-z¸ô-zü

1ü GŸÝP-¾¤-¤¤-Çä~-GÝ-¿-e zÞºÛ-yź¤-hôG-Åü 2ü »¼-MÅ-Ť-fôm-Bïh-¾-z¼-hÝGTôh-qºÛ-Aïmü 3ü Áï¾-h¤-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Çï+-y-Åü 4ü ‚-hPôÅ-ÁÛG-Oæz-q¼-ºG¾-Aïm‚ïh-qº¤-z¼-Vh-GbôP-zü

bottom line

1ü ŸzÅ-fÛG 2ü Gmh-ºGG-Vï-ÁôÅü

1ü hPÞ¾-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-¯ÛÅ-ÁôG-fôG-»ôPºzz-z¤-HôP-GÝm-ºGôh-źÛfÛG 2ü G¾-Gmh-G®ô-zôº¤-Gmh-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

62

ºGG-Vï-ÁôÅü boundary

¤±¤Åü

h‚ï-¤±¤Å-Ť-¤fº-¤±¤Åü

boundary mark

¤±¤Å-dGÅü

h‚ï-¤±¤Å-¤±ôm-qºÛ-dGÅü

boycott

ºƒï¾-fG-GTôh-qü xÛ¼-¿kôG

Pô-Lô¾-¤±ôm-‚ïh-hÝ-hPôÅ-µÅ-Zô-±ôPuôh-GÅÞ¤-hP.ü ‚ïh-ÇôK¼-¤Z¤-ŸÝGŤÛ-‚ïh-qü

bracket

Áh-GÝG

Gž-D-ºhôm-MãºÛ-±ÛG-zXôh-ÅôGźWâG-źÛ-GÝG-dGÅü

bracketing

Áh-GÝG-mP-ºWâG-qü

±ÛG-zXôh-ÅôGÅ-GÝG-dGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hݺWâG-qü

brain drain

>Àh-q-xÛ-Áô¼ü ¤DÅ-q-xÛ-Áô¼ü ¤DÅ-q-hP.ü ºyâ¾-¾Å-¾G-¯¾-TmHÛ-¤Û-Ço-M¾-Dz-z¤-Å-GmÅ-GTÛG-mŤfÞm-Aïm-z¸P-źÛ-Å-GmÅ-GŸm-hÝGmÅ-Çtô-‚Å-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-¤ÛºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅ-¤Û-ºhP-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÅÞ-H¼-zü

brake

ºGôG

Çoݤ-ºDô¼-¿e-zÞ-D-ºGôG-qº¤-h¾-hÝGbôP-‚ïh-ˆÛ-±ôh-º²Ûm-¤-¾G

branch office

»m-¾G-¾Å-DÞPÅü

¾Å-DÞPÅ-¿eï-z-GTÛG-GÛ-»-H¾-HÛ-¾ÅDÞPÅü

brand

±ôP-dGÅü ¾Å-dGÅü

Fô¤-¼ºÛ-mP-Dï-¾Å-;¤-q-mÛ-¿e-zÞÅ-ÅôÅôºÛ-fôm-µÅ-hP.ü GŸm-HÛ-fôm-µÅ-

Administration

63

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

h‚ï-º‚ïh-Gž-qô-»ôP-fzÅ-ˆÛdGÅ-hP-¤ÛP-ÅôGÅü breach

Gh¾-zÁÛG ºG¾-º²ô¾ü

OÛG-FÛ¤Å-Ť-FÛ¤Å-hôm-HÛ-ºGmDÞ¼-hP.ü DÅ-¾ïm-¿-e zÞ-¯ÛÅ-¤ïhlôG-¼ô¾-GbôP-zü

breach of contract

Vôh-Gm-ºG¾-º²ô¾ü

Vôh-Gm-HÛ-ºƒâ-hôm-¾-¤-GmÅ-qºÛºG¾-º²ô¾ü

breach of peace

ŸÛ-zhï-Gh¾-zÁÛG

¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-ŸÛ-zhï-¿ËÛP-ºWGÅ-¾Gmôh-GŸÛºÛ-OÛG-ºG¾-HÛ-uôh-±ß¾ü

breach of promise

D-hm-±ÛG-¾-¤-GmÅ-qü

DÅ-„ÀPÅ-qºÛ-h¤-zTº-¾-¤-GmÅq-Çïeü ¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-GZïm-OÛG-‚-MãºÛh¤-zTº-hP-ºG¾-zü

breach of trust

»Ûh-VïÅ-ºG¾-º²ô¾ü

Åô-Åô¼-zTPÅ-qºÛ-»Ûh-VïÅ-Ť¾Å-ºGm-¯ÛÅ-¤ïh-GbôP-zü

break down

1ü V-GÅïÅ-GbôP-zü 2ü mÝÅ-¤ïh-hÝ-Hã¼-qü

1ü Iâz-VºÛ-V-ÁÅ-Åô-Åô¼-h‚ï-zü 2ü ºyâ¾-VÅ-¿e-zÞºÛ-‚ïh-¾ÅºGG-qº¤-mÝÅ-¤ïh-hÝ-Hã¼-qü

break point

Vh-¤±¤Åü ºHã¼-¤±¤Åü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-‚ïh-¤±¤Å-Vh-qhP.ü ºHã¼-zº¤-ºGG-źۺGG-¤±¤Åü ¤±¤Åü

breakage

VG-Bôm-D-GÅzü

±ôP-¸ôP-VG-Bôm-m¤-zô¼-z½ÀG-Áô¼z¼-GÝm-GÅz-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

64

break-up

1ü D-ºfô¼-zü ÅÛ¾-zÞ¼-ºfô¼-zü 2ü ºƒï¾-fG-Vh-qü

1ü M¾-Dz-z¤-±ôGÅ-Çïk-¿-e zÞ-D-fô¼hÝ-xÛm-qü 2ü z¸º-±P-P¤-IôGÅ-qôºÛ-ºƒï¾¾¤-¿e-zÞ-Vh-qü

breed

Mãh-qü

¤ÛÅ-zhG-bà-z¸ÞP-zºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-qºÛhÝh-ºIôºÛ-mP-GÅïÅ-ˆÛ-Mãh-q-‚ï-ƒG-qŸÛG

breeder

Mãh-Çtï¾-‚ïh-qôü

ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-¯Û-ÁÛP-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh¤Dm-HÛ-GP-¸G

breeding

Mãh-Çtï¾ü

ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅ-¤fÞm-qº¤¤Û-¤fÞm-q-wm-±ßm-¢ô¼-Çkïz-ˆÛÅ-MãhÇtï¾-‚ïh-qü

brevity

ÇkÝh-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

zXôh-q-fÞP-PÞ¼-uôh-±ß¾ü

brewery

VP-¼G-z¸ô-IÔ

VP-¼G-z¸ô-IÔ

bribe

¿+ôG-Qmü

¼P-hôm-Oæz-Vïh-hÝ-¿+ôG-bà-vôh-qºÛM㺤-hPôÅ-qôü

bribery

¿+ôG-Qm-vôh-¾ïmü

¿+ôG-Qm-vïôh-¾ïm-HÛ-‚-uôhü

brief

1ü Gmh-zÇkÝÅü 2ü MãÅ-Çôem-‚ïh-qü

1ü hôm-Gž-¾-±GÛ -ZPÝ -zºÛ-zXôh-qü 2ü z;ôh-‚Åã -¾¤-Çôme -m¤-ÇômS -±hß -h-Ý GmÅ-±ß¾-MãÅ-Çôem-‚ïh-qü

briefing

MãÅ-Çeômü

¤Û-ŸÛG-¾-z;ôh-‚ãÅ-¾¤-Çeôm-m¤-ÇSôm-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

65

±ßh-hÝ-MãÅ-Çeôm-‚ïh-±ß¾ü brigade

h¤G-Çkïü

hqÞP-Çïk-hP.ü ¤hº-ÁôG-GÛ-IPÅPïÅ-Tm-¤ïh-qºÛ-h¤G-ÇkïºÛ-±m-qü

brilliant

¼ÛG-¯¾-Tmü

Eh-hÝ-ºwGÅ-qºÛ-ÁïÅ-¼z-¤Pº-zü

broadcast

MP-ÆÛP-‚ïh-qü

z½‰m-ºyÛm-m¤-½ÀâP-ºyÛm-HÛ-¾Å¼Û¤-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-M-Ez-bàzÆÛPÅ-qü

broadsheet

zOGÅ-ÁôG-Vïm-¤ôü

ÁôG-¿Ëï-Vïm-qôºÛ-ÇeïP-q¼-z;ôh-‚ÅqºÛ-Ez-zOGÅü

brochure

Pô-vôh-hïz-VßP.ü

OÛG-º²âGÅ-Ť-fôm-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÇ+ô¼-q¼-¼ÛÅ-Tm-HÛ-Pô-vôh-hÝ-z½‰mhïz-VßP-PÞºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG

broker

z¼-±ôP-qü z¼-Dï-zü

±ôP-q-wm-±ßm-hz¼-Pô-±z-‚Å-Çeï-Zô±ôP-‚Å-qºÛ-VP-¼Ûm-¾ïm-¤Ûü

brokerage

1ü z¼-Dï-zºÛ-±ôP-¾Åü 2ü z¼-Dïü

1ü z¼-±ôP-‚ïh-qôºÛ-¾Å-hômü 2ü z¼-±ôP-‚ïh-qô¼-vh-MãºÛ-JÀ-Vü

budget

ÇSôm-¯ÛÅü

¾Å-hôm-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-Vïh-hÝGbP-MãºÛ-hPÞ¾-ºzzü

budget allocation

ÇSôm-¯ÛÅ-zGô-ºIï¤Åü

¾Å-hôm-Vï-Gï-¤ôºÛ-Vïh-ºV¼-hPÞ¾zGô-ºIï¤Å-MÅ-zThü

Administration

66

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

buffer

z¼-GmÅü

M¾-Dz-¿e-zÞ-wm-±ßm-¤Û-¤fÞm-q-GZÛňÛ-z¼-hÝ-GmÅ-qºÛ-GôP-zÞ-wÞP-GÅÞ¤-qü

building

DP-qü

¤ÛºÛ-ºhÝG-GmÅ-Ť-hPôÅ-µÅ-ºWôGźÛ-¯ÛG-hPôÅ-ˆÛ-¤ÛP.ü

bulk

1ü wôm-Vïmü 2ü Iâ-hôÅü Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-ˆÛ-hôÅ-DP.ü

1ü zôPÅ-±h-h¤-Eôm-ºzô¼-Vïm-qôü 2ü Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-ˆÛ-hôÅ-¸ôG-G¤-hï-hGºWôG-źÛ-GmÅü

bulletin

(GŸÝP-ºƒï¾ü)Gż-ºyÛmü hï-¤-fG-bà-q¼-Cæm-m¤-MP-zÆÛPÅ-‚MãºÛ-GŸÝP-ºƒï¾-Gż-GmÅ-GžzOGÅü

bumper

1ü zlz-¾ïmü „ˤ-q¼ü 2ü VïÅ-ºzï¾-qôü

1ü Çoݤ-ºDô¼-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Mz-¤hÝm-hÝzÇK¼-zºÛ-zlz-ÁÝGÅ-¾ïm-‚ïh-ˆÛºHÛG-G¤-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-m¼-¤ôü 2ü Mãm-¿mk -¾Å-¿ËG-qºÛ-ºzï¾-qôü

bumper crop

¾ô-¾ïGÅü

Mãm-¿km-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-Çeôm-ºƒÅ¾ïGÅ-qôü

bungling

1ü ÁïÅ-ºWôm-¤ïh-qºÛü 2ü ¯¾-¾G-¤ïh-qºÛü

1ü ¯¾-¾¤-ºWôm-fP-hzïm-qºÛü 2ü ¾G-q-G®ô-zô¼-‚Å-qºÛ-¾ÅÞ -qôº-Û ºGݾ-Bôh-ˆ-Û ¯¾-¾G-¤ïh-qü

burden

1ü DÞ¼-¿ÛüU 2ü IâºÛ-EôG-±hü

1ü ¾Å-ÇÀ-zô¼-ºDÞ¼-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-¾ÞÅÅï¤Å-GP-¼PÞ -G-Û lôG-FïÅ-¿-ÛU ¤ôü 2ü Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-EôG-±ôh-ˆÛhôÅ-¸ôG

Administration

67

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

bureau

1ü GŸÝP-¾Å-DP.ü 1ü GŸÝP-ŸÛG-GÛ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-Ťhôm-GTôh-DP.ü ¾Å-DÞPÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-mP-GÅïÅ2ü GmÅ-±ß¾-zÇkÝ-vôh-¾Å±m-qü DÞPÅü 2ü GmÅ-±ß¾-zÇkÝ-¾ïm-m¤-¤Dôvôh-‚ïh-¤Dm-HÛ-Dï-¾Å-ŤOÛG-º²âGÅ-ÁÛG

bureaucracy

hqôm-hzP-ÆÛh-GŸÝP-¼ÛP¾ÞGÅü

GŸÝP-ŸÛG-GÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-Çïeü GŸÝPhïºÛ-hqôm-¼ÛGÅ-±P-¤-hP-¾ÅDÞPÅ-±P-¤ºÛ-uÛºÛ-¤ÛP.ü

burst

JÀô-zÞ¼-ºz¼-GÅü

JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-‚ãP-zºÛ-GÅ-ºfô¼-¼¤ºz¼-GÅü

business

±ôP-¾Åü

1ü ¼P-GÛ-º±ô-dïm-HÛ-¾Å-;-G®ô-zôü 2ü ±ôP-¾Å-Ťü z¸ô-¾Åü Vïh-¾Å-zTÅ-ˆÛ-Zô-±ôP-¾Åhômü

business agent

±ôP-hôm-Pô-±z-qü

¤Û-GŸm-ŸÛG-GÛ-Vïh-hÝ-±ôP-hômGZï¼-¤Dm-HÛ-Pô-±zü

businessman

±ôP-qü

±ôP-ºƒï¾-¾¤-z¸ô-¾Å-ˆÛ-¾Å¼ÛGÅ-‚ïh-qôü

buy-back

ÇÀ¼-Zôü

hï-ÇS¼-z®ôPÅ-¸Ûm-qº¤-zhG-qºÛhPôÅ-qô-GP-ŸÛG-ÇÀ¼-»P-Zô-zü

buyer

Zô-¤Dmü

T-hPôÅ-¿e-zÞ-¼Ûm-ºzz-vh-hï-Zô¤Dmü

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

68

by hand

¾G-¯ô¾-¾-zdïm-qºÛü ¾G-fôG

¾G-qºÛ-¯ô¾-z-¾-zdïm-qºÛü

by post

£G-fôG

»Û-Gï-ÅôGÅ-£G-DP-zMãh-mÅ-GbôP-zü

bye election/by

D-Ç+ôP-ºôÅ-zÇkÝü

IôÅ-±ôGÅ-ºfÞÅ-¤Û-¿e-zÞ-ŸÛG-¾Å-hÝŤ-G®P-GôP-±ï-¾Å-ºhÅ-qº¤ü hGôPÅ-ŸÝ-‚Å-qºÛ-@P-±z-Gh¤-MãºÛºôÅ-zÇkÝü

bye law/by law

mP-FÛ¤Åü

OÛG-º²âGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-º²ÛmBôP-ÇePÅ-º²Ûm-Vïh-hÝ-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-h¤Û‡zž-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-hP-OÛG-GŸÛü

cabin

;ï-zÛmü

1ü I⺤-Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-mP-GÛ-¤Û-Z¾-źÛDP-VßP.ü 2ü ÁÛP-mGÅ-ˆÛ-Fôh-hÝ-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-ÁÛPDP-VßP-VßP.ü 3ü Gm¤-Iâ-hP-¤Dº-IâºÛ-mP-ºIâ¾q-Çkôh-Åü

cabinet

z;º-ÁG

M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-hzÞ-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-GŸÝP-GÛ-º²ÛmBôP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-Ťü ¿Ëm-DP-DG-GÛºGô-FÛh-h¤ü ºGm-DÞ¼-‚ïh-qô¼-zÇ+ôÅqºÛ-z;º-„Àôm-¿Ëm-±ôGÅü

cablegram

¤±ô-ºôG-b¼-ºyÛmü

¤±ô-ºôG-¿UGÅ-Ç+Ýh-zMãh-mÅ-xÛ-M¾-hÝGbôP-zºÛ-b¼-ºyÛmü

cadre

1ü @P-¾ïm-¾Å-‚ïhü

1ü OÛG-º²âGÅ-Vï-z-ŸÛG-GÛ-z;ôh-OÛG-

election

Administration

69

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

OÛG-IÅ-¾Å-‚ïhü ¾-PïÅ-q¼-¤Dô-zºÛ-¢ôP-zl¼Ç+¾-IÅ-¾Å-‚ïhü Tm-HÛ-¤Û-Vü 2ü ;ü (Gż-zXïºÛ-) 2ü ;ü Gż-zXïºÛ-±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛGÈà¼-z¯ôm-hqÞP-Çkïü GÛ-Dï-wm-HÛ-ÇÀh-hÝ-¾Å-TÛDü (Gż-zXïºÛ-) »P-Oæz-fÞz-qºÛ-Èà¼Èà¼-z¯ôm-qü z¯ôm-¤Û-ÇoºÛ-Çkï-DG Dü hï-¿-e zÞºÛ-Èà¼-z¯ôm-hqÞPDG-GÛ-±ôGÅ-¤Û-ŸÛG calamity

Aïm-Pm-±zÅ-Vïü

Gôh-VG-Vïm-qô-hP-ÇkÝG-zÇS¾-iGqô-»ôP-GŸÛºÛ-hôm-Aïmü

calculating

¯ÛÅ-MG-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼ü

¯ÛÅ-ºƒÅ-ºhôm-q¼-z;ô¾-zºÛºyâ¾-VÅ-VßP-IÅ-ÁÛG

calculation

¯ÛÅ-MG

ÍP-¯ÛÅ-Ť-Gbm-±ÛGÅ-¼ÛG-qºÛfzÅ-¾-zdïm-mÅ-¯ÛÅ-zÇ+ô¼-zº¤fG-GTôh-‚ïh-fzÅü

calculator

1ü ¯ÛÅ-MG-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼ü 2ü ¯ÛÅ-¤Dmü

1ü calculating machine ¾¿eôÅü 2ü ¯ÛÅ-Ť-¯ÛÅ-MG-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼z;ô¾-uôh-¾-¤DÅ-qü

calendar

¾ô-fôü ¹-fôü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-¹-hÝÅ-±ïÅ-IPÅ-ÅôGÅz;ôh-qºÛ-¾ô-fô-ÁôG-AP-¤º¤-ÁôG¿Ëï-ZÝP-ÁÅ-Tmü

calendar month

xÛ-¹ü

¾ô-GTÛG-¹-z-zTß-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-zGôÅqºÛ-V-GTÛG

machine

Administration

70

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

calendar year

xÛ-¾ôü

xÛ-¹-1±ïÅ-1mÅ-xÛ-¹-12±ïÅ-31z¼-HÛhÝÅ-»Þmü

calling

º±ô-fzÅ-¾Å-¼ÛGÅü

¤Û-Åô-Åô¼-¢ôP-zl¼-hP-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-fôz-qºÛ¾Å-¼ÛGÅü

camp

ÇK¼ü

h¤G-¤Ûº¤ü ºƒôG-qü ºIâ¾-q-¿-e zÞºÛ-ºy¾-Åï¾-Çkôh-GmÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-GݼhP.ü uÛ¾-zÞ-¿-e zÞ-ÅôGÅ-I-zOÛGÅqºÛ-Å-Vü

campaign

1ü h¤G-ºGݾü 2ü ¾Å-ºGݾü

1ü h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-ºIâz-ÇÀh¼Û¤-q¼-zMz-qºÛ-h¤G-ºfzü 2ü h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-Vï-Gï-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇÀhhÝ-±-±-ºÞ¼-ºÞ¼-hÝ-Çtï¾-zºÛ-¾Åhômü

campus

1ü Dô¼-»ÞG 2ü ÇÀôz-GZï¼-HÛ-¤Û-±ïü

1ü ¤fô-ÇôÀz-z¤-ÇôÀz-I-Ô ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-DP-qhP.ü hïºÛ-¤fº-Çô+¼-HÛ-Å-V»ôPÅ-µôGÅü 2ü ¤fô-ÇÀôz-ˆÛ-¤Û-±ïº¤-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛhˆÛ¾-ºDô¼ü

cancel

1ü ¤ïh-q¼-z¸ô-zü 2ü z;ô¾-dGÅ-MG-qü 3ü mÝÅ-¤ïh-z¸ô-zü

1ü I-OGÛ -‚Å-¸mÛ -qºÛ-‚-GŸG-TGÛ -¤-Û hGôÅ-qºÛ-fG-GTôh-‚ïh-qü 2ü £G-dGÅ-¿-e zÞ¼-zïh-uôh-‚Å-¸ÛmqºÛ-dGÅ-zMz-Çeï-»P-zB¼-zïhuôh-¤ïh-q-z¸ô-zü 3ü FÛ¤Å-fôG-GÛ-ºGm-ŸÛG-mÝÅ-¤ïhz¸ô-zº¤-¤ïh-q¼-z¸ô-zü

Administration

71

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

cancellation

1ü ¤ïh-q¼-z¸ô-zü 2ü z;ô¾-dGÅü 3ü mÝÅ-¤ïh-z¸ô-zü

1ü ÇS¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-¸Ûm-qº¤ü fG-zTh-qºÛ-¾Å-hôm-ŸÛG-XïÅÅô¼-¤Û-hGôÅ-qºÛ-fG-GTôhü 2ü £G-dGÅ-¿-e zÞ-zB¼-hÝ-zïhuôh-¤ïh-q-z¸ô-MãºÛ-dGÅü 3ü FÛ¤Å-hôm-HÛ-ºGm-ºFÛ-¿-e zÞ¾G-zÇe¼-¤Û-hGôÅ-qº¤ü ¯ÛºWôG-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-z¸ô-zºÛ-‚GŸG

candidate

ºôÅ-GŸÛü ºôÅ-¤Ûü

1ü ¾Å-GmÅ-Ť-ºôÅ-ºhï¤Å‚Å-qºÛ-Gô-GmÅ-ºfôz-fzÅ-ˆÛºIm-Çkݼ-mP-ŸÝGÅ-¤Ûü 2ü Gô-GmÅ-hP.ü ‚-hGºü VïzÇeôh-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-ÇÀh-hÝ-ºôÅ-¢ô¼‚Å-qºÛ-Bï-zôü

candidature

ºôÅ-GŸÛºÛ-GmÅ-zzÅü

ºôÅ-GŸÛºÛ-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-GbôGÅ-qºÛGmÅ-ÇePÅü

cantonment

h¤G-ÇK¼ü

h¤G-¤Û-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚ïh-źÛ-ÇK¼ü

canvassing

ºôÅ-ÁôG-Ç+ݾ-ÇÀôP.ü

ºôÅ-ÁôG-ºwïm-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-Ç+ݾÇÀôP-‚ïh-fzÅü

capability

ºWôm-fP.ü

¾Å-hôm-¾ïGÅ-qô-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q¿km-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

capable

ºWôm-fP-Tmü

¾Å-hôm-¾ïGÅ-qô-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qhP-¿km-qü

Administration

72

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

capacity

1ü ÁôP-±hü 2ü ;ü ºWôm-fP.ü Dü (fôm-Bïh-ˆÛ-) ¤P-¤fºÛ-±hü 3ü ºGmü 4ü hzP-Vü

1ü DP-q-hP.ü Çoôh-¿-e zÞºÛ-mP-WÛ-®¤ÁôP-zºÛ-±hü 2ü ;ü ¾Å-;-‚ïh-qº¤-fôm-Bïm-‚ïhfÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü Dü fôm-Bïh-¤P-¤fºÛ-±hü 3ü ¤Û-ŸÛG-GÛ-¾Å-;ºÛ-ºGmü 4ü FÛ¤Å-fôG-GÛ-ºôÅ-zzÅ-Ť-hzP±hü

capital

1ü ¤-¯ü ¤-º²âGÅü 2ü ;ü M¾-Åü Dü ¿eï-GmÅü 3ü G®P-zhG-D¼-hzP.ü

1ü D¼-hzP-M-Bïh-ˆÛ-Vïh-hÝ-¤º²âGÅ-‚-MãºÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-dïmü 2ü ;ü GŸÝP-GÛ-¿ïe-GmÅü Dü ¾Å-ºGݾ-Vï-Gï-¤ôº¤z¸ô-¾Å-ˆÛ-zÇeÛ-GmÅü 3ü ±ôP-¾Å-ÁÛG-GÛ-Mã-hPôÅ-¾ÅGŸm-¾-vôh-ÇKô-WÛ-»ôh-ºyÛÅ-¸ÛmqºÛ-¿ËG-¤ü

capital account

1ü ¤-º²âGÅ-¯ÛÅ-Fü 2ü ¤-GmÅ-¯ÛÅ-Fü

1ü M¾-Dz-TÛG-GÛ-mP-M¾-uÛºÛ-uÛÇKï¼-ÅÞ-¼ÞP-GÛÅ-¤-¯-zŸG-qhP-ü M¾-Dz-hï-mÅ-xÛºÛ-M¾Dz-hÝ-¤-¯-zŸG-q-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-z¼Ehü 2ü ±ôP-¾Å-ÁÛG-GÛ-hÝÅ-¤±¤Å-PïÅTm-ŸÛG-GÛ-¤-GmÅ-¯ÛÅ-ÁôG

capital expenditure

¤-¯ºÛ-ºIô-Iômü ¤-º²âGÅ-ºIô-Iômü

hÝÅ-¼ÛP-D¼-hzP-zhG-fôz-Vïh-hÝ-ºIôIôm-zbP-zºÛ-¤-hPÞ¾ü

capital

¤-º²âGÅü

Å-DP-hP.ü ºyâ¾-VÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-

investment

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

73

¤-¯-GbôP-zü capital punishment

ÆôG-fôG-ZïÅ-Vhü

ZïÅ-Tm-q-ŸÛG-¾-FÛ¤Å-fG-zThqºÛ-ÆôG-fôG-GÛ-ZïÅ-Vhü

capitulation

¤Gô-zbGÅ-¯ÛÅ-ºzÞ¾ü

V-Aïm-m¤-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-PïÅ-Tm-ºôGDÅ-¾ïm-‚Å-qºÛ-¤Gô-ºzÞ¾ü

capture

1ü ;ü Dü 2ü ;ü Dü

1ü ;ü iG-ÁÝGÅ-Ť-G»ô-fzž-zdïm-mÅ-z®m-z¸ÞPz;G-Z¼-‚ïh-qü Dü »Ûh-Åï¤Å-¿-e zÞ-ºGÝG-qü 2ü ;ü iG-ÁÝGÅ-Ť-fzÅ-¾zdïm-mÅ-º²Ûm-q-hP.ü ºEï¼-zü fôz-qºÛ-‚-uôhü Dü z¸ÞP-zº¤-fôz-qºÛ-¤Ûº¤hPôÅ-qôü

carbon copy

1ü ÇoG-ÁôG-ºi-zÁÝÅü 2ü q¼-zÁÝÅü

1ü ÇoG-ÁôG-zïh-uôh-zbP-mÅz¸ôÅ-qºÛ-»Û-Gï-¿e-zÞºÛ-ºizÁÝÅü 2ü GŸm-ŸÛG-hP-ÁÛm-bà-ºi-zºÛ¤Ûº¤-hPôÅ-qôü

card index

ÁôG-‚P-h;¼-VG

Gô-¼Û¤-Vï-Gï-¤ôºÛ-ÇeïP-zOÛGÅ-qºÛÁôG-‚P-h;¼-VG

care

1ü ¿e-BôP.ü 2ü G¸z-mmü 3ü Åï¤Å-DÞ¼-‚ïh-qü

1ü ¤Ûº¤-hPôÅ-qô¼-ÆâP-Bôz-hP-¿-e BôP.ü 2ü ŸÛz-yºÛ-GmÅ-ÇPe Å-ÅôGÅ-¾-

ºWâ-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-qü »Ûh-ºGÝG-qü ºWâ-z¸ÞP.ü z¸ÞP-zºÛ-¤Ûº¤hPôÅ-qôü

Administration

74

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

G¸z-mm-Vï-zºÛ-hô-ÇoP.ü 3ü ‚-hPôÅ-ÁÛG-G¾-Vïm-hÝ-z¯ÛÅ-bï-hï¾-hô-DÞ¼-‚ïh-qº¤ü »P-m-„ôÀ-w¤qü career

1ü ¤Û-±ïºÛ-ºIôÅü 2ü ¤hÝm-¾¤ü

1ü uÛ¼-zbP-¤Û-±ïºÛ-‚-GŸG-GÛ-zMãh¼Û¤ü 2ü ¤Û-±ï-Bï¾-ÇPe Å-bïü º±ô-fzÅŤ-º±ô-¾Åü

caretaker

¿e-dôG-ÆÛh-GŸÝP.ü

ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GTÛG-¤WâG-OÛ¾-z-hP.ü ÆÛh-GŸÝP-GŸm-ŸÛG-¤-ÇÀïzÅ-z¼-HÛhÝÅ-»Þm-fÞP-PÞºÛ-¼ÛP-GŸÝP-GÛ-¾Å-hôm¿e-dôG-‚ïh-qôºÛ-GŸÝP.ü

cargo

hôÅ-¸ôG

Iâ-G¸ÛPÅ-hP-Gm¤-Iâ hôÅ-Bï¾-ÇÝo¤ºDô¼-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hzô¼-ºiïm-‚ïh-zŸÛmqºÛ-hPôÅ-¸ôG

carriage

1ü 2ü 3ü 4ü

1ü dÅ-ºfïm-MãºÛ-ºDô¼-¾ô-zŸÛ-Tm-HÛÁÛP-dü 2ü ¤ï-ºDô¼-HÛ-ºIâ¾-q-Çôkh-źÛ-DPOô¤ü 3ü hPôÅ-¸ôG-Bï¾-ºiïm-HÛ-ºIô-Iômü 4ü ¤Û-ŸÛG-»¼-¾PÅ-q-hP.ü ºIô-zü Çkôh-q-zTÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛG¸ÞGÅ-qôºÛ-ºEï¼-z¸ôü

carrier

ºô¼-ºiïm-qü

government

ÁÛP-d-ºDô¼-¾ôü ¤ï-ºDô¼-DP-¤ÛG hôÅ-JüÀ ¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-ºHã¼ü

hPôÅ-¸ôG-G¤-ºIâ¾-q-Å-V-GTÛG-mÅGŸm-ŸÛG-bà-Bï¾-ºiïm-‚ïh-qºÛ-Dï-¾Å-

Administration

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

75

ÁÛG carry forward

¤hÝm-ºEï¼ü

¯ÛÅ-F-¿e-zÞºÛ-ÁôG-¿Ëï-ÇSôm-¤ºÛ-Çkô¤ºzô¼-XïÅ-¤¼-ºEï¼-z-¿e-zÞü

carry out

1ü ¾G-¾ïm-zÇe¼-zü 2ü D-Vh-¾G-zÇe¼-‚ïh-qü

1ü Gô-OÛG-hP-ºV¼-GŸÛ-hGôÅqºÛ-¾Å-;-ŸÛG-‚ïh-qü 2ü ¼P-GÛÅ-‚-Mã-DÅ-„PÀ Å-qº¤GŸm-HÛÅ-¤PGÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-hômOæz-qü

carry over

1ü xÛ¼-ºHPÅ-‚ïh-qü 2ü mÝÅ-qºÛ-Mãm-GmÅ-qü

1ü ‚-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-ºV¼-GŸÛ¿e¼-‚ïh-¤-fÞz-qº¤-zïh-uôh‚ïh-¤-fÞz-q¼-ºHPÅ-qü 2ü GmÅ-ÇPe Å-ºHã¼-¸Ûm-ˆP-¤Þ¤fÞh-hï-GmÅ-qº¤-ÁÝGÅ-Aïm‚ïh-qü

cartage

1ü ÁÛP-dºÛ-Bï¾-ºiïmü 2ü ÁÛP-dºÛ-JüÀ

1ü ÁÛP-dºÛ-Bï¾-ºiïm-m¤-hzô¼ºiïm-HÛ-‚-GŸG 2ü ÁÛP-dºÛ-Bï¾-ºiïm-HÛ-ºIô-Iômü

Administration

76

º²Ûm-BôP-ü

Medicine & Astrology

77

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

zl-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¾Å-ºV¼ü TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-zl-Vhü MEDICAL & ASTROLOGICAL TERMS

zôh-GŸÝP-Ǩm-¯ÛÅ-DP.ü MEN-TSE-KHANG / TMAI

Medicine & Astrology

78

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

abacterial

y-ÆÛm-¤ïh-qü

abortion

¤P¾-h‚ãP.ü ¤P¾-GmÅ-h‚ãP- ‚ÛÅ-q-z®º-hÝÅ-¤-¼m-GôPzü ¤P¾-mÅ-xÛ¼-h‚ãP-zº¤-Bå¼zü

abscess

nG-Cmü nG-ºzÞ¼ü

¤±ôm-hP-±ï¼-¤-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅzÇoh-ż-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-wÞP-Iâz-ÁÛ-z-¾zdïm-mÅ-GmÅ-GTÛG-bà-nGGÅôG-qü

acedia

»Ûh-ŸÝ¤-qü »Ûh-¤Û-hGº-zü

‚-z-GP-»P-‚-ºhôh-¤ïh-q¼Zôz-ÇoP-Bï-zºÛ-Åï¤Å-mhü

acidity

Vß-Bå¼ü

zh-;m-mh-GŸÛÅ-Aïm-qºÛ-wô-zºÛmP-Bå¼-µÅ-ºwï¾-zü

acidosis

Bå¼-hÝG

FG-GÛ-mP-Bå¼-±Ð-±h-¾ÅzL¾-zºÛ-Bômü

acne

ÆÛm-fô¼ü zh-fô¼ü

¾P-±ô-h¼-Ç+zÅ-GhôP-hP-ƒPDôG-ÅôGÅ-¾-‚ãP-zºÛ-fô¼-q-nG¤Gô-Tmü

acroarthritis

Åô¼-±ÛGÅ-Iâ¤-zÞü

@P-¾G-GÛ-¤²âz-¤ôºÛ-±ÛGÅGŸÛ¼-GZm-D-zMz-qºÛ-mhü

acrobphobia

¤fô-ºWÛGÅü

È-TP-¤fô-ż-ºIô-¤Û-mÝÅ-qºÛhPPÅ-CG

ÁÛm-bà-y-zºÛ-Bï-¿km-Bï-ºwï¾-¤ÛmÝÅ-qº¤-¤ïh-qºÛü

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

79

Medicine & Astrology acromegaly

¾ÞÅ-zôPÅ-¿ËG-qü

zh-;m-©ïm-zÞÅ-Bïh-qºÛ-Ç+ݾ-µÅˆÛ-‚ïh-¾Å-¤P-zºÛ-Bôm-HÛÅG¸ÞGÅ-qôºÛ-º±¼-¾ôP-±h-¾ÅzL¾-zü

acropathy

»m-¾G-GÛ-mhü

@P-¾G-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-mhü

actinomycosis

xãGÅ-ˆÛ-GZm-mhü

mh-ºzÞ-y-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-Aïm-qºÛxãGÅ-mh-¤Û-¾ºP-ºGô-ÆÛh-q-ŸÛG

adenalgia

©ïm-zÞºÛ-m-¸ÞG

Çoï-Å-DÞh-hP-¤Vm-DÞP-©ïm-zÞÅôGÅ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-©ïm-zÞ¼-m-¸ÞG-º‚ãPzü

adenitis

©ïm-zÞºÛ-GZm-±hü

©ïm-zÞ¼-GZm-D-MÅ-qü

adenofibroma

¯-Cmü

¤P¾-hP-mÝ-¤-ÅôGÅ-¾-¤P-hÝ-‚ãPzºÛ-¯-MãÅ-hP-©ïm-zÞºÛ-Cm-lôG-TmHÛ-GôP-zÞü

adenoma

©ïm-Cmü

©ïm-zÞºÛ-Mã-¾Å-Iâz-qºÛ-Cm-lôG

aerocele

½ÀâP-Cmü ½ÀâP-ºEÛ¤ü

Mã-¾ôP-ÅôGÅ-¼P-‚ãP-ÇeôP-VºÛ-mP½ÀâP-GôP-zÞ¼-iÛ¾-mÅ-Ç~ôÅ-MPÅ‚ïh-qºÛ-mhü

aging

L-zü

¾ô-m-LÅ-qºÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤ü

agitation

ÁïÅ-q-º±ßz-qü

½ÀâP-mh-h¤-Åï¤Å-D¤Å-¤Û-zhï-zºÛhzP-GÛÅ-Åï¤Å-ŸÛ-h¾-hÝ-¤Û-GmÅ-

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

80

qü aglecemia

FG-;¼-¸h-qü

FG-mP-GÛ-;-¼ºÛ-µÅ-¸h-qºÛ-Bômü

aglutation

¤Ûh-h;º-zü

D-¸Å-¤Ûh-Hã¼-GbôP-h;º-zºÛ-mhü

agony

m-¸ÞG-iG-qôü Í-mºÛ-¸ÞG

m-¸ÞG-ÁÛm-bà-Vïm-qôü

ague

ºh¼-±hü

ºh¼-±h-ÅôGÅ-±-zºÛ-mh-ˆÛ-zl-½‰ÛP.ü

AIDS

GZm-mh-¼ïG-hÝG

¤ÛºÛ-¾ÞÅ-¸ÞPÅ-¸h-qºÛ-GZm-mh(HIV) ¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-GZm-¼Û¤Å-ÆÛmºzÞ-ºFâGÅ-qºÛ-mhü hïÅ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-mh¼ÛGÅ-ÇSôm-ºGôG-GÛ-mÝÅ-q-Z¤Å-q¼‚ïh-qÅ-ÆôG-¾-Zïm-±zÅ-Vïü

akalamathesia

JÀïm-qü

Gô-ÇeôzÅ-Ÿm-qºÛ-JÀïm-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

alastrim

ºƒâ¤-q-h;¼-qôü Á-¼-B-Á¼ü zh-;m-Hã¼-zºÛ-ºƒâ¤-zÞºÛ-mh-¼ÛGÅ-¿Ëºƒâ¤-»P-zºÛ-IÅ-ÁÛG

aldebran

Ço¼-¤ü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-HÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-zŸÛqü(¼P-¾ÞGÅ-Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-HÛ-hPqô-f-Ç+¼-¾-PôÅ-º²Ûm-qºÛ-Gô-¼Û¤-¿e¼¼ôü)

algesia

¸ÞG-G¸ï¼-Vï-VßP.ü

m-¸ÞG-GÛ-±ô¼-z-iG-Ÿmü

algophobia

G¸ï¼-ºWÛGÅ-iG-qôü

m-¸ÞG-¾-CG-hPPÅ-iG-qôü

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

81

alkalosis

»-z->Ä-¼-¤P-Bômü

FG-Mãm-mP-mÅ-±ÛG-f¾-z-¤P-iGÅqºÛ-Bômü

allergy

¤Û-ºyôh-qü

D-¸Å-hP-ü Ǩmü f¾-lݾ-ÅôGÅ-¤ºyôh-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-qGÅ-q¼-h¤¼CPÅ-VGÅ-qü ¸-ºyâG-¾P-zü £Ûhq-MG-q-ÅôGÅ-±ô¼-Bïm-qºÛ-Bômü

almanac

¾ô-fôü ¹-fôü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-mP-G¸º-Ç+¼-HÛ-zIôh-q-¾GŸÛGÅ-bï-ºwô-ºHã¼-hP-zhï-ÇkÝG-GÛGmÅ-±ß¾-TÛ-º‚ãP-Gž-zºÛ-hïz-VßP-ü

alopecia/

C-‚Ûü

C-ÆÛm-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-Aïm-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-C-‚ÛzºÛ-mhü

altair

Iô-zŸÛmü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-Zï¼GZÛÅ-qü

altitude

¾-hÝG

M-¤±ôºÛ-PôÅ-mÅ-wÛ-‡Û-zMh-ÇeôP-zL¾zºÛ-¤fô-ż-º‚ãP-zºÛ-Aïm-hzÞGÅ-¤ÛºhP-q-hP-¤Gô-m-z-¿e-zÞºÛ-½ÀâP-mhü

;-²-¤Û¼-mhü

hzP-¯ºÛ-mÝÅ-ÇeôzÅ-ƒÛ-mÅ-im-ÁïÅZ¤Å-qºÛ-Bômü

amaurosis

¾ôP-zºÛ-PP-±ß¾ü

¤ÛG-GÛÅ-¤Û-¤fôP-zºÛ-Bômü

amebiasis

Mã-Lm-HÛ-mhü

Ç~äz-GTÛG-hݤ-BïÅ-y-ÆÛm-HÛÅ-Aïm-qÅMã-¤¼-GZm-D-zMzÅ-mÅ-FG-hP-zïÇozÅ-zÁ¾-zü

acomia

sickness

Alzhemer disease

Medicine & Astrology amebic

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

82

Mã-G¸ï¼ü

Ç~äz-GTÛG-hݤ-BïÅ-ˆÛ-mh-ºzÞ-ŸÛG-GÛ-AïmHÛÅ-Mã-¤¼-GZm-D-MÅ-mÅ-FG-hP-zïÇozÅ-zÁ¾-zü

¹-¤±m-Çkô¤-qü

¹-¤±m-hÝÅ-fôG-¤Û-ºzz-qº¤-ºGGqºÛ-¤ô-mhü

ljÛP-FG-Mã-z-Z¤Å-qü

ljÛP-GÛ-Á-Gmh-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-Z¤Å-Bôm-HÛÅljÛP-¯-ºGG-qºÛ-²-iG-GÛ-mh-±zÅVïmü

amnesia

im-q-¤Û-Gž-zü

>Àh-qºÛ-hzP-¯¼-Bôm-GP-¼ÞP-GÛÅ-imÁïÅ-Z¤Å-mÅ-»Þm-¾ôm-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾im-GÅô-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-Bômü

amplyopia/

¤ÛG-IÛzü ¼z-¼Ûzü

¤ÛG-GÛ-hzP-qô¼-Bôm-¤ïh-q-¿e¼-ÇoP»P-¤fôP-ÁÝGÅ-Ÿm-qºÛ-Bômü

amulet

ÆâP-ºDô¼ü ÆâP-P.ü

mh-Ghôm-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-º±ï-z¾Å-ÆâP-ŸÛP.ü ±ï-zÅôh-ÅôGÅ-¤fÞmqºÛ-Aïm-ºIâz-Vïh-Mãm-hÝ-¾ÞÅ-¾-zTPMãºÛ-‚Ûm-µÅü

amyotrophic

zÁ¾-mhü ºxïÅ-mhü

MãPÅ-z-Z¤Å-q-¾-zdïm-mÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-¯h;¼-HÛ-mh-TÛG

anadipsia

Ç+ô¤-hh-Vï-zü

Ç+ô¤-q-ÁÛm-bà-Vï-zºÛ-mhü

anandria

wô-VôÅ-¤Û-¿km-qü

wô-¾ÛP-hP-D-Çtä-ÅôGÅ-wô-»Û-Eh-VôÅ-¤Û-

dysentry

amenia/ amenorrhea AMI heart attack (acute myocardial infraction)

anopsia

leteral sclerosis

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

83

¿km-qü anaphia

¼ïG-±ô¼-Z¤Å-qü

¼ïG-‚-±ô¼-z-hP-ƒ¾-zü

anaphrodisia

¼ô-®-Z¤Å-qü

ºFÛG-uôh-ˆÛ-ºhÝm-q-Z¤Å-qºÛ-Bômü

anaplasia

Cm-HÛ-Pô-zôü

Cm-HÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

anasmia

iÛ-±ô¼-Z¤Å-qü

Ço-»Û-iÛ-±ô¼-Ÿm-qº¤-Z¤Å-qü

andomia

Ço-ÁïÅ-Z¤Å-qü

Ço-»ÛÅ-iÛ-¤Û-±ô¼-zºÛ-Bômü

anemia

B-¡zü

¤FÛÅ-q-¤hPÅ-zNå¼-HÛ-‚ïh-¾ÅZ¤Å-Aïm-¸ÞPÅ-FG-GÛ-Ç~äG-ym-h¤¼qô-hï-BïÅ-q-¾-IPÅ-zTß-zŸÛ-hP-zÞh¤ïh-¾-zTß-GZÛÅ-¾Å-VïÅ-ZÝP-zºÛ-Bômü

anepia

PG-¿+ÝGÅ-qü

PG-GÛÅ-¬-zXôh-¤Û-fÞz-qü

aneuria

½ÀâP-¸hü

hzP-¯ºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-¤Û-ºhP-zºÛ-Bômü

anginal pain

ljÛP-GÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ï¼ü

ƒP-GÛ-mÝ-G»ôm-ÇeïP-mÅ-¾G-G»ôm-PôÅÅÞ-Gmôm-z®Û¼-HÛÅ-Mã-zºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ï¼ü

angitis

¯-GZmü

FG-¯ºÛ-GZm-Dü

animal sign

¾ô-dGÅü

¾ô-Åô-Åô-¤±ôm-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ÆôG-VGÅ-(‚Û-zmÅ-wG-z¼-zTß-GZÛÅ-qô-GP-¼ÞP.ü)

ankylosing

ÁÛP-¼ïPÅü

±ÛGÅ-GŸÛ¼-GZm-D-zMz-mÅ-¼ÞÅ-

spondylitis

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

84

±ÛGÅ-ºGݾ-h;º-zü annular eclipse

GhÝz-º²Ûmü

¤Þ-Eãh-¿km-qºÛ-ZÛ-º²Ûmü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-hˆÛ¾ºDô¼-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-zOÛzÅ-ˆP-¤fºÛ-¤Þ-EãhÇKô¼-¤ô¼-¤fôP-zºÛ-ZÛ-º²Ûm-‚ï-ƒG

anopsia

¤ÛG-G»ÞP.ü

¤ÛG-GÛÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-Gž-qô¼-¤Û-¤fôPzºÛ-Bômü

anorchism

¼ô-±ô¼-Z¤Å-qü D-¤P¾ü

¿Uï-»ÛÅ-ƒô-z-¤Û-±ô¼-zºÛ-Bômü

anorexia

»Û-G-ºVßÅ-qü

Åï¤Å-mh-h¤-½ÀâP-mh-ˆÛ-Aïm-qÅ-D-¸ÅˆÛ-hP-G-ºGG-qü

antares

pômü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-zTôzMh-qü

anthracosis

mG-µÅ-JÀô-mhü

mG-µÅ-ˆÛ-f¾-lݾ-mP-hÝ-Qâz-qºÛ-AïmHÛÅ-JÀô-z¼-GZm-D-MÅ-qü

anthrax

xãGÅ-mh-GZm-¼Û¤Åü

¯Ó-G¸m-ÆôG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-FG-Mãm-mP-mhÆÛm-h‚ã-GݺÛ-G¸ÞGÅ-Tm-ŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-Aïm¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-GZm-¼Û¤Å-±zÅ-Vïm-ŸÛG

antidote

1ü z¹ôG-¼Û¤ü 2ü GZïm-qôü

anxiety/

Åï¤Å-º±zü

1ü Pm-ºƒÅ-z¹ôG-fzÅ-ˆÛ-GZïm-qôºÛŸzÅ-¼Û¤-¤¤-zTôÅ-fzÅü 2ü ¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hÝG-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Gmôh-qºÛmÝÅ-q-z¹ôG-fÞz-qºÛ-µÅ-GP-»P¼ÞP-zü Åï¤Å-F¾-‚ãP-zºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-Åï¤Å-mP-

nervosa

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

85

psychoanalysis

Zïm-D-hP-ºWÛGÅ-ÇPo -ü ¸ô¾-¤Û-zhï-zÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-hPPÅ-±zÅ-º‚ãP-zºÛ-½ÀâPmhü

aortitis

ljÛP-GÛ-ºw¼-¯ºÛ-GZm-±hü

ljÛP-GÛ-ºw¼-¯-G®ô-zô¼-GZm-D-MÅ-qü

aphagia

¤Ûh-h;º-zü

D-¸Å-¤Ûh-h;º-zºÛ-mhü

aphephobia

¼ïG-ºWÛGÅü

GŸm-HÛÅ-¼ïG-q¼-hôGÅ-qºÛ-ºWÛGÅÇoP.ü

aphthous

GTïmü

DºÛ-mP-hP-¤Vß-bô¼-Vß-¿KP-ºi-zºÛ-CPºzÞ¼-»P-»P-fôm-mhü

apoplexy

G¸º-IÛzü IÛz-Bômü

>Àh-q-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-FG-¯-¼¾-lô¾-‚ãP-AïmJÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-hzP-¯-IÛz-mÅ-¼Û¾-zº¤zM¾-zºÛ-mhü

appendicitis

Mã-¿ËG-GZm-±hü

Mã-¿ËG-Q-¤¼-GZm-D-MÅ-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛűzÅ-Vï-zºÛ-mhü

apsithyria

hPPÅ-¿+ÝGÅü

hPPÅ-º±z-iG-qôÅ-PG-¿+ÝGÅ-bï-¬zXôh-¤Û-fÞz-qü

apsychia

zM¾-zü ºzôG-qü

½ÀâP-mh-iG-qôÅ-im-q-Z¤Å-qü

aquari

¤ôm-Iâ

aquarius

zÞ¤-qü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-Zï¼zŸÛ-qü hÝÅ-¢ô¼-zTß-GTÛG-q-Çeïü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-

stomatitis (canker sores)

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

86

Mãh-ˆÛ-G¸º-zTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-zTß-GTÛG-qzÞ¤-qºÛ-EÛ¤-hÝ-Åômü arcturus

Å-¼Ûü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-zTô-¿Sqü

aries

¾ÞG

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-hP-qô-Çïeü ZÛ-¤-ÅôGÅ-G¸ºzTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-hP-qô-¾ÞG-GÛ-EÛ¤ü

arietic

f-Ç+¼ü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-hP-qôü

artery

ºw¼-¯ü

ljÛP-D¤Å-mÅ-¾ÞÅ-»ôPÅ-¾-º±ô-½ÀâPxãG-qºÛ-¸ÞPÅ-FG-Bï¾-ºiïm-‚ïh-qºÛFG-¯ü

arthralgia

±ÛGÅ-G¸ï¼ü

qÞÅ-¤ô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-GZm-D-¤ïh-qºÛ-±ÛGÅGŸÛºÛ-m-¸ÞG

arthritis

Iâ¤-zÞü cï¤ü

±ÛGÅ-GŸÛ¼-GZm-D-MÅ-mÅ-CPÅ-qhP-ºIô-zBôh-h;º-zºÛ-mhü

arthrosclerosis

±ÛGÅ-HôP.ü

h¤ÛGÅ-zž-¾ô-m-LÅ-Ç+zÅ-º‚ãPzºÛ-¯-MãÅ-hP-FG-¯-¤FïGÅ-ºHã¼HÛÅ-ºGݾ-zBôh-h;º-zºÛ-mhü

Ascendant

ºV¼-EÛ¤ü

¾ÞÅ-Ť-BïÅ-qºÛ-Åü hÝÅ-¢ô¼-Å-¤¾hP-qôü

ascending node

O-GTmü

O-Tm-GhôP-P¤-¼×-Èàü

of moon

Medicine & Astrology

87

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

asthma

hzÞGÅ-¤Û-zhï-zü

JÀô-mh-hzÞGÅ-¤Û-zhï-zºÛ-Çôeh-hÝ-º±PzºÛ-mhü

astrologer

Ç+¼-¯ÛÅ-qü

G¸º-Ç+¼-¾-hrh-hï-Bï-zôºÛ-zhï-ÇkÝGºƒÅ-zÞ-¾ÞP-hÝ-Çeôm-¤Dmü

astrology

Ç+¼-¯ÛÅü

G¸º-Ç+¼-HÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¾-GŸÛGÅ-bïºIô-zºÛ-zhï-ÇkÝG-zdG-qºÛ-¼ÛG-qü

astronomer

Gm¤-¼ÛG-Ç+¼-hrh-qü

ZÛ-¹-G¸º-Ç+¼-ÅôGÅ-¾-zdG-hrhh¤-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-¤Dmü

astronomy

Gm¤-¼ÛG-Ç+¼-hrhü G¸º-Ç+¼-hrh-¼ÛG

ZÛ-¹-G¸º-Ç+¼-ÅôGÅ-¾-zdG-qºÛ-¼ÛGqü

atactitia

¼ïG-±ô¼-Z¤Å-qü

¼ïG-qºÛ-±ô¼-z-Z¤Å-qºÛ-Bômü

atherosclerosis

ºw¼-¯-HôP-qôü

FG-¯-¤FïGÅ-qô¼-Hã¼-qºÛ-mhü

audiogenic

O-zM¾ü

½ÀâP-mh-Tm-HÛÅ-O-ÁÝGÅ-Vïm-qô-fôÅ-q¾-zdïm-mÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-zM¾-ºzôG

auspicious

z=-ÁÛÅ-qºÛü hGï-zºÛü

G¸º-Ǽ+ -ÅôGÅ-hGï-zºÛü dGÅ-dïmºƒï¾-z¸P-qôü

autism

¼P-G»ïPÅü

uÛ-hP-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-Åï¤Å-VïÅ-mP-hÝxôGÅ-ÁÛP.ü xÛºÛ-»Þ¾-¾-¤Û-ºWâG-q¼mP-GÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-q-¾-Åï¤Å-Gbh-±ß¾ü

Autum equinox

Çeôm-ZÛm-¤±m-¤Z¤-qü

Çeôm-hÝÅ-ZÛm-¤±m-GZÛÅ-¼ÛP-fÞP-¤Z¤-

seizure

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

88

qºÛ-hÝÅü xÛ-¹-9±ïÅ-23ü avitaminosis

ÇeôzÅ-Bïh-¸h-mhü

azoospermia

Å-zôm-Z¤Å-qü ¼ô-®-Z¤Å-qü wôºÛ-DÞ-zºÛ-mP-Å-zôm-¤ïh-qü

baby blues

£æ¤-¤ºÛ-Bô-ÇoP.ü

£æ¤-¤ºÛ-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-Ç+zÅ-¼ï-º‚ãPzºÛ-Åï¤Å-P¾-¾¤-Bô-ÇoP.ü

bacillary

h‚ãG-G¸ÞGÅ-y-ÆÛm-HÛü

ÁÛm-bà-y-zºÛ-h‚ãG-G¸ÞGÅ-y-ÆÛm-hPºƒï¾-zºÛü

bacillemia

h‚ãG-G¸ÞGÅ-FG-ÆÛmü

FG-GÛ-mP-ÁÛm-bà-y-zºÛ-h‚ãG-G¸ÞGÅy-ÆÛm-ŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-Bômü

bacilluria

h‚ãG-G¸ÞGÅ-GTÛm-ÆÛmü

GTÛm-qºÛ-mP-ÁÛm-bà-y-zºÛ-h‚ãGG¸ÞGÅ-y-¤ô-ŸÝGÅ-qºÛ-Bômü

backache

¼ô-Mz-G¸ï¼ü

¼ô-Çeôh-hP-Mz-GŸÝP-GÛ-¸ÞG-G¸ï¼ü

bacteremia

FG-ÆÛmü

FG-mP-GÛ-mh-ÆÛm-y-¤ôü

bacteria

y-ÆÛmü

ÁÛm-bà-y-zºÛ-Bï-¿kmü

bacterial

ljÛP-BÛºÛ-GZm-±hü

mh-ºzÞ-y-¤ôÅ-Aïm-qºÛ-ljÛP-GÛ-mP-ÁÝm¾-GZm-D-MÅ-qºÛ-mhü

GTÛm-ÆÛmü

GTÛm-HÛ-mh-ÆÛm-y-¤ôü

endocarditis bacteriuria

ÇeôzÅ-Bïh-ˆÛ-¸Å-zTßh-¤-ºhP-z-¾Å‚ãP-zºÛ-mhü

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

89

bag of water

¤Gô-Vßü

¤P¾-GmÅ-yâ-GÝ-¿ÛPk -źÛ-GÁï¼-µÅü

bagassosis

JÀô-mhü

JÀô-zºÛ-mhü

balantitis

¤±m-bôG-GZm-Dü

wô-¤±m-hP-‚-¾ïºÛ-¯ï¼-GZm-D-MÅ-qü

balbuties

hÛG-qü

¼P-ºzz-bà-¬-zXôh-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-¿Ëm-BïňÛ-PG-Bômü

baldness

uÛ-fï¼ü

¤Gô-zô-¾-C-¤ïh-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü

ballistocardiogram

ljÛP-ºGݾ-¼Û-¤ôü

ljÛP-GÛ-ºw¼-¿kÛP-¾-zdïm-qºÛ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛG»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-¼Û-¤ôü

ballooning

¿KP-qü hGP-qü

¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-¯-hP-Mã-¤-ÅôGÅ-Çoôh-DôG-ÇeôP¼ÛGÅ-¿KP-wÞG-¿e¼-z;P-zü

barium

zïï-¼Û-»¤ü

hÝG-ÁÅ-Vï-zºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅÁÛG

barren

¼zÅ-Vhü

zÞ-yâG-Bï-ºwï¾-HÛ-mÝÅ-q-¤ïh-qºÛü

betelgeuse

¾G

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-iâG-qü

billistophobia

NôGÅ-ºWÛGÅü

¤ï-ÁÝGÅ-ºwÞ¼-¤h¼-ÁÛm-bà-ºWÛGÅhPPÅü

birth chart

±ï-¼zÅ-¾Å-¯ÛÅü

z®Å-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-¹-ŸG-hÝÅ-hP-G¸ºÇ+¼-ÅôGÅ-¾-zÇ+ô¼-qºÛ-¯ÛÅü

Medicine & Astrology birth

90

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

BïÅ-Ç+¼ü

GP-¸G-TÛG-BïÅ-ZÛm-HÛ-¹-Ǽ+ -ÇïePºhÅ-h‚ãGÅ-ˆÛ-‚-z-‚Å-¸Ûm-qºÛ-Ç+¼±ôGÅü

bone marrow

@P.¤¼ü

¼ÞÅ-qºÛ-ÇeôP-VºÛ-mP-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-µÅ¤Zïm-¤ô-FG-GÛ-y-wÞP-z¸ô-ºhôm-mÝÅ-qŸÛG

breath

hzÞGÅ-»Þmü

BïÅ-zÞ-mh-¤ïh-GTÛG-GÛ-hzÞGÅ-º‚ÛmQâz-fïPÅ-GTÛG-GÛ-»Þm-hP-Vß-±ôh-Ç+¼V-zŸÛ-¤Z¤ü ºhÛ-zôh-ˆÛ-Ǽ+ -¯ÛżÛG-qºÛ-hÝÅ-±ôh-z¯Û-fzÅ-ˆÛ-GŸÛ-»P»Ûmü

bright half of

¹-zºÛ-»¼-Pô-ü h;¼-xôGÅü

¹-zºÛ-h;¼-V-ºwï¾-zºÛ-hÝÅü zôh±ïÅ- 1 mÅ- 15 z¼ü

cadent

ÍÞ-q-®ü

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-GmÅ-¤¾-GÅÞ¤ü iâG hGÝhP-zTß-GZÛÅ-¾-¸ï¼ü

calender

¾ô-fôü ¹-fôü ¯ÛG-ºGï¾-¾ôfôü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-¹-z-hP-±ïÅ-IPÅ-V-±PºDôh-qºÛ-¾ô-fô-ÁôG-AP-¤º¤-ÁôG-zÞºGº-»ôh-qü ÁÝGÅ-Vï¼-¯ÛG-q¼hG¾-MãºÛ-¾ô-fô-È-TP-zÇkÝÅ-q-ŸÛG

cancer

;@‡ü

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-zŸÛ-q-Çïeü ZÛ-¤-ÅôGÅ-G¸ºzTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-zŸÛ-q-;@‡ºÛ-EÛ¤ü

capricon

Vß-ÆÛmü

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-zTß-q-Çeïü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛG¸º-zTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-zTß-q-Vß-ÆÛm-HÛ-

constellation

the moon

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

91

EÛ¤ü cardinal signs

G»ô-zºÛ-EÛ¤ü

GmÅ-¤¾-zTß-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-mP-mÅ-¾ÞGhP-ü ;@‡ü ÆP.ü Vß-ÆÛm-bï-G»ôzºÛ-EÛ¤-zŸÛü

cardinals

;-z-zŸÛü

EÛ¤-zTß-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-hP-qô-¾ÞG-hP.ü zŸÛq-;@‡ü zhÝm-q-ÆP.ü zTß-q-Vß-ÆÛmzTÅ-xôGÅ-zŸÛºÛ-EÛ¤-zŸÛü

cardiologist

ljÛP-GÛ-Ǩm-qü

ljÛP-mh-¼ÛG-qºÛ-Vïh-¾Å-q-ŸÛG-Çeïü ljÛP-GÛ-mh-¼ÛGÅ-hP.ü Iâz-Vü ‚ïh¾Å-zTÅ-¾-¤DÅ-qºÛ-Vïh-¾Å-Ǩm-qü

carpal

¾G-¤GôºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü sm-¯ïºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

¾G-¤GôºÛ-¤FÛG-±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-VßPPÞ-zMhü

cartilage

Fâ¤-¼ÞÅü

n-z-hP-Ç-o ¯ï-ÅôG-¯ïü ¿Ë-¼Þ-¯ïü ±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¤Gô-ÅôGÅ-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-¼ÞÅqºÛ-V-ÁÅ-¿kï¤-V-Tmü

castor

M¾ü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-zMhqü

celestial bodies

z¼-ÇoP-GÛ-wÞP-qôü

m¤-¤Dº-¾-GmÅ-qºÛ-ZÛ-¹-G¸º-Ç+¼ÅôGÅü

cervide

¤WÛP-¼ÞÅü

±ÛGÅ-¤D¼-zhÝm-¾Å-Iâz-qºÛ-ÇK¾±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-»¼-Çoï-Çeïü ¤WÛP-±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ¼ÞÅ-qü

vertebra

Medicine & Astrology

92

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

chronology

zÇem-¯ÛÅü

¾ÞP-dôGÅ-ˆÛ-zÇem-q-º²Ûm-qºÛ-BïÅ-Vïmh¤-q-n¤Å-hÝÅ-m¤-±ôh-¾-‚ôm-q-hPhôm-Vïm-‚ãP-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-¾ô-hÝÅ-ÇS-xÛ-Gô-¼Û¤zÇem-qºÛ-hÅÝ -¯ÅÛ ü

clavicle

OôG-¼ÞÅü

ÅôG-¼ÞÅ-ˆÛ-¤hÝm-PôÅ-G»Å-G»ôm-hÝyG-q-mÅ-Ç+ï-ÇeïP-z¼-ºyïh-hÝ-GmÅqºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-m¼-¤ôü

clockwise

mP-Ç+ô¼ü

Ç+ô¼-z-G»Å-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-ºDô¼-zºÛü

coccyx

GŸÝG-VßP.ü

ÇK¾-±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¤-ÇoïºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-¶-GhôP¸ï¼-z-hïºôü

comet

Ç+¼-¤-hÝ-z-¤WâG-¼ÛP.ü

ºhÛºÛ-dG-qºÛ-¾ôPÅ-uôh-ZÛ-¤-hP¤±ßPÅ-ˆP-ºIôÅ-¯ô¤-q-¼Û¤-q¼-ZÛ¤ºÛ-¤hÝm-hP.ü ¼Û¤-¤Ûm-¾-ZÛ-¤ºÛMz-bà-¤fôP-z¼-ºHã¼ü

compatibility

zG-¯ÛÅü ¤fÞm-¯ÛÅü

wô-¤ô-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-BïÅ-¾ô-¹-±ïÅ-GŸÛ¼z¸ÞP-wm-±ßm-¤fÞm-¾¤-zdG-qºÛ-¯ÛÅü

constellation

Mã-Ǽ+ ü Ç+¼-EÛ¤ü

EÛ¤-zTß-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-Gô-»Þ¾-»ôPÅ-µôGÅV-ljô¤Å-ZÛ-ÁÝ-¯-zhÝm-hÝ-zGôÅ-qºÛ-V-¼ï¼ï-mÛ-Mã-Ç+¼-¼ï-¼ïºÛ-»Þm-hP-Mã-Ç+¼-¼ï¼¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-±ßôh-iâG-Tß-f¤-q-»ôhü

constellation

Mã-Ǽ+ -@P-qü @P-qü

Mã-Ǽ+ -¼ï¼-@P-q-zŸÛ-¼ï-hP.ü EÛ¤¼ï¼-@P-q-hGÝ-»ôh-qÅü Mã-Ǽ+ -Zï¼zhÝm-¾-Eôm-zÇkô¤Å-@P-q-zM-hP-

chart

feet

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

93

zMhü EÛ¤-ŸG 360 »ôhü coronal suture

¤±ôG-¤ºÛ-ºhÝÅ-Åôü

dark half of the

¹-zºÛ-h¤¼-xôGÅü ¤¼-Pô.ü ¹-zºÛ-h¤¼-V-ºwï¾-zºÛ-hÝÅü zôh±ïÅ- 16 mÅ- 30 z¼ü

moon

¤Gô-zôºÛ-¤±ôG-¤ºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qºÛ-ÆâzÅ-Ť¤fÞh-¤±¤Åü

day

1ü ZÛm-ŸG 2ü ZÛm-¤ôü

1ü ±ßôh- 24 zhG-ZÛh-ˆÛ-hÝÅ-»Þmü 2ü m¤-¾PÅ-mÅ-ZÛ-¤-¤-mÝz-z¼-HÛhÝÅ-±ôhü

delphinus

hzôü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-zTßGZÛÅ-qü

denebola

¤ôm-Iïü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-Zï¼GÅÞ¤-qü

descending

;ï-bàü

O-GTm-¤WâG-¤º¤-;ï-bàü

direction

xôGÅü D-xôGÅü

GmÅ-qº¤-Mã-zºÛ-xôGÅü

directional

xôGÅ-ˆÛ-ÇeôzÅü

xôGÅ-PïÅ-Tm-HÛ-ÇôezÅ-bïü ZÛ-ÅPÅh¤¼-qô-¼×-Èà-Çtïmü ü¹-¿ËG-wÞ¼-zÞ-¼Û¤q-zŸÛmü üÁ¼-mÅ-hzP-¿mk -¤f¼-fÞGq¼ü üz;ôh-q-¼P-xôGÅ-ÇôezÅ-¿mk ºHã¼ü

Mã-Åô¼-zTß-GZÛÅ-¤ü ¸PÅ-

wô-zºÛ-GŸÝG-hP-Mã-¤ºÛ-Çeôh-GZÛÅ-z¼-

node of moon

strength

duodenum

Medicine & Astrology

94

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

±GÅ-¾Þ-GݺÛ-¤Gô

HÛ-ºƒï¾-¤±¤Å-¾-¸ï¼-bïü hïÅ-¸ÅÇ+ô¤-¥GÅ-zŸÝ-‚Å-q-n¤Å-xÛ¼-GbôPŸÛP-hï-¤Ûm-ÆâP-z¼-‚ïh-hôü

earth

Å-GŸÛü º‚ãP-z-Åü

¼P-TG-GmÅ-qºÛ-Å-GŸÛ-Vïm-qô-hP.ü º‚ãP-z-zŸÛº¤-¿SºÛ-»-H¾-Åü

eclipse

G¸º-º²Ûmü

ZÛ-¹-G¸º-º²Ûm-bïü ZÛ-º²Ûm-hP-¹º²Ûmü

element

º‚ãP-zü D¤Åü

uÛ¼-º‚ãP-z-Vïm-qô-Å-Vß-¤ï-½ÀâP-zŸÛhP.ü º‚ãP-¯ÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-ÁÛP-¤ï-Å¿UGÅ-Vß-¿S-hP.ü Ç+¼-¯ÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Vß-¤ï-½ÀâP-m¤-¤Dº-hP-¿S.ü

elemental

º‚ãP-¯ÛÅü mG-¯ÛÅü

º‚ãP-z-ÁÛP-¤ï-Å-¿UGÅ-Vß-¿SºÛ-D¤Å¾-zdïm-mÅ-¾ô-¹-ŸG-hÝÅ-hP.ü ÆôG-¾ÞÅ-hzP-fP->ÀâP-d-ÅôGÅ-z¯ÛzºÛ-¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-¾ÞGÅü

equator

źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-hˆÛ¾-fÛG @ïhfÛG

źÛ-Gô-¾-¿Ëô-‚P-GÛ-V-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-xï-zºÛhzÞÅ-ˆÛ-dôG-zdGÅ-ˆÛ-fÛG

equinox

ZÛm-¤±m-¤Z¤-hÝÅü

hrÛh-hP-Çeôm-ZÛm-¤±m-¤Z¤-qºÛ-hÝÅü

esophagus

¤Ûh-qü

¤Ûh-q-mÅ-wô-z¼-¤fÞh-qºÛ-¸Å-Ç+ô¤-Mãz¼-‚ïh-qºÛ-¾¤ü

even signs

¤Z¤-EÛ¤ü

V-IPÅ-ˆÛ-EÛ¤-Çïeü ¤ô-EÛ¤ü JÀP.ü ;@‡ü zÞôü ÇkÛG Vß-ÆÛmü Zü

astrology

Medicine & Astrology external

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

95

n-¾¤-xÛ-¤ºÛ-ÇKôü

xÛ-PôÅ-mÅ-O-ºWâG-źÛ-n-z-xÛ-¤ºÛ-zÞ-G

fate

zÇ+ôÅ-fP.ü

¾Å-ˆÛ-zÇ+ôÅ-fP.ü

fathom

wï-ºhô¤ü

wÞ-Fâ-iâG-GÛ-±hü

femur

z½À-@P-¼ÞÅ-qü

hrÛ-¤Gô-mÅ-qÞÅ-±ÛGÅ-z¼-HÛ-@P.¼ÞÅü

fibula

Xï-P¼-¼ÞÅ-q-VßP-zü

@P-qºÛ-P¼-GhôP-GÛ-xÛ-PôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

fixed signs

zdm-EÛ¤ü

JÀP.ü ÅïP.ü ÇkÛG zÞ¤-zTÅ-¤ÛºHã¼-zdm-qºÛ-EÛ¤-zŸÛü

foe

hI hI-¹ü

ŸÛP-zhG-G¸º-»Û-hI

foramen

¿eG-¼ÞÅ-DÞP-zÞü

MãPÅ-qºÛ-Mã-¾¤-HÛ-zÞ-GÝ

friend

IôGÅü

ŸÛP-zhG-G¸º-»Û-IôGÅü

frontal bone

hs¾-¼ÞÅü

¤ÛG-»m-Vh-hP-C-¤±¤Å-¤m-Vh-ˆÛhs¾-zºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

full moon

¹-z-Z-GP.ü Z-MÅ-¹-zü

¹-z-V-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-D-GP-z-Çeï-±ïÅ-zTô¿SºÛ-¹-zü

galaxy

hGÝ-±ÛGÅ-B-¤ôü

Ç+¼-±ôGÅ-Å-»-¤P-qô-ºhÝÅ-q-m¤¤DºÛ-ºyïh-¾¤-hÝ-B-¿Ë¤-¤ï¼-ÇoP-zºÛ¤-¾G

acoustic meatus

magnum

Medicine & Astrology

96

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

gemini

ºFÛG-qü

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-GÅÞ¤-q-Çïeü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛG¸º-zTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-GÅÞ¤-qü

gregorian

»Û-ÁݺÛ-¾ô-fôü

xÛ-¾ô- 1582 ¾ô-mÅ-z¸ÞP-mÝz-xôGňÛ-¾ô-fô-¯Û-Æô¾ü

hemisphere

xïh-Gô-¾ü

źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-hˆÛ¾-fÛG-mÅ-¿Ëô-‚P-GÛhݤ-zÞ-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-zGôÅ-qºÛ-Vº¤-Eômü

hour

Vß-±ôhü

¯ÛÅ-ˆÛ-Vß-ÆP-iâG-Tß-¾-Vß-±ôh-GTÛG-Çeïü ZÛm-ŸG-GTÛG-¾-±ôÝh- 60 hP-¾GºDô¼-Ǽ+ -V- 60 ¾-±ßôh- 1 ÇeïZÛm-ŸG 1 ¾-±ßôh- 24 z¯Û-ÇPe Åü

house of

¤Û-hGï-ÁÛm-bà-mÝz-qºÛ-EÛ¤ü

G¸ºÛ-z¸P-xôGÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-ÇeôzÅ-Ÿm-qºÛhÝÅ-bï-wÞ¼-zÞ-¿e-zÞ¼-hqï-¤±ôm-mü ¼PGÛ-ÇeôzÅ-¿km-EÛ¤-;@‡ºÛ-fh-z¿eÅ-ˆÛEÛ¤-Vß-ÆÛm-mP-GmÅ-q-¾ºôü

exaltation

hGï-ŸÛP-ÇeôzÅ-hP-¿km-qºÛEÛ¤ü

G¸ºÛ-z¸P-xôGÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-Vï¼-MÅ-qºÛhÝÅ-bïü hqï¼-mü wÞ¼-zÞ-;@‡ºÛ-EÛ¤mP-GmÅ-q-¿e-zÞºôü

humerus

hqÞP-@P.ü

ÅôG-q-hP-hqÞP-¼ÞÅ-ºƒï¾-¤±¤Å-mÅIâ-±ÛGÅ-z¼-HÛ-hqÞP-P¼-HÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

hydrae

Ç+G

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-mP-GÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-hGÝ-qü

Jupiter

G¸º-wÞ¼-zÞü

ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛ-G¸º-Ç+¼-Vï-ÁôÅü ¯ÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-G¸º-hGݺÛ-mP-GÛ-¿S-qü

calender

debilitation

house of

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

97

G¸º-¿ºS Û-iG-G¸º-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-mP-mÅGTÛG kalachakra

hÝÅ-ˆÛ-ºDô¼-¾ôü

hq¾-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-ºDô¼-¾ôü Mãh-hP-zÇkÝÅ-Mãhü

kaus-australis

Vß-Çeôhü

Mã-Ç+¼-Zï¼-zhÝm-HÛ-Ç+¼-EÛ¤-ZÛ-ÁÝ-qü

lamdoid suture

¿eG-qºÛ-M-ÆâzÅü

¤Gô-zôºÛ-uÛ-zôºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-hP-¿eG-qºÛ-¼ÞÅqºÛ-hz¼-HÛ-ÆâzÅ-Ť-¤fÞh-¤±¤Åü

latitude

ºyïh-fÛG

fÛG-h¤¼-mÅ-¿Ëô-‚P-GP-¼ÞP-GÛ-ºyïhˆÛ-MP-fG

leap year

¾ô-zÁô¾ü

xÛ-¾ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-zÁô¾-¾ô-bïü ¾ô-zŸÛ-¼ïºÛ¤±¤Å-xÛ-¹-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-mP-ZÛm-IPÅZï¼-zMh-±z-bà-Zï¼-hGÝ-ºôP-zºÛ-¾ôü

left channel

AP-¤ü

G»ôm-AP-¤-Çeï-¹-zºÛ-½ÀâP-Mã-zºÛ-¾¤ü

length

¼ÛP-±hü

ZÛm-¤±m-¼ÛP-fÞP-GÛ-±hü ZÛm-±hü ¤±m-±hü

leo

ÅïP-Gï

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-¿S-q-Çeïü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛG¸º-zTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-¿S-q-ÅïP-GïºÛ-EÛ¤ü

libra

ÆP.ü

hÝÅ-¢ô¼-zhÝm-q-Çeïü ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-MãhˆÛ-G¸º-zTߺÛ-Mã-¾¤-zhÝm-q-ÆP-GÛEÛ¤ü

hÝÅ-ºDô¼-¯-

Medicine & Astrology

98

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

local time

Å-GmÅ-ˆÛ-±ßôhü

¼P-ZÛh-GmÅ-ź¤-Gbm-GŸÛÅ-‚ïh»Þ¾-Å-GmÅ-ˆÛ-hÝÅ-º²Ûm-±ßôhü

longitude

GŸÝP-fÛG

źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-±PÅ-fÛG-mÅ-Á¼-hP-mÝzbà-z¯Û-zºÛ-MP-Hïhü

lord

zhG-G¸ºü

EÛ¤-¤¤-G¸º-Ç+¼-Åô-ÅôºÛ-zhG-qô-Çeïü ¾ÞG-hP-ÇkÛG-qºÛ-zhG-qô-¤ÛG-h¤¼»Ûm-q-¿e-zÞü

lumber

@ïh-±ÛGÅü

Mz-PôÅ-ÇK¾-GŸÝP-¤m-hP-¤±P-¼ÞÅ»m-HÛ-¤D¼-±ÛGÅ-¿S-»ôh-qºÛ-ÇK¾±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-V-ÁÅü

lunar month

±ïÅ-¹ü

¹-zºÛ-ºwï¾-ºIÛz-¾-GŸÛ-zTô¾-zºÛ±ïÅ-GTÛG-mÅ-Gm¤-GP-z¼-HÛ-hÝÅ»Þmü ¼GÅ-q¼-ŸG-Zï¼-hGÝ-hP-xïhü

mandible

¤-¤G¾-¼ÞÅ-qü

ºI¤-qºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-ÇeïP-Áôh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-ºôG¤ü

Mars

¤ÛG-h¤¼ü

ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛ-G¸º-GÅÞ¤-q-hP-ü ¯ÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-G¸º-¿SºÛ-Ç+zÅ-iG-G¸ºGÅÞ¤-HÛ-mP-mÅ-GTÛG

mastoid

n-¿eG-¼ÞÅ-ºzÞ¼ü

n-zºÛ-Mz-PôÅ-ÅÞ-»ôh-qºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-mÝ-¯ïºÛh‚ÛzÅ-¿e-zÞü

»-¤G¾-¼ÞÅ-qü

ºI¤-qºÛ-ÇeïP-Áôh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-ÇeïP-¤ü

vertebra

process maxilla

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

99

mental foramen

¤-¤G¾-DÞP-zÞü

¤-¾ïºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qºÛ-ÇïeP-GÛ-zÞ-G

Mercury

¿ËG-qü

ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-Mãh-ˆÛ-G¸º-hGݺÛ-zhÝm-qhP.ü ¯ÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-G¸º-¿ºS Û-Çz+ Å-ŸÛG¸º-GZÛÅ-mÅ-GTÛG

metacarpal

¾G-¤fÛ¾-¼ÞÅ-qü

¾G-qºÛ-¤FÛG-±ÛGÅ-hP-Åô¼-¤ôºÛ-¼ÞÅqºÛ-¤fÞh-¤±¤Å-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-m¼-¤ô-¿Sü

@P-¤fÛ¾-¼ÞÅ-qü

@P-qºÛ-zô¾-±ÛGÅ-hP-Åô¼-¤ôºÛ-¼ÞÅqºÛ-¤fÞh-¤±¤Å-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-¿Sü

Monday

G¸º-¹-zü

¼ïÅ-¾-ºV¼-zºÛ-G¸º-zhÝm-mP-GÛGZÛÅ-qü

month

¹-zü

¾ô-GTÛG-GÛ-hÝÅ-»Þm-V-zTß-GZÛÅ-ÅÞzGôÅ-qºÛ-V-GTÛG hï¼-ZÛm-ŸG-GÛ-¹z-hP-ü ±ïÅ-¹ü EÛ¤-¹-zTÅ-GÅÞ¤hÝ-»ôhü

moon sign

¹-EÛ¤ü

z®º-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-¹-z-GP-m-GmÅ-qºÛ-EÛ¤zTß-GZÛÅ-GP-¼ÞP.ü

motion

G¸ºÛ-zIôh-qü

G¸ºÛ-zIôh-qºÛ-¥ã¼-±hü hï¼-h¾¥ã¼-GZÛÅ-hP-¼P-ºIôÅ-zTÅ-GÅÞ¤»ôhü

Mount Meru

¼Û-M¾-¿Ëàm-qôü ¼Û-¼zü

¤Pôm-q-¤²ôh-mÅ-zÁh-q-¿¼e -mü JÀÛPzŸÛ-hP.ü JÀÛP-ym-zMhü M-¤±ô-Vïmqô-zŸÛü ZÛ-¹-G¸º-Ǽ+ -hP-zTÅ-qºÛºWÛG-dïm-HÛ-hzÞÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-qºÛ-¼Û-M¾-

bones metatarsal bones

(Su-meru)

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

100

¿Ëàm-qôü moveable signs

G»ô-EÛ¤ü

¾ÞG-hP.ü ;@‡ü ÆP.ü Vß-ÆÛmzTÅ-G»ô-zºÛ-EÛ¤-zŸÛü

muscle

Á-Gmhü

¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-¯ô¾-mÝÅ-Bïh-q¼-‚ïh-qºÛ-wÞPIâzü

nasal bone

Ço-¼ÞÅü

Ço-zÞG-G»Å-G»ôm-HÛ-GŸÛ-dïm-¼ÞÅ-qü

occipital bone

¿eG-¼ÞÅü

¤Gô-zôºÛ-¿eG-Mz-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-ºzÞ¼-qôü

orbit

¤ÛG-ºzô¼-¼ÞÅ-qü

¤ÛG-ºƒÅ-GmÅ-»Þ¾-HÛ-¼ÞÅ-Oô¤-;ôP;ôP-ü

palatine bone

@m-¼ÞÅü

D-»Û-mP-PôÅ-»-@m-HÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

pancreas

GÁï¼-¤ü ¤ï-GmÅü

wô-zºÛ-Mz-PôÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-qºÛ-ºW¤-¤ZïmÇ~äzÅ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tm-HÛ-hzP-dïm-ÍÛm-TÛiâG-®¤-¿km-q-ŸÛG

parietal bone

fôh-¼ÞÅü

¤Gô-zôºÛ-uÛ-G®ßG-hP-hïºÛ-G»Å-G»ômHÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

patella

¿Ë-P.ü

qÞÅ-±ÛGÅ-ÇeïP-DïzÅ-GTôh-¿e¼-GmÅqºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-ÇKô¼-¾ïzü

pelvis

hrÛ-¼ÞÅü ¤±P-¼ü

hrÛ-¤GôºÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-hP-¤±P-¼ÞÅü GŸÝG-VßP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-uÛ-¤ÛP.ü

Medicine & Astrology

101

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

phalanges

Çtäm-¤P.ü

@P-¾G-GÛ-¤fïz-zôP-hP-¤²âz-Åô¼-HÛ¼ÞÅ-q-n¤Å-ˆÛ-¤ÛP.ü

pharynx

¤±ß¾-qü

Ço-mÅ-¤¼-¿Uï-VßP-fh-hÝ-¸ÞG-qºÛ-zÞ-G

radius

¾G-P¼-¼ÞÅ-q-Vï-zü

¾G-P¼-HÛ-xÛ-PôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-fÞP-z-hïºÛ¤ÛP.ü

ribs

¯ÛzÅ-¤ü

ljÛP-hP-JÀô-z-ÆâP-Bôz-‚ïh-qºÛ-ƒP-DôGGÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-¾ïz-¤ô-m¼-GÝG-V-zTß-GZÛÅTmü

sacrum

±P-¼ÞÅü (¤±P-¼ÞÅü)

©ïh-±ÛGÅ-hP-GŸÝG-VßP-z¼-hÝ-GmÅqºÛ-±ÛGÅ-¤D¼-¿S-Tm-HÛ-ÇK¾-±ÛGÅü

sagittal suture

uÛ-zôºÛ-M-ÆâzÅü

¤Gô-zôºÛ-uÛ-zôºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qºÛ-ÆâzÅ-Ť¤fÞh-¤±¤Åü

scapula

ÅôG-¼ÞÅü ÅôG-qü

hqÞP-ºGôºÛ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-Mz-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅqºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-Tm-HÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

spinal cord

MãPÅ-qü ÆôG-¯-h;¼-qôü

>Àh-q-mÅ-GŸÝG-VßP-z¼-HÛ-ÇK¾-±ÛGňÛ-Ç~äzÅ-ÅÞ-VGÅ-qºÛ-ÇK¾-nG

sternum

ƒP-¼ÞÅü

Ç+ï-¤WÛP-¤±¤Å-mÅ-¤VÛm-iÛº¤-h¼h;¼-»ô¾-zºÛ-ºôG-®¤-z¼-GmÅ-qºÛƒP-DôG-GÛ-¤hÝm-PôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-m¼-¾ïzü

suture

M-ÆâzÅü

¤Gô-zôºÛ-uÛ-zô-hP-¤±ôG-¤-¿eG-q-zTňÛ-¼ÞÅ-qºÛ-JÀÛP-wm-±ßm-¤fÞh-¤±¤Å-

Medicine & Astrology

Ǩm-hP-¯ÛÅü

102

ˆÛ-Æzâ Åü tarsal bones temporal bone

zô¾-±ÛGÅ-¼ÞÅ-qü n-¿Ëm-¼ÞÅ-qü

@P-qºÛ-zô¾-±ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-DG-zhÝmü n-z-G»Å-G»ôm-HÛ-ÇKP-fh-hÝ-GmÅqºÛ-¤Þ¼-GôP-GÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

tibia

Xï-P¼-¼ÞÅ-q-Vï-zü

@P-qºÛ-mP-PôÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-qºÛ-P¼-GhôPGÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

ulna

¾G-P¼-¼ÞÅ-q-VßP-zü

¾G-P¼-HÛ-mP-PôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÞÅ-q-y-¾-¼ÛP-zhïºÛ-¤ÛP.ü

zygomatic bone

¤DÞ¼-±ôÅ-¼ÞÅ-qü

GhôP-GÛ-¤DÞ¼-±ôÅ-G»Å-G»ôm-GZÛňÛ-ºzÞ¼-VºÛ-¼ÞÅ-qü

Physics

103

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

zl-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¾Å-ºV¼ü TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qºÛ-zl-Vhü PHYSICS TERMS

jË-Å-zôh-ˆÛ-hqï-¤²ôh-DP.ü

LIBRARY OF TIBETAN WORKS & ARCHIEVES (LTWA)

Physics

104

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

aberration

ÇoP-z½‰m-¼z-¼Ûzü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-¿e-zÞ-xÛºÛ-»Þ¾-¤fôP-‚ïh-¾Bôm-»ôh-qºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-ÇoP-z½‰m-¤ÛGž-zü

abrasion

zl¼-¸hü

l¼-ÁÝh-ˆÛÅ-Aïm-qÅ-¸h-q¼-Hã¼-zºÛ¼P-zŸÛmü

absolute humidity

¿eôÅ-¤ïh-½Àm-GÁï¼ü

¤Dº-½ÀâP-GÛ-ÁôP-±h-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-GÛmP-VߺÛ-½ÀPÅ-q-WÛ-»ôh-ˆÛ-±h-GŸÛ-ŸÛG¾-¸ï¼ü hï-mÛ-¤Dº-½ÀâP-Áô-G¸ÞGÅ-¤Û‡¼-¼ï¼-VߺÛ-½ÀPÅ-¸ïGÅ-;Û-¾ô-WÛ-»ôhˆÛ-V-mÅ-±h-ºW¾-z-»Ûmü

acceleration

¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-Vü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¥ã¼-±h-hÝÅ-±ôhPïÅ-Tm-¼ï¼-WÛ-®¤-¥ã¼-hÝ-ºIô-zºÛ-±hü

activation energy

zIâP-‚ïh-mÝÅ-qü

µÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-ŸÛG-»ôP-z¼-hGôÅPïÅ-ˆÛ-ZÝP-¤fºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

adiabatic process

±-iôh-Åô¼-GmÅ-zMãh-¼Û¤ü ±-iôh-ºw¼-VG-GP-»P-¤ïh-q¼-º‚ãPzºÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤-GP-¼ÞP-ŸÛG

adsorption

GÅôG-º‚¼ü

½ÀâP-hP-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝÅ-µÅ-GPŸÛG-Æ-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ-GŸm-ŸÛGGÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤ü

allotropy

µÅ-GTÛG-n¤-¤P.ü

D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG-n¤-q-¤Û-ºi-z-GZÛÅŤ-hÝ-¤¼-GmÅ-qºÛ-PP-±ß¾ü

alloy

zÆïÅ-¿UGÅü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤Û-ºi-z-GZÛÅ-Ťü

Physics

105

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

»P-m-GZÛÅ-¾Å-¤P-z-¤Z¤-zÆïÅ‚Å-qº¤ü »P-m-¿GU Å-¼ÛGÅ-hP¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-µÅ-GŸm-hPzÆïÅ-mÅ-Iâz-qºÛ-µÅ-Ť-hPôÅ-qôü amorphous

z¸ô-h‚ÛzÅ-PïÅ-¤ïhü

h‚ÛzÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-PïÅ-Tm-¤ïh-qºÛ-ÆG¸ÞGÅü

ampere

JÀôG-Mãm-ÁÝGÅ-±hü

JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-z;G-V-GTÛG-Tm-HÛ-JÀôGfG-mP-Mã-zºÛ-JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-V-±h-GTÛGTm-HÛ-JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-±h-GŸÛü

angle of incidence

zlz-ºyôºÛ-¸Þ¼-DÞG

ºôh-hP-O-¿e-zÞºÛ-½ÀzÅ-hPôÅ-qô-GP»P-¼ÞP-zºÛ-PôÅ-ÁÛG-¾-zlz-q-¾Åü zlz-GmÅ-hï-hP-iP-ºxP-GÛ-fÛGGZÛÅ-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-¸Þ¼-DÞG

angle of reflection

¿kôG-ºyôºÛ-¸Þ¼-DÞG

ºôh-hP-O-¿e-zÞºÛ-½ÀzÅ-PôÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-ÇeïPmÅ-¿ôkG-q-¾Åü ¿kôG-GmÅ-hï-hP-iPºxP-GÛ-fÛG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-z¸ôÅ-qºÛ-¸Þ¼DÞG

angstrom (A.U)

ÍP-Åï-cô¤-(¯Û-GŸÛü)

‚ï-ƒG-bà-ºHïh-ºyôºÛ-½ÀzÅ-¼ÛP-±hºW¾-zºÛ-±h-GŸÛ-ŸÛG-Çïeü Åïm-‡Û-¤Û‡¼-GTÛG-Å-»-zM¼-zGôÅ-qºÛ-VGTÛG

angular

¸Þ¼-ºIôÅ-ˆÛ-¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼- wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¸Þ¼-ºIôÅ-¥ã¼-±hVü hÝÅ-±ôh-PïÅ-Tm-¼ï¼-WÛ-®¤-¥ã¼-hÝ-ºIôzºÛ-±hü

acceleration

Physics angular

106

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

¸Þ¼-DÞG-GÛ-ºwô-Bôhü

Mã-¾¤-ÇKô¼-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hPôÅG¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-Bôh-qºÛ-MP-fG

¸Þ¼-DÞG-GÛ-ºGݾ-±hü

ºDô¼-¤hº-‚ï-ƒG-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-wÞPG¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-ºDô¼-MãG-ºGôG-ÁÝGÅ-hP¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-V-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-zNå¼-fôzü

angular velocity

¸Þ¼-DÞG-GÛ-ºIôÅ-±hü

hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¸Þ¼DÞG-GTÛG-GÛ-ºHã¼-zºÛ-¥ã¼-±hü

anisotropy

xôGÅ-¾-¿eôÅ-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü ±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-xôGÅ-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-hzPGÛÅ-Eh-VôÅ-¤Û-ºi-z-Tmü

antimatter

¿kôG-µÅü

ZÛP-lݾ-¤ô-hP-JÀôG-lݾ-wô-¾Å-Iâz-qºÛhPôÅ-qôü

archimede’s

ͼ-DÛ-¤ï-hïºÛ-Gbm-Æô¾ü

GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-mP-ÇeÛ¤-qºÛ-wÞP-qôºÛ-ºxôÁÝGÅ-hï-hP-ü »¼-WÛ-®¤-wÞh-qºÛGÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-¿YÛh-±h-ÇeïP-A¾-hP¤Z¤-q¼-PïÅ-±ß¾ü

artificial satellite

zTôÅ-¤ºÛ-ºDô¼-Ç+¼ü

źÛ-Gô-¾º¤ü »P-m-G¸º-Ǽ+ -GŸmŸÛG-¾-ºDô¼-Bôh-‚ïh-q¼-zbP-zºÛºyâ¾-VÅü

asteroid

Ç+¼-ymü

G¸º-¤ÛG-h¤¼-hP-wÞ¼-zÞºÛ-ºDô¼-¾¤HÛ-z¼-hÝ-Mã-zºÛ-ƒG-lô-ºi-zºÛ-hPôÅ-qôŸÛG hïºÛ-ŸïP-±h-;Û-¾ô-¤Û-‡¼-GTÛGmÅ-hGÝ-zM-¿ËG-»ôhü

displacement angular momentum

principle

Physics

107

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

astronomical unit

G¸º-Ç+¼-¯Û-GŸÛü

ZÛ-¤-hP-źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-hz¼-HÛ-uÛ-ljô¤Åz¼-fG-¾-GŸÛ-zTô¾-zºÛ-ZÛ-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤Mãh-ˆÛ-G¸º-Ç+¼-wm-±ßm-hz¼-HÛ-MP±h-¯Û-GŸÛü

astronomy

G¸º-Ç+¼-hrh-¼ÛG Gm¤-¼ÛG-Ç+¼-hrhü

ºWÛG-dïm-HÛ-D¤Å-hP-hïºÛ-mP-»ôh-qºÛÇ+¼-¤-hP.ü G¸ºü Ç+¼-vÛm-hP-Ǽ+ ±ôGÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-qô-¾-dôG-ŸÛz-‚ïhqºÛ-±m-¼ÛG

atmosphere

½ÀâP-GÛ-hˆÛ¾-ºDô¼ü ½ÀâP-D¤Åü

ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¼P-ż-z¸ÞP-zºÛ-źÛGô-¾-hP.ü G¸º-Ǽ+ -GŸm-HÛ-¤fººDô¼-hÝ-GmÅ-qºÛ-½ÀâP-GÛ-Gô-¾ü

atom

lݾ-ymü

¼P-G¼-GmÅ-fÞz-qºÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-ˆÛOæz-‚ºÛ-V-VßP-ÁôÅü

atomic mass

lݾ-ym-GhôÅ-±hü lݾ-ym-zôPÅ-±hü

¤±m-GŸÛ¼-z¸ÞP-zºÛ-lݾ-ym-m¤ºhÝÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-GbôÅ-Vï-VßP-GÛ-±hü

atomic mass unit

lݾ-ym-zôPÅ-±h-¯Û-GŸÛü ^¾-‡ômü

;¼-zôm-12lݾ-ym-HÛ-V-GTÛG-hP¤Z¤-qºÛ-zôPÅ-±h-ˆÛ-¯Û-GŸÛü

atomic

lݾ-ym-ÍP-IPÅü

lݾ-ym-HÛ-¿eï-z¼-wô-lݾ-WÛ-»ôh-ˆÛIPÅ-bïü z¼-GmÅ-lݾ-ym-ŸÛG-GÛ-wôlݾ-HÛ-IPÅ-hï-JÀôG-lݾ-HÛ-IPÅ-hP¤±ßPÅ-q-»Ûmü ¤±ôm-dGÅü Z

lݾ-HÛ-ºWº-¤hPÅü

lݾ-ym-hï-¼P-GÛ-mP-hÝ-JÀôG-lݾ-ºwôºHã¼-xÛm-qºÛ-Aïm-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-ºHïh-

number(proton number)

atomic spectrum

Physics

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

108

ºyôºÛ-ºWº-¤hPÅü atomic weight

lݾ-ym-¿YÛh-±hü

;¼-zôm-12¾-GŸÛ-zTô¾-zºÛ-D¤Å-µÅÁÛG-GÛ-lݾ-ym-HÛ-V-ljô¤Å-zôPÅ-±hü

avogadro’s

Í-¶ô-Gï-iôºÛ-Gbm-Æô¾ü

iôh-±h-hP-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-mÛ-±h-GTÛGqºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁôP-±h-¤Z¤-q-GZÛňÛ-mP-Iâz-µÅ-ˆÛ-IPÅ-GTÛG-bà-PïÅ-qü

barometer

½ÀâP-Gmôm-ºW¾-VÅü

½ÀâP-D¤Å-ˆÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-ºW¾-VÅü

baryons

„Ëï-¼Û-»ômü

;ÐG-y-lݾ-GÅÞ¤-¤¤ü »P-m-¿ôkGqºÛ-;ÐG-y-lݾ-GÅÞ¤-Tm-HÛ-Zï-zºÛ-lݾym-HÛ-EÛ¤-±P-GP-»P-¼ÞP-z-ŸÛG

Bernoulli effect

„˼-mô-¾Û-mÝÅ-qü

½Àm-ŸÛP-GÁï¼-zºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-MãG-qºÛ¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-z-hP-hÝÅ-¤±ßPÅ-hïºÛmP-GÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-VG-qºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾ü

Bernoulli law

„˼-mô-¾Û-PïÅ-Æô¾ü

½Àm-ŸÛP-GÁï¼-zºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-GmômÁÝGÅ-hP.ü ÇeàG-±hü ¥ã¼-±h-zTňÛ-z¼-ºƒï¾-z-Çeôm-qºÛ-PïÅ-Æô¾ü

beta-decay

„ËÛ-‡-¸h-LÝhü

ZÛP-lݾ-HÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Ÿm-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅlݾ-ym-HÛ-mÝÅ-q-LÝh-VG-ºIô-Ç+zÅJÀôG-lݾ-¾¤ü »P-m-wô-lݾ-HÛ-¸ïGŤ-D-q-„ËÛ-‡-ºyô-ÇeôP-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

big bang

ºzïP-Vïmü GÅ-fô¼-Vïm-¤ôü fôG-¤ºÛ-GÅ-fô¼-¾-zdïm-mÅ-M-BïhºIô-zŸÛm-qºÛ-ºWÛG-dïm-D¤Å-‚ãP-z-

principle

Physics

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

109

ºhôh-±ß¾ü binding energy

ºVÛP-mÝÅü

lݾ-HÛ-¤-¾G-TÛG-GÛ-Oæz-‚-¸ïGÅ-¤n¤Å-¤Z¤-hÝ-Çkô¤-‚ïh-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-qü

black body

wÞP-mG

JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-ºHïh-ºyôºÛºDô¼-fïPÅ-¤fº-hG-ºyô-zÇkÝ-‚ïh-fÞzq¼-ºhôh-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-mG-AP.ü

black body

wÞP-mG-ºHïh-ºyôü

iôh-±h-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-GÛ-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-hPôÅG¸ÞGÅ-mG-AP-GTÛG-¾Å-ºyô-zºÛJÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-ºHïh-ºyôü

black hole

zÞ-G-mG-qôü

¼P-GÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-È-TP-Áïh-Vï-zÅhïºÛ-Zï-ºDô¼-mÅ-ºôh-ˆP-f¼-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛÇeàG-±h-¿ËG-q¼-Vï-zºÛ-m¤-¤DºÛhPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG

Bohr theory

„Ëô¼-n¤-GŸG

lݾ-ym-HÛ-z;ôh-h‚ÛzÅ-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-ºIï¾q-ÇS-ÁôÅ-ÁÛG-Çeïü JÀôG-lݾ-n¤Å-ZÛPlݾ-HÛ-¤fº-ºDô¼-hÝ-;ôm-‡¤-V-Aïm-¾zdïm-mÅ-PïÅ-qºÛ-xôGÅ-PïÅ-¤ïh-ˆÛºDô¼-¾¤-fôG-ºDô¼-Bôh-‚ïh-q¼-ºhôh±ß¾ü

boiling point

ºDô¾-GmÅü

GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-½ÀPÅ-qº¤-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Pô-zô¼-ºHã¼-zºÛ-iôh-±hü

Brownian motion

„Ë-¼ôm-ºGݾ-Bôhü

GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-Ť-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-mPhÝ-¿kÛP-qºÛ-lݾ-HÛ-¸ïGÅ-¤-n¤Å-hP.ü

radiation

Physics

110

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

¿kÛP-»Þ¾-HÛ-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-Ť-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-GP-¼ÞP-GÛ-Iâz-µÅ-n¤Å-wm±ßm-GhôP-fÞG-zMz-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-xôGÅPïÅ-¤ïh-hÝ-ºGݾ-zü buoyant force

ºxô-ÁÝGÅü

½Àm-GÁï¼-mP-mÝz-qº¤-ÇoÝz-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qôŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºzz-qºÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅü

calorie

Dï-¾ô-¼Ûü

mÝÅ-qºÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ-Çeïü Vß-JË-¼¤-GTÛG-GÛiôh-±h-Åï¾-ÅÛ-»-^ÛG-¼Û-GTÛG-Çtô¼-VïhhGôÅ-qºÛ-±-iôhü

center of gravity

ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-¿eï-GmÅü

hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¿YÛh-ˆÛ-V-ljô¤ÅGmÅ-ÇPe Å-Ťü »P-m-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛGGÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-GP-hÝ-ºzz-q¼ÇoP-zºÛ-GmÅ-‚ï-ƒG-qü

center of mass

GhôÅ-±h-¿eï-GmÅü

hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-V-ljô¤Å-zôPÅ-±hˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇPe Å-Ťü »P-m-hPôÅ-qôŸÛG-GÛ-GhôÅ-±h-V-±P-ºhÝÅ-bï-GmÅq¼-V-º²Ûm-‚ïh-¼ÞP-zºÛ-GmÅ-‚ï-ƒG-qü

centrifugal force

¿eï-z¼-D-¿kôG-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅü

ºDô¼-zŸÛm-qºÛ-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¼PGÁÛÅ-ˆÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-hï-ºDô¼¤hº-¾Å-xÛ¼-ºfïm-qºÛ-¿eï-xôGÅ-ˆÛÁÝGÅ-hP-¤Z¤-qºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-ÁÛG

centripetal force

¿eï-z¼-D-xôGÅ-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅü ÇKô¼-fÛG-ÇeïP-ºGݾ-Bôh-‚ïh-qºÛ-hPôÅG¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-¿ïe-zº¤ü ºDô¼-¤hºÛxôGÅ-ÅÞ-ºfïm-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅü

Physics

111

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

charge

¸ÞPÅü

1ü hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-z¯¤-GŸÛ¼-Hã¼qºÛ-VïÅ-y-zºÛ-lݾ-¸ïGÅ-ˆÛ-¯-zºÛEh-VôÅ-ÁÛG-hP.ü hïºÛ-hzP-GÛźfïm-ÁÝGÅ-hP-¿kôG-ÁÝGÅ-GZÛÅ‚ãP-z-»Ûmü hï-¾-D-hôG-GÛ-¸ÞPÅhP-JÀôG-GÛ-¸ÞPÅ-GZÛÅ-»ôhü 2ü hPôÅ-µÅ-Ť-m¤-¤DºÛ-Eôm-ŸÛGmP-JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-WÛ-»ôh-ˆÛ-ºzô¼ü

charge density

JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-ÇeàG-±hü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-G¤-m¤-¤DºÛ-M-EômHÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ-¼ï-¼ïº¤ü ÁôP-±h-ˆÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ¼ï-¼ï¼-JÀôG-GÛ-¸ÞPÅ-WÛ-»ôh-ˆÛ-ºzô¼ü

Charles law

T×¾-Åï-PïÅ-Æô¾ü

½ÀâP-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-zôPÅ-±h-Vï-Gï-¤ô-ŸÛGGÛ-ÁôP-±h-hï-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-Mãm-GbmºôG-bà-¿Ëôh-¤ïh-iôh-±h-hP-fh-;¼ºƒï¾-bï-ºHã¼-z-»Ûmü

chemical reaction

µÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-ºHã¼ü

lݾ-ym-HÛ-GmÅ-Å-zB¼-OÛG-‚Å-q-¾zdïm-mÅ-Iâz-µÅ-GTÛG-Iâz-µÅ-GŸmhÝ-ºHã¼-±ß¾ü

chromatic

±ôm-¤hôG-¼z-¼Ûzü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-HÛÅ-ºôh-ˆÛ-D-hôG-ºi-¤Ûmn¤Å-¤hô-GmÅ-GTÛG-bà-ºhÝ-¤-fÞzqºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-ÇoP-z½‰m-HÛ-D-hôGºFâGÅ-qºÛ-Bômü

GhôP-fÞG

lݾ-ym-¿e-zÞºÛ-lݾ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤ŸÛG-Zï-z¼-º²ô¤Å-bï-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-ºGݾÁÝGÅ-ºHã¼-zº¤ü »P-m-mÝÅ-q-zXï-

aberration

collision

Physics

112

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

¼ïÅ-‚ïh-qºÛ-‚ãP-¼Û¤-Mãm-fÞP-¾-ºHã¼Bïm-q-ŸÛG compound

ºhÝÅ-µÅü

D¤Å-µÅ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤-V-±h-PïÅTm-hÝ-ÇkïzÅ-q-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-µÅ-wÞPGÅÞ¤-qü

concave lens

;ôP-Áï¾ü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-PôÅ-GTÛG-¹â¤G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Ç~äG-PôÅ-¿e¼-;ôP-;ôP-Tmü

condensation

GÁï¼-wzü

½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-Ť-½ÀPÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-hPôÅqô-ŸÛG-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ÅÞ-ºHã¼-zºÛzMãh-¼Û¤ü

conductance

zMãh-FÛh-mÝÅ-±hü

hPôÅ-µÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-JÀôG-Mãm-ºiïmmÝÅ-ˆÛ-±hü

conduction

zMãh-FÛhü

hPôÅ-µÅ-GP-ŸÛG-zMãh-hï-iôh-hP-JÀôG¸ÞPÅ-¿e-zÞ-GmÅ-GTÛG-mÅ-GŸm-hݺwô-±ß¾ü

conductor

zMãh-FÛh-hPôÅ-µÅü

iôh-hP.ü JÀôG-hP.ü ºôh-hP-O-ÅôGÅzMãh-ºFÛh-‚ïh-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qôü

conservation of

JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-Z¼-±GÅü

¤-¾G-TÛG-GÛ-mP-Eôm-zÇkô¤Å-JÀôG¸ÞPÅ-ºw¼-VG-¤ïh-q¼-GmÅ-qºÛGbm-Æô¾ü

mÝÅ-q-Z¼-±GÅü

mÝÅ-q-mÛ-Gż-hÝ-zCæm-¤Û-fÞz-¾-¤ïhq¼-»P-z¸ô-¤Û-fÞz-q-¤-¸hü hïºÛ-n¤-

charge

conservation of energy

Physics

113

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

q-GTÛG-mÅ-GŸm-hÝ-ºwô-ºHã¼-ºIô-z®¤-¾Å-mÝÅ-qºÛ-Eôm-zÇkô¤Å-ˆÛ-±h-¾ºHã¼-z-Gbm-mÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-¼P-zŸÛmü conservation of

ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-HÛ-mÝÅ-q-zhGÆâP.ü

ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-WÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-»Ûm-¼ÞP-hＤDô-vôh-‚Å-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q-hï-¾Å-¿ËG-qºÛmÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-xÛ¼-ºhôm-‚ïh-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-¼PzŸÛmü

convection

±-iôh-ºwô-Mãü

½Àm-GÁï¼-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-ºGݾ-Bôh-¾zdïm-mÅ-½Àm-GÁï¼-HÛ-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-VGTÛG-mÅ-GTÛG-bà-±-iôh-ºwô-±ß¾ü

converging lens

ÇkÝh-Áï¾ü

¼P-ZÛh-zMãh-mÅ-ºôh-¸ï¼-n¤Å-w-¼ô¾HÛ-GmÅ-GTÛG-bà-zÇkÝ-qºÛ-hÐPÅ-Áï¾ü

convex lens

ºzÞ¼-Áï¾ü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-PôÅ-GTÛG-xÛ-PôÅÅÞ-ºzÞ¼-zü

coolant

IP-zÅÛ¾-GbôP-‚ïhü

ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-Í-¤ºÛ-zMãh-hï-ºDô¼-MãG‚ïh-qº¤ü »P-m-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-HÛ-VÁÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-fôG-bà-ºzz-Çïeü ±-iôhGTôG-‚ïh-ˆÛ-GÁï¼-µÅ-ÁÛG-

coulomb

DÞ-¾ô¤ü

Íï¤-qÛ-»¼-GTÛG-¿km-HÛ-JÀôG-Mãm-ŸÛGÇ+¼-V-GTÛG-GÛ-mP-zMãh-FÛh-hPôŵÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-mP-Mã-zºÛ-JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-ˆÛ-±hGŸÛü

coulomb’s law

DÞ-¾ô¤-PïÅ-Æô¾ü

Åô¼-GmÅ-JÀôG-Mãm-hrh-¼ÛG-GÛ-GŸÛ-

energy for machines

Physics

114

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

¯ºÛ-PïÅ-hôm-ŸÛG-Çïeü JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-Tm-HÛlݾ-GZÛÅ-z¼-HÛ-ÁÝGÅ-±h-mÛü hïGZÛÅ-ˆÛ-JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-±h-ˆÛ-zNå¼-fôzhP-fh-;¼-±h-¤Z¤-»Ûm-¾-y-lݾ¼P-Nå¼-hP-¾ÞGÅ-¿kôG-±h-¤Z¤-»Ûm±ß¾ü critical mass

Zï¼-¤DôºÛ-zôPÅ-±hü Zï¼- lݾ-ym-HÛ-¾Þ-GÝ-zMãh-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-¿kôG¤DôºÛ-GhôÅ-±hü TÛG-Mãm-zÆÛP-z¼-¤Dô-zºÛ-ºz¼-GżÞP-zºÛ-ZÝP-¤fºÛ-Mã-Vü

critical

Zï¼-¤DôºÛ-iôh-±hü

iôh-±h-hï-hP-zL¾-m-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅ-WÛ®¤-ŸÛG-vh-ˆP-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ÅÞºHã¼-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-iôh-±hü

curie

ˆã-¼Û×ü

ºHïh-ºyôºÛ-±h-GŸÛ-ŸÛG-Çïeü ºHïhºyôºÛ-mÝÅ-q-Tm-HÛ-µÅ-ÁÛG-Ç+¼-V-¼ï¼GÅ-fô¼-ºIô-fïPÅ- 3.7 x 10-10 GÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼-hP-¤±ßPÅ-q-»Ûmü

current

JÀôG-Mãmü

zMãh-FÛh-hPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-zMãh-hï-Mã-zºÛJÀôG-¸ÞPÅü

cyclotron

lݾ-ym-Ç+ô¼-‚ïhü

Gbm-hÝ-GmÅ-qºÛ-Dz-¾ïm-Ez-¼-uhhïü y-lݾ-n¤Å-hÝP-ºEÛ¾-hÝ-ºwÞ¾ºhïh-ˆÛÅ-¥ã¼-±h-Çtô¼-zºÛ-»ô-VÅü

dalton

^¾-‡ômü

atomic mass unit

diamagnetic

Dz-¾ïm-HÛÅ-¿kôG-qºÛü

Dz-¾ïm-HÛÅ-ºwÞ¾-zºÛ-hPôÅ-¼ÛGÅ-

temperature

¾-¿ôÅe ü

Physics

115

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

Ť-hï-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-hPôÅ-µÅü dielectric

JÀôG-Mã-Ÿm-µÅü

JÀôG-G¤-»P-m-zMãh-FÛh-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-ÈTP-Ÿm-qºÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ-bïü Áï¾-hPh;¼-»ô¾-¿e-zÞü

dielectric

JÀôG-Mã-Ÿm-µÅ-Åô¼-GmÅü

hPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-mP-hÝ-JÀôG-GÛ-Ez-¼ºGôG-mÝÅ-ˆÛ-±h-GŸÛü

diffraction

ºEôG-ºyôü

ºGôG-Aïm-ŸÛG-hP-fÞG-qº¤ü »P-m½ÀzÅ-hïºÛ-½ÀzÅ-fG-hP-¤Z¤-qºÛ-zÞ-GÝzMãh-mÅ-fôm-XïÅ-ˆÛ-½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-D-xôGÅhP-ÁÝGÅ-±h-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-¿kôG

diffusion

ºfô¼-ºyôü

PôÅ-¯çz-¤ô-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-mÅ-xÛ¼-¿kôGqºÛ-ºWâG-ºyôºÛ-ºôh-D-ºfô¼-hÝ-ºIô±ß¾ü

dipole

Çoï-¸ÞP.ü

z¼-fG-y-¤ôÅ-Vôh-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-±h¤Z¤-¼ÞP-wm-±ßm-¤Û-¤fÞm-qºÛ-JÀôGmÝÅ-Ť-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Çoï-GZÛÅü

dispersion

I¤-qü

¤fôP-fÞz-qºÛ-ºôh-TÛG-ºEôG-ºyôº¤GÝG-ºyôºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-D-hôG-Åô-Åô¼º‚ïh-±ß¾ü

displacement

GmÅ-Çtôü

doppler effect

^ôz-¾¼-mÝÅ-qü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GmÅ-GTÛG-mÅ-GmÅGŸm-ŸÛG-bà-ÇtôÅ-qºÛ-z¼-fG-GÛ-V±hü ºôh-hP-O-¿e-zÞºÛ-½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-º‚ãP-fïPÅ-

constant

Physics

116

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

hï-º‚ãP-GmÅ-hP-¿-e ¤Dm-m¤ü Zm¤Dm-wm-±ßm-¿eôÅ-zTÅ-ˆÛ-ºGݾ-Bôh»ôh-±ïü MP-fG-Wï-¼ÛP-hÝ-ºIô-Çz+ ÅVG-qº¤ü »P-m-Wï-Zï¼-ÇïÀzÅ-Çz+ źw¼-zºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾ü efficiency

¾Å-Vôhü

ºyâ¾-VÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-¾Å-¯ô¾-‚Åq-¾Å-wm-fôGÅ-Tm-HÛ-¾Å-¯ô¾-hÝzNå¼-zºÛ-zM-Vü

elastic collision

Åô¼-Vßh-GhôP-fÞG

GhôP-fÞG-zMz-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-hï-hG-GÛh‚ÛzÅ-¤-Z¤Å-qº¤-±-iôh-¤-zBïhq¼-zB¼-¿kôG-‚ïh-±ß¾ü

elasticity

m¼-¿kï¤ü

hPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-z¸ô-h‚ÛzÅ-Z¤Å‚ïh-ˆÛ-ÁÝGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-Gmôm-±ïü hïºÛh‚ÛzÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ºHã¼-z-hP.ü m¤ŸÛG-ÁÝGÅ-hï-xÛ¼-ºfïm-‚Å-±ï-ÇS¼-HÛh‚ÛzÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-¼P-Åô¼-Vßh-qºÛ-EhVôÅü

electric circuit

JÀôG-¾¤ü

1ü JÀôG-Mãm-MãG-qº¤-MãG-ÆÛh-qºÛ¤fÞh-¤±¤Å-Tm-HÛ-Mã-¾¤-ŸÛG 2ü JÀôG-¾¤-HÛÅ-£ï¾-zºÛ-ºyâ¾-VŤ-¾G

electric field

JÀôG-mÝÅ-Ez-¼ü

JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-ˆÛÅ-zCæm-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q-ŸÛG»ôh-qºÛ-n¤-q-Tm-HÛ-Å-DÞ¾ü

electric potential

JÀôG-GÛ-mÝÅ-±hü

JÀôG-mÝÅ-Ez-¼-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-

Physics

117

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

G»ô-ºGݾ-‚ïh-q¼-¤Dô-zºÛ-¾Å-¯ô¾HÛ-±hü electricity

JÀôG

Gbm-±ßGÅ-Ť-G»ô-ºGݾ-Tm-HÛJÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

electromagnetism

JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-¼PGÁÛÅü

JÀôG-hP.ü Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-¼P-zŸÛm-hP.ü µÅ-¢ô¼-HÛ-ºVÛP-M-hP.ü hï-zŸÛm-ºôhfï-zºÛ-JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-ºHïhºyôºÛ-n¤-q-¤fº-hG-GÛ-JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-hPJÀôG-hP-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Ez-¼ºÛ-uôh-±ß¾hP-ºƒï¾-GbàG-‚-±ß¾-zTÅ-ˆÛ-ÇoP±ß¾-Ço-±ôGÅ-qü

electron

JÀôG-lݾü ¤ô-lݾü

¾ïz-‡ôm-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-GbôGÅ-qºÛ-G»ô¤ïh-ˆÛ-GhôÅ-±h-JË-¼¤- 9.107 x 10-28 hP-¼ôz-¯ÛÅ-¿¼e -m-JôÀG¸ÞPÅ-DÞ-¾ô¤- -1.602 x 10-19 Tm-HÛ-zdm-qºÛ-©P-GŸÛºÛ-y-lݾü

electroplating

JÀôG-¯Ûü

JÀôG-lݾ-GÅôG-ºWôG-GÛ-fzÅ-¾-zdïmmÅ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-GÛ-¯Û-GbôPfzÅü

electrostatics

Åô¼-GmÅ-JÀôG-Mãm-¼ÛG-qü

ºGݾ-MãG-¤ïh-qºÛ-JÀôG-GÛ-¸ÞPÅ-¾hrh-qºÛ-hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

energy

mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅü

¯ô¾-z-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-bïü hqï¼-mü mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-uh-hï-zôPÅ-±h-

Physics

118

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

Tm-HÛ-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-ºGݾ-z-¿e-zÞºôü escape speed

ƒôÅ-±hü

¤ï-ÁÝGÅ-ºwÞ¼-¤hº-ÅôGÅ-z¼-ÇoP-xÛ¤¼-GbôP-MãºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-źÛ-Gô-¾¿e-zÞºÛ-GôP-zÞ-ŸÛG-GÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-¾ÅIô¾-z¼-hGôÅ-PïÅ-ˆÛ-¥ã¼-±hü

exclusion

GŸm-Åï¾-Gbm-Æô¾ü

¤ô-lݾ-hP-wô-lݾü z¼-lݾ-GP-»P¼ÞP-z-GTÛG-GÛ-¸ïGÅ-lݾ-GZÛÅ-;ôm‡¤-GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-GTÛG-GÛ-mP-hÝŤZ¤-hÝ-GmÅ-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-PP-±ß¾ü

fluorescence

xï-lݾ-ºôh-¸ï¼-ºyô-¾ÞGÅü

JÀôG-ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-ºHïh-ºyô¼GTï¼-Gbh-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-ºôh-º‚Ûm-qºÛhPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG hqï¼-mü ¤fôP-fÞzqºÛ-ºôh-h¤ü »P-m- x- ºyô-ºôh-¿-e zÞ-ºôh-xãP-zºÛ-GÁÛÅ-uôhü

Focal length

ºhÝ-GmÅ-¼ÛP-±hü

¤ï-¾ôP-P¤-hÐPÅ-Áï¾-HÛ-PôÅ-mÅ-hïºÛºôh-¸ï¼-ºhÝ-¤±¤Å-z¼-HÛ-MP-fG

focus

ºhÝ-GmÅü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-¤-¾G-GÛ-ºôh-¸ï¼-¼¤-ºHïhºyôºÛ-ºôh-GmÅ-GTÛG-bà-ºhÝ-zº¤ü ¿kôG-ºyôºÛ-ºôh-¸ï¼-D-HïÅ-q¼-ÇoP-zºÛGmÅ-ÁÛG

force

ÁÝGÅü

free fall

¼P-¿ËàP.ü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-¤HôGÅ-±h-h¤ü D-xôGÅ-Ťü »P-m-z¸ô-h‚ÛzÅ-N¼å z¼-‚ïh-qºÛ-Aïm-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zü Gô-¾ºÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-Dô-mÅ-Aïm-qºÛ-

principle

Physics

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

119

ºGݾ-Bôhü friction

zl¼-ÁÝGÅü

hPôÅ-qô-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-PôÅ-wm-±ßm-ºyh-qºÛhzP-GÛÅ-hPôÅ-qô-GTÛG-GÛÅ-hPôÅ-qôGŸm-ŸÛG-GÛ-ºGݾ-Bôh-ºGôG-qºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅü

fringes

º²¼ü

ºôh-wm-±ßm-ºfz-qº¤-ºEôG-ºyôºÛhzP-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-h;¼-V-mG-VºÛ-Áh¼ÛÅü

gravitational field

ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-Ez-¼ü

zôPÅ-±h-È-TP-Vï-zºÛ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG¼P-GÛ-Zï-ºDô¼-HÛ-zôPÅ-±h-Vï-zºÛ-wÞPG¸ÞGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºwôÅ-qºÛÁÝGÅ-Aïm-Ez-»Þ¾ü ºhÛºÛ-ºW¾-±hmÛü ;Û-¾ô-¼ï-¼ï¼-mÛºÞ-‡ôm-WÛ-»ôh-z¯ÛhGôÅü

gravity

ºfïm-ÁÝGÅü

zôPÅ-±h-Tm-HÛ-hPôÅ-qô-±P-¤Å-wm±ßm-ºfïm-¼ïÅ-‚ïh-qºÛ-©P-GŸÛºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅü

Hooke’s law

ÈàG-GÛ-PïÅ-Æô¾ü

m¼-¿kï¤-Tm-HÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ-ºfïm-qº¤z®Û¼-zºÛ-±h-hP.ü hïºÛ-ÇïeP-zz-qºÛÁÝGÅ-hP-fh-;¼-±h-¤Z¤-q¼-ºhôh±ß¾ü

humidity

zŸº-±mü

¤Dº-½ÀâP-mP-hÝ-VߺÛ-½ÀPÅ-q-¤P-ZÝP-WÛ®¤-»ôh-qºÛ-ºzô¼-±hü hï-¾-¿ôeÅzTÅ-hP-¿eôÅ-¤ïh-ˆÛ-zŸº-±m-GZÛÅ-

Physics

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

120

»ôhü hydrosphere

Vß-»Û-hˆÛ¾-ºDô¼ü VߺÛD¤Åü

źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-ÇeïP-ºôG-z¼-GÅÞ¤-hÝ-»ôhqºÛ-VߺÛ-n¤-q-f¤Å-Th-¾-¸ï¼-bïü hïºÛ-mP-Å-ÇeïP-GÛ-Vß-hP.ü M-¤±ô-hP.ü ¤±ô-hP.ü MãG-Vß-hP.ü Å-ºôG-GÛ-VßhP.ü hï-zŸÛm-GPÅ-hP.ü ºEGÅ-qhP-½ÀâP-D¤Å-mP-GÛ-Vß-zTÅ-ºhÝÅ»ôhü

Image

ÇoP-z½‰mü

hÐPÅ-Áï¾-hP-¤ï-¾ôP-GÛ-Eh-VôÅ-¾zdïm-mÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛG¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m-m¤-hïºÛ-Pô-zÁÝÅ-ˆÛG¸ÞGÅü

impulse

P¼-ÁÝGÅü

hPôÅ-qô-TÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-ÁÛGºzz-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-hï-hP.ü hïºÛ-hÝÅ-»ÞmGZÛÅ-wm-±ßm-zNå¼-zºÛ-zNå¼-fôzü

inelastic collision

Åô¼-¤Û-Vßh-qºÛ-GhôP-fÞG

GhôP-fÞG-zMz-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qô-hï-hG-GÛz¸ô-h‚ÛzÅ-Z¤Å-q-hP-iôh-Bï-zü hhÝP-wm-±ßm-º‚¼-ÆÛh-qºÛ-GhôP-fÞGTÛG

inertia

ºGôG-ÁÝGÅ-¼P-GÁÛÅü

hPôÅ-µÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-ºGݾBôh-ˆÛ-¼P-zŸÛm-¾-ºwô-ºHã¼-ºôP-z¼ºGôG-fzÅ-‚ïh-qºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾ü

infrared rays

h¤¼-xÛºÛ-ºôh-¸ï¼ü

¤ÛG-GÛÅ-¤fôP-fÞz-qºÛ-ºôh-ˆÛ-±h¾ôPÅ-¾-Dh-ˆÛ-º‚ãP-fïPÅ-Tm-HÛ-JÀôG-

Physics

121

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-½ÀzÅ-Mãm-hï-mÛ-ºHïhºyôºÛ-iôh-hP-¤Z¤-q-»Ûmü instantaneous

Ç+zÅ-fôG-¤HôGÅ-±hü

GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-GP-¼ÞP-ŸÛG-GÛ-¤HôGűhü

insulator

zMãh-FÛh-¤Û-‚ïh-qºÛ-µÅü

iôh-hP.ü JÀôG-hP.ü ºôh-hP-O-zTÅhï-¤Þ¼-zMãh-GbôP-¤Û-‚ïh-qºÛ-hPôŵÅ-ÁÛG

Interference

fï-ŸÝGÅü fï-‚ãÅü

º‚ãP-fïPÅ-¤±ßPÅ-qº¤ü »P-m-¤Û¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-½ÀzÅ-ºGº-ŸÛG-¿Ëm-hݺhÝÅ-Ç+zÅ-º‚ãP-zºÛ-½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-¿kï¤Dôh-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-zü

isotope

GmÅ-¤Z¤-D¤Å-µÅü

¿eï-z¼-wô-lݾ-HÛ-IPÅ-¤±ßPÅ-¼ÞP-z¼lݾ-HÛ-IPÅ-¤Û-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-D¤Å-µÅGTÛG-GÛ-lݾ-ym-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤-¾ÅGTÛG

Kepler’s first law

;ïz-¾¼-PïÅ-Æô¾-hP-qôü

G¸º-Ç+¼-n¤Å-ZÛ-¤-¿eï-z¼-z¸ÞP-zºÛ¼P-¼P-GÛ-ºWôP-h‚ÛzÅ-ºDô¼-¾¤-hݺDô¼-z¼-ºhôh-±ß¾ü

;ïz-¾¼-PïÅ-Æô¾-GZÛÅ-qü

ZÛ-¤-hP-G¸º-Ç+¼-GP-»P-¼ÞP-z-ŸÛGz¼-HÛ-fÛG-GÛÅ-hÝÅ-¤±¤Å-GTÛG¤±ßPÅ-mP-m¤-¤DºÛ-M-Eôm-GTÛG¤±ßPÅ-zBôh-q¼-ºhôh-±ß¾ü

;ïz-¾¼-PïÅ-Æô¾-GÅÞ¤-qü

¾ôº¤ü ¹-zº¤ü ZÛm-IPÅ-ÅÞ-z¯ÛÅ-

speed

of planetary motion Kepler’s second law of planetary motion

Kepler’s third

Physics

122

law of planetary

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

qºÛ-G¸º-Ç+¼-ºDô¼-Bôh-ˆÛ-hÝÅ-»Þm-HÛ¼P-N¼å -hï-hP.ü G¸º-Ǽ+ -hï-hP-ZÛ¤ºÛ-hz¼-HÛ-V-ljô¤Å-MP-fG-hï-¿kzGÅÞ¤-Nå¼-‚Å-q-hP-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ»Ûm-q¼-ºhôh-±ß¾ü

motion

kinetic energy

ºGݾ-ÇezÅ-mÝÅ-qü

ºGݾ-Bôh-ˆÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅŤü ¤-¾G-TÛG-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

Laser

¾ï-¸ï¼ü

¿kï¤-Dôh-È-TP-¤fô-¾-º‚ãP-fïPÅ»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-f-hh-qºÛ-GTÛG-ºhÝÅ-ˆÛºHïh-ºyôºÛ-ºôh-ºyô-z¼-‚ïh-qºÛ-»ôVÅ-GP-¼ÞP-ŸÛG

Law of universal gravitation

»ôPÅ-Ez-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-PïÅÆô¾ü

ºWÛG-dïm-D¤Å-ˆÛ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-f¤ÅTh-¾-wm-±ßm-GTÛG-GÛÅ-GTÛG-ºfïm¼ïÅ-‚ïh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q-»ôh-q-hP-ü ºfïmÁÝGÅ-hï-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-Ghôűh-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-fôz-hP-fh-;¼-V-¤Z¤»Ûm-¾-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-GZÛÅ-hz¼-HÛ-MPfG-GÛ-¼P-Nå¼-hP-¾ÞGÅ-¿kôG-±h¤Z¤-»Ûm-±ß¾ü

lense

hÐPÅ-Áï¾ü

xÛ-Gž-mP-Gž-HÛ-»ô-VÅ-hï-mÅzMãh-qºÛ-ºôh-hï-GmÅ-GTÛG-bà-ºhÝzº¤-D-HïÅ-qºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-ÇoP-z½‰mºV¼-mÝÅ-q-ŸÛG

light year

ºôh-¾ôü

G¸º-Ç+¼-hrh-¼ÛG-GÛ-mP-zïh-uôh-qºÛMP-fG-GÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ-Çïeü ºôh-ˆÛÅ-ÇôeP-

Physics

123

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

ÅP-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-¾ô-GTÛG-¼ÛP-zIôh-qºÛMP-fG magnet

Dz-¾ïmü

Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Ez-¼-Cæm-q¼-‚ïh-qºÛhPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG

magnetic field

Dz-¾ïm-Ez-¼ü

JÀôG-¸ÞPÅ-G»ô-ºGݾ-HÛ-hzP-GÛźHã¼-¿kôG-ºIô-zŸÛm-qºÛ-JÀôG-mÝÅ-Ez»Þ¾-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-Ez-źÛEômü

magnetic pole

Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Çoïü

¿Ëô-hP-‚P-GÛ-f-ljh-¢¼-zºÛ-¿UGÅ-Dz¾ïm-HÛ-mÝÅ-q-Vï-ÁôÅ-»ôh-źÛ-Çoï-GZÛžÅ-GP-¼ÞP-ŸÛG

magnetic reversal

Dz-¾ïm-Gô-¿kôG

źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Ez-¼ºÛ-ºH㼿kôG-TÛG-Çeïü źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-¿Ëô-Çoï¼-Dz¾ïm-HÛ-‚P-Çoï-hP.ü źÛ-Gô-¾ºÛ-‚P-ÇoïhP-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-¿Ëô-Çoï-hP-D-xôGźIÛG-±ß¾ü

magnetism

Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-¼P-GÁÛÅü

1ü Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Ez-¼ºÛ-Eh-VôÅ-hPÁÝGÅ-Aïmü 2ü Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-Ez-¼Å-zCæm-qºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅü

magnetometer

Dz-¾ïm-ºW¾-VÅü

Ez-¼ºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-±h-hP-D-xôGÅ-ºW¾zºÛ-»ô-VÅü

Physics

124

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

mass

zôPÅ-±hü GhôÅ-±hü

hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-¼GÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÛ-zOæz‚ºÛ-µÅ-Ťü »P-m-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅhïºÛ-mP-GÛ-µÅ-ˆÛ-ºzô¼-±hü

mechanics

ºfz-ÁÝGÅ-¼ÛG-qü

hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-hP-hïºÛ-ÇeïP-ºzz-zŸÛmqºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-GZÛÅ-wm-±ßm-ºfz-¾ïm¾-hrh-qºÛ-¼ÛG-qü

medium

zMãh-¾¤ü

ÁÝGÅ-hP-mÝÅ-q-¿e-zÞ-ºwô-zMãh-‚ïhźÛ-hPôÅ-µÅü

melting point

zŸÝ-GmÅü

±-iôh-ºhP-PïÅ-¢¼-z-¾Å-Æ-G¸ÞGňÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ-ÅÞºHã¼-zºÛ-iôh-±hü

microwave

y-½ÀzÅü

º‚ãP-fïPÅ-Èص-hÝP-xã¼-GTÛG-mÅ-fＺzÞ¤-Vïm-qô-GÅÞ¤-z¼-HÛ-JÀôG-ÁÝGÅDz-¾ïm-HÛ-½ÀzÅ-ÁÛG

mixture

ºiïÅ-¤ü

hPôÅ-µÅ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hï-¾Å-¤P-z-ŸÛGwm-±ßm-µÅ-ºHã¼-HÛ-Çkïz-¢ô¼-¤-»Ûmq¼-zÆïÅ-q-ÇÀ¼-Åô-Åô¼-h‚ï-º‚ïh-fÞzfzÅ-»ôh-q-ŸÛG

molecules

Iâz-µÅü ºhÝÅ-lݾü

lݾ-ym-GZÛÅ-Ť-hï-¾Å-¤P-z-ŸÛGJÀôG-lݾ-fÞm-¤ôP-hÝ-uôh-qºÛ-ÇKô-mÅ-µÅ¢ô¼-HÛ-ºVÛP-M-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-¤Z¤-hÝ£ï¾-z-¾-¸ï¼ü

momentum

ºGݾ-±hü

xôGÅ-±h-GZÛÅ-¿mk -HÛ-±h-GŸÛü wÞP-

Physics

125

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

G¸ÞGÅ-hP.ü ½ÀzÅ-hP.ü Ez-¼ÅôGÅ-xÛ-hPôÅ-ˆÛ-¤-¾G-GÛ-¥ã¼-±hhP-hïºÛ-mÝÅ-qºÛ-hz¼-HÛ-ºƒï¾-z-Çeôm‚ïhü neap tide

±ïÅ-½ÀzÅ-h¤º-ÁôÅü

¹-z-»¼-PôºÛ-xïh-hP.ü ¤¼-PôºÛ-xïh-hݺ‚ãP-zºÛ-¡-½ÀzÅü

neutron

¤-mÛP-lݾü z¼-lݾü

wô-JÀôG-hP-¤ô-JÀôG-GÛ-VôÅ-ZÛh-TÛ-»P-¤Û¿km-ŸÛP-„Ë-¼Û-»ôm-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-GbôGÅqºÛ-Zï-zºÛ-lݾ-ym-HÛ-¸ïGÅ-¤ü hïºÛGhôÅ-±h-¾-JË-¼¤- 1.674 x 10-24 »Ûm-qÅ-JÀôG-lݾ-¾Å-¿kz1838 ¤P-z-hP-wô-lݾ-¾Å-TßP-¸hVï-z-»ôhü

Newton’s law of cooling

mÛºÞ-‡ôm-HÛ-IP-¾ÞGÅ-PïÅÆô¾ü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-±-iôh-Z¤Å-±ß¾-hïü wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-hï-hP-hïºÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-z¼-HÛiôh-±h-ˆÛ-Eh-q¼-hP-V-¤Z¤-q-»Ûmü

Newton’s first

mÛºÞ-‡ôm-HÛ-PïÅ-Æô¾-hP-qôü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-¾-WÛ-ÆÛh-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅÁÛG-¤-ºyh-q-hï-ÆÛh-hÝ-G»ô-ºGݾ-¤ïhm-¼P-Åô¼-G»ô-¤ïh-hÝ-GmÅ-q-hP.ü G¾-bï-G»ô-ºGݾ-»ôh-q-ŸÛG-»Ûm-mü ¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-VG-¤ïh-q¼-¤Þ-¤fÞhºGݾ-zŸÛm-hÝ-GmÅ-hGôÅü

law

Newton’s second law

mÛºÞ-‡ôm-HÛ-PïÅ-Æô¾-GZÛÅ-qü wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-ºzz-qºÛÁÝGÅ-mÛ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-hïºÛ-¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼V-hP-GhôÅ-±h-ˆÛ-zNå¼-fôz-hï-»Ûmü

Physics Newton’s third

126

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

law

mÛºÞ-‡ôm-HÛ-PïÅ-Æô¾-GÅÞ¤-qü ‚ïh-¾Å-WÛ-ºi-ŸÛG-»Ûm-¼ÞP.ü hï¼-hô¤Z¤-¿kôG-¹ºÛ-‚ïh-¾Å-»ôh-hGôÅü

nuclear fission

ZÛP-lݾ-ºz¼-GÅü

lݾ-ym-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-¿eï-zºÛ-V-hï-h-hÝPhݤ-zÞ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤¼-HïÅ-±ß¾ü

nuclear fusion

ZÛP-lݾ-¢ô¼-Çkïzü

lݾ-ym-HÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-Çkïz-qºÛ-±ß¾-bïü ‚ï-ƒG-bà-»P-½ÀâP-GÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-¾¤ü »P-zºÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-GŸm-zÇkïzÅ-q-¾ÅÈï-¾Û-»¤-HÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-¿e-zÞ-¿UÛ-zºÛ-ZÛPlݾ-ŸÛG-Iâz-±ß¾ü

nuclear reaction

ZÛP-lݾ-HÛ-n¤-ºHã¼ü

hݤ-zÞ¼-HïÅ-q-hP.ü ZÛP-lݾ-Çïkzqº¤ü »P-m-ºHïh-ºyôºÛ-hzP-GÛŸh-LÝh-ºIô-z-¿e-zÞºÛ-zMãh-¼Û¤-HÛÅAïm-qÅ-mÝÅ-qº¤ü »P-m-zôPÅ-±hxãP-zü »P-m-D-fô¼-zºÛ-hzP-GÛÅmÝÅ-q-xãP-Çeï-lݾ-ym-HÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-HÛOô¤-GŸÛ-¾-ºHã¼-z-ºIô-±ß¾ü

nucleus

¿eï-ZÛP.ü ¿eï-hzÞÅü

lݾ-ym-HÛ-wô-lݾ-GTÛG-G¤-hï-¾Å¤P-z-hPü »P-½âPÀ -¾Å-GŸm-qºÛlݾ-ym-±P-¤ü ¤-mÛP-lݾ-GTÛG-G¤hï-¾Å-¤P-z-GP-hÝ-ºhÝ-źÛ-lݾ-ym-HÛGhôÅ-±h-w¾-¤ô-Vï-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-hzÞÅ-ˆÛVü

optical fiber

ºôh-ˆÛ-fG-¼mü

ºHÛG-±Ûº¤-Áï¾-¾Å-Iâz-q-¿kï¤-ŸÛPxÛ-mP-Gž-zºÛ-ZG-¤-GP-ŸÛG-zMãhhïü hïºÛ-mP-GÛ-GTÛG-XïÅ-GZÛÅ-¤fÞh-

Physics

127

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

ˆÛ-¿kôG-ºyôÅ-ˆÛÅ-ºôh-ºwô-zMãh-fÞz-qü optics

ºôh-ÇoP-¼ÛG-qü

ºôh-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-Eh-GÁÛÅ-¾zdG-qºÛ-hPôÅ-D¤Å-±m-¼ÛG-GÛ-»m¾G

orbit

ºDô¼-¾¤ü

1ü ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Aïm-qÅ-m¤¤DºÛ-G¸º-Ǽ+ -hP.ü zTôÅ-¤ºÛMã-Ç+¼-¿e-zÞ-ŸÛG-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-GŸmŸÛG-¾-ºDô¼-zºÛ-Mã-¾¤ü 2ü ZÛP-lݾ-HÛ-¤fº-Ç+ô¼-hÝ-zBôh-qºÛJÀôG-lݾ-¾¤ü »P-m-lݾ-¸ïGÅGŸm-HÛ-zdm-qºÛ-;ôm-‡¤-GmÅzz-TÛG

parabola

qï-¼-zô-¾¤ü GÝG-¾¤ü

Gô-¾ºÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-Dô-mºÛ-ºôG-ºwïmG¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-ºIô-¾¤-GÝG-¤ôü

partial pressure

V-ÁÅ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅü

G¾-bï-iôh-±h-GTÛG-qºÛ-ºôG-Æï-¢ô¼‚Å-qºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-n¤Å-¾Å-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-GTÛG-¼P-GÛÅ-ºiïÅ-¤-hï-¼PhP-¤Z¤-qºÛ-ÁôP-±h-ˆÛ-Gô-Å-z¸ÞP-mü hïÅ-º‚Ûm-ÆÛh-qºÛ-Gmôm-ÁÝGÅü

periodic table

hÝÅ-ºDô¼-¼ïºÞ-¤ÛG

D¤Å-µÅ-n¤Å-¼P-GÛ-lݾ-ym-ÍPIPÅ-hP.ü hï-hG-GÛ-JôÀG-lݾ-HÛz;ôh-OÛG-¿¼e -zOÛGÅ-bïü Eh-Vôźi-¤±ßPÅ-ˆÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-n¤Å-;-fÛGGTÛG-bà-OÛ¾-zºÛ-¼ïºÞ-¤ÛG

Physics photoelectric effect

128

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

ºôh-ˆÛÅ-JÀôG-lݾ-ºzÞh-qºÛ- ¤Pôm-fÞz-qºÛ-ºôh-ˆÛÅ-ºWâG-ºyôºÛ-JÀôGmÝÅ-qü ÁÝGÅ-Dz-¾ïm-HÛ-ºHïh-ºyô-ŸÛG-GÛÅhPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-mÅ-JÀôG-lݾ-n¤Å-xÛ¼ºzÞh-±ß¾ü

planet

G¸ºü

Ç+¼-ym-¾Å-Vï-ŸÛP-Ç+¼-¤-¾Å-VßPzºÛ-z¼-ÇoP-GÛ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-Vï-IÅ-ÁÛGÇeïü hï-hG-Åô-ÅôÅ-ºôh-zCæm-¤Û-fÞzˆP-ü ¼P-ZÛh-GP-¾-ºDô¼-zºÛ-Ǽ+ ¤ºÛ-ºôh-ˆÛÅ-Gž-z¼-‚ïh-hôü

plasma

q-¾²-¤ü ¥G-¤ü

hPôÅ-µÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-Çz+ Å-zŸÛ-q-Çïeü ÆG¸ÞGÅ-hP.ü ½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-hP-GÁï¼G¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-n¤-q-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-GŸm-qºÛlݾ-¤-±P-zº¤ü ¼P-G¼-GmÅ-qºÛJÀôG-lݾ-Tm-HÛ-hPôÅ-G¸ÞGÅü

potential energy

GmÅ-ÇezÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-qü

wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾-¼P-GÛ-GmÅÇePÅ-ˆÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü

pressure

Gmôm-ÁÝGÅü

¯Û-GŸÛºÛ-M-Eôm-GTÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-Mãm-¿kmhÝ-ºzz-qºÛ-ÁÝGÅ-Ťü »P-m-ÁÝGÅhP-Å-Eôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-Çkݼ-fP-hï-»Ûmü

prism

ºWº-Áï¾-(h‚ÛzÅü)

lôG-G¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG-GÛ-©P-GŸÛº¤-»P-mhïºÛ-¤fº-n¤Å-wm-±ßm-z¸ô-h‚ÛzÅhP-Vï-VßP-ºi-¤±ßPÅ-»Ûm-q-¤-¸hü hïºÛ-PôÅ-JÀÛP-n¤Å-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-fh-GÁÛzIâ-zŸÛ-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-ÅÞ-PïÅ-qºÛ-z¸ôh‚ÛzÅü

Physics

129

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

projectile

NôGÅ-hPôÅü

Gô-¾ºÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-ÁÝGÅ-Aïm-ºôG½ÀâP-D¤Å-Ť-z¼-ÇoP-hÝ-Mã-zºÛ-hPôÅG¸ÞGÅ-ÁÛG

proton

wô-lݾü

„Ëï-¼Û-»ôm-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-GbôGÅ-qºÛ-zdmGmÅ-y-lݾ-ŸÛG hïºÛ-GhôÅ-±h-J˼¤- 1.672 x 10-21 »Ûmü hï¾-JôÀG-¸ÞPÅ-wô-DÞ-¾ô¤- 1.602 x 10-19 ®¤-»ôhü

quantum

;ôm-‡¤ü

mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-hP-ü ¸Þ¼-DÞG ºGݾ-±h¿e-zÞ-V-ÁÅ-zGô-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-¤Pôm-q¼Gž-¾-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-f-hh-qºÛ-hPôÅ-qôºÛEh-VôÅü

quantum theory

;ôm-‡¤-n¤-GŸG

;ôm-‡¤-ÁÝGÅ-hrh-¼ÛG-qºÛ-fzÅ-¾zdïm-mÅ-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-GÁÛÅ-¾ÞGÅ-ºGº¼ï¼-ºIï¾-zXôh-‚ïh-qºÛ-n¤-GŸG

radiation

ºHïh-ºyôü

º‚ãP-GmÅ-ÁÛG-mÅ-ºôh-¸ï¼-¼¤-½ÀzňÛ-n¤-q¼-ºHïh-qºÛ-mÝÅ-qü hqï¼-mü ±-iôh-hP.ü ºôhü O-¿-e zÞºôü

real image

ÇoP-z½‰m-Pô-¤ü

ºôh-ˆÛ-ºhÝ-GmÅ-Pô-¤-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-ÇoPz½‰mü

reflection

¿kôG-ºyôü

ºôh-hP-O-¿e-zÞºÛ-½ÀzÅ-ÁÛG-hPôÅ-qôGŸm-hP-ºyh-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-ºyh¤±¤Å-D-xôGÅ-GŸm-hÝ-ºHã¼-±ß¾ü

Physics

130

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

refraction

ºEôG-ºyôü

ºôh-hP-OºÛ-½ÀzÅ-¿e-zÞ-ŸÛG-ÇeàG-±h-¤Ûºi-zºÛ-zMãh-¾¤-GTÛG-mÅ-GŸm-hÝBôh-Ç+zÅ-½ÀzÅ-hïºÛ-D-xôGÅ-ºEôG±ß¾ü

resistance

ºGôG-ÁÝGÅü

1ü zl¼-ÁÝGÅ-¿-e zÞºÛ-mÝÅ-q-ŸÛG-GÛÅhPôÅ-qôºÛ-ºGݾ-Bôh-ˆÛ-¿kôGxôGÅ-ÅÞ-¤mm-bï-hPôÅ-qô-hïºÛºGݾ-Bôh-ºGôG-qº¤-h¾-hÝGbôP-ÇePÅü 2ü hPôÅ-µÅ-ÁÛG-GÛÅ-JôÀG-Mãm-ºwô-z¾-ºGôG-Aïm-WÛ-ljïh-z¸ô-zºÛ-±hü hïºÛ-±h-GŸÛ-Íö¤-HÛÅ-ºW¾-z»Ûmü

rotational speed

ºDô¼-±hü

hÝÅ-ˆÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ-PïÅ-Tm-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-Ç+ô¼-zWÛ-®¤-ºDô¼-zºÛ-D-IPÅü Ç+zÅ-w¾¤ô-Vï¼-Ç+¼-Vº¤-Ç+¼-¤-¼ï-¼ï¼-ºDô¼fïPÅ-WÛ-»Ûm-HÛÅ-ºW¾-z-»Ûmü

satellite

ºDô¼-Ç+¼ü

wÞP-qô-Vï-z-ŸÛG-GÛ-¤fº-ºDô¼-hÝ-ºDô¼¾¤-PïÅ-Tm-fôG-Mã-zºÛ-wÞP-qô-VßP-zŸÛG

scalar quantity

GŸ¾-¼ÞP-ºzô¼-±hü

V-±h-GŸ¾-hÝ-»ôh-ˆP-D-xôGÅ-z¸ÞPhÝ-¤ïh-qºÛ-ºzô¼-V-ŸÛG hqï¼-m-Ghôűh-hP-ü ÁôP-±h-hP-ü ¤HôGÅ-±h¿e-zÞºôü

Physics specific heat

131

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

iôh-G¸ÞP-mÝÅ-qü

hPôÅ-µÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-zôPÅ-±h-ˆÛ-¯ÛGŸÛ-¼ï-¼ï¼-iôh-±h-WÛ-®¤-ºw¼-z-hP.ü hPôÅ-qô-hï¼-iôh-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-WÛ-®¤-ÅÛ¤-qGZÛÅ-ˆÛ-wm-±ßm-zÇkݼ-zºÛ-Vü

speed

¤HôGÅ-±hü

hÝÅ-±ôh-ˆÛ-¯Û-GŸÛ-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-WÛ-®¤Bôh-qºÛ-MP-fG

spring tide

hrÛh-½ÀzÅü

ZÛ-¤-hP-ü Å-GŸÛ-hP-¹-z-n¤Å-iPfÛG-GTÛG-bà-GmÅ-qºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-hÝŽÀzÅ-¤fô-z-n¤Å-V-ljô¤Å-¾Å-¤fô-zhP.ü hÝÅ-½zÀ Å-h¤º-z-n¤Å-Vljô¤Å-¾Å-h¤º-zºÛ-ÇoP-±ß¾ü

tide

hÝÅ-½ÀzÅü

G®ô-zô-¹-zºÛ-ºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-hzP-GÛÅÅ-GŸÛºÛ-ÇïeP-GÛ-M-¤±ô-hP.ü ¤±ô-hP¤±ô-DÞG-n¤Å-ˆÛ-Vß-D-ºwï¾-ºIÛzºIô-ÇePÅü

ultra sound

1ü fôÅ-±h-zL¾-Oü 2ü zL¾-OºÛ-JôÀG-q¼ü

1ü ¤ÛºÛ-n-zºÛ-fôÅ-±h-¾Å-zL¾-qºÛº‚ãP-fïPÅ-Tm-HÛ-Oü(¼ôz-¯ÛÅ‚Å-m-Èص-ZÛÅ-FÛ-®¤ü) 2ü ¤ÛºÛ-fôÅ-±h-¾Å-zL¾-zºÛ-O½ÀzÅ-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-mP-zbP-z-xÛ¼-¿kôG‚ãP-z-¾Å-zbz-qºÛ-G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m¾ïm-fzÅ-ÁÛG

ultraviolet light

ǨäG-xÛºÛ-ºôhü

ºôh-½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-±h-¾Å-fÞP-»P-ºôh-¸ï¼HÛ-½ÀzÅ-¾Å-¼ÛP-zºÛ-ǨäG-¤±¤Å-mPGÛ-ºHïh-ºyôºÛ-ºôh-¸ï¼ü

capacity

Physics

132

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

universe

ºWÛG-dïm-HÛ-D¤Åü

zï¤-G¸ÞGÅ-hP.ü mÝÅ-qü m¤-¤DºWÛ-ljïh-f¤Å-Th-ºhÝÅ-qºÛ-uÛ-¤ÛP.ü

vector

xôGÅ-¿km-¤hº-dGÅü

xôGÅ-¿km-ºzô¼-±h-¤±ôm-‚ïh-hÝ-z;ôhqºÛ-±h-GŸÛ-PïÅ-qºÛ-¤hº-dGÅü

vector quantity

xôGÅ-¿km-ºzô¼-±hü

V-±h-hP-D-xôGÅ-GZÛÅ-;-Tm-HÛºzô¼-Vü hqï¼-mü ÁÝGÅ-±h-hP.ü ¥ã¼-±h-hP.ü ¥ã¼-±h-ºw¼-V-¿ezÞºôü

velocity

¥ã¼-±hü

ºGݾ-Bôh-ˆÛ-D-xôGÅ-PïÅ-qºÛ-hPôÅqôºÛ-¤HôGÅ-±hü

virtual image

ÇoP-z½‰m-¿e¼-ÇoP.ü

G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m-GP-¾Å-¿kôG-qº¤ºEôG-qºÛ-ºôh-¸ï¼-hï-hG-D-HïÅ-q¼ÇoP-±ß¾ü hqï¼-mü PôÅ-¾ïz-¤ô-TmHÛ-¤ï-¾ôP-ŸÛG-GÛ-mP-G¸ÞGÅ-z½‰m¤fôP-±ß¾-¿e-zÞü

volt

JÀôG-GÛ-ÁÝGÅ-±hü ¶ô¾‡ü JÀôG-¾¤-HÛ-GmÅ-GP-ŸÛG-bà-JÀôGÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-¯Û-GŸÛü

wave

½ÀzÅü

ºGݾ-ºFâG-TÛG-zMãh-¾¤-ŸÛG-zMãhhï-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-hïºÛ-mÝÅ-ÁÝGÅ-zMãh-¾¤GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-y-lݾ-GTÛG-mÅ-GTÛG-bàºwô-MãG-‚ïh-ˆP.ü zMãh-¾¤-hï¼Gbm-ºWGÅ-ˆÛ-ºHã¼-z-¤Û-ÅôP-zü

wave length

½ÀzÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛP-±hü

ºôh-hP-ü iôh-ÅôGÅ-mÝÅ-qºÛ-½zÀ Å-ˆÛ-

Physics

133

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

¯ï-¤ôº¤-¸ï-ºGô-GZÛÅ-hz¼-HÛ-MP-fG weight

¿YÛhü

hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-źÛ-Gô-¾º¤-z¼-ÇoP-GÛºfïm-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛÅ-wÞP-G¸ÞGÅ-GŸm-ŸÛGGÛÅ-¿eï-zºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-±ß¼-ºGÝG-qºÛÁÝGÅü

weightlessness

¿YÛh-¤ïh-¼P-zŸÛmü

¼P-¿ËàP-GÛ-Ç+zÅ-ÅÞ-hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-¾ºhïGÅ-Bô¼-HÛ-ÁÝGÅ-GŸm-TÛ-»P-¤ïhqºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-ÁÛG

work

¯ô¾-zü

hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-zzÅ-qºÛ-mÝÅÁÝGÅ-hP-ü hïÅ-MP-fG-WÛ-®¤-ºGݾz-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-qô-hïºÛ-Nå¼-fôzü

work-energy

¯ô¾-mÝÅ-n¤-GŸG

hPôÅ-qô-ŸÛG-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-‚Å-qºÛ-¯ô¾-zhï-hPôÅ-qô-hï¼-fôz-qºÛ-mÝÅ-q-hP¤±ßPÅ-q¼-ºhôh-±ß¾ü

theorem

Physics

134

hPôÅ-D¤Å-¼ÛG-qü

Chemistry

135

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

zl-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¾Å-ºV¼ü TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qºÛ-zl-Vhü CHEMISTRY TERMS

zôh-GŸÝP-Ǩm-¯ÛÅ-DP.hP.ü ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¯ô¤-OÛG-±m-qü MEN-TSE-KHANG & PUBLICATION CELL / DOE

136

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

D¤Å-µÅ-hÅÝ -ºDô¼-¼ºï -Þ ¤GÛ ( Periodic Table of Elements) lݾ-IPÅü

D¤Å-µÅü

¤±ôm-dGÅü

1

Hydrogen

H

2

Helium

He

3

Lithium

Li

4

Beryllium

Be

5

Boron

B

6

Carbon

C

7

Nitrogen

N

8

Oxygen

O

9

Fluorine

F

10

Neon

Ne

11

Sodium

Na

12

Magnesium

Mg

13

Aluminium

Al

14

Silicon

Si

15

Phosphorus

P

16

Sulphur

S

17

Chlorine

Cl

18

Argon

Ar

19

Potassium

K

20

Calcium

Ca

21

Scandium

Sc

22

Titanium

Ti

23

Vanadium

V

24

Chromium

Cr

25

Manganese

Mn

zôh-zlü »P-½ÀâP.ü Èï-¾Û-»¤ü ¾Û-fÛ-»¤ü zï-¼Û-¾Û-»¤ü ±-¾-mG-qôü mG-µÅü ;¼-zômü ¸ï-½ÀâP-ü ÆôG-º²Ûm-½ÀâP.ü º±ô-½ÀâP.ü wÞ-¾ô-¼Ûmü mï-½ÀâP.ü zÞ¾-µÅü h;¼-G»ºü È-»P.ü ÅÛ-¾Û-;ômü ºôh-ˆÛ-¤-¤ü ¤Þ-¸Ûü ±Ð-½ÀâP.ü ͼ-Gômü GZÝG-½ÀâP.ü hÝG-Åï¾-h;¼-qôü h;¼-Á¤ü TôP-ŸÛü ÅÛ-;m-^Û-»¤ü ‡ñ-‡ï-mÛ-»¤ü ¶ï-mÛ-^Û-»¤ü ;ô-¿GU Åü ¤ïP-¿UGÅü

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

137

Chemistry 26

Iron

Fe

27

Cobalt

Co

28

Nickel

Ni

29

Copper

Cu

30

Zinc

Zn

31

Gallium

Ga

32

Germanium

Ge

33

Arsenic

As

34

Selenium

Se

35

Bromine

Br

36

Krypton

Kr

37

Rubidium

Rb

38

Strontium

Sr

39

Yttrium

Y

40

Zirconium

Zr

41

Niobium

Nb

42

Molybdenum

Mo

43

Technetium

Te

44

Ruthenium

Ru

45

Rhodium

Rh

46

Palladium

Pd

47

Silver

Ag

48

Cadmium

Cd

49

Indium

In

50

Tin

Sn

51

Antimony

Sb

52

Tellurium

Te

53

Iodine

I

¿UGÅü ;ô-z×¾ü GÁº-±ïü GÁº-h;¼ü ¸PÅü bÛ-±ü JËï-¾Û-»¤ü W¼-¤ï-mÛ-»¤ü z-„Àü Åï-¾ï-mÛ-»¤ü zÞ¼ô-¤Ûmü Ç~Å-½ÀâP-ü ¼Þ-zÛ-^Û-»¤ü Çœôm-Á¤ü »Û-‡-¼Û-»¤ü ²Û¼-;ô-mÛ-»¤ü mïºô-zÛ-»¤ü ¤ô-¾Û-z-^Û-m¤ü ‡ïG-aï-ÁÛ-»¤ü ¼Þ-fï-mÛ-»¤ü ¼ô-^Û-»¤ü q-¾ï-^Û-»¤ü hPÞ¾ü bÛ-±-Ð BïÅü Dï-^-¤Û-»¤ü ¤fÛP-¿UGÅü (¿UGÅ-)=Ûmü ¤ÛG-Ǩmü ‡ï-¾Þ-¼Û-»¤ü ¿~-±Ðü

138

Chemistry 54

Xenon

Xe

55

Cesium

Cs

56

Barium

Ba

57

Lanthanum

La

58

Cerium

Ce

59

Praseodymium

Pr

60

Neodymium

Nd

61

Promethium

Pm

62

Samarium

Sm

63

Europium

Eu

64

Gadolinium

Gd

65

Terbium

Tb

66

Dysprosium

Dy

67

Holmium

Ho

68

Erbium

Er

69

Thulium

Tm

70

Ytterbium

Yb

71

Lutetium

Lu

72

Hafnium

Hf

73

Tantalum

Ta

74

Tungsten

W

75

Rhenium

Re

76

Osmium

Os

77

Iridium

Ir

78

Platinum

Pt

79

Gold

Au

80

Mercury

Hg

81

Thallium

Tl

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü ²ïm-½ÀâP.ü Åï-ÅÛ-»¤ü zï-¼Û-»¤ü ¾ïm-fï-m¤ü Åï-¼Û-»¤ü Å-¿ËºÛ-G»P-µÅü q-¼×-ÅÛºô-^Û-¤Û-»¤ü mÛºô-^Û-¤Û-»¤ü qô¼-¤ï-fÛ-»¤ü Å-¤-¼Û-»¤ü »Þ-¼ô-qÛ-»¤ü Gh-hô-¾Û-mÛ-»¤ü bؼ-zÛ-»¤ü ^ï-qô¼-ÅÛ-»¤ü Èô¾-¤Û-»¤ü Íï¼-zÛ-»¤ü fÞ-¾Û-»¤ü »Û-‡¼-zÛ-»¤ü ¾Þ-‡ï-ÁÛ-»¤ü Èz-mÛ-»¤ü bm-b-¾¤ü ‡P-ÅÛ-‡mü ¼ï-mÛ-»¤ü Íô-ÅÛ-¤Û-»¤ü ÍÛ-¼Û-^Û-»¤ü GÅï¼-h;¼-qôü GÅï¼ü hPÞ¾-Vßü fï¾-¾Û-»¤ü

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

139

Chemistry 82

Lead

Pb

83

Bismuth

Bi

84

Polonium

Po

85

Astatine

At

86

Radon

Rn

87

Francium

Fr

88

Radium

Ra

89

Actinium

Ac

90

Thorium

Th

91

Protactinium

Pa

92

Uranium

U

93

Neptunium

Np

94

Plutonium

Pu

95

Americium

Am

96

Curium

Cm

97

Berkelium

Bk

98

Californium

Cf

99

Einsteinium

Es

100

Fermium

Fm

101

Mendelevium

Md

102

Nobelium

No

103

Lawrencium

104

Rutherfordium

Rf

105

Dubnium

Db

106

Seaborgium

Sg

107

Bohrium

Bh

108

Hassium

Hs

109

Meitnerium

Mt

Lw / Lr

Ÿ-Zïü zÛ-ÅÛ-¤-fü qô-¾ô-mÛ-»¤ü ÍÅï-‡ï-‡Ûmü Pz-½ÀâP.ü w-¼×m-ÅÛ-»¤ü ¼ï-^Û-»¤ü ÍïG-‡Û-mÛ-»¤ü fô-¼Û-»¤ü qÞ-¼ô-‡ïG-‡Û-mÛ-»¤ü »Þ-¼ï-mÛ-»¤ü ¤±ô-¿ËºÛ-mô¼-zÞü qÞ-¾Þ-‡ô-mÛ-»¤ü Í-¤ï-¼Û-ÅÛ-»¤ü Eã-¼Û-»¤ü z¼-;ï-¾Û-»¤ü ;ï-¾Û-wô¼-mÛ-»¤ü Íïm-Å-ï‡ñm-mÛ-»¤ü w¼-¤Û-»¤ü ¤ïm-^ï-¾ï-¶Û-»¤ü mô-zï-¾Û-»¤ü ¾×-¼ïm-ÅÛ-»¤ü ¼Þ-f¼-wô¼-^Û-»¤ü ^z-mÛ-»¤ü Å×Û-zô¼-WÛ-»¤ü zô-¼Û-»¤ü È-ÅÛ-»¤ü ¤×Ûh-mï-¼Û-»¤ü

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

140

Chemistry 110

Darmstadtium

Ds

111

Roentgenium

Rg

112

Ununbium

Uub

113

Ununtrium

Uut

114

Ununquadium

Uuq

115

Ununpentium

Uup

116

Ununhexium

Uuh

h©-Åï-bïh-ÁÛ-»¤ü ¼ôm-Gï-mÛ-»¤ü D¤Å-µÅ- 112 qü D¤Å-µÅ- 113 qü D¤Å-µÅ- 114 qü D¤Å-µÅ- 115 qü D¤Å-µÅ- 116 qü

141

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

alkali

»-z->-Ä ¼ü mÅ-±ÛG-f¾-zü mÅ-ÇSôm-qô-hï-¤ï-¾-zÆïGÅ-mÅ-ŸG-bà¾ôm-qºÛ-f¾-z-hïºÛ-D¼-VGÅ-qºÛ-z-±Ðºi-z-hï-»Ûmü

alloy

zÆïÅ-¿UGÅü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤Û-ºi-z-GZÛÅ-Ť-GZÛžÅ-¤P-z-¤Z¤-zÆïÅ-‚Å-qº¤ü »P-m-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-hP-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤»Ûm-qºÛ-µÅ-GŸm-hP-zÆïÅ-mÅ-IâzqºÛ-µÅ-Ť-hPôÅ-qôü

aluminium

È-»P.ü

hPÞ¾-HÛ-¤hôG-ºi-¾-»P-zü ¾ÅzTôÅ-GbôP-Ç-À zü z®º-hP-G»º-iïGºGôG-mÝÅ-¿km-qºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Al lݾ-IPÅ- 13ü

anhydrous

VßÅ-hzïm-qºÛü

µÅ-GP-ŸÛG-¾Å-VߺÛ-lݾ-¾ôGÅ-ÅÞh‚ï-¸Ûm-qºÛü

anion

¤ô-lݾü

¤ô-JÀôG-Tm-HÛ-lݾ-ym-m¤ü JÀôG-¿kmÇkïz-µÅ-ˆÛ-‚ÛPÅ-µÅü

argon

ͼ-Gômü GZÝG-½âPÀ .ü

iÛ-hP-¤hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-ü IâP-Á-¤Û-¿mk qºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG-Çeïü ½ÀâP-D¤Å-hP-¤ï-¼ÛºÛ-½ÀPÅ-q-mÅ-‚ãPzü JÀôG-GÛ-Áï¾-bôG-GÛ-Vïh-º±G-‚ïhhÝ-z;ô¾-VôG ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Ar lݾ-IPÅ- 18ü

arsenic

z-„Àü

hPÞ¾-¤hôG-¿¼e -h;¼-¾ü VG-Ç-À zü hÝG-ÁÅ-Vï-zºÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG ºhÛºÛ-

142

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

Çkïz-µÅ-n¤Å-ºzÞ-hÝG-hP.ü Áï¾ü Ǩmü Zï-zºÛ-Mãh-µÅ-ÅôGÅ-z¸ô-z¼-zïhuôh-‚ïhü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- As lݾIPÅ- 33ü beeswax

zÞP-zºÛ-v-±Û¾ü

£P-zÞºÛ-±P-GÛ-Mã-V-v-±Û¾ü D-hôGÅï¼-qôº¤-ǨäG-mG-ˆP-»ôhü

borax

±-¾-h;¼-qôü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-Gbï¼-µÅ-ÁÛGÇeïü Vß-¾Å-‚ãP-ŸÛP-¼ÛGÅ-GÅÞ¤-»ôhü zÆïGÅ-±ï-zŸÝ-ŸÛP-Dô¾-¾-¿~ä-z-h;¼-qôƒ-zôºÛ-»ôÅ-¿¼e -ºwï¾-z-z¸P.ü zŸÝ»P-¤Û-ºwï¾-z-ºƒÛP.ü ¤Û-zŸÝ-z-Pmü hï-Áï¾-hP.ü ºFâÅ-µÅü Ǩm-¼ÛGŵÅ-¢ô¼-hÝ-¤ºÛ-Iâz-V-G®ô-zô-»Ûmü

brass

¼G

¸PÅ-hP-bÛ-±-GZÛÅ-zÆï-¢ô¼-‚Å-mÅIâz-qºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Åï¼-qô-ŸÛG

bronze

¾Ûü

G®ô-zô-¸PÅ-hP-=Ûm-GZÛÅ-¾Å-Iâz-qºÛzÆïÅ-¿UGÅ-ÁÛG

carbohydrate

Å-VߺÛ-ljÛP-qôü

;-¼-hP-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¤P¼-zTßh-ÅôGÅfï-zºÛ-Bï-¿km-Çkïz-µÅ-‚ï-ƒG-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅü ÆôG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-¾ÞÅ-º±ô-zºÛ-¸Å-zTßhG®ô-zô-ŸÛG

carbon

;¼-zôm-º±ô-½ÀâP-AP-¿kmü

iÛ-hP-D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP.ü hÝG-ÁÅ-Vï-zºÛµÅ-½PÀ Åü mG-µÅ-zÆïGÅ-q-V-±Pz¼-ºz¼-¤-fÞz-q-¾Å-‚ãP-z-ŸÛG

monoxide

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

143

Chemistry carnauba wax

b-¾ôºÛ-v-±Û¾ü

z-¼×-²Û¾-»Þ¾-HÛ-b-¾ºÛ-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ô-¤¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-v-±Û¾-Æ-zô-ŸÛG hï-¯ÛhP.ü ¤Vß-±ôÅü mG-ÁôG-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-MãV¼-z;ô¾-VôG

cation

wô-lݾü

wô-JÀôG-¿km-qºÛ-lݾ-ymü

compound

ºhÝÅ-µÅü

D¤Å-µÅ-GZÛÅ-Ť-hÝ-¤-V-±h-PïÅTm-hÝ-zÇkïzÅ-qºÛ-µÅü

copper

¸PÅü

D-¤hôG-h¤¼-¾-ÇäG¨ -q-hP.ü ¤ZïmŸÛP-lÝP-Çoôm-¼ÞP-zºÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛGÇeïü G»º-iïG-ºGôG-mÝÅ-¿mk -¾ü iôh-hP-JÀôG-Mã-ÇÀ-zºÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ-z¸P-qôŸÛG-»Ûmü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Cu lݾIPÅ- 29ü

diamond

lô-Xï-w-¾¤ü

mG-µÅ-¿Ëh-¤ïh-ˆÛ-¿ËP-G¸ÞGÅü uÛ¼D-hôG-¤ïh-¾-¼P-‚ãP-GÛ-Gbï¼-µÅü Æ-¤FïGÅ-ˆÛ-±h-¤fô-ÁôÅ-hï-»Ûmü

ductile

GZôh-Ç-o z¸P-zü

Ço-¼ÛP-¾-¤Zïm-q-hP-ü ºfïm-mÝÅ-Vïzü ¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ºfïm-AôP-hP-zlÝPz¸ô-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-Eh-VôÅü

element

D¤Å-µÅü

µÅ-¢ô¼-HÛ-‚-fzÅ-hˆãÅ-¤Å-D-ƒ¾GbôP-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-µÅ-ˆÛ-Iâz-V-VßPÁôÅü

ethane

ÍÛ-fïmü

D-hôG-hP-iÛ-Ph-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-¼P-‚ãP-½ÀâP-GÛ-

144

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

Iâz-V-ŸÛG-Çïeü ºzÞh-µÅ-hP.ü ºEGÅ-µÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü ethanol

ºƒâ-VP.ü hÐPÅ-¼G

»¾-ÇÀ-¾-D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-ºz¼-mÝÅVï-zºÛ-ºƒâ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-zG-±Û-hP-;-¼ÅôGÅ-¾-wz-¢ô¼-‚Å-q-¾Å-‚ãPzºÛ-VP.zTßhü hï-ºFâÅ-µÅ-hP.ü zŸÝ-DÞü ¥ôÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-zbàP-z-ÅôGž-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

fission

GÅ-fô¼ü

lݾ-µÅ-D-GÅ-bï-fô¼-±ß¾ü

formaldehyde

¤Û-fÛ¾-»P-ºHã¼ü

iÛ-Ph-µÅ-½âÀP-ü µÅ-ºhÛ-¼Þ¾ÅÞPÅ-ºGôG-fzÅ-hP.ü GZmºWô¤Åü ¢¼-Çït¾-hP-±ôÅ-ÅôGÅz¸ô-Mã¼-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

fructose

ÁÛP-ºƒÅ-¤P¼-Vü

ÁÛP-ºƒÅ-¤P¼-¤ô-hP-£P-¯ÛºÛ-mP»ôh-qºÛ-¤P¼-Vü

fusion

zŸÝ¼-Çkïzü

µÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-n¤Å-ŸÝ¼-zº¤-zŸÝ¼z-¿e¼-¤Z¤-hÝ-ÇkÝh-qü

glucose

¤P¼-µÅü

ÁÛP-ºƒÅ-hP-£P-¯Ûü ÆôG-VGňÛ-FG-zTÅ-ˆÛ-mP-¼P-zŸÛm-hÝ-»ôhqºÛ-¤P¼-Vü

gold

GÅï¼ü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-Åï¼-qô¿YÛh-Vï-¾ü ºHã¼-¤Û-Bïm-qü ¤Zïm-HôP-ljô¤Å-ÁÛP-lÝP-Çoôm-¼ÞP-

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

145

Chemistry

z-ŸÛG ¤±ôm-dGÅ79ü

Au

lݾ-IPÅ-

helium

Èï-¾Û-»¤ü

½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-iÛ-hP-ƒ¾-ŸÛP.ü ºz¼-mÝÅ-Ÿm-q-¼P-‚ãP-½ÀâP-¼ÛGÅ-GŸmHÛ-mP-hÝ-º‚ãP-z-ŸÛG hï-Gm¤-Iâ-hP.ü ¿KP-zÞü zŸÝ-¤¼ü ºEGÅ-µÅ-hPºƒï¾-zºÛ-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-ÅôGÅ-¾-uôhü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- He lݾ-IPÅ- 2ü

hydracid

º±ô-½ÀâP-ƒ¾-zºÛ-Bå¼ü

º±ô-½ÀâP-GÛ-lݾ-ym-¤ïh-qºÛ-Bå¼-µÅü

hydrocarbon

»P-½ÀâP-mG-µÅü

»P-½ÀâP-hP-mG-µÅ-GZÛÅ-Dô-m-¾Å-IâzqºÛ-Bï-¿mk -ºhÝÅ-µÅü hqï¼-mü zïm²ïm-hP.ü ¤Û-fïm-¿-e zÞü

hydrogen

»P-½ÀâP.ü

D-hôG-hP-iÛ-Ph-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-ºz¼-mÝÅ-¿km¾ü h-z¼-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-hPôÅ-µÅ¤fº-hG-¾Å-»P-zºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅD¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG ¤±ôm-dGÅ- H lݾ-IPÅ- 1ü

hydrogen bond

»P-½ÀâP-¤fÞh-Dü

»P-½ÀâP-GÛ-y-lݾ-HÛÅ-£ï¾-zºÛ-lݾ-ymºiïÅ-Ç+zÅ-ˆÛ-µÅ-¢ô¼-HÛ-¤fÞh-D-¤Ûzdm-q-ŸÛG

hydrogen ion

»P-½ÀâP-GÛ-ZÛP-lݾ-wôü

»P-½ÀâP-GÛ-JÀôG-lݾ-hzïm-qºÛ-ZÛP-lݾwôü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- H+

iron

¿UGÅü

D-hôG-h;¼-ŸÛP-Ço-¼ÛP-¾-¤Zïm-qºÛ-

146

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG lô-zŸÝÅ-q¾Å-º‚ãP.ŸÛP-z½Àm-hP-±Ð-½ÀâP-yh-mz®º-VGÅ-ÇüÀ ¯Û-ÁÛP-hP-ÆôG-VGž-¤ïh-hÝ-¤Û-¼ÞP-z-»Ûmü Dz-¾ïm-HÛmÝÅ-q-ºWâG-ÇüÀ ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Fe lݾ-IPÅ- 26ü isomer

µÅ-¤±ßPÅ-ºhÝÅ-µÅü

µÅ-¢ô¼-HÛ-Vô-G-GTÛG-¾-h‚ÛzÅ-¤ÛGTÛG-qºÛ-ºhÝÅ-µÅ-bïü hïºÛ-mP-IâzVºÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-hP.ü hï-hG-GÛ-¿ÛYh-±h¤Z¤-»P-Iâz-µÅ-ˆÛ-VGÅ-Oô¤-¤Û-ºizºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-hPôÅ-GÁÛÅ-hP-µÅºHã¼-HÛ-Eh-VôÅ-¤Û-ºi-z-»Ûmü

isotope

GmÅ-¤fÞm-D¤Å-µÅü

lݾ-IPÅ-GTÛG-G¤-µÅ-ˆÛ-Eh-VôŤ±ßPÅ-ˆP.ü lݾ-ym-HÛ-¿YÛh-±h-¤ÛGTÛG-qºÛ-D¤Å-µÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛGÅü

lanolin

z¾-HÛ-±Ûü

¾ÞG-GÛ-z¾-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-Çoݤ-±Û¾ü ©Ç¨m-hP-¤²ïÅ-¢ô¼-‚ãG-µÅ-¼ÛGÅ-z¸ôz¼-zïh-uôh-Vïü

lead

Ÿ-Zïü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-¿YÛh-Vï-ŸÛP¤Zïm-q-hP.ü lÝP-Çôom-¼ÞP-¾-D-hôG-ÇôSBü ºhÛ-JôÀG-µÅ-hP-zÆïÅ-¿GU Å-Ç-o ±ôGÅ-hP.ü ºhÝÅ-µÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-z¸ôMã¼-uôh-ÇôK-¤P.ü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Pb lݾ-IPÅ- 82ü

lithium

¾Û-fÛ-»¤ü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-¤Zïm-¾-hPÞ¾-

147

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

¤hôG-¿¼e -h;¼-zü »P-ŸÛP.ü JÀôGµÅ-hP-µÅ-GŸm-z¸ô-zCæm-Vïh-zïhuôh-‚ïhü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Li lݾIPÅ- 3ü mercury

hPÞ¾-Vßü

¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-¿YÛh-Vï-¾-DhôG-hPÞ¾-¿e¼-h;¼-zºÛ-GÁï¼-G¸ÞGÅ¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûmü Ç+zÅ-¼ï-¼P-Az¼-º‚ãP-z-»ôh-ˆP.ü w¾-Vï-z-¤Þ-¸ÛhP-¤Z¤-ºiïÅ-ÅÞ-º‚ãP.ü ¤±ômdGÅ- Hg lݾ-IPÅ- 80ü

methane

m-½âPÀ .ü ¤Û-fïmü

iÛ-hP-D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-ºz¼-mÝÅ-¿km-¾¼P-‚ãP-½ÀâP-GÛ-Iâz-V-¤P-IÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûmü ºzÞh-µÅ-ÅÞ-zïh-uôh-q-hP-ü »P-½âPÀ hP-Bï-¿km-ºhÝÅ-µÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-¤P-qôºÛº‚ãP-DÞPÅ-G®ô-zô-ŸÛG-»Ûmü

methanol

ÁÛP-¼G

D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP.ü ºz¼-mÝÅ-¿mk -¾-hÝGÁÅ-Vï-zºÛ-ÁÛP-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-VP.zTßhTÛG hï-ºzÞh-µÅ-hP.ü zŸÝ-‚ïhü ºEG-ºGôG-ÅôGÅ-¾-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

neon

Gż-½ÀâP.ü

ÁÛm-bà-h;ôm-¾ü D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-IâP-Á¤Û-¿km-qºÛ-½ÀâP-G¸ÞGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG

oxyacid

º±ô-½ÀâP-¿km-qºÛ-Bå¼ü

ÆôG-º²Ûm-½ÀâP-GÛ-lݾ-ym-hP-ºiïÅ-mÅIâz-qºÛ-Bå¼ü

oxygen

ÆôG-º²Ûm-½âPÀ .ü

º±ô-½âPÀ .ü D-hôG-iÛ-¼ô-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-ÆôG-º±ô-z-hP.ü

148

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

¤ï-ºz¼-z¼-¤ïh-hÝ-¤Û-¼ÞP-zºÛ-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG ºhÛ-ZÛh½ÀâP-D¤Å-mP-¼P-A¼-º‚ãP-¾-hïºÛ¿S-V-GTÛG-¸Ûm-HÛ-»ôhü ¤±ômdGÅ- O lݾ-IPÅ- 8ü paraffin wax

lô-Çoݤ-v-±Û¾ü

¤hôG-h;¼-qôº¤-¤hôG-ƒ¾-zü lô-Çoݤ-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-»P-½ÀâP-hPmG-µÅ-GZÛÅ-ºiïÅ-q-¾Å-IâzqºÛ-v-±Û¾-ºi-zºÛ-µÅ-ÁÛG hï-¾×ÁôG ºW¤-Çݤo ü »P-¾×ü ¾-VÅôGÅ-z¸ô-zCæm-Vïh-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

petrolatum

lô-Çoݤ-wÛG-wÛG

lô-Çoݤ-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-ŸG-µÅ-wÛGwÛG-ºi-z-Ç+¤-¤Ûm-½Àôm-¤Ûm-HÛ-»P½ÀâP-hP-mG-µÅ-GZÛÅ-ºiïÅ-q-¾ÅIâz-q-ŸÛG ºhÛ-‚ãG-Çm¨ -hP-;ô-zÇoݤ-ŸG-ºhôm-q-¾-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

propane

qô¼-qïmü

lô-Çoݤ-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP¿YÛh-Vï-zºÛ-µÅ-ÁÛG hï-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-hP-ü ºzÞh-µÅü ºEGÅ-µÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

silver

hPÞ¾ü

D-hôG-h;¼-¾ü È-TP-GZôh-Ç-o z¸P-zü lÝP-Çôom-¼ÞP-zü iôh-hPJÀôG-GÛ-Mã-¾¤-z¸P-ÁôÅ-»Ûm-qºÛ¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-D¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Ag lݾ-IPÅ47ü

149

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

soluble

zŸÝ¼¼ÞP.ü zŸÝ-zºÛü

zŸÝ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-GÁï¼-µÅ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zºÛmP-zŸÝ¼-¼ÞP-zü

solute

zŸÝ¼-µÅü

zŸÝ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-GÁï¼-µÅ-mP-zŸÝ¼-zºÛ-µÅü

solution

ŸÝmü

µÅ-GTÛG-G¤ü »P-m-hÝ-¤-µÅ-GŸmŸÛG-GÛ-mP-zŸÝ¼-mÅ-µÅ-hïºÛ-lݾ-ÅôÅô¼-ŸÛG-fô¼-hÝ-ºHã¼-±ß¾ü

solvent

zŸÝ-‚ïhü

¼P-GÛ-mP-hÝ-µÅ-GŸm-zŸÝ-z¼-‚ïh-qºÛhPôÅ-qôü

spermaceti

Z-Vïm-v-±Û¾ü

v-±Û¾-Tm-HÛ-Z-Vïm-¶ï¾-hP.ü Z->Àâ-¤ôn-¼ÛP-GÛ-¤Gô-zôºÛ-Çoݤ-¾Å-‚ãP-zºÛ-µÅh;¼-qô-v-±Û¾-ºi-z-ŸÛG ºhÛ-‚ãGµÅ-hP.ü ©-Çm¨ ü »P-¾×-ÅôGÅ-z¸ôzCæm-Vïh-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

sulphur

¤Þ-¸Ûü

Å-ºôG-mÅ-fôm-qºÛ-Gbï¼-µÅü D-hôGÅï¼-B-Tm-HÛ-¿UGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤-»Ûm-qºÛD¤Å-µÅ-ÁÛG hï-¾-¼ÛGÅ-h;¼-Å＿YP-mG-zŸÛ-»ôhü ¤±ôm-dGÅ- S lݾ-IPÅ- 16ü

sulphur dioxide

¤Þ-¸Û-º±ô-½ÀâP-¸ÞP-¿kmü

¿UÛ-ŸÛP-D-hôG-ƒ¾-zü hzÞGÅ-ÅÞz-qºÛ½ÀâP.ü GÁï¼-hÝ-ºHã¼-Ç-À zü h;¼¤hPÅ-ºhôm-q-hP.ü hÝG-Åï¾ü ¼Þ¾ÅÞPÅ-ºGôG-µÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-zïh-uôh-‚ïhü

150

Chemistry

µÅ-¢ô¼-¼ÛG-qü

sulphuric acid

¤Þ-¸ÛºÛ-Bå¼ü

Çoݤ-ŸG-º±ï¼-¾-D-hôG-ƒ¾-ŸÛP-G»ºµÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-Vï-zºÛ-GÁï¼-µÅ-ÁÛG ºhÛ±ôÅ-hP.ü ±ôm-¯Ûü ¾Þhü ºz¼-µÅÅôGÅ-z¸ô-Mã¼-zïh-uôh-Vïü

sulphurous acid

¤Þ-¸ÛºÛ-Bå¼-±Ðü

¤Þ-¸Û-hP-»P-½ÀâP-GZÛÅ-¾Å-Iâz-qºÛBå¼-µÅ-ÁÛG

xenon

²ïm-½ÀâP.ü

¿UÛ-¾-D-hôG-ƒ¾-zü µÅ-GŸm-hPzÇkïzÅ-m-n¤-q-¤Û-ºHã¼-zºÛ-½ÀâPG¸ÞGÅ-ˆÛ-D¤Å-µÅü D-½âPÀ -mP-ZÝPÁÅ-¾Å-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG ¤±ôm-dGÅ- Xe lݾ-IPÅ- 54ü

Botany

151

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

zl-Vh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¾Å-ºV¼ü TIBETAN TERMINOLOGY PROJECT

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qºÛ-zl-Vhü BOTANICAL TERMS

zôh-GŸÝP-Ǩm-¯ÛÅ-DP.ü MEN-TSE-KHANG / TMAI

1

8

16

20

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

152

Botany

2

3

4

10

9

17

21

5

11

18

22

6

7

12

13

14

15

24

25

26

27 28

19

23

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü 1 ºWôP-h‚ÛzÅü 2 ¤hÝP-h‚ÛzÅü 3 ljÛP-h‚ÛzÅü 4 ÇKôP-h‚ÛzÅü 5 ÇKôP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü 6 ¤D¾-G¸ÞGÅü 7 Eï¤-zÞºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 8 ¾Û-»¼-h‚ÛzÅü 9 ¤hº-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 10 wÞz-h‚ÛzÅü 11 ÅôG-h‚ÛzÅü 12 ¤hÝP-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü 13 ¯ï-ljàP.ü 14 ¯ï-lݤü 15 Ç~¼-h‚ÛzÅü 16 ¯ï-¤ô-ljàP-¼ÛP.ü 17 ¾ô-¤-¤Gô-ZG 18 ¤WâG-ºi-V-¿kmü 19 ¯ï-nômü 20 G®ß G -nô m -y-¤ô ü 21 ¯ï - ZG 22 lj Û P -G¸Þ G Å-¿k ô G -¤ü 23 ¹â ¤ -h‚Û z Å-Tmü 24 ¿Uï-h‚ÛzÅü 25 ¤hÝP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü 26 ºWôP-m¼ü 27 Oô-h‚ÛzÅü 28 Dz-h‚ÛzÅü

Botany

153

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

acicular

Dz-h‚ÛzÅü

Dz-¿e¼-y-¾-nô-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü hqï¼-mü fP-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ô-¤-hP-Ǥ+ -BïůÛ-ÁÛP-¿e-zÞü

acuminate

¯ï-ljàP.ü

¿eô-z-TßP-¸h-ºzÞ¼-¾ü ¯ï-¤ôºÛ-xôGÅÅÞ-Wï-y¼-ºIô-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

acute

¯ï-nômü

¿eô-z-TßP-¸h-;ôP-zºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-nô-¾-fÞP-zºÛ¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

algae

Vß-z¾ü Z-¿ÛzU Åü

¯-z-hP.ü ÇkôP-qôü ¾ô-¤-Åô-Åô¼-h‚ïMã-¤ïh-TÛP-Vß-mP-hÝ-Bï-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅü

angiosperms

Åôm-Ç+ôGÅ-Tmü

¤ï-bôG-hP.ü Åôm-Çô+GÅ-Tm-HÛ-Å-zôm¿km-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-uÛ-¤ÛP-ü

annual

¾ô-ºDô¼-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü ¾ô-ºDô¼- Bï-ºwï¾-hÝÅ-»Þm-¾ô-GTÛG-mP-¤ï-bôGº±ô-ÁÛP.ü hP-ºƒÅ-zÞ-VGÅ-mÅ-Ç+¤-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP¼ÛGÅü

apiculate

¯ï-¤ô-ljàP-¤Zïmü

¯ï-¤ô-y-ŸÛP-nô-¾-fÞP-ŸÛP-¤Zïm-qºÛ-¾ô¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

aristate

¯ï-¤ô-ljàP-¼ÛP.ü

¯ï-¤ô-wG-¸ï-ºi-¾-¼ÛP-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛh‚ÛzÅü

ascendent

ºiôP-Bïü

Hïm-hÝ-ºiôP-qô¼-Bï-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

biennial

¾ô-GZÛÅ-º±ô-ÁÛP.ü

hÝÅ-»Þm-¾ô-GZÛÅ-mP-¤ï-bôG-hP.ü ºƒÅ-zÞ-VGÅ-qºÛ-XïÅ-ÅÞ-Ç+¤-qºÛ-¯Û-

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

154

Botany

ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅü biosphere

Bï-¿km-º±ô-GmÅü

ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-¯Û-ÁÛP-ÅôGÅ-Bïºwï¾-HÛ-V-Aïm-º²ô¤Å-qºÛ-ºDô¼Mü

branch

»¾-G

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-ÇkôP-qô-¾Å-HïÅ-qºÛ-»m¾G

bryophyte

IôG-ÁÛP-GÛ-¼ÛGÅü

¼ï-¼¾-hP-ÇSô-iïGÅ-¿e-zÞ-Vß-ºiïmÇ~ä-GÝ-¤ïh-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-ü

bud

fïºÞü

¤ï-bôG-hP-¾ô-¤ü »¾-G ÇkôP-qô¿e-zÞ-GP-¾Å-fôm-qºÛ-¤-ǨÛm-qºÛ¤Vï-z-ºhz-Ç+ôGÅ-ˆÛ-mP-hÝ-GmÅqºÛ-V-ÁÅü

caudate

¤WâG-ºi-V-¿kmü

Q-¤-ºi-zºÛ-V-ÁÅ-Tmü

chloroplast

¿YP-µÅ-y-wÞP.ü

¼P-º±ôºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¿YP-DÞ-¼ÛGÅ-ZÛºôh-¾-zÇem-q-n¤Å-¾-»ôh-qºÛ-BÛfÞ¤-HÛ-¤-¾G ºôh-ˆÛ-¢ô¼-Çkïz-¾¤Dô-Vï-zºÛ-±ôm-µÅ-¿YP-DÞ-Tm-¾»ôh-qºÛ-y-wÞP.ü

circinate

¤Å-ºEÛ¾ü

¿kݤ-qô-¼ï-¼¾-HÛ-¾ô-¤-¿e-zÞ-¯ï-¤ômÅ-fÞ¼-hÝ-ºEÛ¾-zºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

cirrhous

ŸGÅ-ºEÛ¾ü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-y-¾-£æ¾-ŸGÅ-¿e¼ºEÛ¾-zü

Botany

155

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

climber

ºFÛ-ÁÛP.ü

GŸm-¾-ºFÛ¾-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-¯ÛÁÛP.ü

cordate

ljÛP-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-z-ÇKô¼-¾-¯ï-¤ô-nô-z-ljÛPh‚ÛzÅ-ºi-zü

cotyledon

Åôm-ºhzü

Åôm-Ç+ôGÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-Åzôm-HÛ-fôG-¤ºÛ-ºhz-¤ü

creeper

Å-º²Ûm-ÇkôP-qôü

ż-Z¾-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-¯ÛÁÛP.ü

decumbent

ż-Z¾-ÇkôP-zÞü

ÇkôP-qô-ż-Z¾-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-ˆP-¯ï¤ô-Hïm-¾P-hÝ-Bï-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

deltoid

ÅôG-h‚ÛzÅü

¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-ºi-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

dicotyledon

Åôm-ºhz-GZÛÅ-¿kmü

¤ï-bôG-hP.ü Åôm-Çô+GÅ-Tm-HÛ-Å-zôm¿km-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-mP-GÅïÅ-Åôm-ºhzGZÛÅ-¿km-HÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-Çkï-±mü

elliptic

ºWôP-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-z-hP.ü ¯ï-¤ô-GZÛÅ-y-¾hˆÛ¾-Ç~ô¤-q-ÇKô-P-ºi-zºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

emarginate

¾ô-¤-¤Gô-ZG

¯ï-¤ô¼-ZG-TßP-¸h-Tm-HÛ-¾ô-¤ü

environment

Dô¼-»ÞG

GP-¸G-G¤-Bï-hPôÅ-GP-ŸÛG-GÛ-GmŻ޾-HÛ-xÛºÛ-V-Aïm-HÛ-M-Eôm-»ôPŵôGÅü

156

Botany

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

ephemeral

¾m-¤P-Bï-zºÛü

º±ô-GmÅ-Mãm-ºDô¼-fÞP-zÅ-m¤-¹GTÛG-GÛ-mP-Bï-fïPÅ-¤P-qô-‚ïh-fÞzqºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¼ÛGÅü

epiphyte

½ÀâP-ÁÛP.ü

Å-ºôG-bà-¯-z-¤ïh-q¼-¯Û-ÁÛP-GŸm¾-zdïm-mÅ-Å-ÇeïP-hÝ-º±ô-GmÅfÞz-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

evergreen

Mãm-¿YP.ü

¾ô-Pô-ÉÛ¾-qô¼-¾ô-¤-¤-Ç+¤-q¼-¼PÅô¼-GmÅ-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

flower

¤ï-bôG

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-ºƒÅ-zÞ-hP-Å-zôm-VGÅ‚ïh-ˆÛ-hzP-qô-¿e-zÞ-»Ûm-ŸÛP-h‚ÛzÅhP-D-hôG-¤Û-ºi-z-Ço-±ôGÅ-»ôhü

frond

¼ï-¼¾-¾ô-¤ü

¼ï-¼¾-¾ô-¤-hP-b-¾ºÛ-¾ô-¤º¤-hïhG-hP-ºi-zºÛ-V-ÁÅü

fungi / fungus

Ȥ-Çtäü

G®ô-zô-iôh-GÁï¼-¾-zdïm-mÅ-Bï¿km-GŸm-HÛ-ÇeïP-VGÅ-qºÛ-ÇSô-Ȥ¿YP-DÞü

fusiform root

wP-h‚ÛzÅü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¯-z-¤Gô-¤WâG-y-¾-hˆÛ¾Ç~ô¤-qºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

grass

¯Óü

G®ô-zô-ÇKô-xãGÅ-d-mô¼-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¸ÅÅÞ-¼ÞP-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-‚ï-ƒG-¾ô-¤hP.ü GŸÝP-d-y-¾-¤Zïm-qºÛ-¼ÛBïÅ-ÇSô-¼ÛGÅü

Botany

157

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

growth

º±¼-¾ôPÅü Bï-ºwï¾ü

Bï-¿km-HÛ-hPôÅ-qôºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-Wï-Vï¼-ºIôÇePÅü

gymnosperms

Åôm-Ç+ôGÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

ÁÝm-Ç+ôGÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-Å-zôm-Tm-HÛ-¯Û-ÁÛPGÛ-uÛ-¤ÛP-ü

halophyte

±Ð-fÞz-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

z-±ÐºÛ-ºhÝÅ-±h-¤fô-zºÛ-Å-V¼-ºiÛÅhzP-GÛÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-fÞz-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP¼ÛGÅü

hastate

¤hÝP-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü

h‚ÛzÅ-¤hÝP-¯ï-ºi-ŸÛP-¾ô-¤ºÛ-Ǩh-TßPy-¾-ºyïh-fh-hÝ-Bï-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ü

hydrophyte

½Àm-Bï-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

VߺÛ-mP-hP-ºh¤-ÅôGÅ-½Àm-GÁï¼-VïźÛ-GmÅ-ÅÞ-º±ô-GmÅ-fÞz-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

lanceolate

¤hÝP-h‚ÛzÅü

¯ï-¤ô-y-¾-¿ôe-zºÛ-ŸïP-TßP-¸h-Vï-zü ¯zºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÝ¼-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

leaf

¾ô-¤ü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-V-ÁÅ-h‚ÛzÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-Ço±ôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-Çïeü w¾-Vï-z-»¾-G-hPZÛP-¾G-GÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-Bï-¾-hïºÛ-‚ïh-¾ÅG®ô-zô-¯Û-ÁÛP-¾-¤Dô-zºÛ-ºôh-ˆÛ-Çkïz-¢ô¼hP-½Àm-GÁï¼-xÛ¼-ºzÞh-‚-Mã-zTÅ-»Ûmü

leaf base

¾ô-¤ºÛ-ŸzÅ-¼ü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-@P-¯-»ôh-źÛ-GmÅbïü hï-¾-z¸ô-h‚ÛzÅ-Ç-o ±ôGÅ-»ôhü

leaf shape

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-z¸ô-¿e-PïÅ-Tm-¤hºhP.ü ¤hÝP.ü ljÛP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

158

Botany

Tm-¿e-zÞü liana(liane)

ºFÛ¾-ÁÛP.ü

ÇkôP-G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-qºÛ-ºFÛ-ÁÛP-GÛ-‚ïƒG ÁÛP-ÇôkP-GŸm-¾-ºEãh-mÅÅ-ÇeïP-mÅ-ÁÛP-ÇkôP-GÛ-¯ï-¤ô-z¼-ºIôzºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

ligulate

¿Uï-h‚ÛzÅü

¯ÓºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-z-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-º‚ãP-zºÛ¿Uï-h‚ÛzÅ-ºi-zºÛ-¤-¾G

linear

Oô-h‚ÛzÅü

hˆãÅ-¼ÛP-¾-D-ŸïP-VßP-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ü

lyrate

¾Û-»¼-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-¯ï-¤ô-TßP-Vï-ŸÛP-Ǩhy-z-¾Û-»¼-¼ô¾-V-ºi-z-ŸÛG

mesophyte

ljô¤Å-GmÅ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

Å-zTßh-±-IP-¿e-zÞ-Dô¼-»ÞG-¤Ûljô¤Å-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-¾-Gô¤Å-ºiÛÅ‚ïh-¤Û-fÞz-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

midrib

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-Vïmü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-ŸzÅ-¼-mÅ-¯ï-¤ôºÛ-z¼-MãGqºÛ-¯-¼ÛÅ-hzÞÅ-¤ü

moist

zŸº-±m-Tmü

½Àm-GÁï¼-TßP-¸h-Tmü

mould

1ü Ȥ-Çäüt 2ü ÇSô-z¤ü

1ü ¼Þ¾-ÅÞPÅ-ÅÞ-Hã¼-qºÛ-Ȥ-ÇtähP-G»º-Çtä-GP-»P-¼ÞP-zü 2ü Çtä-ZG-y-¤ô-¿e-zÞºÛ-ÇeïP-hÝ-lݾf¾-VGÅ-q-¿e¼-¤Pôm-qºÛȤ-ÇtäºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

Botany

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

159

mucro

G®ßG-nômü

JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-ºzÞ¼-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-nô-qôü

mucronate

G®ßG-nôm-Tmü

JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-nô-¾-fÞP-zºÛ-Dz-¿e-zÞºÛ-¾ô¤ºÛ-¯ïü

mucronulate

G®ßG-nôm-y-¤ôü

JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-nô-¾-¯ï-¤ô-y-zºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

obcordate

ljÛP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü

ljÛP-h‚ÛzÅ-Gô-¿kôG-qºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü

oblanceolate

¤hÝP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-TßP-y-¾-hˆÛ¾-ŸïP-Vï-zü ¯-zºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤-zŸÛm-Wï-y¼-ºIôzºÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅü

oblong

ºWôP-m¼ü

D-ŸïP-¾Å-hˆãÅ-TßP-¼ÛP-z-Iâ-zŸÛ-m¼¤ôºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-ºi-zü

obovate

ÇKôP-G¸ÞGÅ-¿kôG-¤ü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-ŸïP-Vï-ŸÛP-¯-zºÛ-xôGÅ-yzü

obtuse

¯ï-lݤü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-lݤ-lݤ-¤¤-ÇKô¼-ÇKô¼-Tmü

odour

iÛ-Pmü

iÛ-¤-Pm-qü

orbicular

¹â¤-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-¹â¤-qôº¤-ÇKô¼-zü hqï¼-mü qj¨ºÛ-¾ô-¤-¿-e zÞü

ovate

ÇKôP-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-ÇKô-P-ºi-ŸÛP-hˆÛ¾-hPǨh-xôGÅ-ŸïP-D-Vï-zü

palmate

Ç~¼-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤-ÇKô¼-¾-Vï-ŸÛP-¾G-¤GôºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-

(orbiculate)

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

160

Botany

ºi-zü fh-GÁÛz-¯-¼ÛÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-z-mÅ-¯ï-¤ôºÛ-xôGÅ-ÅÞ¤Z¤-GÁÛz-bà-MãG-qºÛ-¯-¼ÛÅü

parasite

GŸm-zdïm-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

º±ô-GmÅ-GŸm-zdïm-HÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-uÛºÛ¼ÛGÅü

peltate

wÞz-h‚ÛzÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-ÇKô¼-ŸÛP-GhÝGźi-zü P¼-z-¾ô-¤ºÛ-hˆÛ¾-hÝVGÅ-qü

perennial

¾ô-¤P-º±ô-ÁÛP.ü

¾ô-¤P-Bï-ºwï¾-hP-º±ô-GmÅ-‚ïhqºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅü

petiolate

ŸzÅ-¼-P¼-£ï¾ü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-ŸzÅ-¼-P¼-z-hP-£ï¾-zºÛ¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

petiole

P¼-zü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-Ǩh-V-GP-¾-º‚¼-źÛ-@P¯ü

phloem

Bï¾-ºiïm-wÞP-Iâzü

;-¼-hP-zTßh-µÅ-GmÅ-GTÛG-mÅGŸm-hÝ-Çtô-zºÛ-‚ïh-¾Å-Tm-HÛ-wÞPIâzü

photosynthesis

ºôh-ˆÛ-¢ô¼-Çkïzü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ô-¤ºÛ-¿YP-MãÅ-ºôh-ˆÛmÝÅ-q-¾-zdïm-mÅ-Vß-hP-mG-µÅ½ÀâP-zTÅ-¾Å-º±ô-zTßh-zÇkÝ-¾ïm‚ïh-qºÛ-µÅ-ºHã¼ü

parallelodromous (parallel venation)

Botany

161

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

procumbent

ż-Z¾ü

ÇkôP-qô-hPôÅ-Gž-¤ïh-q¼-»¾-G-żZ¾-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-¯ÛÁÛP.ü

reniform

¤D¾-G¸ÞGÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-¤D¾-¤-ºi-zü

repent

GŸÝP-d-ż-Z¾ü

GŸÝP-d-Å-¾-Z¾-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-qºÛ¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

reticulodromous

i-z-¯-¼ÛÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-¼ÛÅ-i-z-¿e¼-£ï¾-zü

retuse

¯ï-ZG

¯ï-¤ô-dà¾-¾-ZG-D-TßP-¸h-Tmü

rhododendron

ÇeG-¤ü

Mãm-hÝ-ÇôS-zºÛ-ÁÛP-ym-ŸÛG-»Ûmü ÁÛPÁÝm-mG-B-ºyïh-¾-GÅ-»ôhü ¿UãG-¤¿YP-B-GZï¼-¤-Tmü ¾ô-¤-¿PY -ŸÛP¤fÞG ¤ï-bôG-h¤¼-B-Åï-ºƒâ-¿PY -DÞ»Ûmü

rhombate or rhomboidal

Iâ-zŸÛ-D-ºEôG-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü ¸Þ¼-DÞG-ºiôP-qô-Tm-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-¤Z¤zMãGÅ-¤fº-zŸÛ-¤ºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-ºi-zü

root

¯-zü

¯Ó-hP-ÁÛP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Å-ºôG-bà-»ôh-qºÛV-ÁÅ-bïü ¯Û-ÁÛP-hï-¤Û-ºHï¾-z¼-ÅÇeïP-hÝ-zdm-qô¼-GmÅ-q-hP.ü Å-ºôGmÅ-½Àm-GÁï¼-hP-Bï-¤ïh-±Ðº¤-zTßhµÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ºiïm-qºÛ-‚ïh-¾Å-Tm-môü

sagittate

¤hº-¯ïºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü

¯ï-¤ô-¤hº-¯ï-hP-ºi-ŸÛP-Ǩh-V-¤hº-

(reticulate venation)

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

162

Botany

ÁôG-ºi-zºÛ-¾ô-¤ü saprophyte

z¤-º±ô-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

xÛºÛ-ºWâ-‚ïh-¤-¾G-¾-zdïm-mÅ-Bï¿km-HÛ-¼Þ¾-¯ÛºÛ-mP-º±ô-zº¤GmÅ-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛGÅü

scandent

fh-ºEãhü

ºFÛ-fG-¤ïh-ˆP-¯Û-ÁÛP-GŸm-¾ºFÛ¾-bï-Bï-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

seed

Å-zômü Åômü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¥ã-Gݺ¤-G¸ÞGÅ-Gż-qGP-mÅ-ºzÞÅ-qºÛ-Åômü

shoot

¤Vï-zü ÅïºÞü

Å-zôm-hP-¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¾ôGÅ-mÅ-¥ã-GÝhP-ü ¾ô-¤ü »¾-G-ÅôGÅ-GżhÝ-ºzÞÅ-qºÛ-Vü

soboliferous

Å-ºôG-¤Vï-ºzÞÅü

Å-ºôG-mÅ-¤Vï-z-»¼-ºzÞÅ-bï-ÇkôPqô-ÇeàG-qô-º²ÛP-mÅ-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïhqºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

spatulate

Eï¤-zÞºÛ-h‚ÛzÅ-Tmü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯ï-¤ô-ŸïP-Vï-ŸÛP-ŸzÅ-¼-y¾-¼ÛP-zü

Åôm-¿km-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

ºiïm-Ç~äG-hP.Å-zôm-¿km-qºÛ-Çkï±m-HÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-Çïeü hï-¾-mP-GÅïÅh‚ï-mü 1ü Å-zôm-ÁÝm-Çô+GÅ-Tm-hPü 2ü Å-zôm-ÁÝm-Çô+GÅ-¤ïh-q-GZÛÅ»ôhü

(spathulate) spermatophyte

Botany

163

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

sprout

¥ã-GÝ-ºzÞÅ-qü

Å-zôm-mÅ-¥ã-GÝ-Gż-hÝ-fôm-qü

stem

ÇkôP-qôü GŸÝP-dü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-@P-»Þ-G®ô-zô-Çïeü GP-¾Å»¾-G-hP.¾ô-¤ü ¤ï-bôG-ÅôGÅ-zdïmqºÛ-GŸÛºôü

stipule

¾ô-yâG

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-z-hP.GŸÝP-d-ºƒï¾-¤±¤ÅÅÞ-Bï-zºÛ-Ç+ôGÅ-ÁÝm-m¤-±ï¼-¤-¿e-zÞºÛV-ÁÅü

stoloniferous

Åôm-ºHã¼-¤Vï-zü

¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-¤Vï-z-¼Û¤-zŸÛm-Å-ºôG-bາâ¾-bï-¯-z-¸ÞG-mÅ-ÇÀ¼-¯Û-ÁÛP-¼P-Az-ŸÛG-Bï-ºwï¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

suffrutescent

¿kݤ-zÞü

GŸÝP-ÁÛP-TßP-¸h-Æ-¾-¤FïGÅ-ÁÛPhGÝm-¤Û-Ç+¤-qºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-ü

sweet smell

iÛ-z¸P.ü

¯Û-ÁÛP-hP-¤ï-bôG-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-iÛ-¤-ŸÛ¤-qôü

thorn

±ï¼-¤ü

B-±ï¼ü h¤¼-±ï¼ü ÇSô-±ï¼-ÅôGÅ-¯ÛÁÛP-fôG-mÅ-BïÅ-qºÛ-Dz-¿e-zÞºÛ-hPôÅqôü

transplant

¯-ÇtôÅ-MG-qü

º±¼-Bïh-‚ïh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-ÇSôºÛ-¯-z-hPzTÅ-q-z;ôG-Çeï-Å-GmÅ-GŸm-hݺ²âGÅ-qü

truncate

ºƒïG-lݤü

¾ô-¤-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¯ï-¤ô-hP-ŸzÅ-¼-ºƒïGq-¿e¼-ÇoP-zºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

164

Botany

¯Û-ÁÛP-¼ÛG-qü

tuber

¯-z-lôG-qôü

¯-zº¤-ÇkôP-qô-¾-wÞG-¿e-zÞ-Å-ºôGbà-MÅ-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅü

vegetable

ÇSô-±¾ü ÇSô-±ôhü

¤ÛºÛ-¸Å-ÅÞ-uôh-¼ÞP-zºÛ-¯Û-ÁÛP-P¤¯Û-ÁÛP-GÛ-V-ÁÅü

venation

¾ô-¤ºÛ-¯-¼ÛÅü

¾ô-¤ºÛ-mP-¾ÞÅ-ˆÛ-¯-ym-¿e¼-EzqºÛ-Ç~äG-ym-HÛ-z;ôh-qü

xerophyte

Ç+¤-BïÅ-¯Û-ÁÛP.ü

È-TP-Ç+¤-ż-Bï-ºwï¾-fÞz-qºÛ-¯ÛÁÛP.ü

165

¸Þ¼-¢¼-hP-qôü PRINCIPLES FOR EVOLUTION OF TERMINOLOGY APPROVED

BY THE COMMISSION FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

(Department of Education) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

1. ‘International terms’ should be adopted in their current English forms, as far as possible, and transliterated in Hindi and other Indian Languages according to their genius. The following should be taken as examples of international terms: (a) Names of elements and compounds, e.g. Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide etc.; (b) Units of weights, measures and physical quantities e.g. dyne, calorie, ampere etc., (c) Terms based on proper names e.g. marxism (Karl Marx), braille (Braille), boycott (Capt. Boycott), guillotine (Dr. Guillotin), gerrymander (Mr. Gerry), ampere (Mr. Ampere), fahrenheit scale (Mr. Fahrenheit), etc.; (d)Binomial nomenclature in such sciences as Botany, Zoology, Geology, etc.; (e) Constants, e.g.; π, g, etc.; (f) Words like Radio, Petrol, Radar, Electron, Proton, Neutron, etc., which have gained practically world-wide usage; (g) Numerals, symbols, signs and formulae used in mathematics and other sciences e.g., sin, cos, tan, log etc. (Letters used in mathematical opera tions should be in Roman or Greek alphabets).

2. The symbols will remain in international form written in Roman script, but abbreviations may be written in Nagari and standardised form, specially for common weights and measures, e.g. the symbol ‘cm’ for centimeter will be used as such in Hindi, but the abbreviation in Nagari may be ls-eh- This will apply to books for children and other popular works only, but in standard works of science and technology, the international symbols only, like cm., should be used.

3. Letters of Indian scripts may be used in geometrical figures e.g., d] [k] x or v] c] l but only letters of Roman and Greek alphabets should be used in trignometrical relations e.g., sin A, cos B etc.

4. Conceptual terms should generally be translated.

5. In the selection of Hindi equivalents simplicity, precision of meaning and easy intelligibility should be born in mind. Obscurantism and purism may be avoided.

166 6. The aim should be to achieve maximum possible identity in all Indian lan guages by selecting terms: (a) Common to as many of the regional languages as possible, and (b) based on Sanskrit roots.

7. Indigenous terms, which have come into vogue in our languages for certain technical words of common use, as rkj for telegraph/telegram, egk}hi for continent, Mkd for post etc., should be retained.

8. Such loan words from English, Portuguese, French etc., as have gained wide currency in Indian languages should be retained e.g., ticket, signal, pension, police, bureau, restaurant, deluxe etc.

9. Transliteration of International terms into Devanagari Script: The trans literation of English terms should not be made so complex as to necessitate the introduction of new signs and symbols in the present Devanagari charac ters. The Devanagari rendering of English terms should aim at maximum ap proximation to the standard English pronunciation with such modifications as prevalent amongst the educated circle in India.

10. Gender: The International terms adopted in Hindi should be used in the masculine gender, unless there are compelling reasons to the contrary.

11. Hybrid formation: Hybrid forms in technical terminologies e.g., xjafVr for ‘guaranteed’Dykfldh for ‘classical’, dksM+dkj for ‘codifier’, etc., are normal and natural linguistic phenomena and such forms may be adopted in practice keeping in view the requirements for technical terminology, viz., simplicity, utility and precision.

12. Sandhi and Samasa in technical terms: Complex forms of Sandhi may be avoided and in cases of compound words, hyphen may be placed in be tween the two terms, because this would enable the users to have an easier and quicker grasp of the word structure of new terms. As regards vkfnOk`f} in Sanskrit-based words, it would be desirable to use vkfnOk`f} in prevalent San skrit tatsama words e.g., O;kOkgkfjd] yk{kf.kd etc. but may be avoided in newly coined words.

13. Halanta: Newly adopted terms should be correctly rendered with the use of ‘hal’ wherever necessary.

14. Use of Pancham Varna: The use of vuqLOkkj may be preferred in place of iape Ok.kZ] but in words like ‘lens’, ‘patent’ etc., the transliteration should be ysUl]isVsUVandnot ysal]isVsaV]orisVs.V.

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M-G¼-hzÞÅ-GŸÝP-G-Û ±m-¼GÛ -hP-ºyâ¾-¾Å-ˆ-Û zl-Vh-u-Û Ez-DP-G-Û ±m-¼GÛ -hPºyâ¾-¾Å-f-Çh‰ -Gbm-ºzïzÅ-ˆ-Û ¯-º²Ûm-DG (zôh-zNå¼-¼GÅ-zÇkÅÝ ) 1ü M¾-uºÛ -Û ¤PÛ -±GÛ -GP-ºôÅ-q-n¤Å-»ôPÅ-Ez-h‚Ûm-±GÛ -¼P-Åô¼-ºWôG-M-ã hP-ÈmÛ -hºÛ ¤»P-mü M-G¼-H-Û Çh+ -»GÛ -GŸm-Åô-Åôº-Û ¼P-GÁÛÅ-¿¼e -H-Û O-N¼å -GÁ¤-Gž-¿¼e -‚-Müã ; D¤Å-µÅ-hP-ºhÝÅ-µÅ-ˆ-Û ¤PÛ .ü hqï¼-mü Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide ¿e-z-Þ hP.ü D ±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-¤PÛ -±GÛ dyne, calorie, ampere (km, kg) ÅôGÅü G GP-¸G-hP-»¾Þ -¾PÞ -ÅôGÅ-ˆ-Û hPôÅ-¤PÛ -hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-¤PÛ -±GÛ marxism, braille, boycott, guillotine, gerry-mander, ampere, fahrenheit scale.

P ¤ÛP-¸¼Þ -GZÛÅ-zÇkïzÅ-qºÛ-f-Çh‰ ü Botany, Zoology, Geology.

T ºHã¼-¤hï -¤±ôm-dGÅü π, g, ¿e-züÞ V º²¤-JPÛÀ -u-Û »ôPÅ-¾-Ez-Vï-zºÛ-±GÛ Radio, Petrol, Radar, Electron, Proton, Neutron.

W ¯ÛÅ-hP-±m-¼GÛ -DG-G-Û IPÅ-hP.ü ¤±ôm-dGÅü dGÅü Vô-G-ÅôGÅ-hqï¼-mü sin, cos, tan, log ÅôGÅ-hP-(hï-¤±ßPÅ-¯Å Û -¼GÛ -b-àzhï -uhô -qºÛ-»-ÛG-ïn¤Å- Roman hP- Greek GP-¼PÞ -»mÛ -hGôÅ) 2ü ±h-ºW¾-zºÛ-M¾-uºÛ -Û ¤±ôm-dGÅü cm ¿e-z-Þ h‚Ûm-»GÛ -b-à ºƒÛ-hGôÅ-ˆP.ü zÇkÅÝ »ÛG-n¤Å-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-ˆÅÛ -m-G-¼-Û»-ÛG¼ï - ls-eh- ¿e-z-ÞºƒÛ-VGô ºôm-ˆP-ºhÛ-hG-‚ÅÛ q-hP-¤P-±ôGÅ-ˆ-Û z;ô¾-uôh-Vïh-®¤-¾Å-±m-¼GÛ -hP-ºyâ¾-¼GÛ -ÅôGÅ-ˆ-Û ±h-¿mk -ºƒÛ¯ô¤-mP-M¾-uºÛ -Û ¤±ôm-dGÅ-bïü cm Dô-m-ºƒÛ-hGôÅü

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3ü fÛG-¯ÅÛ -ˆ-Ûz;ôh-q¼-M-G¼-H-Û»GÛ -¼GÛ Å-mÅ- d] [k] x º¤- v] c] l ¿e-z-ÞºƒÛ-VGô TÛP.ü ¸Þ¼-GÅÞ¤-¯ÅÛ -¼GÛ -b-à hqï¼-mü sin A, cos B ¿e-z-Þ ¼ô-¤m-»-Û Gï-Dô-m-ºƒÛ-uôh-‚ïhhGôÅü 4ü ºV¼-ÇPo -G-Û f-Çh‰ -n¤Å-u¼Û -zbP-hôm-N¼å -‚ïh-hGôÅü 5ü ÈÛm-h-Û Çh+ -hôh-Gh¤-Åï¾-Çz+ Å-Çze Å-zhï-zü hôm-¤-Û ºFâ¾-zü Gô-dôGÅ-Ç-À z-zTÅ-¾hô-ÇPo -hGôÅ-¾ü ½‰PÛ -Ÿïm-¤FïGÅ-z¸ÞP-G-Û ºhÝ-ÁïÅ-ÇôtP-hGôÅü 6ü M-G¼-H-Û Çh+ -¼GÛ Å-DG-G-Û f-Çh‰ -GTÛG-¤fÞm-»ôP-z¼-h¤ÛGÅ-bïü ; M-G¼-H-Û Çh+ -¼GÛ Å-GP-¤P-mP-xôGÅ-¤fÞm-h-Ý zïh-uôh-‚ïh-q-hP.ü D ¾ïGÅ-¢¼-H-Û ‚PÛ Å-¾-GŸÛ-zTô¾-GP-fzÞ -‚ïh-hGôÅü 7ü uÛ¼-zbP-z;ô¾-Ez-V-ï zºÛ-¼P-Çh+ -ˆ-Û zl-Vh-hqï¼-mü telegraph/gram ¾- rkj hPcontinent ¾- egk}hi post ¾- Mkd ¿e-z-n Þ ¤Å-¼P-żô -ºWôG-Müã 8ü h‚Ûm-W-Û hP.ü qô¼-T-ß GÛ wÛ-¼ïm-T-Û ÅôGÅ-Çh+ -»GÛ -GŸm-mÅ-G»¼-zº¤-O-¼P-Åô¼zŸG-qºÛ-±GÛ -z;ô¾-Ez-V-ï z-hqï¼-mü ticket, signal, pension, police, bureau, res taurant, deluxe ¿e-z-Þ n¤Å-¼P-Åô¼-ºWôG-Müã 9ü M¾-uºÛ -Û zl-Vh-¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-q-n¤Å-hïz-m-G-¼-Û »-Û Gï¼-O-zNå¼-‚ïh-Çz+ Åü ±h-¿mk HÛ-O-GP-Zï-hP-M-G¼-H-Û ÁïÅ-»ôm-Tm-H-Û ¤-Û w¾-¤ô-Vï¼-IGÅ-Vï-z-hP-zÇemà -bï-Çze Å-GPzhï-‚ïh-q-¾Åü O-dGÅ-Gż-z-¤P-qô-Çôom-¤-Û hGôÅ-q-‚-Müã 10ü hGôÅ-G¾-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Tm-¤-GbôGÅ-M¾-uºÛ -Û zl-Vh-¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-q-n¤Å-wô-±GÛ Dô-m¼-ºƒÛ-Mãü 11ü xïh-xhï -ºƒï¾-H-fÛ -Çh‰ -hqï¼-mü xjafVr = guaranteed, Dykfldh = classical, dksM+dkj = codifier ÅôGÅ-Çh+ -ˆ-Û¼P-ºIôÅ-hP-¤fÞm-q-»mÛ -qÅü ÇezÅ-zhï-z-hP.ü

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zïh-uôh-Vï-zü »ÛG-±ôGÅ-VPß -z-zTÅ-¾-¯-º²Ûm-HÅÛ -zl-Vh-ˆ-Û hGôÅ-¤Dô-¿¼e -ºWôGMãü 12ü zl-Vh-Gż-z¸ôº-Û Çz+ Å-hGôÅ-¤ïh-¤Gô-½ô‰G-Vï-zºÛ-±GÛ -zÇkhÝ -hP-zÇkÅÝ -±GÛ -ÅôGŤÛ-hGôÅ-q¼ü ¤Z¤-h-Ý Çïzk -Mºã -Û ±GÛ -G-Û V-ÁÅ-Ç-S xºÛ -Û hz¼-£ï¾-dGÅ- (-) z;ôh-mÁïÅ-dôGÅ-Ç-À z¼-wm-PïÅü 13ü ¼P-Åô¼-zŸG-qºÛ-±GÛ -Gż-q-n¤Å-¾-O-z®m-qºÛ-x¼Û -ÆôG-¤ïh-ˆ-Û dGÅ-GP-¾-T-Û ºôÅMG-hGôÅü 14ü XïÅ-Å-Þ P-¼ô-zïh-uôP-‚-M-ã Gh¤-D-z¸P-»P- Lens hP- Patent ÅôGÅ-ºƒÛ-Çz+ Åysal] isVsaV] isVs.V ¤Ûm-q¼- ysUl] isVsUV ¿e-zº-Þ ƒÛh- GôÅü

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¸Þ¼-¢¼-GZÛÅ-qü GUIDELINES FOR CREATING TECHNICAL TERMS

1. A term should have only one technical meaning, preferably - precision of meaning.

2. A concept should have only one term to refer to it.

3. Related concepts should have related/similar terms 4. Similar concepts should have similar terms 5. A term should preferably have similar forms in related (major) languages especially Indian languages 6. A term should be flexible to develop further terms out of it 7. Terms have greater derivational potentialities should be preferred 8. Terms should be simple and enphonious - easy to understand and use.

9. A term should be transparent (self explanatory) to the extent possible 10. There should be consistency in terms of a given branch of knowledge 11. A term should be short ( precise) and incorporate the salient features of meaning - long compounds should be avoided 12. Colloquial and regional language sources may be explored and given due weight for coining terms 13. Classical sources may be exploited for coining terms 14. Existing words of the language must be tested 15. Before being finally accepted, a term should be tested with the issues 16. International terms may be borrowed with necessary modifications to suit the phonalogical and morphological structure of the language.