PENG YUMU PORTFOLIO
PROLOGUE My education and working experience enabled me to become confident in my conviction to further explore architecture by considering its environmental and social-economic values. Through various projects, I realized my capacity and passion to delve deep into providing architectural and sustainable design solutions which are context-based, performance driven and occupants-centered. In this portfolio, I would like to express my critical point of view to approach architecture and sustainable design in the urban context, attempting to seek for innovative design options regarding to both style and performance.
CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 01
EAST VILLAGE Sustainable student living
02
MONIER ROAD Case study of a new-build development in London
03
CANINE WELLNESS CENTRE Toward carbon-neutral architecture
ARCHITECTURE 04
THE BRIDGE New architectural and urban typology
05
GREEN FACTORY Adaptation of an industrial building
06
HEALING STATION Rethinking transit oriented development
07
BRAS BASAH HOMESTAY Exploring new possibilities of hospitality
08
BUGIS MOMA A project housing various programmatic functions
09
CO-EXISTING Residential buidling between landscape
PROFESSIONAL WORKS
All drawings and visualizations have been done by myself unless otherwise stated.
01 EAST VILLAGE Jan. 2020 // SED TERM 2: Refurbishing the City: Design Research // London Instructor: Simons Yannas Email: simos@aaschool.ac.uk Tel: (44) 2078874069
This project emphasizes on exploring on affordable sustainable living environment in London and visualization of future scenarios for the city. It started by understanding the site’s natural systems. With considerations of micro and macro climates, the intension of this project was to achieve indoor and outdoor comfort with minimized energy consumption and embodied carbon. Architecture and environmental design solutions were made and evolved based on case studies and analytical results. This study is divided into five main sections, namely Overview, Preliminary Research, Conceptual Design and Analysis, Outdoor Design, Initial Architectural Design, Indoor Design and Analytical Work, and Design Outcome.
Site Analysis Residential Area
Traffic Network
Topography
Site
Water Body
Site
Water Body
Site
Water Body
Commercial Area
Green Space
Program
Site
Water Body
Site
Water Body
Site Residential
Commercial
Railway Station
Water Body Student House
RESIDENTIAL
Traffic Network
6
Site Major Road
Minor Road
Water Body Railway
Green Space
Site
Water Body Green Space
2 3
6
3
Site 4
1
6 7
4
2
8 5
1
9
1
5
2 Site
3
6
1
7
4
2
8
5 1
9
1 3 5
Public Transportation Under/Overground 1 Hackney Wick 2 Stratford Bus Stop 3 Stratford International Stop 4 Stratford City Bus Station 5 Stratford Bus Station 6 The Copper Bos Stop
Universities 1 London College of Fashion 2 Loughborough University London 3 Staffordshire University 4 University of the Arts London 5 University College London 6 University Square Stratford 7 University of East London 8 DTK College of Management 9 Newham College University Centre
4
Student Housing 1 Unite Students Stratford One 2 Unite Students Angel Lane 3 Eleanor Rosa House 4 Mansion View
To be more specific, the site locates beside the railways station which is about three-level lower in height. On the north side, there are several residential building blocks with courtyards at the centre. The south side locates Stratford One, which is a student housing white there are commercial buildings and railway station on the east side.In terms of transportation, apart from the railway station, there are three bus stops near the site. For green space, it is mainly located on the west side, and there is also a park in the north , which can be the good views. Based on future planning, here will be more than 9 universities in total around this area. Most of the universities are not within a walking distance from the bus stops and overground and underground stations. For students studying in those schools, student housing nearby are in demand. There are only four existing students housing within this area. And with more universities moving into this area, new student housing are needed. The selected site has the potential to be developed into student housing for students. Those campus can be easily accessible by walking and there will be less carbon emissions from transportation. To reach to more universities, bicycles can be encouraged as one of the alternative transportation modes. 7
Massing Development 1
2
Circulation
Courtyard
3
4
TER
RAC
E S TH PA
Sloping
Stepping Down
Program STUDIO
CIRCULATION
8
DUPLEX
PUBLIC SPACE
Solar Radiation 1
3
2
4
Impact on facades
Solar Radiation kWh/m2
Impact on surroundings
1200 1080 960 840 720 600 480 360 240 120 0
Basic Module 3.5 3.5
m
m
8
12
3m
3m
10
m
m
3.5
m
m
3m
Basic modules are indentified with the maximum length of 12 m. To create a concave and convex south-facing facade that provides shadows, blocks
1
with length of 8 m 10 m , and 12 m are created
3
2
with the substraction of 2 m on either one or both sides. The block 1 with length of 8 m can be the space for a single studio unit. When those three Corridor
1 Balcony
blocks overlapping with each other, semi-outdoor
3
spaces were created as sheltered open corridors
2
2
and balconies. Apart from simplex unit, A duplex Balcony Corridor Studio Ensuite
unit for five occupants is created by stacking two 12m blocks on 10m blocks. It effectively reduces the area for circulation and increases the useful floor area. A duplicable module was identified by
3
2
combining the studio and duplex blocks together.
Cour
tyard
1
View
w
2 Park
re
e Vi et
St
View
The module is oriented towards the South for both daylight and views, with the open corridor is facing the North.
Direct Daylight
9
Shadow Analysis Summer
Winter
Original Site
With Design
Courtyard
9:00
Spring Equinox
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
10
12:00
15:00
Wind Analysis Original Site
Wind Speed (m/s)
13.18 12.0 11.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0
With Design
Wind Speed (m/s)
13.18 12.0 11.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0
Wind Speed (m/s)
13.18 12.0 11.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0
The wind speed of the area enclosed by the building is tested at different level. At first level, the wind speed in the center of the courtyard is around 1 to 2 m/s, which is good for the outdoor thermal comfort in winter. When tested at the Fifth Floor, the wind speed in the center of building remains the same as 2 m/s, however the perimeter can be as high as 5 m/s. When it comes to the top level, the wind speed for the Southwest facing facade remains the same as 1 to 2 m/s while for the Northeast facing facade can go as hugh as 7 m/s. To conclude, in summer the courtyard effect can help to take away the heat after long time sun exposure. In winter, the wind speed is controlled by the building form. During winter, different events can be organized in the courtyard to provide more heat gain. Arranging the open corridor at the northeast side can be solution to avoid high wind speed. 11
Outdoor Design COURTARD
Badminton Court
Stage
Playground
STEPS
Farm
12
External Staircase
Canopy
Outdoor Microclimate [UTCI]
SUMMER
6th Jan
17.2 °C
Sunny
1 m/s
WINTER
0.3 Clo 0.57 Albedo
7.9 °C
Sunny
1 m/s
2.0 Clo 0.21 Albedo
9:00
9:00
Jogging under the shadow
Staying at home
10:00
10:00
Jogging in the sun
Relaxing when temperature rising 12:00
15:00
6th Jan
12:00
Staying in with a cold drink
Taking a nap after lunch 16:00
15:00
C
Enjoying the sun
Skateboarding in the sun 32.0
16:00
15.6
30.3
14.8
28.6
14.0
26.9
13.3
25.2
12.5
23.5
11.8
21.8
11.0
20.1
10.3
18.3
9.5 8.8
16.7
Football game in the late afternoon
C
15.0
Barbeque event
8.0
13
40 30 20
Materials - CLT
10 0 Concrete
Steel
Timber
Capital Cost
COST
Million (Pounds)
9000
60
8000
Lifecycle Cost
CARBON
CO2 (Tonnes)
70
CLT
7000
50
6000
40
5000 4000
30
3000
20
2000
10
1000
0 Concrete Concrete
Timber Timber
Steel Steel Capital Cost
0
CLT CLT
Concrete Concrete
Timber Timber
Steel Steel
Lifecycle Cost
Embodied Carbon
CLT CLT
60 Year Lifecycle
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
External Insulatation
0 Concrete
Steel
Timber
Embodied Carbon
Floating Floor Build-up
Internal Insulatation
CLT
Perimeter Flanking Strip
60 Year Lifecycle
Cavity
External Insulation
CLT Panel Plasterboard Exposed Timber Face
CLT Panel Configuration
Service Void Formed with Battens
Suspended Ceiling System
Typical build-up of CLT external wall contruction
Plasterboard Wall Linings
Typical CLT platform frame external wall-floor
Initial Daylight Simulation
WFR:15%
WFR:20%
WFR:15%
WFR:25%
WFR:15%
WFR:15%
rCo or rid
11
4
20
20
23
29
rd
d ar
tya ur
Co
rCo or rid
ty ur Co
ew Vi
ew Vi
Direct Daylight
WFR:15%
WFR:20%
WFR:25%
WFR:15%
WFR:20%
rCo or rid
15
23
30
38
41
32
lba co ny
d
ar
tya ur
Co
ty ur Co
rd ew Vi
ew Vi Direct Daylight
Direct Daylight
WFR:25%
WFR:25%
WFR:25%
WFR:15%
WFR:15%
rCo ri - r do
28
41
30
45
lba co ny
ar
rty
rty
u Co
u Co
d
ew Vi
ar
d
ew Vi
Direct Daylight
14
WFR:25%
Direct Daylight
32
WFR:15%
41
Unit Typology
Summer Solstice
47
Quantity
37 Facing Courtyard 14 Facing Street
32 Facing Courtyard 15 Facing Park
23.3%
N 17%;S 45%
51
C
47
37 Facing Courtyard 119 m² 14 Facing Street
View
2.00
27 m²
D
32 Facing Courtyard 15.7% N 35%;S 35% 15 Facing Park
C
D
1.20
B
Section A
1.00
1.20
Section C
3.00
3.00
2.30
B
1.00
A
1.00
A
2.30
2.20
1.70
2.00
2.20
DUPLEX - LOWER LEVEL
STUDIO
1.00
View
51
WWR
2.00
Quantity
WFR
2.00
Orientation
DUPLEX - UPPER LEVEL
Area
2.00
Orientation
Winter Solstice
2.20
Unit Type
Spring Equinox
Section B
Section D
Window Types
North
North
North
2.20
2.00
2.00
2.00 1.20
South
2.00
1.20
South
1.00
2.20 2.30
2.20
1.00
1.70
North
1.00
2.00
South
1.20
DUPLEX North
1.00
2.30
STUDIO South
Initial Daylight Simulation STUDIO Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Spring Equinox
9:00
12:00
15:00
DUPLEX Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Spring Equinox
9:00
12:00
15:00
15
Daylight Simulation [DA]
4 STUDIO
DUPLEX [lower level]
1
3
1
2
1
DUPLEX [upper level]
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
2
4
4
Daylight Simulation [UDI] 4 STUDIO
1
DUPLEX [lower level]
3
1 1
DUPLEX [upper level]
2
2
3
3
4
16
4
1
3
2
4
2
150 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Dry Bulb Temperature T Base Case
Annual Thermal Performance
Sep
Oct
Nov
Global Solar Radiation with Heating and Cooling
Dec
Comfort Zone
TINDOOR
INDOOR
Glo
Dr
0 -5
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Cc Cc
Heating Heating
47% 39% 22% 47%
5.34 10.9 1.5 17.3
35 35 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 -5 -5
kWh/m kWh/m
Jan Jan
below belowcomfort comfort band band
kWh/m kWh/m
Feb Feb
Mar Mar
Apr Apr
May May
Jun Jun
Jul Jul
Aug Aug
Dry DryBulb BulbTemperature Temperature TT Base BaseCase Case
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nov Nov
Global GlobalSolar SolarRadiation Radiation with withHeating Heatingand andCooling Cooling
Dec Dec
Comfort ComfortZone Zone
TINDOOR TINDOOR
INDOOR INDOOR
1200 1200 1050 1050 900 900 750 750 600 600 450 450 300 300 150 150 0 0
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²) Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
DUPLEX- Recent STUDIOFuture STUDIO
DUPLEX
Heating
51% 25%
6.54 18.0
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
kWh/m
below comfort band
kWh/m
STUDIO- Future
(kWh / m2)
Jan
4 34
Feb
DUPLEX Mar - Future
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Sep
DUPLEX - Future Oct Nov
Dec
4 3 Dry Bulb Temperature 2 T Base Case
23 12
Global Solar Radiation with Heating and Cooling
Comfort Zone
TINDOOR
INDOOR
01 -10
1 0
-2-1 -3-2
-1
Energy Demand
-4-3
Aug
1200 1050 900 750 600 450 300 150 0
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Cc
DUPLEX- Future
Jan Jan
Feb Feb
Mar Mar
Apr Apr
May May
-2 Jun Jun
Jul Jul
equipment solarsolar equipment infiltration opaque opaque conduction infiltration conduction
Recent
Aug Aug
Sep Sep
Oct Oct
Nev Nev
-3
Dec Dec
Feb
lighting people lighting people STUDIO glazing conduction mechanical vent mechanical vent glazing conduction
DUPLEX - Recent STUDIO - Recent
[kWh/m2]
Jan
Mar
Apr
solar infiltration
May
44 33
4
22 11
2
Jul
equipment opaque conduction
Future
Aug
Sep
Oct
lighting glazing conduction
Nev
Dec
people mechanical vent
DUPLEX - Recent
[kWh/m2]
(kWh / m2)
Jun
3 1
00 -1-1
0
-2-2 4 -3-3 3 Jan -42 Jan 1
-1
DUPLEX - Future
Feb Feb
0
Mar
Apr
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nev
-3
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nev Dec solar equipment lighting people glazing conduction people opaque conduction lighting mechanical vent solarinfiltration equipment infiltration
-1
May
-2
opaque conduction
mechanical vent
Mar
Apr
solar infiltration
May
Jun
Jul
equipment opaque conduction
Aug
Sep
Oct
lighting glazing conduction
Nev
Dec
people mechanical vent
glazing conduction
-2 -3
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
solar infiltration
May
Jun
Jul
equipment opaque conduction
Recent
Aug
Sep
Oct
lighting glazing conduction
Nev
Dec
DUPLEX
people mechanical vent
STUDIOFuture DUPLEX - Recent
[kWh/m2]
Future [kWh/m2]
(kWh / m2)
44
4
33
3
22
2
11
1
00
0
-1-1
-1
-2-2
-2
-3-3 -4
Jan
Feb
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nev
Dec
-3
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nev Dec solar equipment lighting people solarinfiltration equipment glazing conduction people opaque conduction lighting mechanical vent infiltration opaque conduction mechanical vent glazing conduction STUDIO - Recent
Jan
Feb
DUPLEX - Future
Mar
Apr
solar infiltration
May
Jun
Jul
equipment opaque conduction
Aug
Sep
Oct
lighting glazing conduction
Nev
Dec
people mechanical vent
DUPLEX - Recent
(kWh / m2)
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
17
80%
-45%
60%
80
-56% -89%
40%
Typical Weeks Thermal Performance
20% 0%
STUDIO
20
640
15
480
10
330
5
160
0
0
Dry Bulb Temperature Base Case
Dec21
Dec23
Internal Night Shutter
Dec24
0%
base
20
400
80%
15
300
10
200
6.3
3.5
June 26
June 27
80%
20%
FUTURE WINTER WEEK - DUPLEX
0% 100%
0%
base
exterior shade
Low-e Windows
-91%
exterior blind
natural ventilation
Typical Winter Week
6.5 base
3.6 exterior shade
40%
80
-56%
2
100%
0.9 exterior blind
0.5 natural ventilation
base 1.2
exterior 1.10 shade -8%
exterior natural 1.05 1.09 blind ventilation -9% -12%
Heating Reduction
16
80% 10
12
12
-27%
-26%
480 330
60% 40%
5
160
20% 0%
0 Dec 19
Dec20
Dec21
Dec22
15 -7% Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)
100%
15
base
Dec23
0
interior low-e exterior Dec24 Dec25 shutter coating night shutter night
18 base
80%
17 13 13 interior -7%low-e exterior night night shutter -27% shutter coating -25%
60% 40% 20% 0%
base
exterior interior low-e night shutter night shutter coating
Diffuse Solar Radiation Dry Bulb Temperature Global Solar Radiation Comfort Zone Interior Night Shutter Low-e Glazing Base Case Exterior Night Shutter
Cooling Reduction
Typical Summer Week
FUTURE SUMMER WEEK 40
1600
35
1400
Cooling Demand Reduction - Recent
Cooling Demand Reduction - Future
1200
25
100%
20
80%
15
6.3
3.5
-45%
600 400
40%
5
20%
0 June 22
June 23
Dry Bulb Temperature Base Case
June 24
June 25
Global Solar Radiation
Natural Ventilation
Ext. Blinds
0%
0.6
1000 800
60%
10
0.6
-90%
200
-91%
0
Junebase 26
June 27 exterior
shade
Diffuse Solar Radiation Ext. Shades
June 28 exterior
blind
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)
30
natural ventilation
100%
6.5
3.6
80%
0.9
0.5
-44%
60% 40%
-86%
20% 0%
base
exterior shade
exterior blind
-91%
natural ventilation
Comfort Zone Low-e glazing
18 Heating Demand Reduction - Recent
0
100
80
40 Heating Demand Reduction - Future
20% 0% 100%
20
60
40% 640 Heating Demand Reduction - Recent
20
40
-91% Heating Demand Reduction - Recent
60%
800
60
-86%
20% 0%
100
-44%
80%
25
1.2
Cooling Demand Reduction - Future
60%
-90%
4.7
-89%
80%
60%
Natural Ventilation (10 ACH)
-45%
20%
June 28
40%
5.9
40%
0 0.6
0.6
10.7
60%
Diffuse Solar Radiation -45%Comfort Zone
DUPLEX
0
Cooling Demand Reduction - Recent
100 Cooling Demand Reduction - Recent
5
Exterior Blind
interior low-e exterior night shutter night shutter coating
Cooling Reduction
100%
Exterior Shade
80
Heating
500
Base Case
100
20
25
Global Solar Radiation
-12%
20%
600
100%
1.09 -9%
40
30
June 25
1.05
40%
700
June 24
0
60
35
June 23
natural ventilation
60%
800
Dry Bulb Temperature
1.10 -8%
80%
40
June 22
1.2
Typical Summer Week
0
exterior blind
Comfort Zone
External Night Shutter
Low-e Windows
100%
Dec25
Diffuse Solar Radiation
Global Solar Radiation
RECENT SUMMER WEEK - STUDIO
Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)
Dec22
exterior shade
Heating Demand Reduction - Recent
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
25
Dec20
base
Heating Reduction 800
Dec 19
40
20
Typical Winter Week
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Dry Bulb Temperature (째C)
FUTURE WINTER WEEK - STUDIO
60
Heating Demand Reduction - Future
20
0
WEEK DAY
SUMMER
800 40
June 28
Ventilation NaturalNatural Ventilation
40
WEEKEND
Natural Ventilation
800
30
600 30
30
600
600 30
600
25
500 25
25
500
500 25
500
20
400 20
20
400
400 20
400
15
300
300 15
300
10
200
5
100
0
0
12
15
18
21
24
0
3
6
12 0 15 3 18 6 21 9 24 12
9
SLEEPING
SLEEPING 8h
SLEEPING
STUDY/RELAXING
STUDY/RELAXING 2.5h
STUDY/RELAXING
COOKING
COOKING 3.5h
LIGHTINGS
LIGHTINGS 2.5h
EQUIPMENTS
EQUIPMENTS 6h
15
18
30600
25
25500
20
20400
5 0 0
3
6
9
12
15
18
OCCUPANCY
21
10200 5100 00
24
STUDY/RELAXING
3h
LIGHTINGS 5h
5h
EQUIPMENTS 6h
6h
6h
SUMMER
Base Case
40
June 28
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 3
0
6
40
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation
700
30
600
25
500
20
400
15
300
10
200
5
100
0
0
9
12 3 6 OCCUPANCY
0 15 9
3 18 12
6 21 15
9 24 12 18 21 14h
SLEEPING
SLEEPING
EQUIPMENTS
800 June
COOKING & HOUSEWORK COOKING LIGHTINGS LIGHTINGS 2.5h LIGHTINGS
3.5h
300 200 100 0 18
Dec 19
0
15
200
10
100
5
0
0 3
0
6
3
9
12 6
15 9
18 12
21 15
3h
COOKING & HOUSEWORK 3h 3.5h COOKING & HOUSEWORK 5h LIGHTINGS 2.5h LIGHTINGS
3h
6h EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENTS
6h
3h
5h
5h 6h
WINTER
Night Shutter
Dec 24
WEEKEND
0:00-11:00 21:00-24:00
21:00-24:00
Night Shutter Night Shutter
Night Shutter
25
800
Night Shutter
25 800
Dec 24
21:00-24:00
0:00-11:00
Night Shutter
800
15 480
15
480
15 480
480
10
330
10 330
330
5
160
0
0
15
18
21
24
3
6
9
12
OCCUPANCY
SLEEPING
SLEEPING 8h
SLEEPING
STUDY/RELAXING
STUDY/RELAXING 2.5h
STUDY/RELAXING
COOKING
COOKING 3.5h
LIGHTINGS
LIGHTINGS 2.5h
EQUIPMENTS
EQUIPMENTS 6h
2580019 Dec
20640
15
15480
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
20
10
5
0
OCCUPANCY SLEEPING STUDY/RELAXING COOKING LIGHTINGS EQUIPMENTS
9
12
15
18
21
24
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
OCCUPANCY 17h
17h 9h
2.5h
STUDY/RELAXING 3h
3h
COOKING & HOUSEWORK
3.5h
COOKING & HOUSEWORK 3h
3h
LIGHTINGS
2.5h
LIGHTINGS 5h
5h
WINTER EQUIPMENTS 6h
6h
8h
EQUIPMENTS
Night Shutter
Dec 19
6
12
14h
SLEEPING 9h
6h
WINTER
WEEKEND
15
18
10330
5160
00
Night Shutter
25
Night Shutter
Dec 24 20
15
10
5
0
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Night Shutter
3
924
WEEK DAY
0:00-7:00
0
621
0
Base Case Internal Night Shutter Base Case Internal Night Shutter Outdoor Temperature WEEK DAY Outdoor Temperature WEEKEND WEEKEND 21:00-24:00 0:00-11:00 0:00-7:00 21:00-24:00 Diffuse Solar Radiation Diffuse Solar 0:00-11:00 Radiation Global Solar Radiation Global Solar Comfort Radiation Zone21:00-24:00 Comfort Zone 21:00-24:00 0:00-11:00 21:00-24:00 0:00-7:00 21:00-24:00
WEEK DAY
25
318
WINTER
DryRadiation(W/m2) Bulb Temperature (°C) Solar
DUPLEX
015
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Solar Radiation(W/m2) 0
OCCUPANCY 14h
0
160
Night Shutter
640
15
480
10
330
5
160
0
0
24
LIGHTINGS
LIGHTINGS 2.5h EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENTS 6h
Outdoor Temperature Global Solar Radiation
800
20
0 3 6 9 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY 14h SLEEPING SLEEPING SLEEPING 8h STUDY/RELAXING STUDY/RELAXING STUDY/RELAXING 2.5h COOKING COOKING & HOUSEWORK COOKING 3.5h 21
Night Shutter Night Shutter
25
12 3 18
LIGHTINGS EQUIPMENTS
15 6 21
18 9 24
21 12
14h 8h 2.5h 3.5h 2.5h 6h
800
Night Shutter
2580024 Dec
Dec 24 640
160
0
24 15 14h
10330
5160
00
21
24
800
330
330
5
0 21
24
160
0
0 3 OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY 17h SLEEPING 8h SLEEPING 9h STUDY/RELAXING 2.5h STUDY/RELAXING 3h COOKING & HOUSEWORK 3.5h COOKING & HOUSEWORK 3h LIGHTINGS 2.5h LIGHTINGS 5h EQUIPMENTS 6h EQUIPMENTS 6h
480
480
10
3 6
6 9
9 12
15
12 18
15 21
18 24
800
640
640
0 18
Night Shutter
Night Shutter
15
15480
330
Night Shutter
Night Shutter
20
20640
480
25
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
12
5 160
DryRadiation(W/m2) Bulb Temperature (°C) Solar
9
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
6
OCCUPANCY
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
3
0
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
0
10 330
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
15
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
640
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
20 640
0
0
3h
640
5 160
100
9h
20
5
200
17h
20 640
10
300
24
9h
STUDY/RELAXING 3h STUDY/RELAXING
6h
400
24 18 21 17h
SLEEPING
WEEKEND
0:00-7:00 25 800
24
300
20
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
25
00
SLEEPING 9h
2.5h
6h
WEEK DAY
Night Shutter
5100
500
400
Natural Ventilation (10 Base ACH) Case Natural Ventilation (10 ACH) Outdoor Temperature Base Case Natural Ventilation (10 ACH) Outdoor Temperature Diffuse Solar Radiation Diffuse Solar Radiation Global Solar Comfort Radiation Zone Comfort Zone Diffuse Solar Radiation Global Solar Radiation Comfort Zone
WEEK DAY 21:00-24:00
10200
600
500
20
15300
700
600
OCCUPANCY 17h OCCUPANCY
14h
WINTER
Night Shutter
21
35
25
20400
800
700
30
25500
400
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation 800
40
Base Case
Global Solar Radiation
0:00-7:00
June 28 35700
500
2.5h
EQUIPMENTS
28
600
15 24
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation
30600
8h
2.5h
Outdoor Temperature
STUDIO
Natural Ventilation (10 ACH)
40800
700
8h
STUDY/RELAXING
EQUIPMENTS 6h EQUIPMENTS
Natural Ventilation
800
35
COOKING 3.5h
LIGHTINGS
SUMMER
Ventilation (10Base ACH) Case Outdoor Natural Temperature
WEEKEND WEEKEND WEEK DAY Diffuse Solar Radiation Diffuse Solar Radiation Global Solar Comfort Radiation Zone Comfort Zone WEEKEND WEEK DAY 7:00-23:00 0:00-2:00 0:00-2:00 11:00-24:00 11:00-24:00 7:00-23:00 0:00-2:00 11:00-24:00
STUDY/RELAXING 2.5h STUDY/RELAXING
COOKING
17h
2.5h
0
SLEEPING 8h
24
LIGHTINGS
OCCUPANCY 14h OCCUPANCY
SLEEPING
21
3h
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
10
15300
18
COOKING & HOUSEWORK 3h
Dry BulbRadiation(W/m2) Temperature (°C) Solar
15
15
3.5h
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
30
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
June 23 35700
12
COOKING & HOUSEWORK
40800
June 23
9
9h
8h
EQUIPMENTS
35
6
STUDY/RELAXING 3h
Global Solar Radiation
Natural Ventilation
3
2.5h
7:00-23:00 40
0
SLEEPING 9h
Outdoor Temperature
WEEK DAY
24
OCCUPANCY 17h
14h
SUMMER
DUPLEX
21
0
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
9
0
100
17h 9h 3h 3h 5h
160
0
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
6
0
100 5
200
Dry BulbRadiation(W/m2) Temperature (°C) Solar
3
100 5
200 10
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
0
200 10
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
5
300 15
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
10
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
15
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
700
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
700 35
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
700
OCCUPANCY
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
800
35
OCCUPANCY 14h
Dec 19
Natural Ventilation
700 35
0
Dec 19
800 40
June 28
11:00-24:00
Natural Ventilation
35
OCCUPANCY
June 23
0:00-2:00
11:00-24:00
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
June 23
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
7:00-23:00 0:00-2:00
Natural Ventilation
40
June 23
WEEKEND
WEEK DAY
7:00-23:00
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
STUDIO
SUMMER
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Typical Days Thermal Performance
17h 9h 3h 3h 5h 6h
6h
Base Case Internal Night Shutter Outdoor Temperature Internal Night ShutterBase Case Internal Night Shutter Outdoor Temperature Diffuse Solar Radiation Global Solar Radiation Comfort Zone Diffuse Solar Radiation Diffuse Solar Radiation Global Solar Comfort Radiation Zone Comfort Zone
Base Case
19
Master Plan
9
8
7 6 10 5
10 4 3 11 0
1 2
0. MAIN ENTRANCE 6. STUDY 1. RECEPTION 7. LAUNDRY 2. OFFICE 8. ENTRANCE 3. GYM 9. BIKE PARK 4. COMPUTER LAB 10. KITCHEN 5. LIBRARY 11. GAME ROOM
Adaptive Opportunities
1
5
2
3
4
20
6
Section and Elevation
SOUTH FACING
NORTH FAC-
EAST FACING
WEST FACING
Storyboard
8:00 “ When I wake up , the first thing I do is to pull up the shutter to enjoy the sunshine in the morning. “
9:00 “Before go to class , I usually have my breakfast in the living area dowstairs. It is nice to enjoy the coffee near the bay window to enjoy both the sunshine and view.”
12:00 “After finishing the class in the morning, I prefer going back to take a nap. Having a cold drink is helpful to refresh myself”
15:00 “ If there is no class in the afternoon, I will work in the communal space where I can enjoy the sunshine while studying. “
18:00 “I prefer to cook myself instead eating out. The kitchen is very spacious and well lit. I would like to invite my roommates for dinner together ”
22:00 “Before going to bed, I will pull down the shutter so I can sleep better in a warmer and quieter environment ”
21
02 MONIER ROAD Sep. 2019 // SED TERM 1: Refurbishing the City: London Case Studies // London Instructor: Simons Yannas Email: simos@aaschool.ac.uk Tel: (44) 2078874069
Monier Road is a mixed-use development built in 2018 by Peabody Housing Association. It is part of the fish island master planning located in northwest London. Three building blocks combine to form a courtyard space that provides public children playground and private courtyard. Through conversations with the residents, we found that they are all satisfied with the overall design of the building. However, issues relating to overheating and lack of sunlight inside the units were mentioned during the interview. Thus, the focus of this research study is to investigate the building’s thermal performance and daylight condition.
Site Information Central London
Victoria Park
Monier Road London Stadium Hackney Wick
Olympic Park
Location:
105 Monier Road E3 2PS
Borough:
Fish Island, London
Client:
Peabody Housing Association
Footprint:
1645 m²
Architect:
Pitman Tozer Architects
Status:
completed in June 2018
Awards:
planning award 2019
The weather data used in the study was derived from the closet weather station from the site,
0°01’19’’W Monier Road
the Central London Weather Station. It is
51°32’19’’N
illustrated that the average monthly dry bulb temperatures range from 5.4 - 18.7 °C with the
Central London Weather Station
lowest temperature happen in February and the
30 Weather Data
1800
25
1400
20
1200
1600
1000
15 10 355
6.8
5.4
8.3
9.9
13.4
16.3
18.7
17.9
17.9
20 -10 15
7.3
10
800 1800 600 1600 400 1400 200 1200 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
5
Aug
Sep
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Oct
Nov
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
Dec Comfort Zone
1000 800 600
0
400
-5
200 0
-10
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
35
Dry Bulb TemperatureDry (°C)Bulb Temperature (°C)
8.4
300 25 -5
Jan
6.3
6.0
8.6
10.3
13.2
15.6
19.7
18.8
Oct
Nov
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
16.8
12.1
8.5
Dec Comfort Zone
7.4
1800
30
1600
25
1400
20
1200
15
1000 800 1800 600 1600 400
10 355 300 25 -5 20 -10 15 10
1400 200 1200 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
5
Aug
Sep
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Oct
Nov
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
Dec Comfort Zone
1000 800 600
0
400
-5
200 0
-10
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Summer Period
Annual Wind Rose
Sep
Oct
Nov
Global Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
Summer Period
Annual Wind Rose
Winter Period
24
16.7
Winter Period
Dec Comfort Zone
Global Solar RadiationGlobal (Wh/m²) Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
Dry Bulb TemperatureDry (°C)Bulb Temperature (°C)
35
Global Solar RadiationGlobal (Wh/m²) Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
highest happen in August.
Building Typology and Layout
h
ac
Ro ad
Ro
ns
de
Ar
e
yk W
ad
Ro
r
so
in W
ad
s
i gn
I
Typical Private Apartments 1 Bedroom Unit 2 Bedroom Unit
ie
on
M
o rR
Social Housing 1 Bedroom Unit 2 Bedroom Unit
25
Materiality U-value
Layer
External Roof
green roof warm roof system rigid insulation RC slab air gap plasterboard soffit
100 65 20 225 160 20
Windows
double glazing air gap
4*2 20
External Walls
metal stud wall mineral wool staggered soundblock brickwork
70 100 15*2 65
finishes screed rigid insulation resilient layers RC slab air gap plasterboard soffit
20 60 20 10 225 160 20
0.21 External Wall
1.8
0.17 Exposed Floor Floor Plate
0.2 Party Wall
Thickness [mm]
Finishes carpet/vinyl/tile 60mm Screed with 20mm rigid insulation RC slab with acoustic resilient layer
Metal studs wall Mineral wool insulation 15mm staggered soundbloc on 70mm metal studs
Facing brickwork
Sustainability Building Regulations 2010 Target Emissions Rate
150 125
London Plan Target
100 75 50 25 CO2 Emissions
0 Olympic Park District Energy Tonnes CO2 CO2 Reduced Per year
Solar Thermal
PV
Energy Efficiency Measures
26
0 5% 10%
Renewable Technology Life Time
Maintenance
Impact on Aethetics
Site Feasibility
Occupants’ Satisfaction Thermal
Cold
A bit cold
Kitchen
Comfortable
Daylight
A bit hot
Living Room
Hot
Cold
Master Bedroom
Kitchen
Thermal Conditions in Summer Cold
A bit cold
Kitchen
Comfortable
A bit hot
Living Room
A bit cold
Comfortable
Living Room
A bit hot
Hot
Master Bedroom
Daylight Conditions in Summer Hot
Cold
Master Bedroom
A bit cold
Kitchen
Thermal Conditions in Winter
Comfortable
Living Room
A bit hot
Hot
Master Bedroom
Daylight Conditions in Winter
Open the windows
Turn on the artificial lights
Put the blinds down
Put the blinds down
Add cooling equipments
Move into a darker room
Cross ventilate during night
Sit closer to the windows
Drink cold beverages
Thermal Adaptive Behaviors in Summer
Daylight Adaptive Behaviors in Summer
Open the windows
Turn on the artificial lights
Turn on heating for the whole day
Put the blinds down Move into a darker room
Turn on heating during the night Turn on heating during daytime Drink hot beverages
Sit closer to the windows Keep the blinds up
Thermal Adaptive Behaviors in Winter
Daylight Adaptive Behaviors in Winter
“ The outdoor courtyard and corridor area being very satisfactory in terms of their thermal condition. However, some of my neighbors have mentioned overheating problem during summer.
A questionnaire was created to investigate further the issues relating to Monier Road’s environmental performance. Based on the feedbacks, north-west facing kitchens were found to have insufficient sunlight, especially in winter. And the south-east facing
“
master bedrooms are subject to the overheating problem during kitchen inside my unit can get quitedark “ The in the winter and I have to turn on the artifi-
“
cial lighting during the day.
summer. The second part of the questionnaire was dedicated to understanding adaptive occupant behaviours. In summer, most occupants prefer to open the window and use additional cooling equipment like fans and consume cold drinks as well as put down
me and my kid
the blinds. While in winter, people tend to turn on the heating for
“
master bedroom inside my unit is too “ The bright sometimes. It has been a problem for
the whole day and turn on artificial light or sit closer to the window to adapt to the indoor thermal and daylight conditions.
27
Outdoor Measurement 30 Oct 2019 2:06 - 3:55 pm Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Back yard
Front yard
20 18 16 14 12 10
Humidity(%) 60 50 40 30
Wind Speed (m/s)
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
14:00
14:30
11928 Lux
11528 Lux
14662 Lux
10547 Lux
5911 Lux
9437 Lux
10985 Lux
7708 Lux
7686 Lux
2131 Lux
1259 Lux
2128 Lux
1864 Lux
781 Lux
1719 Lux
1336 Lux
1180 Lux
1096 Lux
19 Oct 2019 1:25 - 2:43 pm
17 16.5 16 15.5 15 14.5
15
16
15
16
14
18
62 19.5 6019 58 18.5
62 60
18.5
58
18
56
17.5
54
17
52
16.5
50
16
48
15.5
46
15
44
14.5
42
5618 54 17.5 5217 50 16.5 4816 46 15.5 4415 42 14.5
19.5
UTCI:
15
15
18
17
15
18
18
8
18.5
16.5
48 46
15
44
14.5
42
5
6
3.2 m/s
3 1.6 m/s
28
6
3 0.8 m/s
7 1 4.9 m/s
2 1.0 m/s
4 1.3 m/s
8
1.3 m/s
0.5 m/s 2.7 m/s
:0.9 m/s
2.3 m/s
50
50
16 15.5
7
1.2 m/s
52
52
4
2
54
54
17
°C)
8
56
56
1
3.0 m/s
58
58
18 17.5
Average Wind Speed: 5.9 m/s
3.0 m/s
60
60
42
5
62
62
19
°C)
8.3 m/s
48 46 44 42 42
Humidity (%)
17.5
17
UTCI Assessment Scale: No Thermal Stress: +9 to +18; Slight Cold Stress: 0 to +9
Humidity (%)
Humidity (%)
18
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
18.5
9
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
19
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
UTCI: 19.5
19
19 Oct 2019 2:06 - 3:55 pm Temperature (°C） (%) Humidity Temperature (°C）
UTCI Assessment Scale: No Thermal Stress: +9 to +18; Slight Cold Stress: 0 to +9
Humidity (%)
19.5
Humidity (%)
Humidity (%)
Temperature (°C） (%) Humidity Temperature (°C）
Wind Analysis South-west winds in winter months
After
Before
South-west winds throughout the year
Wind Velocity at 1.5 m Wind Speed (m/s)
0.00
0.45
0.91
1.36
1.82
Wind Velocity at 1.5 m
2.29
2.95
3.18
3.64
4.18
4.96
Wind Velocity at 15 m
5.80
9.99 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
9.99 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
29
Solar Analysis
°C 25 23 20 18 15 13 10 8 5 3 0
kWh/m2 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 450 300 150 0
Shadow Analysis
30
Spring Equinox
9:00
12:00
15:00
Summer Solstice
9:00
12:00
15:00
Winter Solstice
9:00
12:00
15:00
Outdoor Proposal
Before
After
To avoid cold stress in the courtyard, our proposal is to move upper floors of the southeast block to the northwest (Fig. 4.1). In this scenario, it is believed that courtyard will be more explosed to direct sunlight. As it is shown in Fig. 4.2, the annual percentage increases espeacially in the northwest part after modifying. Similar results can also be observed on the annual solar radiation simulation (Fig. 4.3). This proposal is proved to increase the annual percentage of exposed time and solar radiation, which can avoid cold stress in winter time. Moreover, after modification, more units could enjoy cross ventilation as the result of dominant southeast wind-driven effect. However, this proposal becomes less feasible when considering that it will prevent the adjacent building from receiving direct sunlight.
31
Spatial Layout
960
1650
1300
1050
2850
850
N
1500
720 3200
1900 4500
1800
KITCHEN
1800
4800
3200
MASTER BEDROOM
1700 2400 7 7
8
8
5 6
5
6
5400
3 3
4
1
2
1
4 2
This apartment located on the ground floor of Ignis building,
and mechanical room that makes the corridor rayless. There
facing northwest. It is approximately 105 m²
and is not
are three bedrooms on the first floor, and the master bedroom
occupied currently, using as a showroom for visitors. In
is the biggest and warmest, facing south-east; another two
terms of spatial layout, it is the typical layout of Ignis and
smaller bedrooms located on the other side. The carpet covers
Winsor (opposite layout) buildings from ground floor to 3rd
the entire first floor, creating comfort and quietness. But from
floor, designing for the family with less than ideal economic
the window of the master bedroom, what happened in all the
condition. The living room faces southeast, separating from
private backyards are very clear that it is not good for occupants’
the kitchen and connecting to the backyard, which would be
privacy.
used frequently in warm days. The access is given by a floorto-ceiling glass door, which causes huge heat loss in winter, but
Finally, like every other flat in the building, the measured
creates solar gain in summer.
apartment is heated by an underfloor hot water pipe system, which can be controlled by each flat’s occupants individually.
32
The kitchen faces north-west, near the living room, although
For the further study of indoor environmental performance,
the window is quite big the daylight here is terrible due to
the scope excludes the toilet, storage area, utility room, and the
the orientation and the obstruction crossing the road. Each
wardrobe closet.area, utility room, and the wardrobe closet.
room on the ground floor is enclosed, includes a bathroom
Indoor Measurement
Time:28 Oct 2019 1:01 - 1:24 pm
16
8
24
116
20
36
I Temperature: 6 - 11 °C
Time: 15 Nov 2019 12:19 - 12:34 pm
ILLUMINATION (lux)
96
43
140
39
138
760
163
375
I Temperature: 3 - 8 °C
ILLUMINATION (lux)
>71 24
9
>700
61-70
601-700
51-60
14
16
10
20
9 12
16
14 24
36
41
24
8
10
4145
11-20 28
40
39
6 26 30
381
20
7
40
6
20
381
7
40
394
30 26
45 36
28
39
1325
73
92 75
71
1325
4
6 26
760 194
163
375
24.1
127
307 207
140
214
23.8 44.1
46.1
24.1
I Temperature: 6 - 11 °C
101-200
23.7
46.1
24.1
47.6
36
60
33
75
36
60
33
141 127
183 307
140
214 28
127 141
307 183
140
214
141
183
>23.0
47.1-48.0
21.1-23.0
46.1-47.0
19.1-21.0
47.1-48.0 HUMIDITY (%) 46.1-47.0
44.1 17.8
23.4
45.7
24.6
8643
8643
28
48.4
Time: 15 Nov 2019 12:19 - 12:34 pm
50.7
16.5
16.0 16.2 49.7
16.5
50.7
48.9 16.4
49.2
45.7
24.6
23.4 46.2
45.7
24.6
>23.0 15.0-17.0
16.0
21.1-23.0
16.2
TEMPERATURE (°C) 19.1-21.0
16.5
50.7
16.4
45.1-47.0 >51.0
15.1-17.0 21.1-23.0
15.0-17.0 21.1-23.0
43.0-45.0 49.1-51.0
13.0-15.0 19.1-21.0
46.1-47.0
19.1-21.0
47.1-49.0
17.1-19.0
45.1-46.0
17.1-19.0
45.1-47.0
15.1-17.0
44.0-45.0
15.0-17.0
43.0-45.0
13.0-15.0
16.2
49.7
16.4
49.2 16.3
19.0
43.7
16.6
48.3
47.7 16.3 48.1 19.0
14.7
43.7
16.6
16.8 48.3 49.1
48.4
19.0 48.1
14.7
43.7
16.6
T-wall
T-wall
T-wall
18.5
18.9
18.7
T-floor T-ceiling 17.7
18.6 T-ceiling T-wall 18.0
T-wall
>27.0
18.8 25.1-27.0 T-floor T-floor T-ceiling T-ceiling T-floor 18.3 18.9 23.1-25.0 T-ceiling 18.9 Oct18.8 T-ceilingTime:28 2019 1:01 - 1:2418.4 pm I Temperature: 6 - 11 °CTEMPERATURE (°C) 21.1-23.0 18.7 18.8 T-wall T-wall
18.5 T-wall T-ceiling T-floor 17.6 18.6 17.7 T-floor T-wall T-ceiling 18.7 18.5 18.0
T-wall T-floor T-ceilingT-wall 18.8 T-ceiling T-ceiling 18.9 T-floor T-floor 18.3 18.6 18.1 T-ceiling 18.9 18.8 T-floor 18.3 18.9 T-floor 18.7 T-wall 18.4 T-ceiling T-wall 18.8 T-wall 18.9 18.8 18.7 18.9
T-wall
48.3 16.8
T-floor T-wall 17.7 17.6
T-wall
T-floor
18.9
18.3
17.1-19.0 25.1-27.0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 15.0-17.0 23.1-25.0 21.1-23.0 <15.0 >27.0
18.8 T-ceilingT-wall T-floor T-floor 18.9 18.3 18.6 18.1 18.4
19.1-21.0 25.1-27.0
T-floor
T-ceiling T-floor 18.8 18.8
7.6
T-wall T-floor 25.4 18.7
T-wall
T-wall
18.8
25.1
20.4
19.5
5.4
T-floor T-ceiling 32.5 25.9
T-wall
T-wall
7.6
25.4
17.1-19.0
T-wall
T-ceiling T-floor 25.9 32.5
T-floor T-floor T-ceiling T-ceiling 24.8 19.8 25.7 20.1 T-wall T-ceiling T-wall T-wall T-floor 16.8 25.116.3 20.4 15.1 T-ceiling T-ceiling T-floor T-floor 25.7 20.1 24.8 19.8
T-wall
T-wall
7.6
25.4
25.1T-wall 20.4 T-ceiling T-floor
T-wall
T-wall
T-floor
16.8 T-floor 16.3 T-floor 15.1 24.8
32.5
19.8
T-ceiling
T-wall
T-floor
16.8
16.3
15.1
15.0-17.0 <15.0
T-wall 7.6
T-floor T-ceiling 19.1
T-wall 19.1 T-ceiling 19.5 18.9 T-floor T-wall 19.1 19.4
T-floor T-ceiling 19.1 18.9 T-wall
14.4
15.4
15.3
T-wall
T-wall
T-wall
13.9
14.4
14.5
49.1
T-ceiling 14.4 T-wall
T-ceiling
T-wall 14.8
15.3
T-wall
T-wall
13.9 T-wall T-ceiling T-floor 14.0 14.4 13.4 T-floor T-wall T-ceiling 13.7 13.9 14.8
T-wall
14.4
14.5
T-floor T-ceiling 14.9 15.3
2019
T-floor T-ceiling 14.0- 12:34 12:19 14.4
15.1-17.0
pm
I Temperature: 3 - 8 °C
13.1-15.0
11.1-13.0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 9.1-11.0
T-wall
T-floor T-ceiling T-wall 13.4 T-ceiling T-floor 14.3 14.6 14.1 T-ceiling 15.3 T-floor 14.7 14.4 14.0 T-wall
T-ceiling T-floor 15.4 14.6
14.6
TEMPERATURE (°C)
13.4
T-floor T-floor T-ceiling T-ceiling 14.6 14.7 15.4 Time: 1515.3 Nov
T-wall 14.4
14.5
T-wall
T-floor
T-floor
14.6
14.6
14.7
7.1-9.0 15.1-17.0 5.0-7.0 13.1-15.0
T-wall
TEMPERATURE (°C) 11.1-13.0
13.4 T-ceiling T-wall 14.3
T-ceiling T-floor 15.3 14.9
14.6
T-floor T-floor 14.1 14.0
9.1-11.0 15.1-17.0 7.1-9.0 13.1-15.0
T-ceiling T-wall
T-wall
14.014.2
14.6
13.9
13.3
T-wall T-floor 13.8 13.7
T-floor
T-wall
T-wall
T-door
T-door
14.9
13.9
13.1
11.9
9.4
T-ceiling
T-wall
T-wall
T-wall
5.4
7.6
13.8 T-ceiling T-floor 14.2 13.8
T-wall
T-wall
T-wall
5.4
7.6
13.8 T-floor
T-ceiling
T-floor
T-floor T-ceiling 13.8 14.2
20.1
T-ceiling T-wall 18.9 19.5 T-wall T-ceiling T-floor 19.4 20.1 19.1 T-floor
T-ceiling
T-ceiling T-floor 14.8 13.7
<15.0 19.1-21.0
T-wall
T-ceiling
13.4 14.0
15.0-17.0 21.1-23.0
T-floor
47.7
16.8
T-ceiling
T-floor T-wall
17.1-19.0 23.1-25.0
T-ceiling T-floor 18.0 18.7 T-ceiling T-wall T-ceiling T-ceiling T-ceiling T-wall T-ceilingT-wall T-floor 18.9 25.9 25.7 20.1 20.1 17.6 18.3 18.6 18.1 T-wall
48.1
T-floor T-ceiling 13.4 14.4 T-ceiling
19.1-21.0 >27.0
18.7
47.7 16.3
49.1
TEMPERATURE (°C)
18.7
TEMPERATURE (°C) 17.1-19.0
17.1-19.0 >23.0
48.4
T-ceiling
18.8
19.1-21.0
HUMIDITY (%) 47.1-49.0
49.2
44.0-45.0 47.1-48.0
T-ceiling T-ceiling 18.9
21.1-23.0 13.0-15.0
49.1-51.0
49.7
14.7
18.6
17.1-19.0 TEMPERATURE (°C) 15.1-17.0
45.1-46.0 >48.0
46.2
T-ceiling
19.1-21.0
>51.0 43.0-45.0
48.9
46.1
15.9
21.1-23.0
49.1-51.0
HUMIDITY (%) 45.1-47.0
46.1 17.8 15.9
>51.0
47.1-49.0
TEMPERATURE (°C) 17.1-19.0
17.8
46.2 23.4
TEMPERATURE (°C)
HUMIDITY (%)
46.1
15.9
I Temperature: 3 - 8 °C
48.9
TEMPERATURE (°C)
>48.0
>48.0 44.0-45.0
47.6
44.1
23.7
0-100 8643
33
16.0
47.6
HUMIDITY (%) 45.1-46.0 23.8
201-300
28
HUMIDITY (%)
23.7
101-200 401-500
36
36
Time:28 Oct 2019 1:01 - 1:24 pm 46.1
301-400 601-700 201-300 501-600
4
23.8
401-500 0-100 >700
0-100 301-400
75
1467
601-700 201-300 ILLUMINATION (lux) 501-600 101-200
194
60
1467
ILLUMINATION (lux) 401-500
207
36 45
28
138
71
85
1467
375 207
39
0-10 1325
163
43
21-30
7
194 760
73
92
0-10 31-40
12
71
140
11-20 41-50
138
>700 301-400 39
96
21-30 51-60
10
43
73
85
31-40 61-70
25
30
381
92
41-50 0-10 >71
41
19 20
96
140
51-60 11-20 ILLUMINATION (lux)
36
12
14
85
61-70 21-30
116 25
20
9
19
501-600
ILLUMINATION (lux) 41-50 >71 31-40
24 19
25 116
24
8
T-ceiling T-ceiling T-wall T-floor 12.8 14.6 14.1 14.3
T-floor T-ceiling 13.2 13.3
T-ceiling 14.0 13.9
T-wall T-wall T-floor T-ceilingT-wall 13.9 13.7
14.0
13.113.7
T-ceiling T-floor 13.9 14.0
T-ceiling T-floor 13.3 13.2
T-wall
T-wall
T-ceiling13.9T-wall
13.1 T-floor
13.7 14.0 T-floor13.7 T-floor 14.0
13.8
13.2
T-ceiling
T-wall
T-floor
14.0
13.7
13.7
T-floor T-ceiling 12.3 12.8 T-ceiling T-door 13.9 11.9 T-wall T-ceiling T-floor 14.4 12.8 12.3 T-floor
T-wall 5.4
5.0-7.0 11.1-13.0 9.1-11.0 7.1-9.0 5.0-7.0
T-floor T-wall 5.5 5.4 T-door 9.4 T-wall T-floor 5.4 5.5
T-door 14.1 T-ceiling 11.9 13.9
T-door
T-floor T-wall
T-floor
12.3 14.4
5.5
9.4
T-floor T-ceiling 14.1 13.9 T-wall
19.4
14.4
T-floor
T-floor
19.1
14.1
33
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
11:30
05:30
09:30
03:30
07:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
heat loss rate [W/K]
3.37
4.55
7.83
-
-
diurnal heat capacity [KWh/K]
733
495
44
363
506
infiltration [ach]
0.18
fresh Air [ach]
3.03
heat loss coefficient [W/m²K]
1.14
WALL
FROUND
Window
Wall
Partition
Master bedroom
WALL
FROUND
Window
Wall
Partition
external / internal [E/I]
E
E
E
I
I
external / internal [E/I]
E
E
E
I
I
U-value [W/m²K]
0.17
0.23
1.80
-
-
U-value [W/m²K]
0.17
0.20
1.80
-
-
area [m²]
19.8
19.8
4.35
18.13
11.25
area [m²]
15.6
21.8
3.42
21.5
12.5
heat loss rate [W/K]
3.37
4.55
7.83
-
-
heat loss rate [W/K]
2.65
4.36
6.16
-
-
diurnal heat capacity [KWh/K]
733
495
44
363
506
diurnal heat capacity [KWh/K]
577
545
34
430
562
infiltration [ach]
0.18
infiltration [ach]
0.18 ach
fresh Air [ach]
3.03
fresh Air [ach]
3.03 ach
heat loss coefficient [W/m²K]
1.14
heat loss coefficient [W/m²K]
0.75 W/K sqm
Master bedroom
WALL
FROUND
Window
Wall
Partition
external / internal [E/I]
E
E
E
I
I
U-value [W/m²K]
0.17
0.20
1.80
-
-
area [m²]
15.6
21.8
3.42
21.5
12.5
heat loss rate [W/K]
2.65
4.36
6.16
-
-
diurnal heat capacity [KWh/K]
577
545
34
430
562
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
23:30
03:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
23:30 01:30
21 Oct - 28 Oct, 2019
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
WITH HEATING
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
0.75 W/K sqm
03:30
heat loss coefficient [W/m²K]
01:30
3.03 ach
23:30
fresh Air [ach]
21:30
0.18 ach
19:30
infiltration [ach]
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
WITH HEATING
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
11.25
21:30
18.13
19:30
4.35
17:30
19.8
15:30
19.8 13:30
area [m²]
11:30
-
05:30
-
03:30
1.80
01:30
0.23
23:30
0.17
21:30
U-value [W/m²K]
19:30
I
17:30
I
15:30
E
13:30
E
11:30
E
01:30
15:30
13:30
external / internal [E/I]
09:30
Partition
07:30
Wall
05:30
Window
03:30
FROUND
23:30 01:30
WALL
Kitchen
17:30
15:30
The first set of data was collected from October 21 to October 28. The indoor dry bulb temperature and outdoor temperature measure at backyard then compared to weather data from nearest Wunderground station. Disappointingly, the indoor temperature did not fluctuate with the outdoor and reacted to the changing solar radiation, as the indoor heating system was maintaining the temperature at around 25°C. Nevertheless, the temperature data from the backyard could confirm our speculations on its environmental performance. Though the temperature at the courtyard was not significantly higher than the outdoor temperature derived from Wunderground, it is very stable throughout the day. The difference between backyard temperature and outdoor temperature ranged from -3°C to 10°C.
Kitchen
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
Temperature at Masterbed Room (°C)
03:30
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Temperature at Kitchen (°C)
01:30
Comfort band
Temperature at Courtyard (°C)
21 Oct - 28 Oct, 2019
Three data loggers were placed in the kitchen, master bedroom and the backyard. The data logger in the courtyard was carefully protected from the direct sunlight and the rain. Because the unit was still not yet occupied during our visits, human interference was not a concern. The social housing unit was unoccupied during the whole measurement period. However, during the first measure period from October 21 to October 28, we were not allowed to turn off the heating because it was still undergoing some minor renovations and the unit was open to the public for viewing. Fortunately, we had the building manager’s consent to access the unit again a week before new tenants moved in. Thus, two sets of data were collected during our visits.
28 Oct 2019
Solar radiation (W/m2)
Calibration
34
11:30
09:30
27 Oct 2019
09:30
26 Oct 2019
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
25 Oct 2019
07:30
24 Oct 2019
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
23 Oct 2019
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
11:30
22 Oct 2019
21 Oct 2019
15:30
19:30
0 17:30
0.0 15:30
200
13:30
5.0
11:30
400
09:30
10.0
07:30
800
05:30
15.0
03:30
1000
01:30
20.0
23:30
1200
21:30
25.0
19:30
1400
17:30
30.0
15:30
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Datalogger
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
Temperature at Masterbed Room (°C)
13:30
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Temperature at Kitchen (°C)
11:30
Comfort band
Temperature at Courtyard (°C)
9 Nov - 15 Nov, 2019
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
11:30
05:30
09:30
03:30
07:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
15:30
17:30
15 Nov 2019
Solar radiation (W/m2)
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
23:30 01:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
23:30
21:30
03:30
01:30
14 Nov 2019
13 Nov 2019
14 Nov 2019
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
Temperature at Masterbed Room (°C)
13:30
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Temperature at Kitchen (°C)
11:30
Comfort band
Temperature at Courtyard (°C)
9 Nov - 15 Nov, 2019
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
15 Nov 2019
17:30
13 Nov 2019
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
19:30
12 Nov 2019
11 Nov2019
Solar radiation (W/m2)
09:30
07:30
05:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30 03:30
23:30 01:30
21:30
19:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
10 Nov 2019
9 Nov 2019
17:30
15:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
0 13:30
0.0 11:30
200
09:30
5.0
07:30
400
05:30
10.0
03:30
800
01:30
15.0
23:30
1000
21:30
20.0
19:30
1200
17:30
25.0
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
12 Nov 2019
11 Nov2019
1400
8 Nov 2019
03:30
10 Nov 2019
9 Nov 2019
30.0
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Assumed thermal conductance or u-values of the building envelope were taken from the calibrated Mint, which has a degree of inaccuracy. There are two groups of data collecting from datalogger, one with heating another one without. Calibrating the thermal model for the heating period of 21 October to 9 November and free-running period of 9 November to 15 November involved calibrating as well the weather file taken from St. James to match actual weather conditions. This is done by replacing the weather data for that period with real weather data taken from Wunderground. Parameters as cloud cover and wind speed were assumed based on field observations. All the other input of this thermal model will be detailed introduce in the following pages. Thermal simulation result (dashed line) almost matched the result from datalogger for the week.
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
01:30
23:30
21:30
19:30
17:30
15:30
13:30
11:30
09:30
07:30
05:30
03:30
23:30 01:30
For simulating the thermal performance of the buildings accurately by honeybee and energy-plus, the first step is calibrating the real data measured form datalogger during the fieldwork. Using Rhino to create a 3D model of the flat and assign different parts of the building into honeybee components, like external and internal surfaces, construction materials, HVAC systems and occupancy with their related loading and schedules.
23:30
0 21:30
0.0 13:30
200
11:30
5.0
09:30
400
07:30
10.0
05:30
800
03:30
15.0
01:30
1000
23:30
20.0
21:30
1200
19:30
25.0
8 Nov 2019
23:30 01:30
21:30
1400
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
A noticeable increase in temperature was observed between on November 11. And the timing aligned with our visit to the unit. The front entrance and the door to the backyard were left wide open when three of us were on site checking if the instruments were working properly. As stated before, the social housing unit was not yet occupied. Without the presence of people, internal heat gain sources such as human activities, lighting and electronic equipment that could help to maintain the indoor temperature were absent too. Both temperatures in the kitchen and master bedroom fell out of comfort band in 4 days.
30.0
17:30
The second set of data recorded temperature and humidity from November 8 to November 15. The heating system has been switched off on November 8. The temperature data for the following 7 days recorded a declining stage after the heating was turned off, and some insights on the airtightness level of the case study building are obtained. The temperature in the Kitchen started at 3°C higher than that in the master bedroom. However, the temperature in the kitchen had a higher declining rate, and it soon declined to below master bedroom’s temperature during the 7-day measure period. As mentioned above, the kitchen, which is facing north-west orientation, was expected to receive much less solar radiation and illuminance than the south-east facing master bedroom.
35
Occupancy Schedule
we interviewed a famlily living in the same type of unit regarding to their weekly schedule.
Night 22:00-7:00
There are five people in the family, The old couple in this
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00 Father Employee
flat have three young daughters, two of which are currently
Bedroom 1
of an occupied unit can be modeled. To be realistic,
Master bedroom
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00
Based on the findings from the empty unit, a base case
Night 22:00-7:00
Mother Housewife
Youngest sister Student
Younger sister Student
studying at university, they share the larger bedroom; Bedroom 2
another one is a young professional, living in the smallest
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00
bedroom alone. The old lady is a housewife who stay at home for nearly 24 hours 7 days, she is the only person in this family use the kitchen and prepare the meals for whole family so that they could have breakfast and dinner together.
Night 22:00-7:00 Eldest sister employee
In the survey, she mentioned that she is not satisfied about the daylight in kitchen, so the artificial light is always on
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00
Courtyard
and blinds is kept down for the privacy. Her youngest daughter also mentioned her bedroom is short of sunlight and warmness in winter, the quality of daylight is reducing dramatically from window-side to the bed. If the weather is nice, they usually spend their weekend in backyard,
Night 22:00-7:00
otherwise they will stay together in living room as they complaint that the garden is too wind sometimes. It’s worth noting that within the week we measured, their heating
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00
Living Room
system was broken, and the indoor operative temperature is not comfortable.
Night 22:00-7:00 Kitchen
Master bedroom
Bedroom 1
Morning 7:00-12:00 Afternoon 12:00-17:00 Evening 17:00-22:00
Bedroom 2
Night 22:00-7:00
First Floor
Ground Floor
Annual Energy Demand
Based on the annual thermal performance, which was simulated by EnergyPlus, the cooling and heating
4.07 kWh/m²
requirements are also made to maintain the indoor environment in a comfort band. The heating and cooling
0.24 kWh/m²
Heating Demand
demand are inversely proportional with the dry bulb temperature, the total value for the annual heating demand in the entire flat is 4.07 kWh/m*2, for cooling is
Cooling Demand
1.0
25
0.8
20
0.6
15
0.4
10
0.2
5
0
0
month is the transition for two periods which means the Energy Demand (kWh / m²)
indoor thermal performance matches the comfort band. The figure shown the total heat gains generated by people’s activity, lighting and equipment not changed by different months; the only element of heat gains changes by time is solar radiation. While the infiltration might be affected by the change of air temperature, and when the outdoor temperature raised, the mechanical ventilation increased as well.
Cooling Demand
Typical Summer Week
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
35
Typical Winter Week
1800
30
1600
25
1400
20
1200
15
1000
10
800
5
600
0
400
-5
200
-10
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
HEATING PERIOD
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
COOLING PERIOD Dry Bulb Temperature
36
Average Outdoor Temperature
Heating Demand
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature
Oct
Nov
Dec
HEATING PERIOD Global Solar Radiation
Comfort Zone
Global Solar Radiation (W/sqm-K)
winter. The vales are almost zero in September as this
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
0.24 kWh/m*2 that suggests the strong heating supply in
Input
These are the inputs we used in the base case simulation,
Kitchen
INPUT
REFERENCE
Master bedroom
INPUT
REFERENCE
epw wheather file
St James Park Weather Station
Wunderground
epw wheather file
St James Park Weather Station
Wunderground
simulation period
1 January31 December
-
simulation period
1 January31 December
-
building envelop
0.86 W/m²K
MINT
building envelop
0.67 W/m*2k
MINT
floor area
19.8 m²
Rihno
floor area
21.8 sqm
Rihno
infiltration
0.1 ACH
MINT
infiltration
0.18 ACH
MINT
fresh air
3.03 ACH
MINT
fresh air
0/3.03 ACH
MINT
occupant
5
Fieldwork
occupant
2
Fieldwork
occupant activity
100 W (cooking,light work)
CIBSE GUIDE A
occupant activity
82 W (sleeping)
CIBSE GUIDE A
lighting
6 W*m²
interview
lighting
6 W*m-2
interview
equipment
8 W*m²
interview
equipment
0
interview
natural ventilation
0
Datalogger; Fieldwork
natural ventilation
0
Datalogger; Fieldwork
mechanical ventilation
10
Fieldwork
mechanical ventilation
10
Fieldwork
mechanical heating
0
Datalogger; Fieldwork
mechanical heating
0
Datalogger; Fieldwork
mechanical cooling
0
Fieldwork
mechanical cooling
0
Fieldwork
which are calculated or found from different sources. Due to the airtightness of this building, the value of infiltration given by construction company is 0.1 ach. Additionally, when the spaces are occupied, the fresh air two persons need in the bedroom is 1.2 ach, while five persons in the kitchen need 3.03 ach, both of whose values are based on MINT. According to the occupants’ survey and observation, the number of occupants, artificial illumination and appliance in both kitchen and master bedroom. As for the occupants’ activities which could affect indoor heat balance, the values of indoor heat gains by cooking (100W) and sleeping (80W) are found from CIBAS A Guide. For the mechanical system, there is no cooling in summer. During the measurement week, the heating system in the entire block was broken, while the mechanical ventilation is central-controlled with a constant value. And that’s why the occupants kept all the windows closed during that week, so the natural ventilation is zero as well.
Regular Occupants
Artificial Illumination
Appliance
Window Open/Close
Master bedroom Kitchen
Mechanical Winter
Summer
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation balanced with heat recovery SPF-0.40
Broken
No cooling
balanced with heat recovery SPF-0.40
1
Annual Heat Loads
Infiltration
Lighting
Annual monthly heat loads from six different sources, lighting, people, equipment, window, ventilation and
heat loads come from lighting, which has a peak value of 1.52 kWh/m2. The most significant cause of heat loss is ventilation, with a maximum heat loss of -2.48 kWh/
-0.6 Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
are always sources of heat loss. The maximum value of
1.4 1.35 1.3 1.25
m2 in October. Heat loads of windows act differently
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-0.4
1.45 Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
gain throughout the year while ventilation and infiltration
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
-0.2
1.5
infiltration are visualized and discussed in this section. Lighting, people and equipment are sources of heat
0
1.55
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
-0.8 -1 -1.2
Feb
-1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
with other sources. Windows are sensitive to the outdoor temperature, and the value of heat loads fluctuate with the outdoor temperature. Heat loads of windows have a
Ventilation
People
maximum value of 1.15 kWh/m2 in May and a minimum value of -0.18 kWh/m2 in December.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1.55 1.5
-0.5 Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3
Equipment
Window
0.32
1.4 1.2
0.31
1
0.3
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
37
June 26
June 27
0
0 June 22
June 28 Comfort Zone
Global Solar Radiation
June 23
June 24
June 25
Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature
Typical Summer Week - Base Case
June 26
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Base Case)
rative Temperature (Iteration)
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Iteration)
4000
1800
35
3500
bulb temperature ranges from 11.6°C during the night to
1600
30
3000
25.5°C in the noon, while the indoor thermal comfort band
1400
25
2500
20
2000
15
1500
10
1000
5
500
0
0
(EN15251) is between 20.6°C to 26.6°C, which seems to match the outdoor temperature perfectly. However, the operative temperature in the master bedroom is outside the comfort band 5 days in the selected week. The figure has shown that the mean indoor operative temperature for master bedroom is 25.4°C with a diurnal fluctuation of 2.68K that is slightly higher than the comfort band. According to the annual London weather in chapter 2, the month of June is generally not the hottest month in a year; overheating is certainly a problem for the occupants live
erature
ve Temperature
Dec 22
1000 800 600 400 200 0
in the building.
Dec 21
1200
Dec 23
Dec 24
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
22 to June 28. As shown in the Figure, the outdoor dry
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
was selected for analysing, which is the week from June
2000
0
Comfort Zone
40
mer week is discussed below. 7 days with summer solstice
5
June 28
Global Solar Radiation
rative Temperature (Base Case)
The base case model’s performance over a typical sum-
June 27
Dry Bulb T
500
Solar Radi
5
June 22
Dec 25
June 23
The solar radiation in the master bedroom ranges from
June 24
Solar Radiation Comforthas Zone 250 to Global over 3000 W/m2 in this period. The bedroom
Dry Bulb Temperature
Temperature a window area ofMasterbedroom 0.66 m2 facingOperative south-east allowing
Kitchen Operative Temperature
June 25
June 26
June 27
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
mperature
June 25
Dry Bulb T
0 June 24
Solar Radi
500
June 28
Global Solar Radiation
Comfort Zone
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature
maximum sunlight to shine through, making it the brightest room of the entire unit. A simulation on the total solar gain then performs to investigate the relationship between the indoor temperature and the solar radiation the master bedroom receives. The Figure on the bottom is the result of the simulation. It suggests that the building has very
Summer Base Case Hourly Solar Gain 0.25
bedroom barely reach 0.2 kWh on sunny days. The weekly sensible heat gains and losses are depicted on the bottom right-hand side. The maximum internal heat gain comes from people that gives a value of 2 kWh/m2. From the calibration process, we have learned that the
0.2
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
al solar radiation in the outdoor, the solar gains in master
Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
well-insulated windows. With such a large amount of glob-
0.15 0.1 0.05 0
22 Jun
building is extremely airtight. It is not surprising that the in-
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
2.4 1.6 0.8 0.0 -0.8 -1.6 -2.4
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
lation is shown in the figure. The resulting indoor operative temperature fluctuates between 18°C to 27°C, contrasting the original value of 23°C to 27°C. It illustrates the airflow rate measured in m3/s/m2 throughout the week. A direct connection between occupants’ behaviours and the indoor temperature can be made. The housewife lady we came across does not like opening window. Therefore, the window in the master bedroom will only be open when her husband came home from work. The frequency and timing to open a window have a dominant effect on the indoor temperature. The heat loads simulation suggests adding natural ventilation does not affect other heat transfers.
38
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
crease of 0.5 ach in ventilation, the impact of natural venti-
Winter Week Base Case
30 0.25 0.15 0.2 0.1 25 0.15 0.05
20
0.1 0
15 0.05
22 Jun
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
0
10 22 Jun 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun summer - air flow rate m3/s/m2 0.008
5
0.006 0.25 0 0.005 0.004 0.2 0.003
0.001 0.1 0 0.05 22 Jun 0 0.25 22 Jun
June 23
June 24
June 25
0.8 0.0 2.4 -0.8 1.6 -1.6 0.8 -2.4 0.0
-0.8 Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Base
50% window 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun Total Solar Gain of Base Case
summer - air flow rate m3/s/m2
0.15 0.008 180.1 0.007 0.006 16 0.05 0.005
140.004 0
22 Jun 0.003
120.002
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
0.001 0 22 Jun
23 Jun
6 4
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
2.4 1.6 0.8 2.4 0.0
0.15
Dec 20
Dec 21
Dec 22
30
2500
25
2000
20
Infiltration 1000 Windows
0 Ventilation reference of Base Case June 26
June 27
-0.8 Wall
People
15 10 5 0
J
June 28 Window reference of Base Case
Comfort Zone Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
-1.6 -2.4
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
2.4
Infiltration Windows
0.8 0.0 -0.8 2.4 -1.6 1.6 -2.4 0.8 0.0
1800
35
1600
30
Ventilation reference of Base Case Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
1400 1200
-1.6
20
1000 Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
800
400 2.4
200 Window reference of Base Case
1.6
0
0.8 0.0
25
Infiltration Windows
-0.8 -2.4
40
2000 Window reference of Base Case
1.6
Total Solar Gain of Base Case
Dec 19
35
600
0.2
0.1
3500
1500
50% window
0.25
40
Infiltration Windows
-1.6 -2.4
4000
3000 Window reference of Base Case
1.6
0.8 -1.6 Case)-2.4 0.0
23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Operative Jun 26 JunTemperature 27 Jun 28 Jun(Iteration) Masterbedroom
0.2
0
2.4
1.6 Global -0.8 Solar Radiation
Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature
20
2
Infiltration Windows
500
Total Solar Gain of Base Case
June 22
0.15 0.002
8
Lighting Ventilation
Summer - Nat vent + shading
0.007
10
People
Total Solar Gain of Base Case
0.2
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
created based on the residents’ occupancy. Due to an in-
Flow Rate (m3/s/m2) Solar Gain ( kWh/m2) Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Solar GainAir ( kWh/m2) Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
set to open according to a ventilation schedule that was
35
Bulb Temperature (°C) Gain ( kWh/m2) ain ( Dry kWh/m2) Air Flow RateSolar (m3/s/m2)
indoor. A 0.7 fraction of glazing area operable window was
-2.4 Wall Wall
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
0.25
this section; the first one is to introduce natural ventilation
-2.4 -1.6
Dec 23
Dec 24
Dec 25
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
40
performance of the master bedroom will be presented in
0.0 0.8 -0.8 0.0 -1.6 -0.8
Summer - Nat vent + shading
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Several passive strategies to improve the indoor thermal
1.6 2.4 0.8 1.6
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
Typical Summer Week - Base Case + Natural Ventilation
2.4
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Winter Week Base Case Summer Base Case Hourly Solar Gain 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 22 Jun 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun 22 Jun 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
ads ( kWh/m2)
( kWh/m2) SolarSolar GainGain ( kWh/m2)
filtration only has little effect on mitigating the heat indoor.
15 10 5 0
J
0
0 June 22
June 23
June 24
June 25
Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature
June 26
June 27
Dry Bul
500
Solar Ra
Dry Bul
5
5 0
Jun
June 28 Comfort Zone
Global Solar Radiation
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Base Case)
Typical Winter Week - Base Case
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Iteration)
40
The base case model’s performance over a typical sum-
20
2000
mer week is discussed below. A 7-day period was selected
18
1800
35
16
1600
30
14
1400
12
1200
10
1000
8
800
6
600
while the comfort band is between 18.1°C to 24.1°C based on EN15251. The value of solar radiation, less than 200 W/m2, shown that the sky is overcast in three days during
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
the whole week. However, the daily maximum global horizontal solar radiation during the week still has a value of over 1200 W/m2. The operative temperature is much lower than the comfort band, and simulation shows that the operative temperature in winter is between 12.1°C to 15.8°C, suggesting demand for heating in the winter. The outdoor dry bulb temperature is the highest when there is a large amount of solar radiation, but global solar radiation does not affect indoor temperature as much as the outdoor. The total solar gain for the master bedroom
4
Summer Base Case Hourly Solar Gain
0.2
0.15
Dec 19
Dec 20
0.1
0
Dec 22
Dry Bulb Temperature
0.05
does not reflect the high solar radiation level. The solar
Dec 21
23 Jun
200 2.4 1.6 0.8
0 Dec 23
Dec 24
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
-0.8 -1.6 -2.4
15 10 5 0
Jun
Dec 25
0.0
Global Solar Radiation
Kitchen Operative Temperature 22 Jun
20
400
0.25
2 0
25
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
ture ranges from 6.1°C in the night to 13.6°C in the noon,
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
is from December 19 to 25. The dry bulb outdoor tempera-
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
with the winter solstice in the middle of the period, which
Comfort Zone
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
gain simulation further confirms the window does not allow much heat to transfer through the glazing. The window and the wall has become a major source of heat loss in the winter. And the heat escape through infiltration also increases.
Winter Week Base Case
0.2
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
0.25
0.15 0.1 0.05 0 22 Jun
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
2.4 1.6 0.8 0.0 -0.8 -1.6 -2.4
Summer - Nat vent + shading
Total Solar Gain of Base Case
0.2
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
0.25
0.15 0.1
Typical Summer Week - Base Case + Natural Ventilation + Shading 0.05 0
22 Jun
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
2.4
Window reference of Base Case
1.6 0.8 0.0 -0.8 -1.6 -2.4
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
natural ventilation and a shading device. The shading device is an external blind that has 30% aperture. Schedules
2500
were not applied, and the blind is set to open 30% during aperture throughout the week, it is not preventing the heat from escaping the room during the night. Fluctuations in temperature change can still be observed. However, a 2-degree decrease in maximum daily temperature is found through simulation. Using the blinds or any other shading devices could help reduce peak temperature during the day.
June 24
erature
2000 1500 1000 500 0
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
the measure period. Though the blind maintains the same
June the 25 solar gains Juneafter 26 addingJune 27 in comparJune 28 It maps the blind ison with the solar gains of the base case. By reducing
Global Comfort Zone the solar heatSolar gainsRadiation entering the room, greater thermal
in hot summer days can be achieved. Reduction ve Temperaturecomfort (Base Case)
Heat loads through the bedroom’s window is also illusve Temperaturein(Iteration) trated. It is decreased by 0.3 kWh/m2.
Summer Base Case Hourly Solar Gain
0.004 0.25 0.003
30
0.002 0.2 0.001 25 0.15 0 22 Jun 0.1
20
0.05 0.25 15 0 0.2 22 Jun
10
0.05 0
0.25 0 0.2
Winter Week Base Case
June 22
22 Jun
200 0 Dec 21
Dec 22
Dec 23
Dec 24
Dec 25
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
1000
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) (m3/s/m2) Solar Gain ( kWh/m2)
1200
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Iteration)
0 23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
2500
25
Infiltration Windows
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
2000
-1.6
1500 Wall
2.4
1000
Window reference of Base Case
1.6 0.8
500
0.0 -0.8
0
-1.6
June 26
Wall
People
June 27
June 28
Lighting Ventilation
2.4
Infiltration Windows
Comfort Zone
1.6 0.0
-0.8 -1.6 -2.4
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration Windows
4000 3500
Total Solar Gain of Base Case
25
0.1
20 0.05 0
30
Lighting Ventilation
-0.8 -2.4
3000
People
Summer - Nat vent + shading
0.15
15
1.6 -2.4 0.8 Wall 0.0
Global Solar Radiation
0.05
0.2 30
0.0 -0.8 2.4 -1.6
June 25 -2.4
June 24
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
35
0.8
Masterbedroom Operative Temperature (Base Case)0.8
0.1
1600 1400
June 23
23 Jun
Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature
0.15
35 0.25
400
23 Jun
Total Solar Gain of Base Case 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
5 0.1
1800
600
50% window
40
2000
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
0.15
22 Jun
800
23 Jun
Ventilation reference of Base Case 3500
1.6
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
3000
0.005 35
40
4000 2.4
Solar Radiation(W/m2)
The dotted line is the resulting temperature after adding
0.006
22 Jun
23 Jun
24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun
3000
2.4
Window reference of Base Case
1.6
2500
0.8 0.0 -0.8
2000
-1.6 -2.4
Wall
People
Lighting Ventilation
Infiltration 1500 Windows
10
1000 summer - air flow rate m3/s/m2
50.008 0.007
00.006 0.005
June 22
June 23
June 24
500
June 25
0
2.4 1.6
June 26
Solar Radia�on(W/m2)
3500
0.007 40
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2) Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
wanted solar gains.
4000
Heat Loads ( kWh/m2)
the bedroom’s thermal performance in the absence of un-
Wh/m2)
The use of shading is introduced in this section to discuss
Gain ( kWh/m2) Air Flow Rate (m3/s/m2) Solar Gain ( kWh/m2) Solar Solar (°C) Gain ( kWh/m2) Dry Bulb Temperature
summer - air flow rate m3/s/m2 0.008
Ventilation reference of Base Case
June 27
June 28
39
20 15 10 5 0
Daylight Studies - Illuminance 9:00
12:00
15:00
Daylight simulation has been conducted for the spring equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice respectively at 9:00, 12:00 and 15:00, under sunny sky condition. The height of the illuminance grid is set to 1m above the floor. As depicted in the figure, the space that receives the most daylight is the north-west facing bedrooms on the upper
Spring Equinox
floor, followed by the master bedroom. And the least lit space will be the living room. It always appears to have the least illuminance level regardless of the seasons or time. Contrarily, when we were on-site doing the measurements, we observed the kitchen to be the darkest room in the unit. It is evident from the simulation that different floor levels could result in a considerable difference in illuminance level. Given that this is a ground floor unit, a floor to ceiling height of 3 meters still does not help much. The lower level is mostly dark except particular time in summer.
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Glare Studies
9:00
Image-based simulations performed with an intermediate
12:00
15:00
sky condition with the sun are shown on the right. The simulations are a demonstration of lighting and glare condition for the kitchen, at different times on selected days (spring equinox, summer solstice and winter solstice). Because of the orientation and the surrounding obstructions, only a small amount of light can be introduced
Spring Equinox
throughout the year. The daylight condition of the unit is not the worst compared to other ground floor units. Since there is a plaza behind the building across the street, the case study unit has a relatively better daylight condition than other ground floor social housing units. It can be seen from the image-based glare simulations, and glare is not a problem inside the unit. However, the building across the street has a luminance of around 2500 cd/m2 in summer solstice at noon, which suggests daylight
Summer Solstice
cd/m2
reflected on the surrounding building can still enter the
2529
interior.
2276.1 2023.2 1770.3 1517.4 1264.5 1011.6 758.7
Winter Solstice
505.8 252.9 0
40
CIBSE Recommendations for Kitchens: Serving & Washing up Areas: 300 lux Food Preparation & Cooking: 500 lux
Daylight Studies - DA / UDI The simulation for the Daylight Autonomy (DA) indicates the percentage of time that reaches at least 300 lux at a given area throughout the year. It is simulated at a work table height. Compared to upper level, only a small part of the entire unit reaches at least 50 per cent. To be more specific, kitchen which locates at the northeast side has the least percentage of time that reaches at least 300 lux. Annual Useful Daylight Index (UDI) is used as another tool
Annual Daylight Autonomy
Annual Useful Daylight Index
to predict the indoor daylight conditions. It informs where both the insufficient and excessive daylight may occur. Compared to Daylight Autonomy, it indicates a larger percentage of time that reaches between 100 to 2000 lux. Especially for upper level where the three bedrooms locate, more than half of the space receives 100 to 2000 lux for at least 60% of the year. For the kitchen, however, the deeper part which is the cooking area receives very little illumination since it is located at ground level and far from the glazed surface. According to CIBSE, for Kitchens, there should be at least 300 lux for washing up area and 500 lux for food preparation. In this case, the kitchen may have relatively poor daylight conditions which needs to be further investigated.
Originally surrounded by buildings covered by brown brick. the kitchen has wooden floor, white painted wall, ceiling and glass with the area of 4.35 m². Initial inputs which are calculated referring to lighting materials for simulation from SUTD Design for Climate and Comfort Lab. We simulated the daylighting at the kitchen counter level. In average, in terms of Daylight Autonomy (DA),there is only a 10% of time that reaches at least 300 lux. For the deeper area of the kitchen, where the kitchen counter is located and aligned with the corner, receives little illumination, which makes the situation even worse when people are cooking. When using Useful Daylight Index (UDI), there is a 38% percentage of time reaches between 100 lux to 2000 lux. However, according to CIBSE , for Fig. 6.2.1.1 Base Case [Source:Rhino] Kitchens, there should be at least 300 lux for kitchens. Therefore, UDI can only be seen as a reference together with Daylight Autonomy (DA)
41
Daylight - Kitchen
ANNUAL DA & UDI - External Obstructions (Setting Back Upper Floors)
Apart from painting the surface color, we also considered external obstructions. Setting back the upper floor and remove the obstructions is proved to be relatively effective as well, The overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) rises from 10 to 19, and Useful Daylight Index (UDI) from 38 to 42. However, compared to modifying other variables, this method is less feasible.
Fig. 6.2.6.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
External Obstructions (Remove the Building in Front)
All other parameters stay the same, despite the fact that is not feasible at all, removing the building in front of our apartment is proved to be the most effective method to increase the daylight, The overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) rises from 10 to 37,and annual DA is 37 ,and Useful Daylight Index (UDI) from 38 to 64, both of which are the highest values among all the methods. In this way, the cooking area can finally reach the requirement of 300 lux for most of the time throughout the year.
Fig. 6.2.7.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
42
Surface Color (Offwhite Floor)
Surface color plays an important role in daylight conditions. We change the wooden floor to offwhite with the reflectance (RGB) of 0.6, which is three times of the wooden one. The outcome of daylight simulation shows that this method increases the overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) from 10 to 17, and Useful Daylight Index (UDI) from 38 to 43, which seems to be more effective than changing window size.
Fig. 6.2.4.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
Surface Color (White Painted Surroundings)
The surrounding buildings of Monier Road are dark in surface color, with a low level of reflectance (RGB). To improve the daylight conditions, we think it can be interesting to paint them with a lighter colour (0.7 reflectances (RGB)) to see the difference. The simulation proves that the white-painted surroundings could largely improve the daylight conditions in the kitchen. The overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) rises from 10 to 25, and Useful Daylight Index (UDI)from 38 to 49, raised largely by 15 and 11 respectively in comparison with the base case.
Fig. 6.2.5.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
43
Window Size (Full-Height Window)
To improve the daylighting conditions in the kitchen, we began with modifying several variables including glazing area, surface color and external obstructions in Ladybug to understand the fundamentals. Firstly, we focused on window size. We changed the window to full height with an area of around 7 m². The overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) and Useful Daylight Index (UDI) only rise slightly by 4 and 1 percent respectively. Therefore, it is not an very effective method. Fig. 6.2.2.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
MONIER ROAD
Window Size (Additional Window)
Another possible solution is to add another window at the southwest side and keep the total glazing area the same. And the result turned out to be similar. There is just a small rise in the annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) and Useful Daylight Index (UDI).If without the external obstructions, we assume this method can be more effective due to its orientation of the additional window.
Fig. 6.2.3.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino]
44
Base Case
Originally surrounded by buildings covered by brown brick. the kitchen has wooden floor, white painted wall, ceiling and glass with the area of 4.35
m². It shows the initial
inputs which are calculated referring to lighting materials for simulation from SUTD Design for Climate and Comfort Lab. We simulated the daylighting at the kitchen counter level. In average, in terms of Daylight Autonomy (DA),there is only a 10% of time that reaches at least 300 lux. For the deeper area of the kitchen, where the kitchen counter is located and aligned with the corner, receives little illumination, which makes the situation even worse when people are cooking. When using Useful Daylight Index (UDI), there is a 38% percentage of time reaches between 100 Fig. 6.2.1.1 Base Case [Source:Rhino] lux to 2000 lux. However, according to CIBSE , for Kitchens, there should be at least 300 lux for kitchens. Therefore, UDI can only be seen as a reference together with Daylight Autonomy (DA)
Summary
To summarize, external obstructions can be most effective variables for daylight compared to surface color and window size. However, it can also be the least feasible method due to different constrains. After comprehensive considerations, one possible solution can be the combination of offwhite floor and additional window, which rises the overall annual Daylight Autonomy (DA) rises from 10 to 19, and Useful Daylight Index (UDI)from 38 to 45. Apart from those, the internal layout is very important. It can be extremely helpful to align the kitchen courter to the 6.2.8.1 Iteration [Source:Rhino] cornerFig. near the glazing area.
45
03 CANINE WELLNESS CENTER Aug. 2018 // Toward Carbon-Neutral Architecture and Urban Design // Singapore Instructor: Naree Phinyawatana Email: naree@atelierten.com Tel: (65) 8317 4875
The goal of this project was to design a carbon-neutral building through a holistic design approach, integrating strategies including, but not limited to, climate responsive design, building energy efficiency and innovative green technology. The main focus was to develop an understanding of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship to its siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural systems and the building enclosureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to mitigate outdoor conditions. The site location is in Holland Village, Singapore. Based on the preliminary research, there is a shortage of dog facilities around that area. Therefore, a canine wellness center is proposed to meet the demands and provide spaces for human-canine bonding.
48
49
50
51
04 THE BRIDGES Aug. 2018 // Optional Studio 2 : Productive Peripheries // Malacca City, Malaysia Instructor: Calvin Chua Email: calvin_chua@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 9687 5939
This studio researches on new architectural and urban typologies that respond to emerging socio-economic conditions today. Considering the existing conditions and projected scenarios, the studio will question through a series of design interventions whether a peripheral area between the HSR station and existing Malacca old town can be turned into a productive landscape. This project is creating a series of bridges as nodes to connect and attract people to the river front which is original no manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land, as well as making use of the river as a way of transportation to travel from HSR station to the Malactown. The series of bridges not only connect industral and residential area located onboth sides of the river, but also forms an enclosure which can activate the space in between and revatalize the river.
HSR Station
Kuala Lumpur
0
30
150km
North-south Highway Proposed HSR Line Existing KTM Line
Malacca
Proposed HSR Stations
Main Road
Existing KTM Stations
Malacca
Transit Oriented Development Radius
Secondary Road Proposed HSR Line
River as a New Entry Way to City from HSR Station
During the development of Malacca, the Road network was built to make Malacca well connected by vehicles. Due to the high level of car ownership, traffic jams remain an issue. The only mode to travel from old town to the proposed HSR station is by one main road. Therefore, a new entry way to Malacca old town is needed as alternative to alleviate the traffic pressure.
HSR Station
Old Town
Dense Program Sphere of Influence
Found Conditions of the Landscape from City to HSR Station Productive
Residential Clusters Connected by Farmland
Urban Encroachment - Self-sustained Community 54
VS.
Unproductive
Industrial Clusters Isolated by River
Urban Periphery - â&#x20AC;&#x153;Leftoverâ&#x20AC;? Space along River
Changing Conditions Along Malacca River
Upper Reaches of Malacca River
The typical bridge in Upper Reaches of Malacca River allows pedestrians only is the least efficient.
Middle Reaches of Malacca River
The typical bridge in Middle Reaches of Malacca River is designed for vehicle, which is inefficient.
Lower Reaches of Malacca River
The typical bridge in Lower Reaches of Malacca River is designed for vehicles and pedestrians.
Response to the Changing Conditions
Residential and Industrial along Malacca River
Pedestrian
Vehicle
Water Taxi
Hotel
The proposed bridge makes the selected site well connected by combining infrastructure and program. 55
Site Analysis “Left-over” Space
Bridges
Industrial Area
Upper Reaches
Middle Reaches
Lower Reaches
The changing conditions along Malacca river can be classified as the change of the number of bridges, left-over” space and industrial area. There is a correlation among these three variables. As the river moves from lower reaches to upper reaches, there are less bridges as connections, and more “left-over” space and larger industrial area along the river. Industrial Area Along River
56
Industrial Area
Residential Area
Traffic Network
“Left-over” Space
Design Strategy Architectural Scale : Industrial 2
3
en
Pedestrian
Residential
Pro m
Industrial
ad
e
1
Residential
Vehicle
Connecting residential area and industrial area by a single bridge
Introduction of two parallel bridges for both pedestrian and vehicle
Urban Scale : HSR Station 4
Introduction of promenade to make the river approachable and active
Old Touristic Town 5
6
Enclosure Connection Water Taxi
Connecting HSR station and old touristic town by water taxi stations
Connecting two bridges together to form enclosure as activity amplifier
Introduction of different programs on the bridges to attract tourists
Bridges
Water Taxi Station
River Thames as Reference In terms of transportation and tourism, River Thames is productive. The bridges are not only used as connections but a series of nodes. The average distance between
Water Taxi Station
each wastertaxi station is around 800m to 1km, which
Bridges
can the reference for interventions along Malacca River.
Promenade
Proposed Interventions Along Malacca River
57
9
8
7 6
5 4 3
2
1 Exterior Dinning Area 2 Information Center 3 Local Food Restaurant 4 Hotel Room 5 Drop-off Point 6 Campsite 7 Stage 8 Water Taxi Station 9 Cafe 58
1
Ground Floor Plan [1:2000]
Bridge
“Left-over”
Industrial
Lane to River
Prome-
Residential
Bridge
Before Interventions [1:4000]
After Interventions [1:4000]
1 Water Taxi Station 2 Reception 3 Lounge 4 Vehicle Lane 5 Hotel Room 6 Cafe 7 Pool 7
5
6
4
2
3
1
Section [1:200] 1 Steel Structure 2 Timber Floor Joist 3 Gutter 4 Grooved Base Rail 5 Cement Screed 6 Flooring 7 Threshold 8 Timber Floorboards 9 Steel Panel 10 Balustrades 11 Wood Door Panel 12 Timber Handrail 13 Tempered Glass 14 Door Head 15 Buck Strip 16 Aluminium Strip 17 Drop Ceiling
17
16
15
14
13 12 11 10
5 3 1
6
7
8
9
4
2
Construction Detail [1:50] 59
Bicycle Lane
Restaurant
Water Taxi St
Stage
Restaurant
Drop-off Point Outdoor Dinning Area
Water Taxi Station
tation
Bicycle Lane
The Hybridization [architecture+infrastructure+landscape] The pair of bridges forms an enclosure, which hosts different programs and activities, as well as acts as amplifier to activate the surrounding. Promenade allows people to approach the river while programs along the road to attract people from the residential area to the river.
Existing Bridges
Old Malacca Town
Proposed Bridges
62
Proposed HSR Station
63
05 GREEN FACTORY May 2018 // Optional Studio 1: Computational Lighting Atmosphere // Singapore Instructor: Jason Lim Email: jason_lim@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 8481 4300
This studio aims to explore light as a medium for design. It started by studying the precedents that address light in an exemplary fashion, and showcase a range of techniques for manipulating light. Then, similar approaches were adopted and a series of experiments were designed to investigate an aspect of light.
Based on studying precendents Rehab Basel by Herzog & De Meuron, and Rochamp by Le Corbusier, this design aimed to adapt an indutrial building, where the atmosphere is stressful and insipid, to a green and lively working place. By applying similar approach, which is by playing the scale of apertures, from pores to rooms, light is utilised as both luminous and luminated sources, for plants and people.
Aperture Experiment
4 pm
66
Position
Roof Plan 1-1
Roof Plan 1-2
Roof Plan 2-1
Section 1-1
Section 1-2
Section 2-1
Light Apparatus Experiment
8 am
Size
Roof
Sect
Size + Position
Plan 2-2
tion 2-2
Roof Plan 3-1
Roof Plan 3-2
Roof Plan 3-3
Section 3-1
Section 3-2
Section 3-3
67
Site Analysis
Building to Adapt
Industrial
Residential
Green
Physical Models of Light Apparatus
68
Design Strategy
1
Creating grid according to the existing columns 4
Channels on upper level
2
3
Channels on lower level
First layer of porosity
5
6
Second layer of porosity
Small apertures on both of rooftop and channels
From Apertures to Light Apparatus When opennings are created on the skin of buildings, they can act as windows or voids to introduce light in as well as create relationship between time and connections between interior and exterior environment. Different atmosphere and spatial experience will be providede by apertures. However, when thickness and depth is added on an aperture, it can be treated as light apparatus or space itself. Each light apparutus can be treated as luminated source and create amibient light to its surroundings. Various forms can be applied to those channels to create different atmophere.ospehere within the space itself.
69
SUN EXPOSURE
DIRECT SUN
1
Working Area 1
Lounge
3
Cafe
9 am - 5 pm
11 am - 1 pm
11 am - 1 pm
4
5
6
Dawn Garden
Dawn Garden
Lecture Room
5 pm - 7 pm
5 pm - 7 pm
4 pm - 6 pm
7
8
9
Dusk Garden
Conference Room
Self-study Room
7 am - 9 am
11 am - 1 pm
10
11
2 pm - 4 pm
12
Dinning Room
Entrance Garden
Connecting Garden
11 am - 1 pm
9 am - 6 pm
9 am - 6 pm
13
Private Garden 10 am - 2 pm 70
2
14
Family Room 10 am - 2 pm
15
Central Garden 10 am - 2 pm
SUN
Level 2 Plan 12
4 Blue Witches Hat
13
11
15
3
14
1
8
7
Bamboo Palm
5 Rubber Plant
Anthurium
Level 1 Plan 2 10
6 Hosta Lily
9
Christmas
SHADE
Croton
100
Daylight Autonomy DA (% time > 300lux)
Facade optimization and light apparatus design were based on daylight autonomy simulation. The size of apertures, shape of channels as well as the orientation of openings were decided in order to create various lighting conditions to meet the requirements of different plants. pehere within the space itself. .
0
71
Section AA’
A
A’
B
B’
C
C’
4
12 10
2
6
Section BB’
3 13
15
11
Section CC’
1 7
72
8
5
Exploded Diagram Roof Structure
Existing Columns
4
3
1 8
5
Existing Core Existing Office
7
Existing Columns
12
2 11
13
10 15
9 14
Existing Core Existing Office
73
Original Condition
After Adaptation
74
Bottom left: View of Central Garden, Level 1 Bottom right: Pool Garden Connecting Garden 75
06 HEALING STATION Oct. 2017 // UIA HYP: Architecture in Transformation // Chongqing, China Instructor: Joshua Comaroff Email: joshua_comaroff@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 4774
Inspired by Chongqing’s traditional architecture, “the Suspended Building”, this project aims to provoke the image of traditional Chinese city and slow down the life tempo for people to escape from urban life and enhance physical and mental health. This project not only acts as a subway station, but also a mixed use complex. More specifically, it houses outdoor activities, shops, and library. Voids are created at the canopy and various underground levels to bring light in. Aquarium is introduced to create more tranquil atmosphtere for the space beneath. The overall image of the complex would be an inverted suspended building. The roof of building would be the ceiling of the subway station platform, to create a reflection of this vanishing architecture.
Site Analysis
A
B
B’
A’ Metro Line 1
Site Boundary
High-rise Building
High-rise Building
Section AA’
Concept
Historical Building
Section BB’
Module Types
Void
Introduction of the element of the Suspended Building
Shop
Cafe
Unit as a point to passing by
Layering for interaction with the environment
Void
Reflection to provoke the iimage of traditional city
AXO
78
Reading Area
Unit as a line to go through
Relaxing Area
Layering for human interaction
Program
Aquarium
Core
Library
Shops
Section
Exploded Diagram
7000 3500 0
Aquarium
-3500 -7000 -10500
Library
Core
-14000
Core
-19000 -24000
Shops
-29000 -34000 -39000
Subway Platform Aquarium Circulation
-49000 (mm)
79
Library
Typical Plan A
80
Library
Typical Plan B
Cafe
Typical Plan C
Restaurant
Typical Plan D
The layout of library highlights the central double-high spaces, which allows sunlight in and create a sense of peace. When the sunlight comes through the water, people would admire the beauty of fish, water and light movement. The concept is to weaken the sense of space.
The traffic is composed by platforms and ramps. Three parts of the ramps are relatively indepedent, forming three vertical traffic bodies. They can also be connected through each platform as one smooth horizontal line.
The commerical area is connected by an interesting walking corridor. All the space changes with the gradient of ramp, providing a dynamic walking experience. Besides, it also acts as a transition between the library and subway station, between the tranquil and bustling environment, and between leisure and busy atmosphere.
1
5
82
2
3
4
1 Outside Scenery 2 Library 3 Commercial Space 4 Inside a Shop 5 Subway Station Platform 83
07 BRAS BASAH HOMESTAY Aug. 2017 // Core Studio 3: Sustainable and Innovative Urban Housing // Singapore Instructor: Kenneth Tracy Email: kenneth_tracy@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 4774
The project was based on three merged existing apartment units of a typical, existing HDB podium block -Bras Basah Complex in Singapore. It was designed for a local couple who want to rent out another two units for visitors. As the development of hospitality, more people tend to choose hotels instead of hotels to better experience local cultures. At the same time, however, both hosts and guests are also worried about their privacy. The idea of this project is to solve this issue. Surrounded by the green, bedrooms provide tranquil atmosphere to improve sleep quality. The double high space where the kitchen locates can be the ideal place for the guest and hosts to cope with culture barrier.
Make use of existing pillars to predict circulation and and craft space
86
From predicted circulation paths, with open space overlapping both, public and private area can be differentiated
Solid walls and glass windows are applied. Voids and double high space are created to eplore the relationship between hosts and guests.
Lower Level Plan
Upper Level Plan
Section AA’
Section BB’
Section CC’
Section DD’
87
08 BUGIS MOMA Oct. 2017 // UIA HYP: Architecture in Transformation // Chongqing, China Instructor: Joshua Comaroff Email: joshua_comaroff@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 4774
The project called for a museum in Bugis, the downtown area of Singapore. The site is surrounded by a number of low-rise historical buildings, high-rise buildings which were built recently, and even buildings which are under construction. Programs included exhibition area, media space, lecture theater, cafe, shop, storage space, offices, entrance hall, circulation spaces and car park. This design was intendedto engage the surroundings in terms of buildings height, transportation and time. Inspired by cheese cube, by combining the most classic shape, a cube with spheres and let them substract with each other to form concave surfaces, which can introduce sunlight and wind in and act as circulation area and open space.
90
91
09 CO-EXISTING Aug. 2017 // Core Studio 3: Sustainable and Innovative Urban Housing // Singapore Instructor: Kenneth Tracy Email: kenneth_tracy@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 4774
The project aimed to develop innovative urban houisng concepts For sustainable high-dense living and focus on themes like density, diversity and connectivity. The location was on Jurong East, west part of Singapore, where there enjoys a high level of biodiveristy but also surrouded by dense high rise buildings, which can create negative impact on animals like birds. For urban living, except considering wind, sunlight and circulation, this design also focuses on the connections between occupants and nature. Instead of expanding horizontally and taking up space for animals and plants, it is of responsibility to think about what is the better way to develop urban living. In this project, bird is chosen as an example to explore how architectural design can contribute to the coexistence of human, flora and fauna in the urban context.
Site Analysis Common Birds in Singapore
No. of Birds Collisions in Singapore
25
Regions in Singapore Central
Month
30
West(2nd Place) Rock Pigeon
33 %
52 %
10 Javan Mynah
North-east East North
0
Russia
Oct.
Nov.
10
Sep.
Dec. Jan. Feb.
China
Mar.
Singapore
0
Australia New Zealand
Wetland Reserve Singapore Zoo
Bukit Batok Nature Park Jurong Lake Park Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
Jurong Bird Park Mophorlogy
Mophorlogy
Site
MRT Station
Residential
Traffic Network
MRT Station
Office
Commercial
Green Spaces
Site 96
Site
MRT Lines
Main Roads
Site
Green
Design Strategy 1
2
Introduction of blocks based on footpath and wind diretion
3
Connecting the seven blocks by narrow corridor space
4
5
Introduction of podium that connects to the site boundary
Filleting the corridor to create communcal spaces 6
Creating topography for both landscape and circulation
Introduction of landscape on rooptop preserved for birds
Massing Visualization
Commercial
Office
Residential
MRT Station
97 97
Exploded Diagram
Normal Trees: Yellow Flame (15 -20 m) Saga (15 -20m)
Followers / Shrubs
Constructed Pond Fruit Trees: Syzygium Malaccense (12 -18m) Carabole ( 12 - 15m) Ground Bird Tree Bird Observation Area
Commercial Area Residential Area NGO Office Core Tube Green Space Circulation
Building Between Landscape In this project, the landscape design can be seen as a multifunction factor. It not only enhances building performance by reducing water runoff and provding shading, but also creates a healthy ambience to the surrounding. It is shaped by wind, and largely decided by circulation and planting heirarchy. It allows the formation of bird habitats and encourages people to interact with the environment. 98
AXO Diagram
Section
First Level Plan (1:1000)
6
8 4
7
5 2
3 1
1 Entrance 2 Drop-off Point 3 Single Suite 4 Outdoor Dinning 5 Bird Feeding Area 6 Exterior Cafe 7 Bird Observing Area 8 Food Court 99
Office Area
Residential Area
Commercial Area
100
Dinning Area
Birds Observing Area B
NGO Office
Typical Unit A
Typical Unit B
Rooftop
68400
Level 11
64200
Level 10
61000
Level 9
57800
Level 8
51600
Level 7
45400
Level 6
39200
Level 5
33000
Level 4
26800
Level 3
20600
Level 2
12200
Level 1
6000
Food Court
Birds Observing Area A Exhibition Area
Cafe
Commercial Area B
Commercial Area A (mm)
101
Density, Diversity and Sustainability Each unit in this project is designed for users to enjoy both people and nature. Spaces of different heights are created as the heirarchy of privacy. Double volume space is oriented towards outside view and it is where the living room and kitchen locate since it requires more solar exposure. Single volume space is facing and above the corridor.In this way, it has less solar exposure and privacy would be protected.
102
103
JOINTS Aug. 2017 // The Digital Design and Fabrication // Singapore Instructor: Stylianos Dritsas Email: dritsas@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 4610 The goal of this project was to achieve simplicity and reliablity through the minimal parts. The concept is based on the most essential joints- our own knees. Held in perfect tension, the muscles, ligaments and bones are give our knees a balance of flexibilty and strength. By exploring the complex relationship within the knee, such characteristics were adapted for this node.
104
105
WOODEN BRIDGE Aug. 2017 // Architectural Structure Design // Singapore Instructor: Sam Joyce Email: sam_joyce@sutd.edu.sg Tel: (65) 6499 7454
Deriving inspirations from spider web, this project aims to create a truss-like pattern wooden bridge and fabricate it from cutting the wood panels to drilling the screws to connect each pieces together.
106
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Architects Team 3 Internship // Kawlaw Resort Design // Kawlaw, Myanmar
108
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Architects Team 3 Internship // Kallang HDB Competition // Singapore
110
Architects Team 3 Internship // Halong Bay City Mixed Development // Halong, Vietnam
111
Architects Team 3 Internship // World Trade Center Facade Design Options // Shanghai, China
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Peng Yumu yumupenn@gmail.com