FaU 1990 Vo13 No 1
ISSN 1049-2259
BERTHA MAUDE ASPER SIEGRIST:
NURSING AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY Jack Siegrist could not think of a better way to honor Bertha Maude Asper Siegrist, his morher, Ihan to include her in nursing history literature . /-lis oral history do cumentation of iJ.er life gives us ajirsl-hana account of tu rn-of ille-century New Yo rk City nursing and. in hi.r words , of a " ...gallant and marvelous woman who took nursing very seriously." Asper's tape recorded recollec tions take us back 10 a lime when professiolla l rol s were ffl(J re sharply def ined by gender. Many early 20th cen tury suburban and rural women contin ued their roles as carewkers with their steady migration into major ea t ern cilies in search of a nursing career. These women received the "w sl advanced training if the time , although it varied greatly in qll(llity from .'chool 10 school. It should nOI go unrecognized, however, Ihat much of these women's lime was taken up in unpaid labor for the hospitals in the form of on-Ihe -job training . For Maude Asper, these circumstances did not diminish her love for her profession. NUT. ing was 'lOt only her vo cation , but a source of grem pleasure and pride throughout her lo ng lIfe. Story telling in MOlilclair. ca. 1967. Editor On Christmas aft m on, 1967, per hed on her Victorian sofa in Monlclair, my 5 year old mother told her grandchildren how il was Lo be a nurse in lhe early years of the ccntury. Not at all intimidated by my lape rccorder, she announced merrily, ''I'm an an lique on an antique." Adams County Farming to Friends Hospital for tlle Insane Maude Asp r wa. ooe o f 10 children in a Pen nsyl vania Adam COUnty farm fam il y. Aftcr fulfill ing care-taking d uties of her younger siblings , Asper le ft home in th Springtim of 1901 allhe age of 19 for The Training School for N urses of Friends Asylum for thl! l nsillle. currently the Friends Hospital in Philadelphia. She had easily p rsuaded her stem father to let her go lO the big CilY. "You kno w," she said, "I was one of the prettiest girls in Adam Coun ty, and a married man was after me!" With a 6th grade ed uca tion in a one room school house and a kind disposition, Asper exciled ly began her in tru tion at Friends. Red Sores and Cooking Friends Asylum for the Insane devo ted twelv weeks to instruction in bandaging and the application of mi nor surgical dressings, twenty weeks to the theory and p ractice of massage, and twelve weeks 10 cooki ng training in their modem kitchen filled with gas stoves. Friends noted its pride in thi "... important auxiliary ...usuall y UNIVERSITY Of PENNSYLVA fA neglected in general training schools" in their 99th Annual Report of Friends lIospi tal. T hroughout the term, each nurse was also required to " ...lake the course in SOIOOL or NURSING physical training in the well equipped gymnasi um where lhe modern methods in physical culture are taught." On-lhe-job training fo Uowed lhe courses. Nurses in training managed help less and bedridden patients; made beds , moved and changed bed and body linen; prevenled
Center for The Study of The History ofNur ing
(conlinu ed on page 8)
CENTER FOR THE
NEWS FROM THE CENTER
STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF N URSING Jul y I st marked th e Center s fifth birthday as an enterprise created to en courage and facilitate historical scholar ship in health, especially in relation to nursing care. The Center slIives to create and maintain a reso urce fo r historic al re search pertaining t the development oj the nursing profession and of health care history in the Uni ted States; to improve the quali ry and scope of historical schol arship in nurs ing; and, to disseminate new knowledge in nursing his tory thro ugh education, conferences, publ ications and inter-disciplinary col laboration. Current projects at the Center range from a reg ional surv y o f nursing history resources and studies o f home based nurs ing in America, research on care of the critically ill, the 20th century relationship between nursi ng and American philanthropy, to the history of oncology nur ing. We also continue to collec!., process and catalogue an out standing collecti n of primary historical materials. Feel free to visit the Center, Monday -Friday, 9:00-5 :00 p .m. Scholars planning to conduct research at the Center should write the Curator, de scribing your project specifically . Our cur ator will respond with a desc ription f the scope and con tent o f relevant material s in the various collections.
Center Advisory Board Lill ian Sholtis Brunner, Chair M. Louise Fitzpatrick, Vice Chair Helen Edwards Jeanne Kiefner Ann P. Kn ight Nadine Landis Eleanor C. Lambertsen Mark Frazier Lloyd Charles E. Rosenberg Thelma Schorr Stephan ie A. Stachnicwicz Tina Weintraub Center Staff Joan E. Lynaugh, RN. PhD, FAAN Director Ellen D. Bacr, PhD, FAAN Associale Director Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, RN , PhD, FAAN Associate Director Dav id M. We inberg. MSLS, CA Curalor Carla Castillo Editor and Adminisrralive Assi.l"lanI
Tm: CIlRONICLE 2
GARLAND PUBUSHING, INC.
's INDISPENSABLE GiFT
The Center proudly announce:; a recent gi ft from Garland Publishing, Inc. of two outstanding facsimile reprint series: The History of American Nursing a nd Medical Care in the Un ited States. This gi ft makes available to researchcrs primary source material often dillicuilto locate, yet indisp nsab le to nursing and med ical historians, and policy makers. The lIistory of American Nursing 32- volume series was edited by Susan Re v rbyof Wellesley College. This series provides a represen tative selection of difficult to locilLe and never-before-publ ished materials that place nursing history in a broader economic, social , and polit'ical context A Laliinia Dock Reader, edited by Janet James, for example, develops a perspective on an early 20th century feminist nurse. B lack W OIn n ill N ursing, edited by Darlene Clark Hine, doc umenlS the history of racism in health care and black nurses ' efforts 10 overcome it. Other sample works published in thi s series in lude Virginia Henderson' . Nursing Studies Index. 1900- 1959, and Ilospita/s , Di.\pellsaries and N ursing: Papers and Discussions in the Internalional Congress ofCharilies, Cor rection and Philanthropy (1893), edired by John Shaw Billings and Henry M. Hurd.
Medical Care in Ihe Uniled States: The Debale Befo re 1940 was edited by Charles Rosenberg of the University of Pennsy lvania. This resource documents the history of health care from the mid-nineteenth century to the Depression years . Containing 33 olumes , this series includes 19 reprinlCd volum es o f extremely Tare prc iously pub lished sourc s. Samples include works by Michae l Dav is a nd C. R ufus Rorem, The Crisis in Ilospital Finance and Other Studies ilt Hospital Economics (1932), and Abby Woolsey, Hand-bookfor l/ospitals (1895). Works by Vanessa Gam ble, edilor of Germs Have No Color Line: Blacks and American Medicine , 1900-1 945, and Janet Golden, editor of Infanl Asylums and Children's lIospitals: Medical Dilemmas and Develop ments, 1850-1920 , compri se 2 of the 14 new and distingu isbed mon graphs and com pila tions. For more information, contact Garland Publishing, Inc., 136 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, or phone (2 12) 686-7492 , NEW A D ]SORY BOARD M EM BERS The Center f or the Study oft h History of Nursing welcom es to its Advisory Board Jeanne Kiefner, Ann P. Knight, and Dr. Eleanor Lam rISen. The Advisory Board is omposed of informed and interes ted persons involved in various fiel ds imponan t La the Center. The Board helps the C enter achieve its main objectives: preserving nur ' ing 's historical docum entation, sponsoring research, and disseminating research findi ngs. Meeting at least twice each year, they help refi ne objective., review progress and prob lems in the Center, identify priori ties, and foc us on long range goals such as membersh ip and fund raising. Dr. Eleanor Lambertsen , a Center supporLer since its inception , is well known through out nursing for her preeminen t lcadershi p in nursing dminislration and education. Ann P. Knigh t is an active and knowledgeable community leader in Philadelphia with important experience in vol un tary organization development. Knight is especially noted for her contributions to visit..ing nursing through Community H me Health S rvices. Jeanne KicCner is an alumna of Philadelph ia General Hospital School of Nursing and very active as a school nurse clin ician. Both Kiefner and the PGH Alumnae Association have strongly upported the Center since its inc pti on. With the addition of our three new members, our Advisory Board has reached fu n strength. Their services and time will help ensure the Center's existence and continued produc ti vity. No self supporting , voluntary organ ization can long exist withoulLhcm. LILLIAN SHOLTIS BRUNNER FELLOWS 1990 marks the inaugurating year of the Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer Fellowship designed to ensure the growth of scholarly work foc used on nursi ng history . Th is year, (cont illucd On page 7)
FIRST ANNUAL PENN NURSING HISTORY ASSEMBLY
CARE OF THE
SICK: THE SEARCH FOR REFORM Nancy Tomes, Acting Director of the Wood Institute, and Pa tricia D' Antonio, Neville Strumpf, Constance Carino and Rosemary Stevens of the University of Pennsylvania, inaugu rated the First Annual Penn Nursing History Assembly wi th five excellent papers on refonn and the care of the sick. Professor Nancy Tomes's paper, "Restraining the ' Trouble some Patient' ," explored the historical and culLural variables inherent in the English and American dialogue over appropriate violent mental patient care. Two recurrent themes link historical and modem discussions f the restraint controversy: greater societal violence in the United States and the formation of a therapeutic philo ophy shaped by this peculiar violence. Although it is impossible to know whether patient violence or a restrictive hospiLaI almos phere came first, evidence suggesLS that Americans are morc violent than, for examplc, the English. American psychiatrists' expectations of patient violence, no dou bt reinforced early On by numerous violen t inc idenLS, patterned a therapcuti style of asylum management that widely employed restrainLS. Tomes also cited economics as an innuential factor in th is development. In caring for a mixed socio-economic population, 19th century American doctors depended on both state and pri vate case '. The desiTe to attract paying patienLs, Tomes sugge lCd, affected dec isions to restrain; accidenLS and injuries might prejudice paying families against thc institution and incur ex-pensive lawsuiL5, English asylums, on thC other hand, were more strictly div ided along etas! lines . Actuall y there was mor wide spread use of restraints in English private asylums , Tomes discussed the relationship between econom ic resources, i.e. staffing, and usc of re tnl ims. Nurses, when present in sulTicient numbers, can provide the observation and intervention needed to avert violent behavior. In poorly funded 'Cllings, however, lack of . taIling may dictate usc of mechanical restrainLS. This factor, Tomes concluded, is a contemporary link to restraint is ues in care of the elderly. The nursi ng profession may have the golden opporLunjty to reconcile the conllicLing c laims of econom y and humanity in this area, Respondi ng to Tomes' paper, Professor Neville Strumpf, reported numerous incidents in which the fr.til elderl y are reslrdined to their serious detriment. Reduction in mechan ical reslTaint use never became a compelling professi nal ideal in th is country. Ra ther, SLrumpf added, it remai ned a frequ Ol choice in contemporary care of the sick. Many of these practices stem from entrenched insututional and culLural patterns of behavior. This is particularly interesting when reviewing nursing rhetoric since the late 1890s. Strumpf noted that, although the literature called for avoidance of restrainLS, it frequentJy pictured devices and methods for apply ing them . In . harp contrast to contcmporary restraint practices in the United Slates, Strumpf found nursing homes in Scot land virtually free of phy ical restraint use. Scottish patients, reponed Strumpf, were similar to those in the Unlled Stales; staff was no more abundant. Sincc her visit,
however, circumstances regardjng the use of phy ieal restraim practices on older persons have shifted considerably in the Un ited Slates. This soul-searc hing was sparked by nurses wOTking at locallong-tenn facilities; nurse consultanLS associated with consumer actions groups; and nursi ng faculty at the Univer sity of Pennsylvania. Strump[ closed by admitting that, in an understaffed environ ment., physical restraints can not be entirel y abolished. There bas, however, be n a growing Lide against restraint use. As a resull of the federal Omnibus Budg t Reconciliation Act of 1987, Health Care Finance Admini 'l!"J,tion guidel;nes now state explicitly that physical restraints can be applied only when required for treat ment of a medical condition. And, then, only with the patient or surrogate 's consent. PalTicia O'Brien D' An nio, led off the nex.t session with her paper, "The Need for Care: Families, Patients and Staff at a 19th Century Insane Asylum". Using the records of the Friends Asy lulll in Philadelphia, D' Antonio ex.plored the power relaLion hips between families, superintendents and patients. Originally, [anlilic accepted asylums because tlley mel needs c reated by a changi ng cul ture. D' Amonio's research reveals, however, the auth rity retained by families seeking care for their family members in asylums , The domes tic ethos of the asylum had !lot yet ccased to in fl uence the care of the insane. (In fact, Philadelphia' 19lh century Qual< rs tried to recreate their own household idcaJ. in the institution. ) For example, families ( oncinued O Il page 7)
Th e Twj lighi Processioll Ql Woodland Cemetery , 1990.
T WILIGHT PROCESSION Alice Fisher graced the Tw ilight Proces..sion to the Woodlands Cemet ry with a beautiful, crisp April pring day. On the flCSt day of the First Annual Penn ursing History Asscmbl y, 115 marchers followed bagpiper Will iam Watson of the WaLSon Highlanders, Dean Claire Fagin, former PGH nursing director Stephanie SLachniewicz, and n ted Philadelphia historian John Francis Marion from the School of Nur ing to Fisher's grave . The ceremony at Fi her's graveside com memorated her important reforms in hospiLa\ nursing and nursing education. As a Loken of esteem, the marchers left flowers on Fisher'S grave as they departed for lea and sandwiches at the Woodlands Mans ion. We await an equally beautiful day for next year's re usci tatOO 80-year tradition.
THE CHRONICLE 3
THE FUTURE OF NURSING HISTORY
THE HEALTH OF THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION: A DOCUMENTARY REPORT CARD Nursing historians currently have few available resources. Except for limited regjonal and local collections, authentic materials documenting nursing's past have not been sy lematically surveyed and collected. Hence, little is known of the 125 year hislory of nursing or of the individual nurses. There does exist, in facl, a wealth of surviving material. As part of the "Mid-Atlantic Nursing Hi tory Sources Survey, Appraisal, and Acquisitions Project," the CenLcr has been identifying the location, contents, and condition of documents relaled to the organizalion and history of nursing. This project, underwritten by a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, seeks to locate and preserve primary source materials of the most significant nw-sing historical collections in the region. The projcct began with the "History of Nursing Records Survey." The survey, designed by the Center's Curator, David Weinberg. was sent to hospitals, hospital and university-based schools of nur ing, state ho pital and nursing organizations, and visiting nurse associations in Penn sylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Dela ware, and Washington D.C. The survey included questions about the institution, the characteristics and management of the institutional records, and a detaHed check list about the type of recoTds the institu tion knows of and has reported. One of Lhe most telling results to date is that many respondents know only of their small universe of documents and have little knowledge of other records and other record creators within the same organization. To date, 187 institutions, or 24 percent of the survey population, responded to the survey. Of those who responded. 115 institutions (61 percent) expressed an interest in preserving their institutions' records. All 115 received jnfonnation about archival management and the cost effectiveness of records management. Based on the survey data, Weinberg hac; selected 67 instilutions for site visilS. Se lection criteria included the geographic area and population densities of the reT UE CIIRONICLE
4
gion; the type of institution: and the fullness, unique characteristics, age, and size of the records reported. Weinberg has visited the Episcopal Ho pital of Philadelphia, the Tri-County Visiting Nurse Association (Plainfield, NJ), and the Pennsylvania Nurses' Associalion, among others. He has examined their records and provided these, and other, institutions with in formation on surveying, arranging, describing, preserving and sLoring their records. Weinberg encourages records keepers to fully document the entire history of their institution by imp1cmeming in -house surveys and establishing archival programs. This, in tum, leads to a greater retention of important historical records. Other institutions, unable to adequately care for their records, have chosen to donate their file LO the Center where they can be consulted by researchers. Survey results are available at the Center. The information will also be avail.lble in a regional guide to nursing and health care resources at a laler date. Look for a brief ynopsis of acquired collections in future editions of The Chronicle and other reponing sourccs. GAINING CONTROL OF HEALTH-CARE RECORDS The Center for the Study of the History of Nursing is proud 10 announce receipt of a $15,000 award from the University of Pennsylvania's Research Founda lion. With these funds , the Centcr will con linue processing and cataloging iLC; unproce sed manuscript collection . Sev eral years of collecting has resulted in a strong collection of materials document ing the role of nursing and health care delivery in the Mid-Atlantic region. The diverse holdings document public health nursing, health care delivery to minority communities, the training of nw-ses, and the development of the nursing profes sion. The funds will be used to hire student assistants and olher part time personnel as project proces. ors, and to purchase archival supplies. Project processors will arrange and describe some 125 linear feeL of historical manuscripts. The projecl will be made up of four distinct phases. The first stage involves prioritization of the Center's more than 70 existing collections. Initial proces ing and inventory preparati n will be completed during the second stage. These inventories, designed to guide researchcrs and staff through the Center' s historical manuscript collections, give an overview of Lhe collections' COntents. They also help secure the collections from being stolen. In the third stage. Center staff will
arrange and describe the manuscripl col Icctions to meet curren t archival stan dards. Detailed findi ng aids will be prc pared during this stage. (Finding aids provide biographical or hi torical information, a summary or the collection, a description of the colic lion \ contents by series, and an inventory.) At this poinl, Center staff will place historical documents inlO acid free folders and acid free manuscript boxes or record cartons. Documents will have all staples, paper clips, rubber bands, etc., removed; brittle materials will be repro duced or pbced in mylar sleeves. Center staff will then place the contenLS in the climate·conlTolied Lillian Sholtis Brunner Archives. These aClions prevent further delerioration. In the fourth and final stage, the Center will disseminate information about its newly processed collections. Collections will be fully cataloged in the Research Libraries Information Network's "Archi val and Manuscript Control" rue, reports sent to the Library of Congress Manu script Division for inclusion in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections , and phOtocopies or the prepared finding aids submitted to Chadwyck-Hcaly, Inc. [or inclusion in the NatiofUJllnveniory of Docwnentary Sour es in the United Siales microfiche series.
RECENT ACQUISITIONS
Manuscript Collections Emonds, Beverly L. Barron, 1965-1981, 0.4 linear f eet. Emonds graduated from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing in 1968. She coUected publica lions about or by lhe HUP School of Nursing while a student. Included are the Directory of Graduates (1886-1971), stude nt handbooks (1965 -1973), school catalogs (1972-1975), a reunion brochure (1 981 ), and newsletters (1978).
Leonard, DoroLizy Ilarvey, 1947-1987,
years as a psychiatric nurse, most nota bly al the Philadelp hia State Hospi tal (Bybcrry). Her pap .rs doc umenLthe insti tutions where she work d: Bybcrry, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Chester Ho pi tal , Norristown State Hospital, and Riddle Memorial Hospit.al. The collection includes variou,' reports from these ins ti tu tions, publications , bulleti n , clip p ing, , and her nOles and observations.
2.5 linear f eel. Dorothy Leonard served or many
Mal/hews, Irene , /933-1985, O.B linear f ee!.
history information; and to foc us com mu nity atlention on nursi ng's contribution LO the heal th and welfar of society. These records largely reflect a 1974 plann ing conference held at the College ofPhysi cians of Philadelphia; representatives of the c ity's schools of nursing gathered to celebrate Philadelphia's nursing history and to plan fu ture fu nd raising activities.
Duffy, Eileen M. , 1975-1977. 4 volumes. DEFENCE EDtT tON
Duffy graduated from the Philadelph ia General Hospital School of Nursing in 1977. Her class was the last to graduate from PGH School of Nursing before Ph iladelphia closed the school and hospital that year. Duffy's collection of lecture notes complement the Center's existing doc uments on n ursing education fro m the nursing student's perspective.
' ,1 :
WIFE'S HANDBOOK :
Pr!tII.IIiCJ, In lfie Lying·in ROGDl, aJld lftfr IkIITUJ,
Errickson , Sara Mailer, 1946-1972, 1 linear fOOl. Erricl son l:,'Taduated from the Mon mouth Memorial Hospital School of Nur ing in 1925. Errickson worked as a private dut y and public health nurse in Long Branch and Monmouth, New Jersey (1 925-1944); during this time she attended the University of Pennsylvania. She earned a sec nd degree from Seton Hall University in 1946. Errickson held several positions th reafter, most notably as the Associate Executive Director (1953-1955) and Executive Director (1955-1972) of the New Jersey State Nurses Assoc iation (NJSNA). Th is collection, comprised primarily of photocopi S, incl udes reports, correspon dence, and other files related to her work with the NJSNA, Seton Hall Un iversity, and oLher organizations.
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Palmer , Edith , 7909-1912,4 folders.
THE WIFE' . IIillXOroOIL ' = 1''1'10111
History ofNursing in Philadelphia, 1973 1974,15 f olders. Lillian Sholtis Brunner spearheaded the History of Nursing in Philadelphia proje Lin 1973. The organization sought to promote nursing's heritage as part of the ]976 bicentennial celebration; to designaLe the Multer Museum of the Col lege of PhYSicians of Philadelphia as a nursing memorabilia repository; to estab lish an endowment fund for the preserva tion of nursing documents and artifacts; to act as a clearinghouse for musing
Matthews is a nurse histo rian who pent part of her career researching notable female nurses in the military services. Th is collection includ s file that Matthe ws created while researching for a proposed p ubl ica tion entitled Diclionary of Early Nurses, These files doc umen t the lives of Mary Ann Bick erd yke. Lydia Holman , Cec iJa Kennedy, Elizabeth Rinker Kratz, Sarah McCarran, Harriet Newton Ph illips, and Roberta M. West. Many files contain Matthew ' correspondence to archivists and manu script curators, phOlocopies of official records , general writings and compila tions , and printed material. The particu larly rich files of Harriet Newton Phillips consi. t of four folders of materials on this Civil War nur e, reportedly the first uained nurse· in the United States. Palmer ( 1881 - 1967). born and raised in Media, Pennsylvania, was educated at the Westtown Boardi ng Schoo l in Cb ster County, Pennsy lvania, and Temple Univer ity. She graduated from the Pennsylvania Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1913. This collection principally o nsisLS of Palmer's nursing lecture nOles whi le att nding Pcnnsyl va nia Hospit.al Training School for Nurses. It also incl udes her 1913 portrait.
Pennsylvania League of Nursing, J 948 1989, 9 linear f eet.
"From thejinl marriage-night,1O woman under 45 years of age can consider herself safe."
The Pennsylvan ia League of Nursing (PLN), a consti tuenL member of the National League of Nursing, represents nurses and other health care professionals interested in fostering the dev lopment of nursing and comprehensive healLh care services. In 1989, the PLN closed their Harrisburg ofl:ice and donated their inac tive records to tlle Cenler. The collection (conJinued onpag 6) TnE CHRONICLE
5
RECENT ACQUISITIONS
SECfION ON MEDICAL HISTORY
cOlilinued from page 5
documents the PLN's entire history, with a complete set of board minutes, corre spondence with affiliated agencies, educational fund files, newsleuers and bulletins, and other materials document ing the PLN's aclivities. Pennsylvania Nurses' Associalion. Distriel No. 2, 1920-1978, 1.9 linear j eet. The Penn. ylvania Nurses' Association, established as the Graduate Nurses' Association of the Slate of Pennsylvania, is a constituem organization of the American Nurses' Association. PNA, District No.2 is !.he regional nursing association in Southeastern Pennsylvania This collection includes monthly and annual meeting minutes, linancial reports, newsletters and other printed material, and a few photographs. Somers, Anne Ramsey. 1933-1982, 0.4 linearfeel Somers, educator, author, consultant, wa educated at Vassar College (BA, 1935) and the University of North Carolina (1939-1940). She is an influen tial health policy analyst who, with her husband, Herman Somers, wrote the important 1961 publication, Doctors, Patients. & Heallh Insurance. Somers served as a research associate of the Industrial Relation Section of Princeton University's Department of Economics during most of the period represented in this collection. This collection includes a 1964 study entiLied "The Pediatrician, The Hospital and The Community: A Case Study In Metropolitan Ho pital Planning." Somers
The SecUOll on Medical lliSlory of the Col1 cge of Physicillll~ of Phi1adelph ia invites all i nl rested persons to Its 1990-199 1 progTllm:
September 18; Life at Blocldey. A Pholographic History of the PhiUuJe lplritJ GeneTalllospilal, Junct
Golden, PhD.
October 17, The RadblU Lecture: Revolt AgaillS/ QuaTa ntine· Community Response.' /0 the 191 6 Potio Epidemic. O'%ter Bay, New York, GuenlCr B. Rinc . MD, P hD,
nivenity of Cali omia, San Fnmoisco.
November 28: Midwives and lhe PI!IIflJ'ylvQnitJ M~ical Boord : Supervision of Midw ifery Practice, 1912 1940 . l.inda Walsh. CNM, MPH. and Ntw NurJ'es. New Spaces: The De velopmelll oJ Crit ical Care intlte 1950s. Julie Fainnan , MSN. Febru.ary 6, The Multer Lecture: George F . Sheldon, MD, FACS, University of North Ca [ina &:hool of Mediciru:, will speak on Philip Syng Physick, "the father of American surgery." Sponsored by the MUller Museum and co-sponsored by the Section, the Landmark SociCl.y, and combined surgical special ties. arch 20: Margaret March, PhD, and Wanda Ronner. MD . wi ll give a joint presentation on the history o f " the infertile couplc". April I7 : The speaker will be announced.
l bc free lectu res begin at 6 : 15 p. m. They are followed by a reception and a subscription dinner. Reser vations should be m ade 10 day s in advance. Fo r infonn ation. call Eleanora C. Gordon at (2 15) 642-0999. or Steven J. Peitml8n at (21 5) 842 -6489.
and her colleagues investigated modem pediatrics, it" place in Philadelphia, and the plans for Children's Hospital at its future site in West Philadelphia. This collection also in cludes the 1961 transcripts oflhe Advisory Committee meeting on Children's Medical Cenler held at the Univer ity of Pennsylvania. Additional noteworlby material includes bricf histories of Children's Hospilal by Arthur H. Lea (1933) and Richard D. Wood, Jr. (1955), and some annual reports. Non-Manuscripts The Wife 's Ilandbook, 1888, 1 volume. Published in London by R. Forder, this vol ume is more fully entitled, The Wife's Handbook: How a Woman Should Order Ilerself During Pregnancy, In the Lying-in Room. and Af ter Delivery, With lJints on the Management of the Baby, and on other Mailers oj Importance, Necessary to be
Known by Married Women .
Cherry Ames Series, 1943-1960,15 volumes.
The Alben Einstein Medical Center School of Nursing donated 15 of the 22 Cherry Ames volumes that document her fictional careers. Au!.hors Helen Wells (1943-1948, 1955 1960) and Julie DiSaruiro (frolll ) alld j rieruis in operating Tatham (19491955) geared this room Uniform chorus line, ca. 1924 idealized view of nursing to young readers. Some represenlative titles in this series include Cherry Ames: Siudent Nurse (194 3); Cherry Ames: Country Do ctor' Nurse (1955): and Cherry Ames: Island Nurse (1960). DiSandro, Edith Hyde, Photographs, ]924-1927. 29 photo graphs. Taken while DiSandro attended Episcopal Hospital nursing school in Philadelphia, these photographs included exterior views of !be Episcopal Hospilal grounds; interior view of an operating room, chapel, and nurses residence; group portraits of llilerior view ofan operaJing room aJ Episcopal Hospaal. ca. 1924 . !.he nurses and residents; pholographs of b'TOUP aClivity; and a (DiSandro photographic colleclIOlI) foooal portrait of DiSandro. Tu£ CHRONICLE 6 c
CARE
OF THE SICK:
THE
SEARCH FOR REFORM
decided que tions of admission and defined their family member's menta] problems. Clearly, the asylum played a substitutive role in assisting families with seriously ill members. Nevertheless, the Friends Asylum staff negotiated for the conLrol they thought necessary for proper patient care. Dr. Constance Carino responded to D' Antonio's paper with an "empirical view" of lOday's truggle over the care of the chroni cally m nlally ill This struggle manifcsts itself in various forms: increasing complexity of care, pressures to dcinstitoti nalize, tight resources, and changing theories guidi ng practice. ConLrasti ng the present with the past, Carino tressed the shift in world view from religion in the 19th century to s ience in the 20th. Families had great ontrol over the 19th century medica l system and were as much a part of the in tituti n as the physician and nurse. In the 20th century, howe vcr, fami lie ' became i olated and d veloped a distrust for the m dical care y lem. Physicians' view of fa mily 's role in patient care al 0 changed; they vicwed Lhemselve. as controllers of the illness event, and families the cause of members' mental ills. In the 1990s, Carino noted, contemporary explanations for mental illness resting on brain dysfunction help families again escape blame for their members' illnesses. Families are begin ning to band together and re-empower themsclvcs in the system.
NEWS FROM THE CENTER
continued from page 3
Dr. Ro emary Stevens closed lhe Assembly speaking of "Revisiting Reform and the History or Nursing". Today's historians, opened Stevens, study contemporary nursing issues by examining gender, clas , status, and role questions from a histori cal perspective. Nursing history, Stevens uggesled, may r quire a reformist historical perspective, lhereby construcling a founda Lion from which to po ilively manage the presenL Nur have, to an extraordinary cgree denied their powerful potential as the largesl and most ccntral health care occupation. Today, suggested Stevens, contemporary nurses' concerns abom oppression risks imprisoning nursing history and contemporary nursing in a past of medical domi nance. Accepung an "op pressed" version of lhe past, however, would only enable nurses to seek redre of their complaints. Nursing, Stevens argued, was much more than a stage on which the themes of connict and oppression were played during i creative period. Citing the careers of Alice Fi her and Ida May Cannon, Steven pointed to "ru thlessly effective pioneers" in nursing who organized and pressed for oci I changc. They, and others, w re, highly effec ti vc and powerful nurses who influ enced a range of social reform movements and occupalions. Revisiting these early nursing reformers could establish a re formist tradition in nursi ng that would positively affecl nursing practice and policy.
continued/rom page 2
Janet Golden, PhD, and Myrtle Mat jski, PhD, received Brunner Fellowship to support their w rk with the Center's collections. Dr. Gold n's Fellowship research on tum of the century life at Blockley fornl part of her long-standing interest in the images of health and health care capLured in phOto graphs; an associated study emphasizes the images of women in health care. Dr. Golden also pursues her interests in the history of child and infant care, and women's hislory, interests developed while attaining her doclora I degree in American Studjes at Boston University. Winner of several awards and fellowships, Dr. Golden has held leac hing po sition ' at the Univer ities of Massachuseus , Delaware, and Pennsylvan ia, a well as her current position at Temple Un iversity in Philadelphia. Dr. Matej kit also a graduate of Boston Un iversity (BSN, MS , AM), earned her PhD at the Univer ity of Maryland in Curriculum/Higher EducaLion Administration, with a minor in history. Dr. Matejski continued her intere LS in women 's history and nursing with her summer Fellowship; she used the C nter's coli ctions lO exam inc the Sanitary Commi sion, and Civil War nurses and their post-war efforts lO improve health care. Dr. Matej ki has also researched the porLrayal of the elderly in literature, the Goldmark Report. and Ladies Aid Societies. She is currentl y Professor and Departm ent Chair al the Unjvcrsity of Delaware Collegc of Nursing. FALL EVENT The Ccnter welcomes all to its annual fall evenL Following a reception honoring our members, Dr. Janet Golden and Dr. Myrtle Matejskj, the frrst Brunner Fellows, will present papers on lheir summer's research. Dr. Goldcn will focus on the photographs found in the Center's Philadelphia Gcneral Hospital Alumnae AssociaLion collection. Dr. Myrtlc Matcjski will speak. on the "invisiblc" women who served as Civil War nurses. Both Fellow will share their findings on November 19 from 4;30 - 6:30 p.m. in the Nursing Education Building, SlIcet Floor Auditorium, University f Pennsylvania. Please RSVP by November th at (215) 898-4502.
LILLIAN
S.
BRUNNER
SUMMER FELLOWSHIP
In 1991 the Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer Fellowship for Historica] Research in Nursing will again be offered by the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing. Mat and Lil lian Bl}JIlner's generosity makes iL possible for the Center to offer this research fellowship which will sup port 6 to 8 weck of residential study and use of the Center's collections. Selection of Brunner scholars is based on evidence of preparation and/or producti vity in historical research related LO nursing. Brunner scholars will work under the direc tion of nurse hi lorians associated with the Center. Fellow' research will help insure the growth of schol arly work on nur ing history. Appl i canL'> for the $2,500 Brunner Fellow ship should contact Center Director Joan Lynaugh at (215) 898-4502, Univer ity ofPcnnsylvania, School of Nursing, 307 Nur ing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104 6906. The Fellowship application deadline is December 31,1990. TRY. CIIRONtCLE 7
MA UDE ASPER
contjn ued from page J
and treated bed sores; applied fomenta York Ci ty Hospital, Blackwell's Island for three yc.ars. Gouverneur provided emer tions, poultices, counter-irritants. and the gency care and am bulance station servi es for short term patients. N w York City like; gave baths, administcred enema", Hospital, Blackwell's Island provided long term chronic di 'case care for indigent and learncd the proper u e of (;athel rs; patients. Nurse commuted by I unch, while patients were trans ferred to Blackwell's fed helpless patients and those who I land from other h Spillil ' in the ferry, ' Brennan '. refused food; observed palients' SCCf(~ " I worked mostly in the ward on Blackwell' s Island," remembered Asper. "I started Lion • pulse, re pi rati n and temperature. there after Friends almost as a probie again for ni ne months Wltil they were ure I and the effects of diets, stimu lants and knew their systems. Then I was a Senior Nurse, I had charge of whole wards: medica medicines. In the mid t of h r training, tion; dres ing chang ; made sure we watched the real sick one' respiration, pulse, Asper also enj yed the time spent with temperatures. All thal. her patien ts. "Thal's where I had my operating room training. Onl y for two month , though. I had "I liked it there," she remembered charge of the operating room prepardtion. fondly. "What I enjoyed was tl1e ward Then, during oper tions, 1 wa<; the 'wet with the most violent patients. Nobody nurse': the lowels, the instruments from th ever went out a window on me. We had sterilizers, I wiped the perspiration ofr the patients who were violent and pati ents doctors. Sometimes I assistcd-held one leg who were periodical. And you fe lt while thc surgeon removed tllC other. Thm sorriest for Ihe periodical ones. kind of thing. I never reall y assisted like "We had Mary somebody-she was a some did. mental case all the time. She liked LO get "1 liked !.he wards, but wh n it got real old newspapers and put them under the busy I got sent over to Gouvcrneur Dispen belt of her underclothing and every now sary. Some Satu rdays, we had as many as and then she'd hand them to someone 500 Col es. 1 did the write-ups and assigned she liked. She was like a child. We 'd the patients to the doctors. Mostly, !.he have so mueh fun wi!.h her. patients w re all Jewish or Italian and "I was her fa vorite. She'd take hold of couldn' t speak English. After a while I g t to my neck and we'd dance around the understand enough Yiddish and Italian to at room and laugh and carry on. But then least id ntify the complain ts. she'd gel these attacks. 1 was in charge "[1 gOl ent over] to Hen ry Street Settle of thal ward and I was the onl y one ment House, too, with the welfare workers. he'd let do an ything for her. When she We went out Lbrough the tenem nts on the got an aura. she went right to her ro m, lower Ea t Side. I saw some sigh ts there! We got her straight jacket and let me pUl it watched out or diphtl1eria and small pox . on and tie her arms behind her. But There were lOlls I lots of injuries there. The N urse Asper in her New York CilY f/ osp ila / then, believe me, you got out of !.hat kid would play ou t in the streets at night uniform, ca. 1904 . room in a hurry. She'd kick !.he door while !.heir parents slept. [They woul J leep Light shut!" on the fire escap s in the summer, and sometimes they'd Lumble off. Graduation Asper also served Lbe lower East Side, along witl1 a driver and an intern , by horse Asper received her diploma from drawn ambulances. "We went down LO tl1e Bowery a lot." said Asper. "Mo 'lly drunks Friends on Ju ne 15, 1904. Although the and injuries. A saloon every olher store front. They'd lie in the guLlers and the wagons 99th Annual Report of Frjends Ho spital and horses would drive over !.hem. We'd go in and pick them up, stop the blee.ding, fix estimated training".. .to require about sp lints. It was ll ke a battle zone sometimes. It was awful cold in the winter. We'd have two years for its completion after to walch for frost bite. And did it Slink in !.he summer! I wore my blue cloak with Lh passing sa tisfactorily the required examir bright red lin ing and nobody ever bothered me no matter where 1 went." nations...", Asper required three years. Private Nursing "Aber two years," she explained, "I After graduating from The New York CilY Trai ning School for Nurses in 1907. passed tl1e examination. II was hard. Asper was ready for private nursing. "They o(fcred m Gouverneur Dispensary. bUl by They had medical school exams. It was then I knew r wanted private cases," she explained. Presbyterian Hospital provided just book lmowledge, but they kept me nurses with work through their Visiting Nurses Department. Between assignments, there an extra year. They !.hought I was Asper Lived in an aparLment wi th another nurse on Wesl End Avenue. too young for the work." "One time," recounted Asper, "I was really scared. r wenL way OUL on Long Island Battle Zone Training in New York one night. They said they 'd meet me at !.he railroad station but it was 11 o'cIo k before Feeling strongly in need of more I got there and it was awful dark. There was this man and a carriage and we drove and general nursing experience, Asper drove and drove. I thought, tl1is some son of hoax?' The patient turned oUl to be auended The New York City Training an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Taft administration. He was vi iung, School for Nurses in 1904. Asper trained playing golf, and fractured his knee cap. Got double pneumonia from hock. His host at both Gouverneur Hospital and New took him in li II he got better." (col1lillueti 0" page 9) THE CURONICLE 8
'rr )
RECENT RELEASES OF INTEREST
Marianne Bankert, Watchful Care: A l-listory ofAmerica's Nurse Anesthetists (New York: Continuum, 1989), Bankert docum nts the practice of nurse anesthetists and the organization's growth with a sensitive and balanced historical interpretation of professional, gender, and economic issues influencing health care, Clare Coss, ed., Lillian Wald: Progressive Activist (New York: Feminist Press, 1989). Part of the Feminist Press's Sourcebooks series, Clare Coss's book includes her play based on Wald's writings and life, "Lillian Wald: At Home on Henry Strcct," as wcU as Wald's speeches, tellers, and leal1eLS. Coss's play examin s Wald ' s complex role as "lady" and nurse in her fundraising effort for public health nursing. Coss will perform this play for the American Public Health Associati on meeting in New Y rk. For more information, please go to the Calendar section. Doris Groshen Daniels, Always a Sister: The Feminism of Lillian D. Wald (New York : Feminist Pres " 1989). Li llian Wald is best know n as the founder of the Henry Street Settlement in New York and as a turn-of-Lhe-cemury soc ial reformer, Whil extensive literature about Wald exisLS, few have fully explored her life and work as a femini st. This biography traces the feminist rooLS ofWald's work, from her nursing trai ning to her life-long lobbying on behalf of beLler housing, health care, and labor legislation. Daniels also provides a useful inlCrprctive framework for considering the history of public health, the progres sive era, and the seLtloment movement. Laurel Thatch r Ulri .h, A Midwife'S Tale : The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on her Diary, 1785-1812 (New York: AlJrcd A. Knopf, 1990). Martha Ballard kept a diary for27 years. She wrote detailed accounLS of her midwifery practice, daily family and communjty Life, and of the people important to her Maine work. Thatcher's brilliant book restore Martha Ballard to our consciousness as she weaves essential historical understanding of the post-revolutionary era with Martha Ballard' s life. An essential book for hislorians of nursing, women, families, law and economics- and for anyone who longs LO read and/or write superb history.
DEVELOPMENT NEWS
With our annual membership drive currently underway, Center members will have received a letler requesting renewed support of the Center. Frankly, we depend on our members' annual support 10 help us keep the Center open from year 10 year, especially in the 'e early years as we build the Cenler's endowment fund. Your membership dollars also help us pay for the COSle; of acquiring, preserving and cataloging our colJections documenting nursing's pasL If, as new or contributing members, you would like LO make a larger donation, consider a gift of a paid-up life insurance policy or a bequesL At a recem alumni gathering of southern New Jersey Penn nursing graduates, for example, Mrs. Ellen Warner presented several of her paid-up life insuranc policies to Dean Claire Fagin of the School of Nursing, Mrs. Warner followed suit on Dorothy Harvey Leonard's si milar suppon of the Cenler (The Chronicle, Fall 1990, Vol. 2, No , 2). BequesLS can also help ensure the Center's continued existence. A generous bequest from the estate of Hilda Mixsell helped fund the Center's renovation two years ago. They can be designated for the Cen ter's general endowment fund or for a specific purpose , such as underwri ting an arcllival collection or sponsoring a fellowship, However you decide to support the Center, we will greatly appreciate your dona tions. To members we offer our array of new and continueing services-{)ur yearly fall event, our Annual Penn Nursing History Assembly, and Our expanded new lelter. And, s always, member.) should feel free to peruse the Center's resources for any personal or profc ' ional research projecLS, For more infonnaLion about supporting the Center, please contact Bonnie Devlin, DireclOr of Development for the School of Nursing, at (2 15) 898-4841 .
VISITING HISTORICAL
SCHOLAR PROGRAM The National Library of Medicine will select one (1) recognized scholar to engage in historical re search and staff consultation during the 199 1- 1992 season. Applications are now invited from individuals interested in spencling from 610 12 months at the Library. For informa tion, write the Chief, H' tory of Medicine Division, National Library of Medic ine, 8600 Rockvi lle Pike, Bethe da, MD 20894, or call (30 I) 496-5405). The Closing date is De cember 15, 1990,
MAUDE ASPER cOlllinucd jrom pag 8
1n 1914 Asper continued her private nursing work near Harrisburg, Pennsyl vania, where her sistcrs lived. There were the usual post childbirth and injury cases until a mysterious problem of constant infeclions follow ing operations developed in a Carlisle hospital. Asper was asked 10 substitute for the staff nurse. "1 couldn't believe il. ..there was sediment in the sterilizer! And blood traces on the operating room floor! They gave me some men and we had quite a house-cleaning. And the infections stopped," A Proud Career Typically for those days, my mother's career ended wiLh her marriage to a young pastor of her Methodist church, Although she never returned to nursing, she helped out in crisis situations and retained a number of the ans, altitudes, and practices of the profes ional nurse all ber life. such as dressing and un dressing under a capacious robe when in c nfined quarters even with her famil y, In hcr last years, I re all the life that came inlO her when her doclOr would address her as Nurse Asper. My mother died in her sleep at the age of 96 in 1978. Jack Siegrisl 991h Allnual Reporl of Friends HO.fpitai pro~icUd by A[[~wlI Staih , De _elopmult OfjLce, Frieru:Js Ifospi tal. Jack Ec/url , College of Physic iallS oj Philadelphia, and Dr. Chorlts Rosell berg, Dll i ..!rsity of Pellllsylvollio , pTo~ided backgroWlli informatioll Oil the New York I/ospital system and Presbyterian Hospital. THE CI:IRONI
u: 9
MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF TI-IE HISTORY OF NURSfNG
Collections
Date
Extent
1885 -1988
70.0
lin. fL
1896-1980 1905 1907-1987 1897- 1964 1973-1 986 1894 -1907 1896- 1961 1903- 1904 1871- 1987
4 .0 0.4 20.45 2 .25 4 1.8 0.2 0.4 120.0
lin. flo Lin . [t. lin. [L lin. fL folders lin. IL lin. ft lin. [t lin. fL
1960- 1980 193] -1987
2.0 3.9
lin. flo lin. [L
Voluntary Non-Pro/it Associations Community Home Health Service Princeton CommUllity Leag ue Vis iting Nurse Comm ittee Starr Centre Association of Philadelphia Visiting Nurse Association (Moorestown, N.J.) Visiting Nurse Association of Ambler & Vicinity Visiting Nurse Committee of Princeton and Cinnaminson, New Jersey Visiling Nurse Society of Philadelphia
1976-1981 1924- 1950 1897 -1954 1906- 1965 1922- 1984 1912-1 919 1855 -1987
6.3 21 5.5 10.0 1 22.5
lin. ft. folders lin . fl. lin . flo lin. flo folder lin. ft.
Professional and Military Associations American Legion-Pennsylvania Division, Helen Fairchild POSl No. 412 American Nephrology Nurses' Association Andrew G. Curtin Association of Army Nurses National Organization for Public Health Nurses Pennsylvania League of Nursing Pennsylvania Nurses' AsSOCiation, District No . 2
1919-1986 1986-1987 1861 -1903 1910-1952 1948-1989 1920-1978
2.0 0.2 0.1 1.0 9.0 1.9
lin . fl. 1in. fl lin. fl. lin. ft. lin . fl. lin. flo
Miscellaneous Groups Evening Bulletin History of Nursing in Philadelphia 1. B. Lippincou Company Mayor's Commis ion on Health in the Eighties (Philadelph ia)
1905 -1975 1973-1974 1871-1931 1983-1984
0.8 15 1 0.8
lin. fl. folders folder lin. fL
Individuals Ajken, Linda H. Austin, Ann L. Barlon, Beverly L. Brennan, Mary Capers, Cynthia Flynn Cavell, Edith Chase, Adaline Clymcc, Mary U. Duffy, Eileen M . Eataugh, Dorothy Mark Erikson, Edith Erikson, Ruth Errickson, Sara Mailer Francis. Susan C. Godfrey, Mary Robinson Goodrich, Annie W. Gruber, Mildred Heffernan, Bernardine
1972-1986 1940-1970 1965-1981 1941 -1982 1978- 1982 191 5-1956 1900- 1975 1886-1888 1975 -1977 1938 1928-1985 1932- 1935 1946-1972 1934-J987 1910-1987 1871-1955 1904-1906 1968-1986
9.8 1.0 0.4 2.0 0.8
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Scbools of Nursing and Nursing Alumni Associations Alumni Association of Philadelphia General Hospital Training School for Nurses Alumnae Association of the School of Nursing of Mercy-Douglass Hospital Chautauqua School of Nursing Ch tnut Hill Hospital S hool of Nursing Children's Hospital of Philadelphia School of Nur ing Freedmen's Hospital Nurses' Alumni Clubs, Inc . Hospital of the U niversity of Pennsylvania School of N ursi ng Muhlenberg Hospital School of Nursing Philadelphia School of Nursing Medical Supply and Dispensary Presbyterian School of Nursing (philadelphia) Society of the Alumni of the School of Nursing of the University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
TilE CHRONICLE
10
1.3
1 21.25 6 5 0.8 0.4 4
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MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING
Indivdual continued Holman , Lydia Izcka, Jad wiga John ton , Margaret Alice Kennedy, Ceci le Kratz, Elizabelh Leininger , Jenny Lemley, Alice and Lillie Leonard , Dorothy Harvey Matthews Irene McCarran , Sarah McCosh. I abella G uthrie M ereness , Dorothy A. Newman, Edna Al bert Nightingale , A orenee Ol ina tz, Nanette Overhol tz , Ella Florence Pag , Nancy J. Palmer, Edilh Peplau, Hildegard Radbill, Sam uel X. Rath, Charlolle Tyson Rauschenberger, Dorolhy Robinson, Alice Merrill Rogers, Wesle y Wiley Schwartz, Doris Somers, Anne Ramsey Soper, Martha Lenora Collell Stem, Beverl y Peril Todd, Edwina C. Tram, Rose Anna van der Peel, Robert A. Whitmer, Laura Strickler
1888-1 960 1939- 1960 1944- 1945 1939- 195 7 1899 -1 946 1915 -1986 1887- 1888 1947- 1987 1933 -1 985 1909-1964 1897 1985 1924-1936 1856 -1896 1958- 19 0 1921
1960-1962 1909-191 2 1985 1985-1 989 1928- 1970 1914 - 1986 1920-1983 1987 1969-1987 1933-1982 191 9-1920 1955- 1960 1947- 1953 1926-1970 ]989 ]934 -1947
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l\1EMBERSH IP A pPLICATION TO THE CENTER FOR THE S T UDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING
Enclosed is my check for $ _ _ _ _ ; please enroll me in the follow ing group :
_ _ Friends of the Center (Up to $50) _ _ Center Contributor ($50 to $99) _ _ Linda Richards Society ($100 to $249)
_ _ Lillian Wald Society ($250 to $499)
_ _ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up)
_ _ Please send me more information abo ut named gift opportunities.
_ _ Please send me more information abou t making a bequest to the Center.
NAME ______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ ___
ADDRES S __________________________________________
CITY ____________ STATE _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ZIP _ _ _ __
Please make your check payable to the Trustee: of the Univer ity of Penn ylvania. Your contribution is tax-deductible. Mail to the Center/or the Stud y o/the History oj Nursing, Univer. ity of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 307 Nursin g Education Building Phila.delphia, PA 19104-6096.
TlIE CURONICLE
11
CALENDAR
UPCOMING EVENTS
CoOoquium or the Institute or Medi
cine or Johns Hopkins University
Thursdays, 2:30 p.m. , Welch Medical Li
brary, 3«1 floor, Baltimore, Maryland.
For information on these seminars, call
(301) 955-3178. Early Mrs. Chase October 18, HislOry of Nursing Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Following a reception by subscription in the Museum' Portrait Gallery at 7:30 p.m ., Dr. Eleanor K. Herrmann will give a free talk at 8:00 p.m . For infonnation and reservations, contact Dr. Marylou MCHugh at (21 5) 95 1- 1902, or Sandra Davis at (215) 951-0771. There is a $7.00 fee for the reception. History or Medicine Seminars September 27 -December 6, Thursdays, 12:00-2:00 p.m., College of Physicians of Philadelphia. These hmchtime seminars, sponsored by the Francis Clark Wood In stitute for the History of Medicine, are free and open to the public. For more in formation on speakers and topics, contact Carla Jacobs at (215) 563-3737, x273 . Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer Fel lowship
Reception and Presentation November 19,4:00-6:30 p.m., Nursing Education Building, SlIeet Roor Audito rium, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Janel Golden and Dr. Myrtle Malejski, the first Brunner Fellows, will present papers summarizing thejr summer 's
Cenler for The Sludy of The History of Nur.'ing U 'IVERSrrY OF PF~ iNSYLVA.;v. NL'RSI.·O EDl:CAUO.· BL1LDlNG Prm.AD LPJlIA,
PA 19104-6096
work. For information, conlactilie Center
al (215) 898-4502.
"Lillian Wald: At Home on Henry
Street"
Seplember 30, 4:15 p.m., Henry Street
SeUlement.. New York, New York . A
play by Clare Coss. For more informa
tion, write Anne Quashen, Executive Di
rector, New York Counties Registered
Nurses Association, 200 Park Avenue
South, Suite 511, New York, NY 10003.
Politics or Caring
October 11-13, Emory Universily,
Atlanta, Georgia. For information, call
the Emory Institute for Women's Studies
at (404) 727-0096.
Second Annual Penn Nursing History
Assembly
Twilight Procession Friday, Aprill3. 1991,5:00 p.m.
Seminar Saturday, April 14, 9:00 a.m . For infor mation, contact the Center at (215) 898 4502. Seventh Annual Conference for the History of Nursing September 22-24, Galvcston , Texas. For information, contacl the American Asso ciation [or the History of Nursing, Inc., P.O. Box 90803. Washington, D.C. 20090-0803, or calJ (409) 761-1736. EXHIBITS
Kamin Gallery, Van Pell Library UniversHy of Pennsylvania In conjunction wi th the Photography Ses
quicenlennial Project celebrating 150 years o[ pholOgraphy in the United Slates,-the Center will prof.tJe some of ilS importanl photographic holdings along with the Architectural Archives, the Museum Archives, the Spccial Collcc tions of Van PelL Library, and the University Archives. Through 1990. Thud Floor Gallery Nursing Education Building University of Pennsylvania Case 1: Caring Jor the Sick: The Visiting
Nurse Society oj Philadelp}ua--Docu ments and PhotographsJrom the Turn oj the Century Case 2: Alice Fisher and Her Legacy: Documents and PhotOgraphs oja Nine teenth Century Ref ormer and Nurse Case 3: H05p ita( oj the University oj Pennsylvania: Dolls and ArtifactsJrom the Collections Through 1990. Street Floor Gallery NurSing Education Building Univer ity of Penn ylvania
Caring Jor the IlealIIl of Philadelp}uans. Then and No~ssues Thai Do Not Go Away Through 1990. Mutter Museum Colleg of Physicians of Philadelphja The Gibbon Hearl-LUIIg Machine and
The Chevalier Jackson Collection oj For eign Bodies. For further information, contacllhe MUller Museum at (215) 563 3737.
No np rofi\ rga n.
US. Posta e
PAID
Permit N o. 2563
Philadelp h ia, PA