Fall 1993 Vol 6 No 1
ISSN 1049-2259
PROFESSIONAL S OCIALIZATION AND STUDENT CULTURE 1N HOSPITAL-BASED NURSING SCHOOLS IN ~ADELPlllA
KAREN EoENES, RN, EnD The first generation of hospital-based schools of nursing were established between 1873 and 1893, when there were fewer than 200 hospitals in the United States. By 1910, 4,000 hospitals had opened. Over one fourth of these established their own nursing schools. In lhese hospitals, sludems provided most of lhe patient care. Although refonns in nursing education and changes in health-care delivery resulted in the hiring of graduate n urses, student nurses continued to work ill both staff and supervi Pi positions through Ule early 1950s. As late as 1974, 76 per cent of all active nurses beld diplomas from bospital nursing schools. The apprentic ship training ultimately outlived its usefulness. But it also had spe cial strengths. In the hospital nursing schools, young women learned responsi bil ity and commitmenlto their profession. Through the pow rful shared experience of " nurses' training," students were initiated into a "w rk cultur .. with disti n t social mores, traditions, and valu s. The training school experience bad a profound impact on tlleir practice of professional nursing.
ProfessIonal Socialization of Nursing Students The tenn "socialization" refers to the process whereby an individ ual comes to in ternalize the behaviors, knowledge, skills, and values considered necessary by those offering instruction or inOuence. Through fonnal socialization processes that i.nclude A lice Fisher Society Historical Scholar Karen Egenes reward and punishment, and imitation of (right) and Lillian Sholtis Brunner SWllmer Fellow Janna role mod Is, Ute sch 01 transfonns the indi Dieckmann (left) . vidual into one who possesses an identity and confidence in the perfonnance o f an expected role. I StudenL,> arc professionally socialized by means of institutional ri tuals, such as rules, ceremonies, and symbols. Many historians have explored Ute role of these rituals.
Center for The Study of The History of Nursing UNlVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
s
OOL OF Nu~ rNG
Rules Kalisch and Kalisch descdbe me importance of training-s hool rules in the so cialization of student nurses.2 For example, "hospital etiquette" fonned a centrdi theme of early ethics manuals; the prescribed rules represented a sign of respect for authority and an indication of the nursing student' s seriousn s and responsibility .) Nursing education was viewed as moral initiation: "The drilling and disciplining of the woman inside tlle nurse, the development of a right mind and right habits of life, are the most difficult as well as the most important part in the making of a nurse."4 Melosh asserts that trdining school superintendents "maintained strict con (continued on page 6)
Lillian ShoLtis Brunner SummeT Fello w Janna Dieckmann presents her slimmer research to readers o/The Chronicle on page 3.
2
CENTER FOR THE S W DY OF
NEWS FROM THE C ENTER
THE HISTORY OF
NURSING The Center fo r The Study of The History af Nursing was established in 1985 to encourage and facil itate histori cal schol ar.;hip on health-care history and nursin g in thc United States. Now in its eighth year of existence, the Cen t r continues to create and maintain a resource for such research ; to improve the quality and scope of historical scholarship on nursing; and to dissemi nate new knowledge on nu rsing history through education, confcrences, publi cations, and inter-disciplinary collabo ration. This summer the Center wel comed the first Alice Fisher Society lI istorical Scholar, Dr. Karen Egcnes. Currcnt projects at the Center range from studies of international nu rsing and home-based nursing to re search on the care of the critically ill. We also contin ue to collect, process, and catalogue ,ill outstanding collection of primary historical materials. Feel free to visit the Center, Mon day-Priday, 9:00-5 :00 p.m. Scholars planning to conduct research at the Center sho uld contact the Center ' s ar chivist at 215-898-4502. Our archivist wi Urespond with a description of the scope and content of relevant materials in the various collections.
Center Advisory Board Lill ian Sholtis Brunner, CluJir M. Louise Fitzpatrick, Vice CluJir Helen Edwards Jeanne Kiefner Ann P. Knight Nadine Landis Eleanor C. Llmbertsen Mark Frazier Lloyd Charles E. Rosenberg Stephanie i\ . Stachniew icz Tina Weintraub Center Staff Joan E. Lynaugh, PhD, FMN
Director Ellen D. Baer, PhD, FM N
Associate Director Karen I3u hler-Wilkerson, PhD, FAAN
Associate Director Margo Szabun ia
Archivist Cynth.ia Smith
Secretary Carla Castil lo Editor. Til Chronicle
TACKLING A GIANT: ERIC DULIN T AKE ON 1HE NATIONAL FUND FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION REcORDS The National Fund for Medical Education Records (NFME), tbe Center's largest collection at over 200 lin ar fe t., is in tbe midst of being processed. To lend a band with this arduous task, Eric Dulin has joined the Center' s staff for the summer as an archival assistanl A graduate of Fayetteville State University (North Carolina), Eric is pursuing a master' s degree in American History at Tem ple Universi ty . Eric has com pleted archival theory courseworlc and brings to !.he Center processing experience from his work at the Urban Archives of Philadelphia. The NFME collection' s Size makes processing a cbal lenging Lask. But Eric has ably defined various series within the collection. He is currently describing the financial files and placing them into acid-free folders. Next he will begin de scri bing tile grant files, which constitute the largest portion of the collection. By weeding out duplicate materials, Eric has reduced the collection by nearly 10 percenl
Archival Assistant Eric Dulin
a1
work on tile NFME
These records, in loto, Records. document national in itiatives in health-care education and research . As such, we are eager to prepare a descriptive inventory to facilitate research use of this important collection .
AN U PDATE: N URSING HISTORY PROCE..<iSING AND CATALOGING P ROJE(.T Funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, Ibe Nursing History Processing and Cataloging Project (NHPC) bas been underway since December 1991. The project's goals have been to process, describe, and catalog ap proximately 300 linear feel of records o[ organizations and manuscriplS of indi viduals. To date, this project has made possible tile processing of nineteen collections. Perhaps tile most notable collection tilal has been processed this year i Ibe Lankcnau Hospital School of Nursing Records (1 871 -1992). These records chronicle tile long history of one of Philadelphia's most respected diploma schools of nursing . It contains records that span the life of the school, from its founding in 1899 (as tile German Hospital, Lankenau's in stitutional predecessor), to its closing in 1992. Donated by the Lanken3u Hospital School of Nursing, the coUection includes records from the hospital, school of practical nursing, school of nursing, and the Nurses' Alumnae Association. Administra tive files, administrati ve records, artifacts, a large number of pholograpbs, and publica tions combine to provide a comprebensive view of tile school throughou t its many ye.:1IS of operation. (Th Lankenau Hospital School of Nursing Records were profiled in tile Recent Acquisitions section of tile Fal l 1992 issue of The Chronicle.) Other recently processed collections include thc Mary Brennan Papers, tile Thelma Schorr Papers, tile Brandywine I-lome HealtIl Agency Records, tile Visiting Nurse As sociation of AlJegheny County Records, tile Visiting Nurse Association of Eastern Montgomery Coun ty Records, Ibe Visiting Nurse Association of Ambler and Vicinity Records, and tile Montgomery County Homemaker Home ITealth Aid . ervicc R ecords. In add ition, the processing of the Alice Merritt Robinson Papers is nearing omplctlon. Robinson served as editor of Nursing Oul/ook and RN magazines.
3
CARING FOR TIIE CHRONICALLY JANNA DIECKMANN,
III IN PHILAnELPIDA, 1945-1965
RN, MSN
Phlladelphia is an excellent case study of mid-lwentielh ntury paUerns of caregiving for the hronic sick in institutions and in Ihe home. The nwnerous agency and institutional records vailable for historical research w ill provide ample material for an analysis of the patterns of care for the chronically ill in a va riety of care settings.
Patterns of Care Between 1945 and 1965, care of the chronic sick was lim ited by inadequate financing, poor standards and services, and insufficient personnel. Acute care, however, grew and devel oped ex tensively during this period.
IlUldeqllaJe Financing The coslof aring for Ihe chronic sick played an important role in limiting the resources available to this group. Many heaJlh-care providers and government officials questioned ex pending limiled charitable resources on individuals who were th ught t contribute little to society; sucb perceptions were based on the association of chronic illness with unemployment, poverty, and old age. As a result, crowded and under-financed acute-care services underfunded the are of the dependent, long lenn chronicall y iJI as a means of controlling health-care costs and utilization.
construction of infmnaries and m dicalization of borne admis sions and programs. Area-wide planning through organized health and welfare associations proposed extensive voluntary, chronic-care support systems. Unfortunately, few components were implemented due to poor financing and weak interagency coalitions. These local efforts ultimately were superseded by federal policy for the sick and aged after 1965.
The Docwnentary History of tbe Care of the Chronically m The resources at Ihe Center for Th Study of The History Of Nursing will assi t with further refmement of the historical analysis of this study. Use of Center archival materials will as ist in responding to new questions raised b y analysis of Ihe study. Manuscript collections from several visiting nurse ass0 ciations, nursing schools, and indi vidual nurses housed atlhe Center will be particularly use fll I to tilis 'wdy. Janna Dieck/nann is tile 1993 Lillian Sholl is Brunner Summer Fellow al the Center. She is a doctoral candidate al the University 0/ Penn sylvania Sc/u)o/ of Nursing. Her dissertation, "Caring for the Chroni cally W: Philadelphia, 1945-1965, " is supervised by Dr. Karen Buhler· Wilkl!rson, associate dire tor of the Cenler. Diecknwnn has received support f or this study from the National Center for Nursing Research, lhe American Nurses' FoundaJion, and Penn's Program/or the Asses.smenl and Revitalizat ion oflhe Social Sciences.
Poor Standards and Services Chronic illness had long replaced acute infectious disease as the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality. ComulU nities, stalCs, and the federal government responded by modify ing health-care delivery to partially incorporated chronic-illness services. However, it was done in a manner that reinforced a two-tiered system of acute care and chronic care. The depen dent, chronica1ly ill- arthritics, "cardiac cripples," stroke and neurologically impaired patients, the "senile," and cancer pa tients-received lower intensity care in growing networks of nursing bomes and at home. The administrators of boanling and nursing homes frequenlly retained the traditional mphasis on shelter service. ralher than health care.
InsujficietU Personnel Opportunities for nursing care were not always met by the profeSSional nurse, chiefly because few chronic-care institutions had sufficienland reliable income to afford their salaries. Nurses also seemed ambivalent aboul using scarce agency and institutional resources to care for the chronic sick. What was enough nursing care, and wben was it proper to limit services? Registered nurses were also rare in twentieth-century almshouses as weIl as in boarding and nursing homes.
New Programs for the Chronic Sick During Ihe 1950s, public recognition of the "chronic illness problem" led to the development of new programs for the chronically ill, such as long-term home care, homemaker borne bealth aide services, and home-delivered meal programs. Almshouses and homes for the aged modified their trad itional emphasi on shelter services to health-care erviccs througb
L1LuAN SHOLTIS BRUNNER SlJMMFR FElLOWSHIP The Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer Fellowship for Historical Research in Nursing wiU again be offered in 1994 by the Center for The Study qf1l1e History of Nursing atllle Univer ity of Pennsylvania Mal and Lillian Brunner's gen erosity makes it possible for the Center to offer this research fellowship supporting 6 to 8 weeks of residential study and use of llle Center's collection . Selection of Brunner fellows will be based on evidence of preparation and/or productivity in historical research related to our ing. Brunner scholars will work under the general direction of nurse historians as sociated with the Center. Research completed by the fellows will help insure the growth of scholarly work in nursing his tory. Applicants for the $2,500 Brunner Fellowship should contact Center Director Joan Lynaugh at the Center Jor The SbJdy of The History of Nursing, University of Pcnn.'ylva nia. School of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6906. or call 215-898-4502. The application deadline is December 31,1993 .
4
REcENT ACQUISmONS
Athens County Visiting Nurse Association, 1989-1 992, 10 reels microfilm (addition). This Ohio-based rural visiting nurse association was founded in 1982. The microft.lmed patienl records consist of p tienLS' charts. Such records, once no longer of utility to an agency, are routinely destroyed. While these records are ricb sources of infonnation, their existence in archives is sparse.
William H. Hel/and Postcard Collection, 1900-1970. 50 post cards. This wonderful collection depicLS photographic and cartoon images of IlurseS from Canada, France, Gennany, Great Britain, Japan, South Africa, and the United Slates. "How They See Us" on the facing page discusses some of these images.
Elinor Fry Lasek, 1935-1939, photograph album. Many of the pbotographs in the Center' s collection depict traditional work scenes. Fry's personal photographs add to the more conunon pictorial material housed at the Center. Pboto grapbs from Pry's student days at the Philadelphia General Hos pital Training School for Nurses depicted Fry with other studenl nurses, colleagues, patienLS, and building exteriors. A handful of pictures were shot at the 1939 New York World' s Fair. St. Luke's Hospital of Philadelphia, ca. 1910, 3 photographs. These photographs depict graduate nurses assembled out side St. Luke's, an in terior view of a men' s ward with nurses
attending to patients, and two nurses preparing an operating room. St Luke' Hospital was founded in 1896 in the city's nonb em section. That same year, three studenLS eurol1ed in St Luke's two-year nurse training program. In 1929, Sl Luke's merged with Children's Homeopathic Hospital at FrankUn and hompson StreeLS.
Visiting Nurse Service o/New York, 1993, videotape. "Work of the Visiting Nurse" is narrated by Dorothy Hillis and contains 1920s motion picture footage of New York public health nurses visiting patients in several boroughs. One vignette shows a nurse in rural Bronx drawing water from an outdoor pump in order to w!lSh her patient. It also includes footage of Lillian Wald, a leader of the public health nursing movement in the United States and crusader for the causes of child welfare, civil liberties, immigration, and Ibe Socialist Party. WaId founded the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, which has served the home-bound sick since 1893. Michael Zwerdling, 1907-1916, 3 postcards. Zwerdling' s postcards depict Edwardian-era nurses from France, Great Britain, and the United S,,'ues. (Please see the fac ing page for a discussion of images of nurses in postcard .)
THE lNvENlDRY: A F INDING AID m TIffi P AST
TENlH ANNuAL CONFERENCE
The following list of inventories are now available at the Center. Each entry below includes Ibe collection title, date span, volume of materials, and \englb of the inventory in pages. Subsequent fall issues of 77t.e Chronicle will list addi tional completed inventories.
The Tenth Annual Conference on Ibe History of Nursing will be held on October 1 Ibrough 3 at the Hotel Atop The Bellevue in Philadelphia. This year the conference is celebrating Ibe hundredlb anni versary of the National League for Nursing. the hundredlb anniversary of the founding of public h aIth nursing. aIld the tenth anniversary of the American Association for the HiStory or Nursing (AAHN). The conference, cosponsored by the AAHN. the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, and the National League for Nursing, is designed to provide a forum [or sharing national and international nursing history research.
Athens Counly Visiting Nurse Associa tion, 1982-1 992, 1.7 linear feet, 3 pages. Brandywine Home HeaIlb Agency, 1917-1990, 8.3 linear feel, 16 pages. Lankenau Hospital School of Nursing, 1871-1 992, 52.5 linear feet, 27 pages. Lock Haven Hospital, 1896-1964, 0.8 linear feel, 3 pages. Montgomery Coumy Homemaker Home Heallb Aid Service, 1967-1990,3.75 linear feel, 6 pages. Visiting Nurse Association of Allegheny County, 1918-1990,6.5 linear feel, 18 pages.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TIffi H ISTORY OF N URSING
The keynote address, "Self-Reference, Self-Knowledge, Self-Control: These Tbree Alone Lead Life To Sovereign Power (S. Lillian Clayton 1874-1930)," will be given by Dr. Claire M. Fagin, Interim President of the University of Pennsylvania, Leader ship Professor and Dean Emeritus of the School of Nursing, on October 1 at 5:00 p.m. A banquet dinner and auction of nurse celebrity items will be held on Saturday evening at the Franklin Institute Science Museum, located on Ibe Benjamin Franklin Parkway at 20th Streel, just minutes from Ibe Hotel Atop The Bellevue. (Transportation will be provided.) Dinner will be held in the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, a majestic marble rolunda in the Museum Centre.
The remainder of Ibe conference will provide opportunities to bear, dis uss, and question Ibe presenters of twenty-two papers. Displays by publishers of recent nursing historical texLS will allow you to preview them before ordering. Various breaks during the program will offer Ibe opportunity to become acquainted with colleagues who share your interest in history. During lunch on Saturday, a (orum discussion is planned for doctoral studenLS Wldertaking historical nursing research. Please contact Barbara Brush or Geertje Boschma for furlber information at 215 898-4502.
5
How T HEY S EE US:
P OSTCARD IMAGES OF NURSES
The Angel of Mercy: "Les Nouvelles de La Guerre. " (Zwerdiing Postcard Collection)
T he Center recently acquired a number of thought provoking picture postcards from France, Germany. Grea t Britain, Japan, South Africa, and Ibe United States. Gifts of two avid deltiologists (postcard collectors), W iUiam H. Helfand and Michael Zwerdling, these cards depict various images of nurses, some flatteri ng, others nol, from the 1900s to the 1970s. The popular image of the nurse, typified by
these cards, runs the gamut from the "Angel of Mercy"-an icon manifested shortly after Florence Nightingale's worle in the C rimean W ar-to sex object, to professional career woman . Such images both promoted and were products of nursing stereotypes.
The Postcard Generally speaking, picture postcards came into widespread use fi rst in E urope b y the turn of the century as sou venirs and as efficient means of communication. The earliest commercial picture postcards in this countly had their debut at the 1893 W orld' s Columbian E xposition in Chicago. By 1905, cards had reached comparable popularity in the United States. Commercial postcards were slower to catch on in the U.S. as few domestic factories had the sophisticated lithography equipment that was neces&:'U)' for postcard production. For muc h of the twentieth century, American commercial cards were prinled abroad. Postcards came primarily in lwO forms: a commercially pro duced issue, often printed in Europe and sold in large quantities; or a photocard-an ac tual photograph printed on heavy stock paper wi th the word "post card" Oil the back. Cards peaked in popu larity around 1906; to wit, in that year, over 770 mil lion postcards were ma iled in the U .S . alone. Excepting com
lilY NUl 1;l(l IIORMA~ • ~ ll.OOlI-PUS5VM,\ Klett,
I\UUNNIIi' ;., rM'R . PO '(OU '\llOIIO!1I WIlY •
mercial travel-souvenir cards, the popularity of postcards de clined in the 1920s and 1930 s as the telephone captured the American imagination. Pbotocards saw a modest revival in the 1950s and early 1960s due to the availability of Polaroid Land Camera's self-developing sho ts that could be backed with a postcard mailer.
Popular Images of Nurses World W ar I era postcards were intended as patriotic pro paganda, often depicting almost saintly portraits of nurses or groups of military nurses smartly lined up in uniform .
Guardian angels or war-weary health prOf essionals: "Fourth of July, 1918, celebration in Paris-A regiment of Red Cross nurses, the 'A nny's Guardian A ngels. '" (Helfand Postcard Col/eelion)
The Nigbtingale " Angel of Mercy" iconograpby was pro mored in E urope as well as the U .S .. as evidenced by the French postcard "Les Nouvelles de la G ucrre" (News of the War). The pai nted backdrop indicates that lhis photograph was carefully staged. Typical o f the wartime effort to inspire patriotism , such ennobling imagery was meant 10 instill in wmnen the desire to care for the war's wounded at the front. Other postcards showed n ImeS at the actual war front, in stead of staged studio shots. but these, too, w re sentimental rather than realistic de picti os of miHtary nurses' wartime expe riences . The postcard of R ed C ross nurses in uni fon n shows them m arching in the streets of Paris, , ." proudly hoisting tlle stars and stripes. But even here, instead of recogniz ing war weary heal th professionals, the caption describes the scene as "A regiment of . .. the 'Army 's G uardian Angels.'" T his icon was long-li ved and strongly embed ded in the p ublic's perception of what a nurse was and should be.
The nurse as sex object: "My Pulse isn't Nonnal, My Bw od Pressure's High, I 'm Running a Fever, Do You Wonder Why ?" (Helfand Postcard Collection)
The positi ve, albeit roman tic, image o f the nurse eroded somewhat in the 1920s a s the fl apper, who lOOk job re sponsibili ties less seriously. gained in popularity as a symbol o f the ideal mod em woman. The exigencies of the Second W orld W ar, however. cast the nurse in a (continued on page 10)
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6
PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZAIlON AND SWDENf CUL1URE IN P:HnAoELPlllA trol over students' work and social lives, exercising an authorilY that extended well paslthe nOlUlal limits of school or workplace discipline."s Reverby argues that nineteenth-century nursing schools exerted rigid controls on students to "forge a woman of character with in stinctively proper behavior and skills, who wa able to accomplish ber ordained destiny of bringing about both order and health. "6
Ceremonies Initiation ceremonies and "rites of passage" are commonly used to mark public recognition of the change from one statu to another. 7 KaJjsch and KaH h briefly describe the ceremonies of various hospital nursing schools. 8 These ceremorues might include "wel come tea parties," "capping," the addi tiou of stripes to caps, and "pinning." Oleson and Wbiuaker believe these cer emonies served as emotional reminders to pupil-nur. e's of their commitment to nursing responsibilities,9 Symbols The ymbols of a society reflect its values. They create a uniformity IUnong members of the society and imply a shared cuJture. IO Carbary discussed Ule use of the nur ing school pin in the pres ervation of a s hool's heritage. II The studenl's unifonll promoted self-efface ment and denial of individuality, but also served as a constant reminder of her commitment LO nursing IUld of her bond with omer nurses. 12
Student Culture in Training Schools Studies of the professional socializa tion of medical .tudents have noted the unique and intense group experience shared by these studenLS as Uley depend OD one another for their well being.13 This aspecl of "student culture" has been overlo ked in nursing Ijterature.
The hospitaJ training school was a relatively clo ed system thaI socialized !lie student in an environment isolated from ber previou existen e. As a result. the student nurse necessarily developed a complete reliance on peers. 14 The bond that developed among students helped them cope with the criticisms and sug gestions from their supervisors, the completion of assignments, and the satis faction of requirements. These student-
(conJinuedfrompage I)
peer relationships and initiation into the student culture also belped to promote the student's professional socialization. Elements of student culture in training schools can be derived from oral histories, written memoirs of graduates, and letters to me editor in early editions of nursing jour nals. IS
Studying Professional Socialization and Student Culture 10 Philadelphia 'The present study, building on the works cited above, examines historical uses of rituals in the professional socialization of nursing tudents. II also seeks LO explore the nursing school culture as revealed through existing documents and artifacts, ~d Ibe impacL of the nursing school experience on students' lives, values, and profesSIOnal practice.
The purpose of this study is to identify rituals used to initiate Philadelphia training school students inLo me professional nursing role. Ritual studied include nursing school rules, ceremonies, and symbols. The foUowing areas are of particular interest: (1) the use of school ruJes to govern personal, academic, and work-related ~as of stu denLS' Jives; (2) the use of ceremonies to mark entry into, as well as progressIon through, me training program; and (3) the use of symbols (school philosophy, song, mOlto, and pin) to convey chool values. The Center for The Study a/The History 0/ Nursing contains collections from sev eral hospital nursing schools founded before 1910, including the scbools of Ule Phila delphia General f1ospitaJ, Hospital of the University o~Pennsylvania, Cheslnu~ Hill HospilaJ, Preshyterian HospilaJ, Mercy-Douglas Hospital. and Lankenau Hospital. These collections provide a plethora of data on nursing school rituals and the student culture of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century nurses. 'The study will identify rituals common to an Philadelphia Ilursing schools studied as well as rituals unique to certain schools. It will also identify differences in socializa tion rituals in hospitaJ schooL with various oriellLations. such as public, church, or eth nic-group orientation. Changes in rituals over time, for exrunple, between the chools' founding and 1920, will also be explored. Particular allention will be paid to the per sonal meaning of mese rinJals to individual student nurses. Records from the Center archives are being surveyed [or evidence of rules, cer emonies, and symbols. Materials from hospitaJ training schools are being examined, (conJillued on page 10)
AuCE FISHER SOCIETY HIsroruCAL SrnOLARSHIP The Alice FIsher S iety llistori cal Scholarship will again be offered in 1994 by me Center fo r The Study of The History of Nursing at the Univer sity of PCIUlsylvania. The generosity of the Alumni Association of the Philadel pllia General Hospi tal Training School for Nurses makes it possible for the Cenler to offer this research scholar ship. The $2,500 award will be open to nurses at the master' s or docloralleve! who are seeking assistance with re search and writing as part of their study of history. Each scholar will be ex pected to spend 4 to 6 weeks in resi dence althe enler.
Inauguration of the Scholarship celebrate Ole hundredth anni versary of the founding of the Alice Fi her So ciety in 1893. The Society was the forerunner of the current Alumni Asso ciation, which remains acti ve and in volved in improving nursing. Applic.'1tions for the Alice Fisher Society Historical Scholarship may be obtained by writing Center Director Joan Lynau gb at the Center f or The Study of The Hi tory of Nursing, Uni versity of Pennsylvania, Scbool of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104 6096, or call 215-898-4502. The appli cation deadline is December 31 , 1993.
7
THE 1993 T RADmONAL PROCESSION m TIlE GRAVES OF AucE FlSHFR AND S. LIWAN CLAYTON On tbe beautiful spring day of May 7, over ninety current and retired nurses as well as friends of nurs ing history attended the Traditional Proces sion to Alice Fisher's and S. Lillian ClayLOn's graves. The Procession began at tbe historical Woodlands Cemetery, School ofNursing Dean Norma Lang and Center Arcllivist Margo Szabunia holding Ihe banners ofthe University of Pennsylvania and where attenders gath ered beneath blooming the PGH Training Schoolfor Nurses (B lackley). dogwood and magno lia trees. Opening remarks were given by Stephanie Stachniewicz, former direcLOr of tbe Philadelphia General Hospital School of Nursing (PGH) and Nursing Service. Wil liam Watson of the Watson Ilighlanders led the processors LO tbe graves of two of Philadelphia's renowned nurses, Fisher and Clayton, as photographers from TIle Phila delphia Inquirer and The Daily Pennsylvanian captured the walk. At the gravesides of FiSher and ClayLOn, School of Nursing Dean Nonna Lang commemorated the accomplishments of S. Lillian ClayLOn and of modem Philadelphia nurses. Dean Lang remarked on ClayLOn's many accomplishments: Clayton served as superintendent of nurses at PGH and director of nursing for the Philadelphia Depar tment of Hea.lm Bureau of Hospitals from 1915 to 1930; as president of the National League of NursillgEducalion from ]91 7 to 1920; as chair of tbe Pennsylvania Board of Nurse Exam iners from 1923 to 1929; and as president of me American Journal of Nur ing Company and the American Nurses' Association from 1926 until her death in ]930. At pem, Clayton introduced research on the problems of admini tralion of nursing s rvices, she upgraded nursing education course in the school of nursing, slle substituled graduate nurses for students in patient care, and she initiated the involve ment of influentia.l community leader. in improving patient care at the ho. pital. Center Director Joan Lynaugh closed the grav ide ceremony with the presenta tion of the City of Philadelphia Proclama tion to Philadelphia General Hospital Hi. to ry Task Force members Janel Golden, of Rutgers University at Camden, and Mi hacl Hardy, of the University ity Historical Society. Mayor Ed Rendell issued Ibe Proc lamation 10 commend the fonnation of Ibe PGH ask Force and its efforts to pre-serve the historical materials of PGB, thereby making them accessible to the public.
Cerner Director Joan Lynallgh and Rutgers University Prof essor Janet Golden willi the Proclamatioll from the City ofPlziladelphitL
Tbe 1993 Traditional Procession to the graves of Alice fisher and S. Lillian Clayton ended at the cemetery' s hisloric Hamilton Mansion. There guests mingled, meeting new colleagues and greeting old friends, while enjoying a wonderfuJ nOOI1 thne tca We look forward to seeing readers of Tile Chron.icle at the Fifth Annual Tradi tional Procession in the spring of 1994.
20m QUADRENNIAL CONGRESS OF THE ICN Center Director and Project llisLO rian Joan Lyoaugb and Project Historian Barbara Brush altende.d tlle Twentieth Quadrennial Congress of the Interna tional Council of Nurses (ICN) in Madrid, Spain, from June 20 to 25. They presented a poster and lead a special in terest group session for nurse historians. The poster, entitled "The lCN CentenniaJ Hi tory Project: UnilYAmid t Differ ence," provided a ricb pictorial overview of the nearly one-bundred-year history of the lCN. Accompanying bandouL~ in En glish, French, and Spanish provided a general overview of tbe ICN: Centennial History Project, introduced the member ship to the projecl historians, and out lined the proje I'S objectives and progress-tO-dale. The Historians Special Inlerest Group discu sed tbe project in grcaler detaiJ and invited interesled participants to share the histories of nursing in their counLric as well as individual hi torical interests. Representatives from Au. tralia, Barbados, Canada, Columbia, Finland, France, Gennany, Mexico. Nepal, the Neth rlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, and thc United Stales enjoyed a Lively two-hour discu ·sion. During the discussion Spanish nur e Sister Fran isca fIemWtdez Martin pre. ented Dr. Lynaugh with a recently compiled his tory or Spal1ish nursing. The important contacts made during the leN Congress will be of grcat assis tance in bclping U1C project historians gatber ~Uld analyze cL'lta from national nursing organizations around the world. (This is the fOUrtll ill a series of ar ticles on the InlCmaLional Council of Nurses: Centennial History Projecl )
8
MANUSCRIPT C OLLECTIONS
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING
Collectioffi
Date
Extent
Hospitals, Schools of Nursing, and Nursing Alumni As.wclatlons
Albert Einstein Medical Center School of Nursing AJexian B rothers Hospital Alumni A~soc i ation of the Training School for Nurses of the Philadelphia Gene ral Hospital Alumnae Association of M ercy-Doug las. Hospital School of Nursing C hautauqua School of Nursing CheSI11Ut Hill Hospital School of Nursing Children's Hospital of Philadelphia School of Nursing f reedmen' s Hospital Nurses Alumni Club of PIliladelphia Hospital of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Lankenau Hospital School of Nursing Lock Haven Hospital Mercy-Douglass Hospital School of Nursing Muhlenberg Hospital S hool o f Nursing Philadelphia General Hospital Phi ladelphia School of Nursing Medical Supply and Dispensary Presbyterian School of Nursing Society of the Alumni o f the School of Nur ing of the Universi ty of Pennsylvania Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia
1930-1986 1885-1981 1850-1 980 1896- 1980 1905 1907-1987 1897-1987 1973- 1986 1894- 1907 1871- 1992 1896-1 964 1896-1983 1896-1961 1885-1940 1903-1904 187 1-1987 1960-1980 1861 -1964
0.8 0.4 70 1.68 0.4 24.33 1.05 0.1 35.2 52.5 0.8 23.68 0.2 7 0.4 148.1 2 6.35
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Voluntary NOD-Pr ofit Associations
Athens County Visiting Nurses Association Brandywinc Home Health Agcnc y Montgomery County Homemaker Home Heallb Aid Service Moorestown Vi iting Nurse Association National Fund for Medical Education Neighborh ad Visiting Nurse Association Princeton Community League Visiting Nurse Committee Starr Centre Associalion of Ph iladelphia Tri- ounly V isiting Nurse Association Visiting Nurse Association of Allegheny Counly Visiti ng Nurse Association of Eastern Montgomery County Visiting Nurse Association of G re..1.ler Philadelphia Visiti ng Nurse Sociely of Philadelphia
1982-1992 1917-1990 1967- 1990 1909-1986 1949-1990 1912-1989 1924-1 950 1897- 1954 1894-1991 1 18-1990 1922-1984 1976-198 1 1855-1987
1.7 8.3 3 .75 3.6 178 11.15 0.2 6.45 2.9 6.5 23 6.45 23.03
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Pr ofessional and Militar y Associations
American Legion - Pennsylvania Division, Helen Fairchild Posl No. 4 12 American Medica] Wom en' s Association American Nepbrology Nurses' Association Andrew G. Curtin Associalion o f Army Nurses National O rganization for Public Heallb Nurses Pennsylvan ia League of Nursing Pennsylvania Nurses ' Associalion, District 1 Pennsy lvania Nurses ' Association, Districl 2
191 9- 1986 1981 1986- 19 7 1861-1903 19 13-1953 1948-1989 1919- 1973 1920-1978
1.33 6 0.2 0.2 25 11.25 11.7 1.9
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Miscellaneous G r oups
E vening Bulleti n Hislory of Nursing in PIliladelphia 1. B. Lippin ott Company Nurses for the Fulure Conference Philadelphia Mayor' s Commission on Heallb in the Eighties Theodore Starr Savings Bank
1905-1975 1973-1974 1871-193 1 1987 1983-1984 1896-1 90 1
0.8 0.4 1 1 0.8 0.2
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9
M ANUSCRIPT C OLLECTIONS CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING Indlvid uak
Aiken, Linda H. Austin, Ann L. Brennan, Mary Capers, Cynthia Flynn Chase, Adaline Clymer, Mary V. Darragh, Mildred D'BstJ, Ernestine KiUl DiSandro, Edith Hyde Duffy, Eileen M. Eataugh, DorotlJy Mark Emonds, Beverly L. Erikson, Edith I ves Erikson, Ruth Errickson, Sara Malter Fagin, Claire M. Francis, Susan Godfrey, Mary Robinson Goodrich, Annie Warburton Griscom, Edith Lewis Gru ber, Mildred H ffeman, Bernardine Hoff, Bertha Holman, Lydia Izcka, Jadwiga Johnston, Margaret Alice Johnstone, Marie Jones, Elizabeth Keeler, Jane D. Kennedy, Cecile Lambertsen, Eleanor C. Landis, Nadine Leininger, Jenny Lemley, Alice and Lillie Leonard, orothy Harvey Lyncb, Theresa I. Matthews, Irene McCosh, Isabella Guthrie M' ready, Mary Anne Mereness, Dorothy Ann Morris, Mabel Harmon Newman, Edna Albert Nightingale, Florence Nunan, Edith Olinatz, Nanette Overholts, Ella Florence Page, Nancy J. Peplau, Hildegard E. Radbill, Samuel X. Rath, Charlolte Tyson
1972-1986 1940-1970 1941-1982 1978-1982 1900-1 975 1886-1889 1923-1928 1888-1956 1924-1927 1975-1977 1938 1965-1981 1928-1985 1932-1935 1937-1989 1926-1991 1934-1987 1910-1987 1871-1955 1909¡1912 1904-1906 1968-1986 1913-1 914 1888-1960 1939-1 960 1944-1945 1906 1899-1946 1935-1 985 1939-1957 1915-1977 1930-1988 1915-1986 1887-1888 1947-1987 1896-1986 1933-1985 1897 1904 1910-1991 1935-1990 1924-1936 1856-1896 1887-1976 1958-1 960 1921 1960-1962 1985 1985-1989 1928- 1970
9.8 1 2 0.8 1.6 0.2 0.4 1 0.5 5 1 0.4
0.4 4 0.8 11.1 8 1 1 1.25 0.2 1 1 1 1 1 0.4 1 1 0.6
1 7 21 1 2 2.5 1.4 0.8 1 0.2 3.2 8.75 I
0.2 4.6 7 10 0.4 1 0.8
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Rauscbenberger, Dorolhy Ritter, Beatrice Robinson, Alice Merritt Rogers, Wesley Wiley Saba, Virginia Schwartz, Doris Schorr, Thelma M. Somers, Anne Ramsey Soper, Martha Lenora Colleu Staclmiewicz, Stephanie A. Stem, Beverly Peril Strumpf, Edna E. LaPorte Todd, C. Edwina Tram , R se Anna van der Pe l, Robert A. Weiss, Olga West, Roberta M. Whi uner, Laura Strickl r Wilcox, Barbara York, Edi th M.
1914-1986 1947-1957 1920-1983 1987 1937-1972 1969-1987 1968-1989 1933¡1982 1919-1920 1967-1977 1955- 1960 1934-1977 1947-1 953 1926-1970 1989 1928-1974 1887-1938 1934-1947 1966-1981 1922-1923
1 3 8 0.2 1 0.8 1.6 0.4 J 1.25 2 1 1 1 1 0.8 10 1 0.8 1
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10
PROFESSIONAL S OCIALIZAIlON AND STIJDENf CULlURE IN PHrr.ADELPHIA (continuedf rom page 6) including annual accred itation reports, commiltee minutes, correspondence, cur riculum outline photographs, school catalogues, studcnt handbooks, and year books. Alumnae association reports of alumnae/student activities, and written memoirs and oral reports of alumnae are also being examined. Data from each school is being col lected aL two points in Lime: when train ing schools were first organized and agai n in 1920. Data will be analyzed in terms of the Ihree dimension identified: rules, ceremonies, and symbols. The schools will then be grouped according lO their hospitals' orientation, for exmnplc, public, church, or ethnic group affiliation. Data from Lhese or other groupings will be compared in an attempt to identify srmHarities and dif ferences in rule. , ceremonies, and sym bols. Further Research The study of rituals used in the pro fessional socialization of nursing tu dents is envisioned as a springboard for further historical studies of student cul ture in training schools. The methodol ogy, when refilled by this study, could be used to analY7..e nursing school record from various g ographic areas of Ule United Slates lO identify similarities and differences. Endnotes
) . Robert H. Coombs, Mastering Medicine:
PrcifessioruU Socialization in Medical School (New York: The Free Press, 1978), 14. 2. Philip Kalisch and Beatrice Kaliscb, TIlt' Advance of American Nu rsing (B ton: Little, Brown and Company, 1978), 141.
3. Isabel Hampton Robb , Nursing Ethics for Hospital and Private Use (Cleveland: Koeckert, (928),50, and Charlotte Ai kens, Studies in Ethics f or Nurses (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1923), 189. 4. Cava Wilson, "Character," American Journal ofNI4fSing 30 (March 1930):
278.
5. Darbara Melosb, The Physician's Hand: Work Cu/w re and Conflict in American NUI:ring (Philadelphia: Temple Univer sity Press, 1982), 49.
7. Eugene Cohen and Edwin Eames, CulJural Anthropology (B stan: Li ttle, Brown and Com pany, 1982),308. 8. Kalisch and Kalisch, 272-75. 9. Virginia Oleson and El vi Whittaker, The Silent Dialogue: A Study in the Social Psychology of Prof essional Socialization (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass , Inc., 1968), 65.
10. H. Duncan, Symbols and Social Theory (New York: Columbia Press, 1961).
I) . Lorraine C arbary, "Nursing School Pins Are Priceless Possessions," RN (December 1977): 27-30. 12. Oleson and W hittaker, 65 .
13. Coom bs, 7. 14. Oleson and Whittaker, 65.
15. Sara Wuthnow,"Our Mothers' Stori es," Nursing Outlook 38 (September-October 1990): 2 18-22.
Dr. Karen Egenes is the fi rst Alice Fisher Society Historical Scholar. She received her doc toral degree in curriculwlI and supervision at Northern lllinois University. She is enrolled in a master's degree program in history at w yola University. Dr. Egenes has studied the loss of expanded roles f or psychiatric nurses in illinois, a phenomenon that paralleled the rise and collapse of the state's community mental health !.ystem. A subsequent study traced tile rise and f all of /lre /llinois system of "zone centers" (community mental health centers) and the effects of state policies on the mental health system Dr. Egenes is currently documenting the oral his tories of J940s-era graduates of Loyola University 's Public Health Nursing ProgranL
POSTCARD IMAGES OF NURSES
(conJinuedf rompage 5)
heroic light once more. But the 1950s and 1960s limited a woman's sphere to the role of wife and mother, leaving the nurse even more ltongly subor dinated to the exclusively male phy ician. Post World War n nurses were ofLen viewed as sex ob jects miller than trained health-care professionals. The postcard of the man 711e clinical professionalism of the nurse: "A comer of the being attended to by three laboratory, Sage Memorial Hospital, Ganado Miss-ion, nurses is a rclati vely mild Arizona. "(Helfand Pas/card Collection) example of sucb negative stereotyping. Other cards of the baby-boom years are explicitly di paraging and sex.ist. Fortunately such sexist fare was not the sole vision of a nurse. The postcard of two women at work in a laboratory is one of the more positive depictions of nursing. It im plies scientific training and conveys a kind of detached, clinical profe, ionalism that contrasts greatly with the previous card. Professionalism is al 0 the primary message in an example from the Helfand Postcard Collection, which is presently on display in the Center's Recent Acquisitions exhibition case. This card shows a black woman in the foreground wearing an Ilnmi 'takable nurse's cap. Her attention is fixed on an IV. With its depiction of a professional in a high-technology hospital selling, this card from Transkei, South Africa, conveys a positive image of the modem nurse.
lL is interesting to note thai., good or bad, nursing stereotypes have remained fairly prominent throughout the course of the profession's history. Despite vicissitudes in the 6. Susan M. Reverby, Ordered /0 Care: 17le occupation's status, the public nceds to foster a popular image of theTlurse. LeL's hope Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850 that the image of nurses in the 1990s more accurately reflects tJleir highly skilled train 1945 (Cam bridge: University of Cam and dedication. ing bridge Press, 1987), 39-59.
II
N EWS FROM 1HE OFFICE OF DEVFLOPMENT
REcENT R ELEASES OF I NTEREST
N EW SEMINAR S ERIES
Vern L. BuUough, Lilli Sen tz, and Ali e P. Stein, ed ., Ameri can Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary- Volume 11 (New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992). The second volume of American Nursing gives a brief syn opsis of the lives of many nurses who have made and set f9Jh1h great precedems for ollier nurses 10 follow. The nurses tllatappear in this volume were born in 1915 or before, or are deceased. Entries include such nurse as Lucy C. Ayers (1 865-1940), organizer of llie Rhode Island Stale Nurses' Association and 11rst secretary-treasurer of the Rhode Island State Board of Nurse Examiners, and Rulli Perkins Kuehn (1900-1986), establisher of Ule University of Pittsburgh School of Nnrsing and leader in the development of Ihe IDird nursing doctoral program in the nation in 1957. Both volume one and two provide a comprehensive listing of Amcrican nursing profe ssionals. lbis volume, like its pre decessor, will be helpfu l to all interested in American nurses and their roles in the developmenl of American nursing.
A grant from the Benjamin & Mary Siddons Measey Foun dation will fund a joint seminar series, Health and Society Seminar Series. The grant will enable scholars associated with the Center and the Department of the History and Sociology of Science at Penn to collaborate and report on their studies in Ihe history of health care. Interested scholars are cordially invited. According to Center Director and Associate Dean for Graduate Studies Joan Lynaugh, ''The series is a wonderful op portunity 10 integrate many disciplines' per pectives on health and the public." Dr. Julie Fairman, Seminar Coordinator and Research Fel low to the Center, will organize the seminars. Announcement of the series program will be forthcoming. CELEBRATING NURSING A trip is being planned to tour the Ellis Island exhibition commemorating the centennial anniversary of public health nursing in the U.S. A special focus of the exhibit will be Ihe career of Lillian Wald (1867 -1940), one of America' s ntlC>e leaders and founder of Ule Henry Street Settlement House-a forenmner of ilie Visiting Nurses Society of New York. Tentative plans include a luxury bus trip and ferry ride to ilie Island for a tribute to nursing. For more infonnation please call 21 5-898-4841 .
BEA PAR1NER IN TIlE CENTER' S F UlURE There arc many ways in which you can make a contribution to the Center and, at the same time, help yourself finan ially. Planned giving options such as pooled income funds or annu ities can yield a better return than many other invesllllents. The benetits of iliese income-producing gifts include ilie advantage of income-tax deductions or the avoidance of estate taxes. To 1c.:'lfIl more about.planned giving options, write IDe Of tice of Development and Alumni Relations, University of Penn sylvania, School of Nursing, 468 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096, or call 215-898-4841.
Darlene Clarke Hine, cd., Black Women in America-An His torical Encyclopedia (B rooklyn: Carlson Publishing, Tnc.• 1993). This beautifully produced encyclopedia gives detailed ac counts of some of the most innuential African -American women in the Uni ted States. It provides comprehensive de scriptions of contemporary ruld historic figure. . The es&:'lys cover individuals and broad topic such as civil rights. e<1u calion, religion, and slavery. Black Women in America al 0 contain a number of essays on black nurses. With the grc.:'U ad v er~itie s faced by b lack women, nurses .' uch as Carrie Bul lock, Mary Eli7-a Mahoney, and Estelle Massey Osborne paved the way for black women not only in the nur iog pro fession but in all professions that were not open to African American women. Their inclusion in this work recognizes ilieir efforts and accompl ishments. Scholars and students wiJ] find Black Women in-America a great reference for historical research on African-American history and women.
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 10 TIlE CENTER FOR THE STIJDY OF T HE HISmRY OF NURSING Enclosed is my check for $ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ; please enroll me in Ule following group: _ _ _ Friends of Ule Center (Up to $49) _ _ Linda Richards Society ($100 to $249)
CeIller Contri hutor ($50 to $99) Lillian Wald Society ($250 to $499) _ _ _ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up) _ __ Please send me more infonnation about named gift opportunities. _ _ _ Please send me more infonnation about making a bequest to IDe Center. Nrume _______________________________________ School __________________ Year ________ Address ____________________________________________________________________________ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
S~te
_ _________________ Zip _________ _
Please make your check payable to fue Trustees of ilie University of Pennsylvania. Mail your tax-deductible onl.ri butioll to the Center for The Study of The History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 307 Nul' ing Education Build ing, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096.
CALENDAR
Upcoming Events
For a listing of the seminars, please contact
Carla Jacobs at 215-563-3737, xl. 273 .
cians and citizens who battled the disease or fled the city, with special emphasis on Society of American Archivists
the College' s advisory role to the ci ty in Tenth Annual Conference
September 1-5, Annual Conference,
dealing with the public beallh issues. Those American Association for the
Sheraton New Orleans Hotel, La. There
Interested may also wish to attend ... A History of Nursing
will be 83 sessions on archival topics.
Melancholy Scene of Devastation': The October 1-3, Hotel Atop the Bellevue,
Please co ntact Debbie Mills for more infor
Philadelpbja, Pa. Please see p. XX for more Public Response to the 1793 Philadelphia mation at 31 2-922-0 140.
Yellow Fever Epidemic" on October 1. infonnatlon on the conference, or contact
Section on Medical History
The conference, which marks the Barbara Brusb or GeertJe Boschma a1215 College of Physicians of PhOadelphia
epidemic's bicentenni al , is sponsored by 898-4502.
September 29, David J. Hufford, PhD, Pro
the College Qf Physicians and the LibrdfY National League ror Nur sing
fessor of Behavioral Science, Pennsylvania
Company of Philadelphia. October 2, National Leaguefor NurSing
State University College of Medicine, pre
For information on Ul exhibitioDs or COD Education: Changing tlte Face ofAmeri sents Supernatural Belief and Experience
ference, please cali lhe Museum at 215 can Nursing Education, Hilton Head, S.c.
in HislOrical Perspective.
For more information, please contact Robin 563-3737, ext. 241. October 20, The Samuel X. RadbilI Lecture
Peck at 1-800-669- 1656, exl. 413.
Society of American Archivists - Gerald N. Gr b, PbD, Henry E. Sigerist
September 2-3, Archives Exhibition, Mid-Adantic Regional
Pro fessor of the History of Medicine,
Sheraton New Orleans Hotel, La. For more Archives Conference
Rutgers State University of New Jersey,
lnformation, please contact Debbie Mills at November 4-6, Fall Meeting, Gettysburg
presents 111e His/ory oftile AsylwnRevis
31 2-922-0140. Pa. For IlXlre information, please
College, ited: Personal Reflections.
contact Local Arrangements Chair David
Third Floor Gallery November 17, Eleanora C. Gordon, MD,
Center for The Study of Hedrick at 71 7-337-701 1.
presents The Captain as Healer: Medical
The History of Nursing Care on American Merchantmen and
Case I: Arlifactsjrom the Colleclions. Exhibitions Whalers in tile Nineteemll Century. Through April 1994. Miilter Museum Lectures begin at 6:15 p.m. and are free Case 2: Recent Acquisitions. Ongoing. College of Physlcians of Philadelphia and open to the public. Those wi hing Lo ase 3: Tuber ulosi.t and Nurses. 1900 The PhiladelphiLl General Hospital History stay fo r an Jnformal dinner after the lecture 1930s . Through April 1994. Task Force Exhibilion. Opens Augu st may phone tJle office or Or. David Krasner, 1993. This exhibit will identify the various 215-265-3 177, ror information on costs and For information ontact Cynthia mith at members of the Task Force. Samples from reservations. Reservations must be made at 215-898-4502. the College' s collection of PGH materials, least ten days before the meeting. Readers Nursing Mu.<;cum such as those from the Osler Museum and of Tile Chronicle are especially welco me. The Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital the PGH X-ray Teaching File, will be on History or Medicine Seminars Colleclion afNurses ' School Pins, a per display as well. Francis Clark Wood Institute manent exbibition from the Jolmson and Syphilis: Ancient Scourge/Modern Menace. Thursdays, 12:00-2:00 p. m., College of Johnson Hospital Service, Inc.; Military Througb September 30, 1993.
Physicians of Phil adelphia, Pa. The lunch Nursing History; NurSing Vlli/arolS; and time seminars, spo nsored by the Francis PenllSylvania Nursulg History. For more The 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Phila Clark Wood Institute for the l-listory of information please call 215-829-3998. delphia. Opens October I, 1993. The exhi
Medicine, are free and open to the public. bition will depict the story of the physi
Centerfor The Studyof The History of Nursing
No nprofil. Organ. .5. Postage
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Ur-.IVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Perm it No. 2563
Philadelphia, PA
CllOOl OF NURSING
~07 NURSING EnUCAll0N BUILDING PIIIl.AD£Il'llIA,
P A 19104-6096
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