The Chronicle Fall 1994

Fall 1994 Vol7 No 1

ISSN 1049-2259

THE TENTH ANNIvERSARY

C ENTER FOR THE S TUDY OF TIIE HISTORY Q

A TIME TO REFLECT - A TIME TO PLAN JOAN

E.

LYNAUGH,

PHD, FAAN

When the Cenler formally opened in July, 1985 we first focused on creating our current facility; then facullY, slaff, slUdents and volunteers assembled our unique collections, carried out rul extensive program of bistoricf\] researcil and lcaching, and spread historical knowledge aboulllursing using an array of fonnal and informal strategies. Tbe ambitious deveiopmenL and preservation goals sel by Ule founding committee in 1985 have been more than achieved. Enthusiasm and suppon fe m the professional communities of nursing and history and lhe general public encourage us. Perhaps rna t gratifying is the constant, significant and personal support of nursing, history and archival colleagues here in Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley.

Center CoUections serve rulti Ilal and international researchers as well as local scholars on a dall y basis; they continue to grow under Ute careful nurtw"ance of our present Curator, Margo Szabunia. Faculty, staff a.nd slUdent research is recognized through funding and publication aJld they are acti ve participants in building the field through scholarly historical association . The Center is a focus for understanding and appreciating nursing in all its nuances. As our tenth anniversary nears we are close to fulfilling our one million dollar endowment goal so crucial to ensuring the Center's future . Building on this base, we look forward Lo a larger and more ambitious program of research, teachjng and service in Lhc next decade.

Origins ofthe Center for the Study of the History of Nursing Last May at the spring meeting of the Center's Advisory Board, Chair Lillian Brunner urged tltat we attend to ule "history of !.he history center." Accordingly, a delc'liled account of the Center will be done. But for now, let uS share the bare outline of Ute creation of the Center. The Story be­ gins in 1982 with an ad boc "history commiLlee" appointed by then nursing Dean Claire Fagin.

Chaired by Dr. Judy Smith (then on Ute Penn facullY, now at Georgetown University) the committee was charged wiUt detennining what. if any, historical initiatives hould be undertaken by the School of Nursing. Afler receiving a $5,000 granl from an anonymou ' donor and a consultation with schol­ ars in history, women's studjes and nursing, the commillee produced twO proposals. Dean ragin chose one proposal; it called for Ule di scovery and preservation of hjstorical materials, Ule development of scholarship and research in history, ru1(J the creation of a Center to oversee and safeguard these initiatives. In 1985 the Dean appointed a steering commilleee compose{) of Ellen Baer, Lillian Brunner, Beverly Ejsing, Nadine Landis, Jmm Lynaugh, and Karen Buhler Wilkerson to design and oversee the projecl Unused space on the third floor of the School of Nursing was designated rutd a fund raising campaign to create the Center was ini tiated. The Center began operations in a large empty room whicb fille d quickly with historical records from various health and medical in tjlutions and individuals. At the request of Dean Fagin and on lbe ad­ vice of the University Ac.1demic Review Committee, the then Provost of the Uni­ UNlVERSII Y OF PENNSYLVANIA versity, Thomas Ehrlich, officially authorized the Center. By fall of 1986 the origi ­ Sa-IDOL OJ- NURSI, 'G nal steering conuniuce was ready to be replaced by a fifteen member Advisory CommiLlee chaired by Lillian Brunner, while Joan Lynaugb and Karen Buhler Wilker on assumed the IaSks of Center Director and Center Archivist. The [ust meeting of the AdviSOry Board was held on October 7, 1986. Generous support

Center for The Study of The History of Nursing

(continued on page 6)

2

CENTER FOR THE S TIJDY

NEWS FROM THE CENTER

OF T HE HISTORY OF

N URSING The Center for The Study of The History (if Nursing was established in 1985 to encourage and facilitate his­ torical scholarship on health care his­ tory and nursing in the United States.

Now in its tenth year of existence, the Center continues to create and main­ tain a resource for uch research; to improve th quality and scope of his­ (Qrical scholarship on nursing; and to disseminate new knowledge on nursing history through education, confere nces , publications, and inter-disciplinary collaboratio n.

Current projec ts at the Center range from studies of international nursing, home-ha.sednursing, and re­ search on care of the critically ill to the twentieth-century r lationship between nu rsing and Americ,Ul philanthropy.

We also continue to collect, process, and catalogue an outst anding collec­ tion of primary historical materials. feel free to visit the Center Mon­ day- r riday, 9:00a.ITl.-5:00 p.m. Schol­ ars pl iUlning to conduct reSearch at the Center should contact the Center's cu­ rator at 215-898-4502. Our curator will re pOlle) with a description of the scope (Uld con tent of relevant materials in the various collections.

N EW EXHIBIT CASE D EBUTS AT CENTER The Center is pleased to announce completion of a new exhibit. case for dis­ playing the Alice Fisher sewing chest. The exhibit case has been installed in the Center' s reading room where visitors can freel y admire \.he craftsmanship of the che t's attracti ve inlaid wood exterior and its several curious drawers. Among Fi her' s personal effects at the time of her death in 1888, the sewing chest is set under an uJ[ra- violetlight ftltering cover on a handsomel y slained wood base.

A grant from the Conservation Center for Art and I lisloric Arti facts with match­ ing fu nds fro m the Hi lda lIouser Memorial Fund ha' made this exh ibit case possible.

T he case wa.s de 'ig ned ,md constructed by Sparks Exhibits Corporation of Philadel­ phia, an exhibit design fmn tha{ has in­ stalled exhibits for the Smithsonian Insti ­ tute and the Uni versity Musewn. The ex­ hibit case has been plated in ho nor of the late Hilda Houser, who wa ' a longlirne fri end and upporter of the Center.

NEW CEN'ffiR STAFF MEMBER

Betsy Weiss joined our Center staff as adntinistrative assistant this past spring. She attended Kalamazoo College, majoring in theater an d has been working at the University of Pennsylvania for almo t five years.

Bets y orig inall y worked (IS an administrati ve assistant in the Radiology Departmentof the Medical School.

While growing up her favorite pas­ time was reading, especially biographies of famous women. So she is bappy to find herself in this "haven of history" where she can reacquaint herself with "old friends," those admirable female person­ alities he read about when she was younger. The Center's eclectic collection of old and new books gives her the oppor­ tunily (when she finds the time) to learn about mor female leaders. There are presently two Ulings she enjoys m ' t about the Center Jor the Sludy oJUle Hi ­ tory of Nu rsing: "the q uiet (underlying !.be busy activilies of the daily rouline) and our community volwlleers."

Center Advisory Board Lillian hollis Bru nner, Chair M. Louise ·Itzpalfick, Vice ClUlir Esther C:lvanaugh Jeanne Kiefl er Ann P. Knight Nadine Landis Eleanor . Lall b rtsen Mark f razier Lloyd Charles E. Rosenberg Steph,w ie A. StactUl iewicz Tina Weintraub Center Staff Joau E. Lynaugh, PhD, FAAN

Director Ellen D. Baer , PhD, FAAN As oeiate Director Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, PhD, FAAN Associate Director M, go Szabu nia. MA, CA Curator

Betsy Weiss Administrative Assistant Kelly A. Smith Editor, The Chronicle

77Je Alice Fisher sewing chest is shown here encared i/l an uLtraviolet Jiltering case. 77iis exhibit is made possible in part by the Hilda Houser MemoriaL Fund.

Betsy Weiss aJ her desk in the Cefller.

3

E XPLORING THE L EGACY OF DOROfHY MERENESS AND THE EVOLUfION OF PSYCHIATRIC-MENTAL HEALTH NURSING TOM OLSON,

PHD, RN

Funding provided by the Lillian Sholtis Brunner Fellow­ ship gave me the opportunity to work at the Center this sum ­ mer with the aim of extending my current research to incorpo­ rate a focus on Dorothy Am Mereness, a leader in psychiatric nursing. My overall study is designed to address the need for a more dynamic under tanding of the various meanings that are associated with mental health and illnes , as w 1\ as the impact of these meanings on treatment and care. This includes an em­ phasis on the development and in1luence of psychiatric nursing, a field in which Mereness achieved remarkable prominence.

Mereness' career spanned the specialty of p ychiatric nurs­ ing, from its emergence following World War II LO its more established present. TIle most tangible evidence of her influ­ ence on this fieJd is the text that continues to bear her name, Mereness' Essentials of Psychiatric Nursing. Through its vari­ ous forms and edition this has proveD 10 be the single most durable work on basic psychiatric nursing. As a re ult., the Mereness Papers--the Center's substantial collection that cov­ ers Mereness' life from 1910 to 1991 --provides a window through which to more closely exruni ne nursing's role in the larger evolution of concepts and practices related to mental health and iUness.

My investigation of these documents and related inronna­ tion at the Center is intended to addres the following basic question: Do the Mer ness Papers support claims of a perspec­ tive unique to nursing? Consistent with the view Ulat historical research is framed most effectively by a series of questions, my project is funher defrned by the following: 1. What major direction(s)/aim(s) did Mereness advance for psychiatric nursing?

2. What was the r lationship between her ideas and those suggested by leaders in other areas of nursing'?

4. What factors contributed to Mereness' ideas and accomplishmellls?

5. What influence did her ideas have On actual practice?

6. What does the anaJysis of the Mereness Papers suggest about current and future practice in psychiatric­ mental health nursing?

These questions emerged from a review of the lit ,rature that suggests, in the absence of clear evidence, th..'llnursing has traditionally maintained a uniquely holistic or inclusive ap­ proach to viewing mental illness and menIal health.

Although this is a new project for me, it bu ilds on previous experience. Much of this xperience was gained in the process of completing my recent disserta tion research in the School of Nursing, University of Minnesota. This re ·earch focused on the evolution of nursing at the tum of the century. drawing from various fields, including nursing, sociology, anthropology :llld social history. The resuJts of this work bave been reported injoumals that include AdVances in Nursing Science, Mid­ America, Nursing QuLlook and Social Scienc Hi. tory.

My work at the Center should complement my overall study, which includes an ongoing analysis of record from the Hawaii lns.:'lDity Commission. These records contain diagnos­ tic, treatment. social and demographic data for each patient facing commiunent proceedings in Hawaii I am also looking at more contemporary data, especially treatment information collected in 1992 involving al l patients hospitalized over one year at Hawaii State Hospital. I hope to contrast the finding from Hawaii with the infonnation gained in my research at the Center. For instance, ideas and approaches suggested by lead­ ers such as Mereness will be viewed against actual practice, both before and after the emergence of ps ychiatric nursing .

In furthering my research, access to the Center's outstand­ ing collections of historical docmnents is only part of the ad­ vantage that is being afforded to me by the Brunner Fellow­ ship. Equally important is the opportunity for me to consult with members of the Cenler's staff. AJUlOugh 1 have not yet completed my study at the Center, I have already greaUy benefilled from the suggestions of Dr. Lynaugb, Dr. 0' Antonio, C nLer curator Margo Sza.bunia and volunteer Rita Beatty. Their input has helped me to better understand the complexity of the various forces and events that influenced nursing during Mereness' career, such as the passage of the Mental Health Act of 1946, the growth of acute care hospitalS and the move to deinstitutionalize the menlally ill. I have also had the opportunity LO taJk with several individuals in the Philadelphia area who knew Dr. Mcrcness. They have sup­ plied crucial informalion not contained in the written records.

For instance, one friend described Mereness' "enormous self­ confidence," a quality that seemed to sustain the fonner dean through both personal and profeSSional truggles.

Studying at tile Center is proving to be one of the high­ lights of my research career. Based On my experience 0 far, the only regrettable aspect of my work here will be baving LO say goodbye.

Dr. Tom Olson is the 1994 Lillian Siw/tis Brunner Summer Fellow. He received his PliO in nursing at the UniversiJyof Millflesota in Minneapolis. Currently lie maintains a position

as an AssistaIU Professor Of Nur ing, University of Hawaii at His clinical specialty is psyclliatric·,netUalliealth nursing.

MQ/l Oll.

Tom Olson working with the Mereness Papers.

4

REcENT ACQUISITIONS

NURSE ADNfINISTRATOR SHARES

Claire M. Fagin, 1993· 1994, 1.0 linear feel (addilion).

Congratulatory correspondence, spe ches, and awards generated during Dr. Fagin' s tenure as Interim President of the University of Penn ylvania.

HER EXPERIENCE AS A CENTER VOLUNTEER

NaJion.a1 Fundfor Medical EducaJioTt, 1976-1987,3.75 linear feel (addilion).

Acquired from a former President of Ulis agency, records include Board of Direc­ tors Meeting minutes and reports. Educa­ Lional Advisory Commi ttee reports. agenda books, and workshop and re­ source malerials.

Rozella M. ScILla/feldt, 1935-1989, 3 Im­ ear feel.

Dr. Schlolfeldt, Professor and Dean Emerita of Case Western Reserve Uni ­ versity. developed the oLlaboraLion mod I of combining clinical 1 aching. practice, and research, as well as the NO (nursing doctorate) as tlle fLfSt profes­ sional degree in nursing. These papers include correspondence, memOI"'d1lda. notes, articles, awards, and photographs.

Visiting Nurse Association ol Grealer Philadelphia, 1989-1994, 1.25 linear feel (addition).

Successor agency to the Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia, this addi tion is comprised of public relations materials consi ling of annual reports, program • and audio-visual materials.

RITA BEATTY Since !he end of World Warn nursing has undergone many changes in education hospital, and conununily settings. During my nur ing career I have wimessed and ac­ tively participated in these changes. I served during World War IT and the Korean War as a navy nurse aboard the hospital ships U.S.S . Relief and U.S . . Consolation, as weU as at several naval hospitals statewide. Upon discharge I pursued a career in public health and community health services as a visiting nurse with the Visiting Nurse Soci­ ety of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. My roles have included being supervi or of public health nurses, COnSullc'Ult, assistant administrator and director of public health nursing wi!h the PennsylVtulia Deparunent of Health. Upon retirement I remained active. par­ tiCipating with nursing research, as an associate, and as a lecLUrer in Olu'sing adminis­ tration courses for gmduate students at the Uni versiLy of Pennsylvania. Presently I as­ siSl!he enter as a voJunl r, proce sing and preserving nursing records and manu­ Scripts. These colJections document nursing's role and involvement in the delivery of health care to patients and families in the hospit.al and community setting and they illustrate the evolution ofmming education. Four areas surface as special to me in my work at the Center. These are the emergence of generalized public healili nursing, let­ ters written by Rorence Nightingal ,Martha Minerva Franklin's biographical sketch and Doris Schwartz's manuscripts.

The records of Starr Cenler Association of Philadelphia document its beginning (1897) as a setUement house ru1d its evolution imo a generalized public health nursing service lhal served a predominantly African American and Eastern European immi· grant population in Central and Soulll Philadelphia. This agency injtialJy provided only social services but, with the identification of the communities' needs, a clinic and visiting Ilurse services were established. By Ille late 1940' s there were fmanciallimita­ lions and increased hca1tll care facilities in their service area, and 0 the Starr Center relocated to Philadelphia's Germantown area.. Based on a Philadelphia Health Survey, this agency was chosen to implemenlthe Genemlized Public Health NW"Sing Pilot Project. This project studied the coordination of nursing programs by one generalized public health nurse rather than two or three specialists providing patient and family home healtll services. The Philadelphia Health Department and the Visiting Nurse So­ ci ty of Philadelphia as igned nurse to tart Center. The effectiveness of generalized public health nursing was demonstrated and it resulted in lbe recommendation of a combined community home health agency.

The records of the Visiting Nurse Association of Greater Philadelphia (known as !he Community Nursing Services of Philadelphia in the 1950's) document the imple­ mentation of the first combined home heallb service agency . The Starr CenLer Asso­ ciation merged wilh the Visi ting Nurse Society of Philadelphia in lbe late 1950's LO create Community Nursing Service of Philadelphia, and the Philadelphia Depar1ll.lenl of Heallll assigned public health nursing staff to Ille newly organized agency. The slc'lff provided a generalized public health nursing service wttich included the city's Heallll Department heallll services, as well as, the Visiting Nurse Society health care services.

The City changed it." focus for providing clinic healtll services in 1979. It withdrew from the Community Nursing Service (which became Community Home Health Ser­ vice in 1979) ruld a contraCtual agreement was made for th agency to provide home health service for the City. The late 1980's mani~ ted 1"'cIpid changes in legislation, economy, establishments of propriclary agencies. shonened patient hospital stays, and marketing for patients. The Community Home Health Services reorganized its struc­ ture to meet !he challenges of these trends and changed its lk'Ulle to the Visiting Nurse Association of Greater Philadelphia.

Dr. Rozella M. Schotfeldt

Among some of !he smaller but no less interesting collection I have worked with, I was impressed to see letters (holographs) wrilten in 1886 by Florence Nightingale from Barrack Hospital, Scutari. One reads: (Cofllinued on page 7)

5

1994 TRADmoNAL PROCESSION TO THE WOODLANDS CEMETERY COMNIEMORATES THREE D ISTINGUISHED FIGURES IN NURSING HIsTORY This year's Traditional Pro­ cession LO the graves of Alice Fi her and S. Lillian C1ayLon at the Woodlands Cemetery was held May 6th. SevenLy-five en­ UlUsiastic guests arri ved; some auendee were wearing fre bty starch d school unifonns from the 1920s and 19305, and a few others were t.lonning their old school capes. As in years past, CclLic bagpiper, Dr. William E. Watson IV, led the assembly UlroUgb the On their way to the gra ves ofAlice Fisher and S. Lilli(lll beautifully landscaped cemetery Clayton, guests walk past tile beautiful greenery of the Lo lhe gmvesi te.

Woodlands Cemetery.

There, runid azaleas and lady of genUeness and breeding" who other spring blossoms, Dr. Wilkerson was recommended by Aorcnce Nightin­ spoke on Ole topic: "Three Generations ga1e to set up Blockley's Training of Philadelphia Nurse Refonners: Alice School, found a unique courage and Fisher, S. Lillian Clayton, and Theresa I. steadfastnes LO meet th challenges of a Lynch." Dr. Wilkerson pointed out the crowded hospilal which was in dire need courage and career highlights of Olesc of refonn. Wilhin months, she helped three women. Alice Fisher, the "English establish Blackley's training school. Lillian Clayton, an orphan raised by puritanical relatives in Marybmd, graduated from Blockley in 1896 and retumed in 1915 to dedicate fifteen years of her life serving as a strong and fmn director of the training school and to markedly cruUlge nursing educa­ tion. Theresa Lynch i' most noted for her found ing of the independent School of Nursing at the Uni versity of Pennsylvania as well as her long career in reforming nursing educa­ Dr. Karen Bl4hler- Wilkerson , tlte Cenlu's Associate tion, all the while • always remain­ Director, highlights the achievements of th ree nurse ing a lady." White carnations refonners. were then laid on the graves and

everyone look a silent momenllO rencct upon these women' con­ tributions.

A reception held at the his­ toric 18th-century Hamilton Mansion followed. Many old acquainkwces were rekindled and new face added \0 lhe pleas­ aut milicu. As a conclusion to Ulis special day, Michael Hardy of the lJniver ity City Historical Society guided small groups through Ole upper floors of the mMsion and provided fascinat­ ing commentary on the structure's on-going renovaLion.

Sandy Greene, a nursing ~'lIIdent, all ended the procession in a nursing uniform (c. 1920 's) from the Center's Nursing Uniform collection.

CALL FOR PROPOSALS FOR HIsTORICAL M ONOGRAPHS Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) will be celebrating its 75th Anniversary in 1997. As part of lhat eel bmtion, srn is inviting proposals for monographs on the history of the society and its members. SITr will Share archival resource mnteria1s such as printed reports and copies of archival materials during the proposal development pl1c'\Se and during the manuscript comple­ tion phase for auOlors whose proposals are accepted. Completed monographs will be distributed at the 1996-7 Regiona1 Assem­ blies and at. the 1997 Biennia1 Convention. Proposals are due to SITr by April 1, 1995 and should include a prospectus, an ex­

panded table of contents, two sample chapters, and a curricu­ lum vitae. Authors will be notified whether their proposals have been accepted or not by SepL I, 1995. For further infor­ mation and a complete copy of the guidelio , contact Julianne G. Sebastian, PhD, RN Chair, 7501 Anniversary Committee Sigma Theta Tau International 550 West North Street Indianapolis, IN 46202

NEARING C OMPLETION OF FOUR Y EAR S TUDY: FOREIGN N URSE M I RATION

TO AMERICAN H OSPITALS, BARBARA BRUSH,

1945-1980

RN,MSN

Garbara Grush is nearing completion of her doctoral Iliesis, "Sending ·or Nurses: Foreign Nurse Migration LO American HospitalS, 1945-1980". Ms. Brush's research analyzes Ule patterns and practices of foreign Ilurse use in !.he rapidly changing post World War II health car cnvironm nl Concentrating on the rec ruilment ruld ernploymenLof foreign-trai ned nurses to U.S. llospitals, Grush's analysis highli ghts the gender, racial-ethnic and class tensions. She j aJ.'o interested in conllicLS c atcd through Lhe development of strategies used by hOl>-pilal administrators and o!.h­ ers to prcxluce more nurse' during peri­ ods of greater nursing dem,wd. Thus while Ms. Brush's work focuses 0 11 a particular group of nurse workers, it more broadly defines and enhance' Ule understanding of nun;es' work, the use of nurses in an increasingly complex health cme matrix, and the persis tent use of ill­ effective and myopic slraLegies to re­ solve recurrent nur e ShorLag s in Ule Lwenti Ul century.

Poreign nurse recmltment and em­ ployment remains a shon-tenn resolution for the percei v d undersupply of nurses in meUl y American hospitals today.

Thougll never a viable option to resolv­ ing the national shonage of nurses, for­ eign nurse nave proven to be valuable ami indispen i le adj uncts to the hospiLai nur iug staff in particular areas ~U1d spe­ cific illsLiLU tiOns. Using archival records, oml histories, govcrnmclll documents anti secondary sources, Ms. Drush COIl­ . ider. the an lecedent events and coose­ qu nce of thi long-used slratcgy aJld attempts to provide hjstorical evidence LO influence contemporary nurse manpower planning and policy.

M . Brush's interest in the history of nurses' intemntioillll movement extends to her involv ment in a wider ana.ly is of international nursing. As a research as ­ soci, te to Dr. Joan Lynaugh, she rulU a temn of intematiollal histori,ms, includ­ ing nur' historians Dr. M ryn Stuart (C'l.nad,"l), Dr. Anne Marie Rafferty (En­ gland), Geertje Boschma (the Nether­ lrulds) and historian Dr. Nancy Tomes

(the Uniled States), arc writing the centennial hislory of the International Council of Nurses (lCN). The four year project, which began in 1991, examines the ICN's role, purpose, structure, and achjevements within the economic, ocial, and political context of its one hundred year hi tory. Using historical research methods, the research Learn has consu lted wiLb !.he 116 I N-participanl national nursing asso iations worldwide to gather and analyze date and investigate Lbe impacL of organized nursing around the world .

Ms. Brush's research, whe!.her national or international examines nursing's recent history in Lbe post World War n period. Existing Ilursing historiography and scholar­ ship has often av ided the events of !.he post-war period in favor of a late nineteenth cwd early twentieth century bias. Brush' work, whicn explores some of Lbe mostlrOu­ bling asp c of th h alLb professions-race, class, ethnicity, and exclusion--aims to ill uminate our understanding of the interlocking relationships between international nurse employment and work opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities and thus help our underst.anding of Americ.-'Ul culture and its complicated heal!.h care syslem.

ANTICIPATING T HE TENTH ANNIvERSARY .

A TIME

TO PLAN -

A TJ1v1E TO REFLECf

(Coruinued j rom page 1)

fro m individuals and alumnae associations yielded a renovation fund of $210,000; con­ struction was completed in fall of 1988.

In 1989 the Center's flISt Curator David Weinberg arrived to seL up systems, LO preserve emd catalog Lbe coiJecLions and to survey Lbe mid-Atlantic region for nursing hisLOry mal rials. In Pebruary, 1989 the Center opened to rescarchers on a regular ba­ is and remains so today under the direction of Curator Margo Szabunia. The Chronicle began pu blication ill Fall, 1989; it appears twice each year to share illfonna­ Lion 011 matters historical and to provide a list of Cent r holdings for the convcnience of our readers, Throughout the ftrst decade of its life staff. faculty. students ruld friends of the Center have worked to realize its goals of historical preservation, scholarship and teaching. It is a unique facility which exjsts LO serve the public and the profesSion through education and research.

Planning For the Future During Lbe summer of 1994 the staff. faculty, students, friends and adviSOry board of the Center met to identify goals for the rest of llie 1990s. Several new goals were e Lablished:

-Further refi ne ana develop uew scholarship 10 clarify wuJ explain tlie nature oJ nursing practice: help illuminale Ille contemporary issues inherent in mainlaining heal/II and caringJor Ihe sick.

Our completed studies of !.he tHUlsformation of medical ruld surgicaJllursing ill America's hospitals ill the years since 1940 provoke many more questions abou t nurs­ ing care of Ule acutel y and chronically ill. lbe mekWlorphosis of nursing in the second hajJ of the twentieth century is barely under tood llild will constitute a major part of !.he Cellt r' s research agenda for the next everal years. Historical issues of race and class and Lbe relative respon ibility of flUnil y. professional, institution and community for care wiJl be focal points. Interdisciplinary projects, collection strategies, and targeted funding will all support thi s goal . (continued on page 10)

7

FELLOWSHIPS OFFERED

AMERICAN PI-ffi.OSOPHfCAL SOCIETY The Ameri~ul Philosphical Society (APS) makes gnmls LOwards the cost of scholarly research in all areas of knowledge except those where support by govcmmenl or corporate enter­ prise is more appropriate. Projects likely to culminate in publi­ cations are preferred; project.;; in the creative or performing arls, and educational materials for classroom use are not includro .

Grants cover travel, purchase of phoLOreproductions of docu­ menls, and consumable supplies not available at the applicant's institution. The Society makes no grants for study, salary re­ placement, travel to conferences or the purchase of permanent equipment, telephone calls, or t:llionery.

Eligibility: Applic<Ults are expected to ruwe held the doctor­ ate for at least one year. Foreign nationals applying from abroad ruu t tate precisely what objects of researcb, ONLY available in tv U.S., need to be consulted.

Deadlines: Jan. 1 for mid-Apr. decision Mar. 1 for mid-June decision July 1 (or mid-Oel decision Nov . 1 (or mid-Feb. deci' ion Amount of award: $5,000 maximum ($4,000 for full pro­ fessors); average award in 1993: $2,800.

Obtaining forms: Wrillen reque ts for forms must indicate eligibility, areas ofre ear h, CUld proposed use of graJ1t fu nds.

Telephone tv for forms cannot be honored. Either of two ad­ dresses will be valid for 1995: Committee on Research, Ameri­ can Philosophical Society, 104 S. tv Street OR 150 S. Indepen­ dence Mall East, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3387.

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE

HUMANITIES The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is pleased to announce the availHbility of grants under the progl"arn of Humanities, Science and Teclmology for the suppon of re­ search tilat brings to bear the knowledge, methods, and perspec­ tives of the humanities of the subjects of science, technology, or medicine. Individuals and institutions are eligible to apply. Ap­ plicants may request SUppOrL for full or pan-time salaries, travel and Olher costs of conducting research on a project for periods ofl- 3 years.

Application materials are available from Daniel Jones, Pro­ gram Officer for Humanities, Science and Technology, Room 318, National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, DC 20506, or phone (202) 606-8210. The next deadline for receipt of applications is October 15, ] 994.

U NIVERSlTY OF MICI-llGAN For 20 years, the Roben Wood Johnson Foundation Clini­ cal Scholars Program has provided physicians committed to clinical medicine Ule opportunity to acquire new skills LO help

understand medical care systems. In 1993 the Program was opened for new competition. At a new site, the Uni versity of Mich igan, the focus will be on the ocial and cultural relations of medicine and society, including the history of medicine and science. Faculty members include W. Andrew Achenbaum, Joel D. HoweU, Michael P. MacDonald, Howard Markel, Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Martin S. Pemick, and Nicholas II. Steneck.

During the two-year Program, scholars design a curriculum trull meets their specific needs. They are also expected to con­ dUCl independent research. Candidates must be physicians, who have completed Ule clinical requirements Of residency training by the date of entry into the program, and who are U.S. citizen '.

The application process begins approximately 18 months before successful candidates will begin their tenn as clinical scholars.

For additional infonuation contact the Program by phone at 313-747-4844, by electronic mail at R W]CSP@UMlCH.EDU, or by surface mail at Clinical Scholars Program, U. of Michi­ gan, 3116 Taubman Center, 1500 E.g Medical Center Drive, An Arbor, Ml48109-0376.

CENfER VOLUNTEER SHARES EXPERIENCE

(continued f rom page 4)

"My deare t, I alway rejOice to hear of your happiness & in Ibis instance J cannot refuse to give my blessing, such as it is worth to the little treasure you are expecting -- it is because it is yours.

For it is the first of alilhe requests I have ever acceded to -- as, in general} think il degenerates to an empty form -­ If your child is a boy, 1 should like it to be called after my dear father, if you like those names, William Edward.

I shalJ be so glad to hear of you & of your husband & remain dearest ever yours.

Florence Nightingale"

The tone of this letter rence Nightingale's self-discipline CUld air of gentility.

Another collection I have examined, The Biographical Skelche of Women Prominelll in Nursing manuscripts, reveal the accomplishments ofMartba Minerva Franklin (1870-1968).

She was the flfSt black nur e to graduate from Women's Hospi­ tal Training School for Nur es, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1898. In 1908 Franklin founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses which was dedicated [0 promoting the stan­ (coruinued on page 10)

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8

MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS CENTER FOR

THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING

Col\cctJons Hospitals, Schools of Nursing and Nursing Alumni Associations Alber( Einstei n Medical Center School of Nu iug AI xian Brothers I [ospilal Alumni Association of the Trdining !:ichool fo r Nurses of tile Phil adelp hia General Hospital Alumnae Associ ation of Mercy-Douglass Hospital Seh 01of Nursing Chautauqua School of Nu rsing Chcstnu t lIil! Hospital School of Nursing hi ldren's 110 'pi tal of Philadelphia School of Nursing Free.dmen's Hospital NUrses Al umni Club l f Phi ladelphia IlospitnJ of the University of Penn yl vall ia Schoo luf Nursing Lankenan Hospila.l School of Nursing Lock Haven Hospital Mercy路 Douglass Ilospital School of Nursing Muh lenberg Hosp ital School of Nursing Philadel phi a General Hospital Phil adel phia Schoo l of Nursing Medical Supply and Dispensary Presbyterian School of Nursing 路t. Luke' s Hospital of Phil adel phia Society of the Alumni of the School of Nursi ng of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania Troy lIospital of Albany, New York Woman's Hospita l of Philade lphia Voluntary Non-Profit Associations Athen s Coun ty Visiting Nllfses Association ilrandywine Home lleal lh Agency Montgomery County Homemaker Ilome Health Aid Service Moorestown Visi ti ng Nurse Association National Fund for Medical Education Neighborhood Visiting N urse Association Pri nce ton Comm unity League Visiting Nurse Committee Starr Centre Association of Ph iladelphja Tri-Count y Visiti ng Nurse Association Visiting Nurse Association of Allegheny County Visiti ng Nllrse Associa ti n of Am bler & Vicinity Visiting Nurse Association of Eastern Montgomery County Visiting N urse Association of Greater Philadelphia Visiting Nurse Service of New York Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia Proressional and Military Associations American Legion - Penn 'ylvania Division , Helen fa irchild Posl No. 41 2 Americau Medical Women' s Association American Nephrology Nurses' Asso ialion Andrew G. Curlin Assoc iation of Army Nurses Associat ion fCommunity Heal Ul Nurse Educators National Organizat ion for Pu blic Health Nurses Pennsylvania League for NUrsillg Pennsylvania Nurses' Association , Distr ict I Penn sylvan ia Nurses' Association , Di, trict 2 Miscellaneous G roups Evcning Bulleli n William Helfand Postcard Collection ilistory of Nu rsing in Philadelphia 1. B. Lippincoll Company Nurses fo r the ulure Conference Philadelphia Mayor' s Commission on Health in the Eighties Theodore Starr Savings Bank World War I PbOlographs fro m France Michael Zwcrdling Postcard Collection

Dote

Extent

1930-1986 1885- 1981 L850- 1980 1896- 1980 1905 1907-\ 987 1897- 1987 1973- 1986 1894- 1907 1871 -1 992 1896-1 964 1896- 1983 1896-1961 1885-1940 1903-1 904 187 J-1987 c.1900 1960-1980 c. l 20 186 1-1964

0,8 0.4 70 L68 0.4 2433 L05

1982- 1992 191 7- 1990 1967路 1990 1909-1986 1949-1990 1912-1 989 1924-1950 1897路 1954 1894-1 991 1918-1990 1922- 1987 1922- 1984 1976-1981 1993 1855- 1987

OJ 35.2 52.5 0,8 23.68 0.2 7 0.4 148.1 1 2 0.2 6.35

1.7 .3 3.75 3.6 178 11.15 0.2 6.45 2.9

6.5 8.5 23 6.45 1 23.8

1919-1986 1981 1986-1987 1861 - 1903 1981- 1993 1913-1953 1948-1 989 1919-1973 1920-1978I

1.33 6 0.2 0.2 1.65 25 11.25

1905- 1975 1900-1990 1973- 1974 1871- 1931 1987 1983- 1984 1896-1901 1918- 1925 1907- 1916

0.8 0.4 0.4

11,7

1,9

1 0.8 0.2 0.4 I

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9

MANuscRIPT COLLECTIONS C ENTER FOR

THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING

Individuals Aiken, Linda H. Austin, Ann L. Drenn an, Mary Capers. Cynlilia Flynn C hase, Ada line Clymer, M ary V. Darragb, Mildred D'Esll, Ernestine Ki u1 DiSandro, Edith Hyde D uffy , Eileen M .

Eataugh. Dorothy Mark Emonds, Beverly L Erikson. Ed ith (ves Erikson, Ruth Erric kson, Sara Mailer Fagin , Claire M .

[-mucis, usan C. GOdfrey, M ary Robinson Goodrich, Annie W arburto n Griscom, Edith Lewis Gruber, M ildred Heffernan, Bemardine Hoff, BerUla Holman. Lydia lz ka, Jadw iga Jo hnston. Margaret Alice Joh nstone, Marie Jo nes, Elizabeth Keeler, Jane D. Kenned y, Cecile Lambertsen, Eleanor C. Landi s, Nadinc Lasek, Elinor Fry Leininger. Jenn y Le mley, Alice an d Lillie Leonard, Dorothy Harvey Lynch, Theresa I. Matthews, Irene McCarron, Sarah McCosh , Isabella G uthrie M ' Cready, Mary Anne Mereness, Dorothy An n Mo rris, Mabel Harmon Newman, Ed na Albert Nightingale. Aorence Nunan, Edith Olinatz, Nanette Overbo llz, Ell a Aorcnce Page, Nancy J .

Peplau, Hildegard E. Radbill, Sanluel X. Rath. C harlotte Tyson Rauschcnberger, Dorothy Ritter, Beatrice Robi nson, Alice Merritt Rogers, W esley Wiley Saba, Virg inia

1972- 1986 1940-1 970 1941 -1 982 1978- 1982 1900- 1975 1886- 1889 1923- 1928 1888-1 956 1924-1927 1975- 1977 1938 1965- 1981 1928- 1985 1932-1935 1937- 1989 1926- 1991 1934-1 987 19 10- 1987 187 1-1955 1909- 19 12 1904-1906 1968- 1986 191 3- 1914 1888- 1960 1939- 1960 1944- 1945 1906 J 899- 1946 1935- 1985 1939­ 1957 19 15- 1977 1930- 1988 1935- 1938 191 5· 1986 1887- 1888 1947-1 987 1896- 1986 1933- 1985 191 7- 1964 1897 1904 19 10-1 991 1935- \990 1924- 1936 1856­ 1896 1887­ 1976 1958- 1960 1921 1960- 1962 I 85 1985- 1989 192 8- 1970 19 14-1 986 1947- 1957 1920- 1983 1987 1937­ 1972

9.8 1 2 0 .8 1.6 0 .2 0.4 1 0.5 5 1 0.4 0.4 4 0 .8 1 1. 18 1 1.25 0 .2

1 0.4 I 1 0. 6 1 7 21 0.25 2 2.5 1.4 0 .8 1.7 1 0.2 3.2 8.75 0.2 4 .6 7 10 0.4

0.8 1 3 8 0.2

J

lin . fl.

Lin. ft. lin. ft. lin. ft. lin. ft. lin . fl.

Li n. ft. vo lume lin. ft. folders v lume lin. ft . lin. fl . fo lders lin. fl. lin. ft. fo lder foldcr lin. 11. lin. ft. folder fo lder volume folder folder lin . fl. folder fo lder lin. ft. fo lder lin. ft. lin. flo lin. ft. fo lder folders lin . fl. lin. ft. lill . fl. lin. fl. folder lin. ft lin . ft. lin. ft . folder lin. ft. lill . fl. folders fo lders lin. ft. fo lder folder lin . ft. fol der fo lders lin. fl. lin . ft. lin. ft.

Sc hlolfeldt, Rozell a M .

Schwartz, Doris Schorr, Thelma M .

Somers, Anne Ramsey Soper, Martha Lenora ColleH S tac hniewicz, Step hanie A. S tem, Beverly Peril Strump f, Ed na E. LaPorte Todd, C. Edwina T ranl, Rose Anna van c1er Peet, Ro e rl A. Weiss, Olga West, Roberta M .

Whitmer, Laura S trickler WilCO X, Barbara Y ork , Ed iUl M .

1935- 1989 1969- 1987 1968-1 989 1933- 1982 1919- 1920 1967- 1977 1955- 1960 19 4- 1977 1947- 1953 1926- 1970 1989 1928- 1974 1887- 1938 1934- 1947 1966-1 98 1 1922- 1923

3 0.8 1.6 0.4 I 1.25 2 1 1 1 I 0.8 10

1 0 .8

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10

THE TENTH ANNIVERSARY : A TThffi TO PLAN - A Tnvrn TO REFLECT

ANTICIPATING

(comilluedfrompage 6)

-Work with opinion makers and intellectual leader in nursing and Ilealth care to comprehend aJld address educ(l/ionaJ and health care delivery is. lies in the crucial decade ahead.

Pen n nursing and the Penn campus include an unusual cadre of scholars conslituting a hislorical resource capable of infonning and influencing the debate about what health car is, who should be cared for, how care should be delivered, and what our social alti ­ tudes will he in the 21st century. The Center is now in a po ition to be proactive in helping to use history to comprehend the present and lend perspective to the difficult que lions all societies face .

-Continlle preparing a generation of scholars with historically derived knowledge and historians' research skills who will help preserve and improve tile heallh o/ Iwmanily by studying and explaining lLealth, illness and caregiving.

The Center' s faculty wil l ensure that a proportion of tomorrow's leaders of thought will be prepared with the under 'landings and tcchniques of historical scholarship. Moreover, facu lty in schools of nursing and nursing' s clinical deci ion makers require the best possible contextual understanding of their world. Research and teaching emanating from the Cenler will reflect the highest qualjty; the C Iller will provide assistance to other researchers and teachers thereby multiplying the Center's efforts.

-Continue lU locale, pre erve, and IIwke widely accessible the essential primary resource material needed to sustain excellent historical research.

We will build on the work of t.he fi rst len years - continuing to implement the best standards of collecting, preser ing and dis­ seminating essential research materi als. The Center i considered a premier and unique resc.:'U'cb source and will enlflrge lilal reputa­ Ijon over the next five years.

-Ensure that nurses and all olher.l· know and appreCiate the heritage ofnurse caregiving which is one ofthe nwst significant world-wide social achievements of(he 2 0lll c:enwry.

The traditions and rituals of nursing are vitalLO its image and ta bHily as a social entity. Nurses value themselve • respect their origins and wish to know more of ti1eir history. The Cent r for the Stud y of lhe History of Nursing will continue to nurture nursing's traditions and val ues, and most of all the Center will seek to serve scholarsllip !UuJ nursing in all the ways possible through history.

CENTER VOLUNTEER SHARES EXPERIENCE REMINDERS

DEADUNES

Applicati on for the Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer Fellow 'hip must be sent to the Center for the Study of the flistory of NurSing by Dec mber 31, 1994. For application infonnation contact the Center at 215-898-4502.

Applic tion for Ule Alice Fisher Society Historical S bolarship must be entto the Center for the Study of the Hi . tory of Nursing by December 31, 1994. For application infomla­ tion contact the Center at 215-898­ 4502.

(conlinuedJw lllpage 7)

dard and welfare of black nur es and breaking down racial discrimination in the pro­ fession. J wa<; s...1.ddened when the author concluded, "Franklin outlived ber family and sibl ings. She was buried in the family plot along wilb her brother William, wbo died in 1905, and ber mother who djed in 1934. There appear to have been no urviving relati ves, and her name was not added to the family gmve stone. Her grave ile is at Walnul Grove Cemet ry in Meriden, CormecticuL" It is a pjty lhat someone 0 dedi­ cated to improving ber profession 1u1.S received so little recognition.

1have known Doris Schwartz over lbe past 30 years as a Cl)lleague and friend. Her colleclion documents her nursing experience and association wilb Cornell University School of NlIDiing. Her pa­ pers consist of training and research development reports and grants, as well as published and unpub­ lished manuscripts. The book Give lIs To Go Blitbely is a compilation from her diary and memo­ ries of fifly years of nursing. Upon reviewing lhe book Linda H. Aiken, R.N., Ph.D., F.A.A.N. wrote, .. A fascinating account of the developmenl of American nursing, during its critical years, by one of ilS real pioneers."

Delving into records and manuscripts represent ­ ing nursing's past is a fulfilling experience for me.

Reflecting on what has been in the conlext of where we are today sheds a light on the future of nursing.

Ril{l 8eaJty working with an archival collection. She has been a volunteer at the CellJer for three years.

II

GOAL IN SIGHf

A..<; the Center for the Study af the History af Nursing ap­ proacbes its tenth anniversary, its long standing goal of a $1 million dolJar endowment is within reach. Through the gener­ osity of many friends from across the nation and internationally, the Center has nearly raised an endowment which will help fund the Center in the future. Thousands have shared in the Center' s goal . The following individuals recei ve special thanks for their leader bip this year.

Elsa Baer Henry and Ellen Baer

You CAN HELP Too

You can help preserve the Center and nursing' s history too l - Join the Center's membership - Invest in a mutual fund or trust which will return annual income ~ for the reSl of your life and, in the future, make a giflto the Center - Include the Center in your estate For more information, contacl Kate Judge at (215) 8984841.

Barbara Bates Mathias and Li llian Brunner Hilda Houser Eleanor Lambertson Joan Lynaugh Stephanie Stachniewicz

Mr. and Mrs. W.B. Dixon Stroud Alumni Association of the School of Nursing of the Hospital of Lhe University of Pennsylvania Alumni Association of the School of Nursing of the Philadelphia General Ho pital

GlFf DONATED TO THE CENTER

The Center gratefu lly acknowledges the generous donati . n of a m~Ulikin from Mr. G. Stockton Strawbridge and Strawbridge & Clothier of Center City. Thi manikin will be u ed Lo display more effectively the Center's col­ lection of nursing uni fonns.

PosmONOPEN

A one-year visiting appointment in the Department of His­ lOry in the Uni versity of Iow~ is available to a historian of medicine, preferably with a Ph.D. degree and teacbing experi­ ence.

Teaching responsibilities include a one-semester survey course open to medical students and undergraduates, a leam­ taugbt undergraduate cou rse, a seminar, and individual work with medical students.

Please send a c. v. and three lellers of reference to: Prof. Paul Greenough History of Medicine Search, Dept. of History University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1409.

MEMBERS1-llP ApPIlCATION lD TIlE CENTER FOR THE SnTDY OF T HE HISTORY OF NURSING Enclosed is my check for $ _ _ _ __ _ ___ ; please enroll me ill the following group: _ __ Friends of Ule Center (Up to $49) _ __ Linda Richards Society ($100 to $249)

Center Contributor ($50 to $99) Lillian Wald Society ($250 to $499) - __ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up) _ _ _ Please send me more information about named gift opportunities. _ _ _ Please send me more infonn:tlion about making a bequesllo the Cenler.

Name _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ School _ ______ __ __ year _ _ __ _ Address _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ ______ ______ __ ____ ________ _ __ _ _ ____ City _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ State _ _ __ _ _ _ __

Zip _ __ _ __ __

Please make your check payable to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. Mail your ~'lX-deductible contribution to the Cenler for The Study of Tbe History afNursing, University of Pennsylvania, chool of Nursing, 307 NurSing Education Build­ ing. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096.

CALENDAR

variety or materials in its collection of medica1trade ephemera. 'TIle exhibil highligbts how drugs and devices were Eleventh Annual Conference Ameri­ marketed to pby. icians and the public can Association For The History of belween 1880 and 1950.

Nursing College of PhysidalL~ of Philadelphia Psychosurgery - The Philadelphia COTt­ eptember 23-25, 1994, The Lecture Series neclioTt. This exhibit focuses on the Knickerbocker Hotel, Chicago, IL. For II October, 1994, Professor Alexander popularization of the frontal lobotomy more infonnation contact Susan Dudas at Grando, Director of and the Centr'dl Museum the role played by PhiJadelphia phy­ 312-996-2188 or Fax at 312-996-4979. a program on the of Ukraine will present sicians.

Or caJJ M. Whalen al312-996-7829.

Cbemobyl disaster and its medical, A Melancholy Seetle Of Devastation; 17Le Yellow Fever EpidemiC of 1793. This moral, and ethical consequences. The Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Con­

leclure will be beld at the College of exhibit features the medical equipment ference

Phy ician as part of its Afternoon Lec­ used by Dr. Benjamin Rush, !he most October 27-29, 1994 The Changing Ar­

ture Program . Time to be determined. famous and controversial ligure in !he cluval EnvironmenJ Through Women's fight againsl Ole disease.

Eyes, Richmond, YA. For more infonna­ 25 October, 1994, Dr. Arthur L. Caplan, tion contact Jodi Koste at 804-828-9898 por further infonnalion ple.1Se contact Director of the Ceoler for Dioethics, of or jkoste @gems.vcu.edu. the UniversilY of Pennsylvania's Institute the Multer Museum al21S-563-3737. for Human Gene Therapy. Dr. Caplan American Association for the History will present the Mildred c.J. Pfeiffer Third Floor Gallery of Medi ine Annual Meeting Lecture, 6:15 p.m., allhe College, 19 Center for The Study of May 11-14,1995, Pittsburgh, PA. Be­ SOUlll 22nd Street.

The History of N urslng sides the traditiooal AAHM Meeting, Invisible Veterans: Nurses in War over one dozen other national and inter­ For infonnatioll aboul the College's Lec­ Through April 1995 lIaLionaJ hi tory of medicine/health care ture program, please cont..1 t Ms. Dale societies will be organizing and running Ross, Director of Communications/Asso­ For more infonnation con[<Ict the their own speciaJ programming in con­ Center' s curator al21S-898-4502. ciate Director of Programs aI215-563­ junction with AAHM sessions. The 3737.

AIDS History Group, American Associa­ tion for the HiS LOry of Nursing, Archi ­ vists and Librarians in !he History of the Exhibitions Health Sciences, and East Asian HislOry Mutter Museum of Medicine Society are just a few of the societies Ulat will be repre ented. Spe­ College of Phy icians of Philadelphia cial financial arrangements !lave been Drugs and Devices: llemsfrom the Medi­ cal Trade Ephemera Collection. The made La encourage graduate students to attend. Anyone who is not an AAHM library of the College of Physicians pre­ sents an exhibil of medical catalogs, member and wishes more infonn.l.lion or to be placed on the regi trntion mailing leaJlcts, and postcards, showcasing the

Upcoming Events

Center for 1 he Studyoj TIle l-lisluryofNursing UNIVEltSITY

or· f'Er..'NSYlvA1 '1>\

SnJOOL OF NURS",O

307

NURSING E[)UCATION BUIUJING

PHll.AOE1.PHlA,

1'/\ 19104-6096

list should send a letter/card to this effecl to Dr. Jonathon Erlen, AAHMILAC Chair, 123 NortJlView Dr., PiLLSburgb, PA 15209 or jon@mcd.pitLedu.

Non profi\ O rga n.

u.s. Postage PAID