The Chronicle Fall 1997 by PennNursing

Fall 1997 Vo l 10 No I

ISSN 1049 -2259

THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NlJRSES Is ALMOST 100 YEARS OLD JOAN

LYNAUGH,

PHD FAAN

This past June saw the convening of yet ~tnothe Can ess of Ih lnterna足 tional Council of Nurses (TCN). We only impertectly understand the "glue" that ha held the ICN together for nearly 100 years Ulrough war, political and eco足 nomic haas, and rdcial and religious strife. Nevel1heless, there il was, in Vancouver, Brili h Columbia, Lllri ing, and auended by well over 6,000 nurse from all over the world. In anticipation of its looth birthday in 1999, we want to share a bit of its story in this issue of the Chronicle. The id a and e. semialness of l1ur'ing is as ld as the family and the tribe but the pread of ho. pitals and the invention of organiLed nu . ing swept aero ' . Europe and North America in a relatively short lime during the 19th enulry. It was in thi atrnospher\; f social change that a handful of women, who took up this new fie ld of nursing, had their greal idea. The e nurse were als deeply engaged in the international women's movement which sought recognition of women as achiever in society and women' right to vote. It was thi intoxi足 cating mixlLIre of omen' right and organizing ntlr ing that brought Ethel Gonion Fenwick and Ulvinia Dock and later Agnes KarU, together. I think of Ul lCN being born an raised on the busy intersection of woman's rights, ocial progressivism, and h alth care reform .

Center for The Study of The Hist ry of Nu U

IV ERSITY OF PEN

URSI

'{LV Nl J

109

Ethel Gordon Man on (Fenwick) traveled LO the United States in 1893 to attend the "World Congres of Repr entative W men" at the Chicago World" Fair. The previ u year, while in the United Slates planning for the Congress, she made it a point to visit Isabel Hampton at John Hopkins Unive , ity Hospital School of Nursing in Baltimore, Maryland. While there he also met Lavinia Dock. Mr '. Fenwick would often say, "the seed of the International Nur'ing rnovern nt now so full of vitality. was then (1 892) sown." By 1899 Mr '. Fenwick was ready to propose that nurses of variou countries unite in an international nursing organization. One year later the leN constit u足 tion was approved; Ethel Fenwic was elected President, Lavinia Dock was elecled Se relary, and Canadian Agnes Snively was elect d Lreasur r. They held the first TCN meeting in Buffalo in 1901 in conjunction wi th th Pan American Expo ition. The ICN was to be a tederation f national nurse bodies. Acc rdi ng to it Con. titu tion, to join the lCN fed ration a national nursing body must be headed by a nurse, free f state control and represent only nurses. Actually no country had such a national body. In 1904, wh n the five year old ICN convened in Berlin, ol1ly three countries, Germany, Grear Britain, and the United States, were ready for fed ration under Ule Con tilUtion. Led by Agnes KarL!. German nllTses eagerly joined the international movem nl.

(c ontinlled on page 4)

CENTER FOR THE STUDY

NEWS FROM THE CENTER

OF THE HISTORY OF S PRING PROCESSION TO TITE WOODLA DS

NURSING T he en ter /,,,' The St udy ()/The. Hb tory o( Nursi ng waSes tah li shed in 19X5 to e ncourag e and fac ilitaic h istorical 'cilO la r ship on health car hi ~ t r and l1u r, ing in the nited S tate', Now in its twel fth year n t' e xisten e, the Center continues to c r..:ate and mainta in a re soll rc fo,' s uc h n;s..:arc h; to improve the quali ty anu s(;ope or his toric al schol ars hip on nu rs in g: a nd to dissemi nate n CI knowledge on nurs in g hi ·tory thro u\! h ed ucat ion , coni' r~m:e ,p uhi i(;a ti o n., ,Iml inter-disci p linar cnllah nation. urrcnt pro iects at the C e nt er rang f rom stu di es o f inte rnat ional nursin g. hOl1le

ba, ed nu rs ing, and reseurc h o n care of th e crit ica ll y ill tn th c iwe llli et h-cent ury re la tion. hip be tl een nLlr,in g and me ric an ph i lanthrop) . We al~o conti nue' tu co li ' ct . pm· ce, ~, and cll a lngue!l n n utst::Lf1d ing co ll cL'll o n nf prtmar) hi:- toril::tI mah:rial s.

T he 1997 Ann ual P rocession to tht: Wo d lands was a superlative even t as al way . . Blessed with beautiful weather a nd lovely spri ng bios. oms, the turnout was very good and the atmosphere delightfu ll y friendly. Many fri ~nd came togelher and rem inisced about seh 01 days in nursing. Dr. William Watson, bagpiper cxtraordinaire, I d the procession lO the ""rave of Alice Fisher where Dr. Karen Eoenes. Assistant Profes 'or at Loyola University'S Marc Iia Nieboff School of Nursing, gave the key note address. It was tit led, "Seldom told tales about Alice Fi her" and was based on Dr. gene.' research in Engl and. After n wers were p laced on Fi sher's grave. cue Is gathe r d at the historic Hamilton Mansion for refreshments and conver alion. This year, the Edgar fami ly had th di ti n tion of traveling the farthest. D r. a nd Mrs. ] . ph Ed gar came al\ the way from Maine a nd we re joined by Dr. Edgar's mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Edgar (PGH ' 27 , a re lired nurs . Intereslingly, she shared aneed te, about her mother who was a nursi ng tudent of Alice Fi her.

eel free to visit thc 'cnkr M onJ,I Y thwuglt l, rtd :1Y. (,1:00 '1.n1 . to 5:00 p.l11 , S(:l lnl:trs p lanni ng to conduc t research it l the enter ~ h ou l d \:onLaU lite Ce nter's I:ural ra t 2 15· HYX-45(( !. Our c um tn r w ill respo nd I ith a description Llf the smpe and ':Ol1 tl:'l1t o f rete vallt materi a ls in th e variou s C!) lI c\: t io ll ~ ,

C nt Ct A d vi~()ry Boa rd

A nn P. Kn ight. C hair M, L ou i~e Fitzpatric" , Vice C ha ir Lill ian Sholt is Brun ne r EstherCa van a ugh W illiam II. II Irand Ilan nah Hender on Jeanne Kiefna E I an I' . LllIn bertsen adin e Landi s

Mark Frazier Lloyd

C harl es - . Rosenberg

St ph anie A . Slac hl1i ewia

A nI! Pe rcy Stro ud

ina Wein trauh C nte r Stu rr Karen l1uhlcr-W ilke r.; o n. P hD, FAAN Direclor Ell en D. Bac r. PhD. FAAN .\SMlciatc D irec to r 10 1111 E. Ly l1augh. PhD, F A Associa te Dire c tor Margo Szabuni a. MAo C A C urator Betsy W' i,s dministrati ve ss istant Rita Beatty

·.ditoL T he C hronic le Hillary isenste in Editor, T he 'hron icl e

From left 10 right . Dr, William Wa lson tlln es his /Ju:;;p ipe wh ile Stephani!! SWdllli'IVI G (Class of" 194 7. PGII) and !l iver 'i/.I' of Penn 'ylra!lia NlIrsing 'lUde lll Reg illa Ofi pa wail 10 participale in fh e hadilional Processioll ,

JOAN LYNAUGH CHAIRS THE BARD OF

VNA

The eent r's A . ociate Director, Dr. Joan Lynaugh, has been appointed chair woman of the Board of the Visiting Nurse As ociation of Greater Philade lphia. A member of the board since the early 1980s, Dr. Lynaugh . ee her new role as a de manding one. When she was recently profiled in the Philadelphia Inquirer (Ju ly 28), Dr. Lynauoh remarked, k, till histori.Ul. I lake great interest in th is sh ifl from the intense empha ' is 11 hospitaJs to the more balanced cmphasi. on other kinds of care. but it" r ally takes a lot to mount a safe and effective care system for those without families ." Dr. Lynaugh continues 10 write a bout the hi , tory of nursing and to teach nursing history to graduate. ludents.

((,()l1linucd on p age 7)

ALICE FISHER FELLOW

JANE F ARRELL-BECK

TALKS ABOUT U NMENTIONABLES

The Lil lia n Sholti1> Brunner Summer Fe llowship for HisLOrictll

LOry of Nursing. As the recipient of the Alice ishcr ellowship, Farrell Be k pent four weeks this, um mer using the archives. books. and micro form co llel:tions in the Cen ter, as well as the eollel:tiol1s at the Van Pelt and Biomedical Libraries.

The Center'. malerial pJl ved 10 be quite useful. FalTell-Beck discovered some interesting al:counLS, incl ud ing that f Adaline Chase, who eventually be came Director of Public Health Nul'. ing at Pennsylvania Hospital. In the 1930s, Miss Chase began to buy Kotex, which had been on the market for more than 10 yea, , but had gained gradual accep tance. (The COSl of cotton and gaule for home- made pads had been so much Ie s.) Chase also recorded the pW'cbase of Louise Zabri sk.ic'$ ur. es Handbook of Obstetrics, a very forward-looking text in wh ich brassieres ere explained and endorsed.

Most gratifying, however, was the opportunity to read the tidy and effi cie nt class notes of Edn a LaPorte Strumpf, a former student at Ml. Sinai Hospi tal, and th n interv iew Mr. Strumpf about her experiences in nurs ing. Although Strumpf' s professional experiences took her into the mil ita ry and to su rgical ward , she shared h r

BRUNNER SUMMER FELLOWSHIP

"Like looking through a knothole inlo Ihe past." Thai was Jane FarreJl Beck's reaction to using Ihe archives al the Center for the Study of the Hi "

As a historian of clothing and per sonul appearance, Farrell-Beck is al tempting to dl cover how bra 'sieres were Jeveloped, mark tcd, and eventu ally adopted by women in the Uniled States. Her research ha'S led her to won der whether nurses. especially obstetri cal nurs s. might have influenced their patient ' .mitudes toward breast ·are. including support from binders and bras -ieres. She also has a secondary interest in women's sanitary products of the late 1800 and early 1900s.

LILLIAN SHOLTIS

A. Farrel/· Bec/.. ("()fI(/lId('c/ research th e Cellter with the a SI'{I /aIl ct' uf tlz e Il) c)7 A lice Fisher Fell{)\I'.,hip this past I'lImmer C lI rrelll ly. she is a pru{e.l'.\'{)r ill the Departmcnf uj' rexltles and Cluthillt: at the / UIVU SIll Ie University o/" SClellcc (lml Te chllolugy .

JU li e {J{

memories of changes in hygienic practices and gave a vivid accou nt of nul' 'es' demeanor as pro~ s ·ionals. Of course. any pr~iecl hru; its frus trations. Farrell-Beck frets that so many deta il ' abou t dail y life went un recorded, or thm the records of those activities were thrown away. She ad mits ruefully that subjects that seem so interesting to late 20th century sehol' rs may have been low on the priority . cale for n Ul es and patients struggling with the deprivations of the early 1930s. Nurses of the early 20th cen tury were inventive in caring for thei r patients "on a shoe tri ng." Un doubtedly some of lhem were awarded paten . for tampon and brea'il supporters. However, with no national directory of nurses in the early 1900s, patentees l1am s are al most i mpos ible to connect wi th R.N. licensure. (physicians are easier to trace. although the relevant reference work' have thei r naw• .)

Research Ul Nursing will again be offered in 199R by the enter lor The Study ol111C History of Nw's ing at the niver. ily of Pennsyl vania. Mm and Lillian Brunner s generosity makes it possible for the Centcr to ffcr th is rcsearch te llowship Stipp !ting () to X wccl..s or residentia l study and u ' C of the Center 's l,;oUectiom•. Selec tion of Brunner fell ws will be based on evidence nf preparation and/or productiv ity in historical research related to nursing. Brunner scholars will work. under t.he general direction f nurse his torians as. ociated with the Center. Rcseareh complet~d by the fel lows will hclp insure tbe growth of scholarly work in nursing his

tory. Applicant. fur the $2,500 Bnmncr FeUowship ~hou[d con lacl Cenler Dire t r Karen Buhler-WilJ.:crson ut th Center fo r The Study of The History of Nursing. Hiver 'ity of Pen nsylva nia, , eh 01 of ursing, 307 Nurs ing Educat ion Bui lding , Philadel phia, PA L9 J 04-6906, or call 2 t - 898-4502. The appli 'ation dead li ne is December 3 f. 19 7.

Jane Farrell -Beck retu rned to her home in litution. Iowa State Univer sity, with a much broader understand ing or the roles of hospital-based, home-ba 'ed, and public health nurses. She rea lizes now h w salient in the

work of many of these nurses was

care of pI' gnant and p uerperal women. Not only were the nur es care- ivers- provider. f order. c1eanli n s , and CO O1J rl- but they were also teachers wh made a strong i01pa t on their patients and n entire fam ilies. Some of the content of thei r teach ing may elude discovery but the fact of tbe leaching i ' beyond dispu te .

leN IS ALMOST 100

(co nlinllcd fr om page I)

Sarah McGahey o f Au tra lia was el eled President, Lavinia Dock conti nued as Secretary (as she would until 1922) , and Margar t B reay became Trea urer. It is imp 1' tant to realize tnat the ICN rea ll y had no funds and no of fi ce; the members had no means of com municating with each than I legraph or mail. Ali the partic ipant used thei r own personal funds to attend meetings and condu t bus ine, s. Agne Karll se rved from 1909 to 19 12 as PI' si dent ; she wa s fo ll owed by Ann ie Good rich of the United S tate . New nurses from as far away as Japan were at tracted La thi ' new idea and came to lCN meetings to fi nd out what it was about. Notwithst,mdin!! the ir lack of re s urces during these early years, the lCN nu rses pressed for statu tory leg i lation to protect nursing practic in all c,Guntries and to support women' s suffrage. Tb if plans tor ad vancing the callS o f nursi ng around the world wer , however, violently in terru pted in 191 4 y World War 1. Nurses mobi lized for the war as the de vastation of Eu rope shocked the world. Nurses at lhe lCN , now headed by Hennie T 'h m ing of De nmark, cou ld only hold o n cUld grieve for thei r lost an d separated comrades. Finall y, in 1922, Mrs. Tsch rning was abl to convene the TCN leadership in Copen hagen and try to pick up the piec , of their organ ization and its mi ssion. The nex t Pres ident. Sophie Mannerheim of Finland, proved to be the right leader for the lCN at th i low point. She fo rged links with international nurses while, at the same lime, fighting off efforts by the League of Red Cross Societ ies to dir ct post war nursing. Chri sti ane Reimann, who came the fi rst paid JeN secretary in 1922, played a crucial role. She was an accomplis hed Danis.h nur e who poke and wrote several languag s, she wi llingly gave of her own fu nds La accompli h TCN goals, and she traveled extensively seek ing lo attract more national nursing organizations LO join ICN. And. ind ed, many countries establi hed educational

Memhers of ICN Hisrory Group ill 1994 , Ui'OIlI lef! 10 riRht) Gce!ie Bose/una. Me r 'n Swa r/ , Barbara Brush , Aline Marie R(J/fcrIY, 'an cy Tomes, (In d .loan Lynaugh .

programs for nurses and created nati nal nursing organiza tions. For example C hina joined the ICN in 1922. Li nk, wilh the American Red Cro s and with lhe Rockefe ller Foundatio n strengthened thc [eN to become a voice representing nursi ng. But, as the 19305 dre w to a clo e, it became obviou to most that war wa again part f th ir reality. The German Nurses A 'so iation, a found ing member of lCN, had already been disbanded by rhe NalionaJ Sociali ' t Party (the Nazis). The same happened earlie r in Italy. rn the earl y summer of 1939, the lCN of fices (now located in London) seemed vu lnerable. Before the leN Board cou ld mak . plan ' war hr ke out a Hitler moved west in September of I 39. American Effie Tay lor. elected ICN Pre 'ident in 1937, found he rsel f caught up in an ex plo ive wa r si tua tion. Along with C alista Banwarth (an American tudying aL Bedf rd C li ege, London) she packed up the [eN records and offi e materials and m ved th [eN to her offices at Yale University in New Haven, CT. The Lon don JeN offi e were destroyed by bomb in 1942 , A ll the money in the leN 's bank account was seq uestered in Great Britain for th duration of the war. Finally, in 1947, Lhe lCN was able lO once a ain con vene a Congress in Allantic C ity. New Jer . T he n w President, Gerda Hojer of Sweden. welcomed 6,500 nurses. In a happy reunion spi rit the leN ho nored its " 0 1 guard ," form r President Annie Goodrich. and ilS original and long time ,'ecretary and critic, Lavin ia Dock. Goodrich and Dock were lauded and feted ; and e eryone enjoyed the li ft after the long burd n of war.

American nurses ill London al rhe Americall /? ed Cro ss Nurse's CllIiJ du rini{ W()rld War I.

The post war ICN became much more of an activi 1 organization; it [jnked iL el f with Ihe United Nations and campaigned to b r cogni zed by the World Health Organi zation. In addition to aiding thousands of d isp laced nurse refug es the ICN absorbed the Floren Night ingale Int mational Foundation and made iI its education arm . The membership commillee o ught OUI and reviewed app lica (con/in li ed on /l ex i pus e)

leN IS ALMOST 100

tiODS ~

r m mbership from national nur ing organizations in

th middle ast, South America and Africa. By 1957 the ICN incl uded 46 national as -ociations with 17 countries in associ ate . tatus. The new members iIlu trate the new international ism of the TCN . .. Haiti , Korea. Turkey, Chile, Ceylon, Ja maica, Luxembourg, Pili -tan Trinidadn'obago, Zam bia, Southern Rhod sia, Barbados, Columbia , Ethiopia, Iran, Liberia, Malaya, Panama, Uruguay, Yugoslavia ... and s v eral countries s parated by war r -joined ." Italy. Germany, Austlia, and Japan. On the other hand, th Cold War deeply affected the ICN. Neither Russia nor the members of the Soviet bloc join d or rejoined the ICN after the war. The national nurses associations previously members of the ICN federation ... Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, stonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and, untiJ 1957, Yugoslavia, were reluctantly clas sified by the ICN Board as " temp rarily inactiv ." The lCN st rengthened its relationship to the Interna tional Labour Organ ization and officially represented nurse on mploym nt issues. Chang ing economies and conditions f r women ' s work in region of Africa, the A ian-Pacific, and Central and South Ameri ca helped en hance nurses abil ity to create oroanizations . Issues of how to def ine the profes ional nu rse, w hat should be the ed ucational ' tand ard for professional nurs ing arou nd the world , who should re present nurses, and what to do abou t mem bers that d id not pay their du were debated as they had been since the founding of the ICN. But the ICN made progress on some o f these que s tions. In 1959, it app roved publ ication of a booklet by Virg inia Henderson called "Basic Princip les o f Nurs ing Care ." Re-printed six ti mes during the n xl decade it was ultimate ly trall lated int 25 languages. What captu red [he imag ination of !lUl" cs who read he r book was He nderson's idea of the es.'cntial o r unique functio n o f th nur. e . I n the absence of a shared intemational defin ition she offe red this: "the un ique function of the nurse is to as ist tlle indi vidual, sick or well , in the performance o f those activities contributi ng to hea lth or its reco very (or to a peacefu l death ) that he would perform unaided if he had the neces sary strength, will or know ledge ." Today 's ICN defin i ti on of nu r 'iog, drawn lip in 1987 , relies heavily on Henderson' s 1960s ideas. A long simmering issue finally came to a head in 1973 when the lCN insisted that the South African Nurses Asso ciation fully integrate its association and board or face expul sion from the organ izati n. The Swedish Nur es Association and the Nurses A soc iation of the Netherlands introduced the re olut ion to expe l South Africa and it was done. TIle South Africans then resigned' the lCN had , after de ades o f debate, taken the painfu l but fi nal step to eject one f its oldest mem ber nations to show its revul.. ion against rac ism. Today, an

(co l1 l i nued ./i'om previo us page )

incl usive South African nur ing organization participates in ICN . By 1985 the ICN federation totaled 97 cou ntries. Bul eleven countries, Japan, United Stat s, Canada, United Ki ngdom, Sweden, Denmark, Australia , Spain, Norway, F inl an d and S witze rland, accOlmted for 8 % of the ICN membership. As has alway been tnt , ICN reflects die agenda and the economies of the ind ustrial and ost indus tri al world . During the 1980s, lCN leaders and Executive Director Conn ie H o lleran faced prob lems ranging from the dem ise of the I rani an NUf'cs Assoc iation after the fall of the Shah to po]jlical co ups in Libe ria and human rights violation. in Chile. In 1989, the fi r t lCN P re. ident from Asia, Mo-lm K im of Korea, greeted about 7,000 nurse. at the 19th Quadrennial Conference in Seoul. I n 1993, over 6.500 nurses went to Madrid for the 20th ICN conference where Margretla Sty les of the United States became ICN Pr i dent. Ki r ten Stallknecht of Denmark gave the keynote address in 1993, a talk that resonated with the core phrases and values of the ICN uni ty re pon ·ibility. re spect f r human dig nity, failh, love, s If-respect, and self determ ination. 1n 1997 she became ICN President and wiU preside over its Centennial Ce le bration in London on June 27 - July I, 1999 . We hope to ee you there!

IN MEMORY OF DOROTHY SMITH Dor thy M. Sm ith. an internationa lly kn wn nurse leadt:r, educator and cl ini cian, died on Augu t 16, 191.:)7, at thl: age of :-\4 in Indian Harb )r Bea.:h , Florida. fllilowing a hrief il lness. More than any other single nur c leader of h~ r ti me , D ro th Smit h in ll ucnced the integration of nursing into the mains tream of" hi~he r ed ucation the uni tication of nu r -ing education and p racti ' C. and the deve lopment of cvi dence-bw;cd nurs ing practice. Her contri bution laiu th groundwork for many of the most important advance in nursing over the past three decad s, includ ing the mo rcment of nurs ing t,ducation into institutions of higher education. lhe development of nurse practitioner ' and cl inical nurse peciali ' Is as an integral c mpon nt of our nation's heaith system , and the evolut ion of nurs ing resc·m.: h to peer stalu ' as evi den cd by th e establishment o f Ule Nationa l In·titut of Nursing Research with in the National Institute. of Health. Dorothy M. Smith was the found ing dean of the College of Nursing, University f Florida, Gainesville from 1956- 197 1. where he also held the titl , Chief of Nursing Prnctic . Along willl colleagues in medicine, dentistry, and allied health, Ms. Smith part icipated in the design and implementation at the Uni

(co ll l ill ued 011 page 11)

HIOffiJOHTS OF THE CAREER OF DORIS

R. SCHWARTZ

Doris R. Schwartz. a Charter Fel low of the A01erictUl Academy of ursing. i it graduate of the Brooklyn Methodi t Hospital School of Nursing. and received her Bachelor'. and Master's degree from the Divi ion of ursing. ew York University. Her extraordinary contributions to \.:ommu nity health and gerontological nUl ing are celebrated in her IX>ok. My Fifty Years in Nursing. puhli hed by Springer in 1995. Ms . Schwartz 's early career in cluded the U.S. AmlY NUrse Corps, with service in the Pacific theater dur ing World War [I. Special RepOiting and Editorial A i tant at the American Journal of Nursing. and a long ruld di.' tinguished stint as a faculty member at Com II University-New York Hospital School of Nursing and Public Health Nursing Consultant to the Cornell Medical College, During the Cornell years. M, . Schwartz brought to fruition one of the earliest Geriatric Nur e Practitioner programs. a model pro foundly intluenced by her experiences in community health and as a Fogarty F I!ow in cotlrulcl. FoUowing retire ment from Comel!, and a move to a ontinuing care retirement community outside of Philadelphia, Ms. Schwartz spent ten years a a Senior Fellow in (he School of Nursing at lh University of Pennsylvania playing an important advisory role to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation' s "Teaching urs ing Home PrograJ1l:' M '. Schwartz', contributions to the literature of nursing are immens and incl ude landmark research, cur ricular innovations, and a strong philo sophical framework for community

N URSI G

TORY

Doris

Sc hwLlr l :::,

Ull

llCl i l't, cOll trihll/(J I'

C() /Iw lW l ily t/Cil/lil lI lId I)e ro nlo /( g iL'a /

Il w',l il/g l iJi· j il'e dt'Clldn , re ct' l1l/y dona ted

her

{'up el',\ 10 liz e e enl er,

health and g rontological nursing. M . Schwartz was a member of the ANA's first Committee on Research, and the fi rst gerontological nurse to receive funding from the TH. Her study resulted in the publication of mrulY widely cited articles anti a 0 k The Elderly Ambu/alw)' Patient: Nursin o and Pyychosocial Needs ( 1964). Ms. Schwrutz has authored or co-author d six books and more than 50 article, and book chapter, . She conlinu S LO write and mo t recently

completed a detailed annotated bibli ography of lit ralure on aging [or The John A, Hartford Foundation rnst1lule for Geriatri Nul' ing at New York University.

M . Schwartz transfom1ed the ca reer~ and contributions f hundreds of students whom she laught and dozens of faculty colleagues whom she contin ues to influence. Her writings reflect u pragmatic tmd visionary approach to practjce problems of genu inc concern to nlll"es. Clearly. Doris R. Schwartz's legacy is a body of work thaI hi . made a difference to the pa tients she has served und to the profes sion she love . This fall Doris Schwartz will be recognized a ' a Liv ing Legend by th Academy of Nurs ing. 111e olher legends are Jo Elerulor Ellion , Mary K L1y Mullane. Mawl Wandelt, Mary Woody, and Anne Zimmernlan. The reception for these wonderful legend, of nursll1g will take pia e on Thursday evening November 13. 1997, from 6:00-8:00 PM at the Academy meeting in Washington, DC. M . chwartz has donated her paper · to the Center ror the Ludy of the History of ursing. niversity of Penn ylvania School of Nursing. This coli clion documents her in volvement in research and training programs, such a • the Navajo Cornell Field Health Rc earch Project, geriatric nur.'e practitioners, and family nur. e praditioner '. lL in cludes her addresses, ilrtide , testi mony, interviews letter. to editors, and material related to her book. Gil'e US IV Go Blithely , There are also photographs of her asso inti n with the Frontier Nul' ing Service. Le lie County, Kentucky; the Navajo Cornell Field Health Re earch Project and the Second World War.

-LJNE

This newsletter is regularly featured on the Center's homepage on the World Wide Web. ur URL is the fol lowing: http://www. upenn.edu/n ursing/facrcs_history/html. Other feature of ou r web 'ite ine1 ude a photo gallery. a list of our holdings with links to selel:teo find ing aids, and Li nks Lo other related websites in the United States and abroad.

NEWS FROM THE

CALL FOR ABSTRACTS

------

C EN1ER

lCN CENTENNIAL

AAHN 15TH ANNuAL

CONFERENCE

C ONFERENCE

Celebrating ur ing's Pas!: Clait ing the Future

eptember 25-27, 1998 . Jack son, Mississippi. The Amcricun .L\.ssociation for the llistory of Nursing and Ibe Univer ity f Mis sis ippi ('hool of ursing arc co 'ponsoring this annual conference thaI provides a forum for sharing historical re earch on nu ing. The conference wi ll include paper and poster presentations as well :c mher opportu nities 1'01' learning and haring l1 i~ l or i ca l inter sts.

1une 17-J uly I, 1999, Lon don. A conference to (.;eJebr'lIe the centenn ial of lhe Jnterna tiona l Counc il of urses . Ah· stracts should relate to one or more f the followLng themes: Lcader<;hip and achievement in d inical pracLi(.;c , edu(.;ation, eth ic!>. health s rvice planning nnd managemen t. Labor practice, policy. reg.ulatory po licies and practices, profcs ional rgani1.a lions or reoearch. Flexi bi l ity in service provision; role ' or work ing practices. Partner hips with other hea lth profeSSIOnals, other social sec tors, con umer groups , inrorrna! care given or (.;omm u ni lies and community groups . Openness to other c u ltu re~ . elh nit: groups. alternative or complementary therapies . on linieal areas of intere I; Ed ucation , ethic!;, his t ry, lead ership, management. policy, regu lation. resellrc h, socio-eCl n mil.' welfnre. Cli nical areas of interest: Cancer carc, elderly ca re, ped lalric care, psychiatric/

menta l health care. Witb a locu , on: Primary healUl Care, enlr prcneurial pra(.; ticc, the cons um r' role. the impa t of technology on care and allema t ivc/comp le menlary therapies. Final accc ptance i ' condi tional on registration of pre 'ent ers by March 15, 1999; Closing dat for subl11i, 'ion i October ~O , 199R. For mor inf rmalion, contact: Brian French; onfer enCl: Manager; Royal oll ege o f Nursi ng; 20 Cavend ish Square . London WIM OAB. UK.

Guideline' for Submissions: Presen ation ' will be selected on the basis of merit through bl ind rc iew. Please submit si x copte of your abstmct. One copy of the ah stract must have complete titlc, author address , institutional affi li ,Ilion, and phone number and indi cate wheth r it i. for II poster and/ or paper presentation. Five copies should have the tiUc bUI no nuU10r or nther identi fying infonnution. This will fac il itate the bli nd re VlCW .

Abstracts will be re produced for conreren(.;e partidpants. please follow guide lines carefully. Ab stracts should include: Identifica tion of lhe tudy 's purpose, ratio nale and , igrti licancc of the study, description of me UlOdology, idl!n lification 0 (' pli mary and second ary sour es, the findings and con cl usions. Abs tract Preparation: Mill-gi ns must be one and nc half inches left, one inch b ltom, top. and ri hI. Pu[ title in caps and 'ingl space body. 'e only one page. A stamped, sel f-addressed envelope must be enclo. ed with the ahstract. bstracts that do not confoml to the guidelines will be return d. Abstracts must arrive on or before January 16. 1998. Mail to: Dr. Eleanor Crowder, Chair AAHN Abstmd Review Committee, 403 S. Allen #307, State Collc<Je, PA J6ROI-5253.

("'o nllll/lni f ro m page 2 )

FOREIGN V I (TORS GRACE THE

fER

Tlus sum mer the Center' s staff were pleased LO receive the following foreign vi it r : Ms. Deni 'e FrancilJon, Archivi ·I/Hi.storian of the Ecole Romande de Soins Infirmiers La SouTce, Lau. anne. Sw itzerland : Dr. Sioban Nel ·on. Research FellO\ . UniversiLy of Melbourne (Australia) School of Po:tgraduate urs ing; and Mr. Peter S hort. doctoral candidale and lecturer at the University 01' Te<.:l1nology, Sydney, Austmlia,

CENTER WEBSITE REVAMPED

The Cent r's website (http:// www.upenn.edu/nursing/ faeres_history.html) now ha more finding aids and our photo gallery ha~ been modified for fa. ter loading. This newsletter is al 0 available on-line at the website. More fealu res will be added thi: fall. Visit our web. ite peri odically LO . lay abreast of activities nt the Center and stay tuned to nur ing history.

DON'T MISS THE HISTORY

OF MEDICINE

SEMlNARS

AND SEcrtO

MEDICAL HISTORY LISTED

IN THE

CALE DAR

BACK PAGE .

ON THE

MANuscRIPT COLLECTIONS C ENTER FOR TIlE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF N URSING Collections Hospitals Schools of Nursing and Nursing Alumn i Associations Albert Einstein Medical Center School of ursing, Phil adelphi a, PA Alexian Brolhers Hospital, Ch icago , IL Alumni As oci ation of Philadelph ia General Hospital School of ursing Alumnae As 'ociation of Mercy- Doug lass Hospital Schoo l o r Nursi ng Chau tauqua School of Nursing, Jamestown, NY Chestn ut Hill Hosp ital School of ursi ng, Philadelphi a, PA Children ' s Hospita l of Philadelph ia School of Nurs ing Freed men' s Hospital Nurses Alumn i Clu b of Phil adelphia Ho pital of the Uni versi ty of Pennsylvan ia School of Nursing Lankenau Hospi tal Sc hool of Nursing, Phil adelphi a, PA Lock Haven Hospital, Lock Haven, PA Loeh Center for Nursing and Rehabil itation Mercy -Doug lass Hospital Schoo l of Nursing, Philadelphia. PA Muhlenberg Hosp ital Seho I of Nursing Ph il ade lphia General Hosp iud Phi ladelphia Sc hool of Nursing Medi cal Supply & Di spen ary Presbyterian School of Nursing , Phil adelphia, PA SL Joseph Scbool of Nursi ng. Lancaste r, PA SL Luke 's Hospital, P hil adel phia, PA SL Mary's Hosp ital, Troy, NY Society of the Alum ni of the School of Nursing of the Uni vers ity of Pennsylvania Woman' s Hospital of Philadelphia , Phi lad Iph ia, PA Voluntar_v Non-Profit Associa tions Athens County Visiting Nurses Assoc iation Brandywj ne Home Health Aoe nc Montgome ry County Homemaker Home Hea lth Aid Serv ice Moo re stown Vi siting Nurse As sociation National und for Medical Education eighborhood Vis iting ur:e A 'ociation Prim;cton ommunity League Visi ting llf'e Comm ittee Starr Centre Assoc iati on of Philade lphia Tri-Cou nl . Visit in g Nurse Association Visiting 'urse A ' sociat ion of Allegheny C unty Vis it ing Nurs As .'ociation of A mbl & Vicini ty Visitin g Nurse Associat ion of Eastern Montgomery County Vi sit ing Nurse Associ ation of Greater Phil ade lp hia Visiting Nurse Association of Sou th Central Connectic ut Visiti ng Nurse Serv ice f New York Vi iting Nurse Society of Ph il adelphi a Profe sional and Military Associations American Legion - Pen nsylvania Di vision, He len Fairchild Po t o. 412 American Medical Women 's Associ ation Ameri can N phrology Nurses ' Association Andrew G. Curtin A 'soc iation of Army Nurses Associ ation of Community Health Nurse Ed ucators Council on Gradua te Education fo r Administr. in ursing In tern ational Cou nci I of Nurses Nationa l Organ ization fo r Public H aith Nurses Pennsy lv ania Higher Educa ti on Nursi ng Schools Associ ation Pe nnsy lvania League for Nursing Pennsy lvania ur es' Association, Dis trict I Penn sy lvan ia Nurse ~' As oc iation, District 2

Date

Extent

19 30-198 1885-1 98 1 1850-1 981 1896- 1980 1905 1907-1 98 7 1897-1987 1973- 1986 1894- 19 70 1871 Â 1992 1896 - 1964 196 2- 1985 1896- 1 83 1896 - 19 11 18 85 - 1Q O 1903 - 19 04 1117 1-1 98 7 190 . - 1996 c. J900 c. 1920 1960-1 980 1858- 19 76

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1982- I 992 19 17 -1 99 0 I 67-1 99 0 1909- 1986 1949-1990 1412 -1 989 19 24- 1Q5 0 1897-1954 18<).:\-199 ! 1918-1990 1922 - 1987 1922 -1 984 19 76 - 1911 1 19 05- 1 87 1993 1855 - 198 7

1. 7 8.3 3.75 3.6 178 1 1. 15 0.2 6 45

1919- I 89 198 1 1986- 1 87 186 .1- 1903 198 1- 1993 1970- 1 94 1946 - 1970 191 3- 1 53 19 77-1 995 1948- 1989 19 19 - 19 73 1920 -19 78

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MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF NURSING Miscellaneo us Grou ps

E ve n ing Bullet in William Hel fand Pos tcard Coll ection W illi am He lfan d Sheet M usic CollecLion Hi sto ry of Nu rsin g in P h ilade lph ia J. B. Lippincott Company Nurses for the FUL ure Conference P hiladelphia General Hospital H istory T ask Force Ora l H isto ry Projec t Philadelphia Mayor' s C omm iss ion n He alth in the E ighties Pete r S hort Photograph Coll ee Lion Theodore Starr Sav ing. Bank World Wa r I P hotograph . from Franc Individuals A ik en Li nda H. Ashley , Jo Ann Au. lin, Ann L. B renna n, Mary B ru nner, Lillian S. Capers, Cynthia F. Ch ase Adaline Clymer, Mary V. Darragh , M il dred D'Esti , Ernestine K. DiSandro, Edi th H. Duffy. Eileen M. Eataugh. D orothy M . Emonds. Beverly L Eriks n, di th I yes Eri kson, R uLh Errickson. Sara M. Fagin, Claire M. Fondes. Ta bitha P. Francis. Susan C . Godfre y. Mary R. Goodrich, Ann i W . Griscom, Ed ith L. P. Grub r, Mi ld r d H ff m an, Bern ard ine Hoff. Bertha Holman . Lydia Izcka. Jadw iga J )hnston , Margaret A. J hnstone , Mar ie Jon es, E lizabet h Keeler, Jane D. Kenned . Cecile Lambert e n, Eleanor C. La ndi., Nadi ne Lasek. Elino r Fry Le in inge r, Jenny Lem ley. A lice and Lillie L>onard, Doro thy H . L nch. Theresa l.

1972 -19H6 194?-1 98? 1940- 1970 194 1- 1982 191 0-19 95 1978- 1982 1900-1 9r 18 86-1889 1923- 1928 1888-1956 1924 -192 7 1975 -1 977 1938 1965 - 198 1 1928-1 985 1932 -1 935 I 37 -1989 1926 -1 991 1912 - 1996 19 34-1 987 I!) 10- 198 7 187 1-1 955 1909- 1912 1904-1 906 1968 - 1986 1913-19 14 1888-196 0 1939 - 1960 1944-1 4S 1906 1899 -1 946 1935- 1985 L93 - 1957 191 5-1 977 193 0- 1988 193 5- 1938 19 15- 1986 188 7- L8 88 1947-1 987 1896- 1986

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1905- 1975 1900-1 990 19 12- 193 9 1973-1 974 187 1-19 31 1987 199 4 198 3- 198 4 1993 - 1994 1896- 190 1 1918 - 1 25

Marthe ws. lren McC a rro n. Sarah McCosh, Isabe lJa G . M'Cready, Mary A. M e re ness. D orothy A. M rri : . Mabe l H. Newman, Edna A. N ightingale. F lo re nce una n, Ed ith Oli na tz, Nanelle O ve rholtz, Ella F. Page, Nancy .I . Pepla u. Hildegard E. R adbill . Samuel X. R at h, Charlolle T. Rausc henberge r,Dorothy R itte r, Beatrice R obinson, Alice M. Rogers, Wesl y W. Saba, V irgin ia ch lotfel dt. Roze lla Schw artz, Doris R. Schorr Th Ima M . S mi th , Dorothy M . S mer ', Anne R. So per, Martha L. C. Stachniewicz. Steph,mie A. Stern. Beverl y Peril Si rumpf, E Ina E. L. Todd, C. Edw ina Tram , Rose A nna van d r Pc I, Robert A. Wei ss. Olga West. Ro be rta M. Wb itme r, Laura S. W ilcox Barbara York. Edith M.

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II)

RECENT ACQU[SITIONS Tabitha Parker Fondes Papers, 1912-/996,0.-4 linear feel.

Durothy M . Smith Papers , 1950s 199(j , 1.75 linear f eel.

A graduate of the Mercer Hospi tal Training School in ew Jersey. Mr. . Fonde fOT many yeill-s assisted a physician wilh pal ient ('are and home visits. Included are lists of patient visjlS and the habie deliv ered at home si nce 1915. Also in eluded in this collection arc exams written at the Mercer Hosp ita l Train ing School in 1912. correspondence, report photographs and primed ma terials. Gi rt of Robert Park r ·ondes.

Consi ting of corre pondence. ill,tides, pceches, notes, and memos, the collection reflects the work and thought or this recenLly-dcceased im portant nurse leade r, educator and cli nician. Her work influem; d the inte gration of nursing into the main tream of highe r education. the unilication of nursing education and practice, and the developm nt or evidence-based

nursing pract ice. obituary.

ee page:; for

Denzil Wallis Le2cnby, 1997. 22 inches. On Ju ly 8th. Ccnler Curator Margo zabunia and her husband, Rick Lezenby. welcomed their new son. Denzil, into Iheir family. The young Mr. Lezcnby weighed in al 9 lb. . 4 z and is expected to appear at the Center lhis fall.

Loeb Center for Nur.ling and Reha

bilitation. / 962 - /985, 0.2 linear Ieet. This small collection contains orrespondcnce, reports and printed materials about Lhi. innovative in ti tution establish d in 1963 at M ntefiore Medical Center Bronx, ew York. The Loeb Center adm it ted patients from acute hospital units who were no longer in physiological crisis but sti ll reqwred nursing care and medical supervision on a 24-hour basis and daily ev luat ion ' . The fi les incl ude the Loeb Center dedication address by Lucille Petry Leone.

Th e C enter lIralor Margu S" a iJwlia lakes lilll (, ouf lV ilh {11f' !afl'll m!d ilioll 10 Ihl! family. Denzil Wa!Ii.1 Lezenhv.

D R. S HELDON HACKNEY H ONORED

Thi .fall. the Center for The Study of The History of Nursing hosted a reception f or Sheldon Hackney. President of the Un iversity of Pennsylvania f rom 1981 10 1993. Dr. Hackney concluded a fOllr-year term as Director of Ihe National Endowment for the Hu mallities and has just assumed a Prof e'sorship in the Department oj Hi (ory at the Uni versity. His w~fe, Lucy Durr Hackney is a valued member of the School oj Nursing" s Board of Overseers. Now thai they have returned La Philadelphia, we were delighted to take this opportunity (0 honor them alld welcome them home.

IN MEMORY (contilllledji-o/ll page 51

CALENDAR (continu ed

=--- -

vcr 'i ty of Fl rida of one of the c untTY 's first dc novo healLh sc i ences cenlcrs integrating education research and pract ice across the healLh prot'e sioru.. A number of im p rtan! in novation were developed and t sted within this imerd i cipl i nary environment that have been widely replicated in the Un ited tates and jilt mationa!l y. Doroth y Smith, a grad uate of Quincy City Hospital Se h 01 of Nursi ng in Ma. sachu Us, received her Bac helor's d grce from Teach ers Col lege. Columbia University and a Master's degree from Harvard University. She was the author of numerou~ papers and co-author r a textbook enti tled System of Nursing Practic . Ms. Smith wa elected an honora!") member or the American Academy 01 ur ing in 1979, and was named a Liv ing Legend in Nursing by the Acade my in 1996. In .Ju ne 11}97 she received the Mary Adelaide NU ll ing Award rrom the ational League for Nursing.

MEMBERSHIP ApPLICATIO

hac/;

pag e)

Dorothy Smi tll 's ideas h<l e stood well that it i difli cult to imugin the world a~ it was w h n nur ing education W C\ · isolated academica lly fro m other disci plines within univers ities and isolated from it. cI inical prac tice base; when schooL of nur ing had no ro les in their univ r siti es ' Leaching h s pit ~\ l s and cl inical . 'rv ices; when gruduat nu rsi ng edu calion prepared nur es for functiona l roles in ed uc ation and admini lrat ion rather than f OI careers in c1in ie,lI prac tice and re:eareh . Dorothy Sm ith' , idea. w re sO bold and c ntrary to the pre ail ing norms anci con ventiona l wisdom of the times th at only d cades later is it p 'ible t recognize the IJTl mensely inlluentia l role her visionary ideas had for the evolution 0[' nursing as we know it tod<lY.

Exhibit ions

tile lest of time s

The Cente r is tlle repository for Dorothy mith's coU cted paper . We welcome associate ' and rormer stu dents of Ms. Smith to contribute to the collection wh ich will be archived and made available to r 'earchers, . chol ar and any who w ul fin it useful.

Mutter Museum ollcgc of Physicians of Philadel phia 1llc March of Dimes. A series I pho tographs fro m Lhe Man.:h of Dim S FOllnciati n tnlC 'S Lh history of its successful campaign to c mbat polio. Founded by Frankl in Delano Rooscvelt in 1939, the Foundution supPol1ed elTon to treal victims of the ims by prov id ing iron lungs, leg braces, and physical therapy . Most importantl y, it hdpcd fund vacciIle research. In 1954 the March of Dime spon. ored the fir~t nationnl test of the new Sail-. vaccine. which wus nlli eially declared a success in 1955. The March of Dimes FoundatIon. h.1V ing achieved its goal, turned its aLtcD lion to the conllnulng problems of birth defects and infant mortality. Repre. enting boLh the past and present )[ the March of Dimes are Lh museum's 1939 Emerson iron lung, origina lly purchased WiUl the r lumbtion' s rund~, and a modem infant respirator on loan from TIlOmas Jefferson University Ho 'pita\.

TO THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE fIrST RY OF NU RSI G

Enclo ed i. my check for "'-_ __ _ _ _ Fri nd. of the Cent r (Up to 49) _ _ _ Linda Richard ' S ciety ( 100 to $249)

: pl ease 'nroll me in the foil wing gr up: ___ _ Ce nter Contri bu tor ($50 Lo '99 ) _ _ Lill ian Wald Soci ety ($250 to $499) _ Alice Fisher Socicty ($500 and Up)

____ Please send me more inl' rmation about na med gift opportunit ies . _ _ _ P l e a~c send me more in /"omwlion about mak ing a bequesl to the Center. _____________________________________ chool ________ ~e

Address._____ C ity _ _

F()m

Slate _ __

__ Year __

--------Zip _ __

Please make your eh ck pay able to the Trustee of the Univers ity of Pe nn ylvania. Mail you r lax-d duct ib le contribu lion to lhe Cent r Ior The Study oI The Histor I oj' Nursing . Uni v rsity of P nns yl vunia, School of ursing, 307 Nurs ing Educati on Build ing, Phil adclphia. PA 19104- 096.

CALENDAR Upcoming Event Mid -Atlantic Regional Archives Conference

ovember 6-8 , 1997, MARAC's 25th Anniversary Homecoming. Wilmi ngton. Delaware. For I cal an'angcmcn ts con tact Margaret J rrido (mj@a tro.ocis.temple.edu) and Carol Ann Harris 2 15-204-457 American Association for the

History of Medicine May 7-10. 1998, Toronto. Canada. For more infonnati n contact James T. Connor, Ph.D., Hannah In titute for t1le History of Medicine. 14 Prince Arthur Ave.. Suite 101, Torant .0 M5R lAP Canada. Phone: 4 16-924-3368 or e-mail : lac08@ ympatic .ca. College of Physician of Philadelphia History of Medicine

eminars

October 30, Laura Otis, Un iversity of 0 1icago. Resisting Rattlesnakes: '. Weir Mirchel!, s Co ncepr Idenrity .

November 6, Neil McDowell , Univer sity of Pennsylvania. Pestilence in Print: Sixteenth -Century German Plouue Literature.

Nove mber 20. Hugh E. Evan s, M.D.• Universi ty of Med icine & Denti stry of N w Jersey. The Medical His/ory of Presiden t Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ro b ert H. Ferrell, co mmentary

April 21 . The Kate Hurd Mead Lecture. Arlene Tuchman, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University . Marie ZlIkrzew.lku: Writing the Life oj' (/ Nine· teenfh Ce l/tllT,\' Physician .

December 4, Carl a Oer nu. Joh n' Hopk ins Univer ity. The Healing Dreams Benjamill Banlleker.

All programs begin at 6: 15 pm and are free of charge.

Seminars are held at the College of Phy sici,ms on l11Ursdays from 12:00-2:00 pm. Bring a lunch and join us for coffee and hi. tory. For more information call th Wood Institute at 215-563-3737. x27 !.

University of Pennsylvania Department ot' History and Sociology of Science Fall 1997 Workshops

Section on Medical History

October 20, Johan nes Pob , Harvard October 7. l1le Samuel X. Radbill lec Un i rsity. "Mobiliz ing the Brains of the Nation" Th First Menla/ Hyp,ieflc ture, Richard Kahil. Clinical Associate Profe sor of Medicine, University of Exhihit. 1912 V 11110n[ , America's First Medical JOllr October 27, Micha I Mahoney. nul: An Historical Pe,..~pec ti ve. Princeton University. Assembling Com

puter Science November 11 . Keilh Wailoo, Ass istant Professor of History. University of N rth Novcmhcr 3, Pap Ndiaye, niversily of Carolina. Pain Clnd ulf'erillR ill Mem Pennsy l ania, What i ' u Computer F(),.~ phis: Disease, Medicine alld Polirics in Producer' . Users and Brokers of the 20111 Century SOl/th. UNIVAC Computers , 1945-1950 ebruary 17, Jul ie Faim13n, As i. tan t November 14- 15, Mini-Symposium on Pofes or 0 Nur ing, Unive ,iLy f the History of P,~ychiatry in Memory of Pennsylvania. ProJessi mal CO!lcem luck Pres'II/an. Annc I farri ngton. and Patient Car: The Origin of the 111 Harvard Univer"ity' Gerold Or b. tensive Care Unit in Philadelphia. Rutgers niversity

March 17. Michae l Blis • Professor of November 24. Bi rdie Andrews November 13. Ed ward C. Leonard. Jr., Histor , Un iversity of Toronto, A Fellow. College of Physicians of Phila De mber I. Peter Dear Biographer's Nightmare. The Dijjicult delphia. S. Elizabeth Winter. MD. Personality Sir William Osler. (1869- 1938): Pioneer Psychiatric En trepreneur.

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Permit No. 2563

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