Spring 1994

Spring 1994 Vol6 No 2

ISSN 1049-2259

A POST-DOCTORAL E XPERIENCE: CAUSN,

NURSlNG

E DUCATION, AND NURSINO PRACTICE SHARON RlCHARDSON,

PHD, RN

During the fall of 1993 and winter of 1994, I have been privileged to participaLe in Ule Center

Jor 'me Study aJThe History o/Nursing al Lbe University of Pennsylvania as a visiting Posl-doClOraJ Fellow. This experience has enabled me to confer wiLb experienced nurse hislorians affiliated with tlle Center, [0 write several nursing history anicles for publication, and (Q develop gram proposal for national funding of a program of historical research. My cxperience has been funded by a PostdOClOral Award from Lbe Al berta Foundation (or Nursing Research (AFNR), a publicly financed, nursing research granting agency sponsored by Ule Alberta provincial governmenl.

Background

In d~crihing my pOSHl Ctoral experience and my program of reo earch for readers of TIle Chronicle, it seems logicalLO begin wj th some background of why a nurse academic in mid-career would pursue post-doctoral studies in anolher country and how Lbis was accomplished. Quite simply.

1 sought tile opportunity to develop incfC<'lSed understanding and skill in the conduct of bi torieal Ilursing r search. During tile 1991/92 academic year, I examined Lbe origin. and developmem of Lh.e Canallian A ocialion of University SchOOls of Nursing and considered a bistory of nursing educa­ tion in Alberta . It soon became apparenllO me Lbatlla ked some of the neccs 'ary rc. earch skills and backgrounll. l had don as much self-study about hisloricalnursing research as seemed reasonable and decided Lbat consultalion wi tll experienced nurse historism was tJlC way to go. As there were no relevant re.sources in Canada. I consulled wiLb nurse. collc.,tgues regarding possible resources in the United States. The Center wa<; identified to me as an excellent academic unit.

Post-doctoral Experience at the Center

The IlI'ilure of my research endeavours required Lbatl bring wiLb me Lbe neccs ary primary and secondary daLa needed both for analy is of the history of Lbe Canadian A ocialioll of UniversiLy Schools of Nursing (CAlJSN) and for planning programmatic research ahout nur 'ing education and practice in Alhert:1. Th benefits for me of participating in the Center focused on interactions wiLb Ilurse researchers affiliated with iL and interactions with Center Curalor Margo Szabunia. I soon bcnclillCd from consultations willl CenLer Associate Directors Ellen fiaer and Karen Buhler­ Wilkerson, who, along wi th Director jo<m Lynaugh, offered guidance on research stralCgies and ana­ Iylic frrunework appropriate to hi IOrieal nursing research.

Drafting and revising anicles de ri v d from my hislorical aJla1ysi ' of the CA USN was a major activity f r me du ring fall 1993.1 had previously collected one meter of archi val documents. wh ich needed to be sorted, assessed aJld analyzed. A major challenge Center wru deciding on foci for articles, since a general association hi tory of CAUSN had been published in 1992. Ongoing consultation with Director Lynaugb faciLitated Study drafting of Ulree distiJ1cUy differCnl articles.

The primary focus of my research activities from January to April 1994 is preparation of grant proposal for nati n.al agencies to fund programmatic research on Ule relal ionship of nur ing education and pm tice in Alberta from 1859 to 1992.

UNIVERSln' F PEN SYLVANIA Pacil itation grants fro m the AFNR, Lbe Alberta Association of R gislcred Nurses.

CH Of OF Nl' RSING and we U nive~ity of Al berta's Central Rcscarc11fund have enabled on-sit assess­ ment of primary archival data and creation of a bibliography of secondary sources as a preLiminary step in lhi research. Duri ng early 1994 I will benefit from consul­ lation lUld critique of Lbesc proposals by acad mic starr anti graduate students armi ­ ated wiLb the Center. A brief outline of my planned program of research follows.

for

The of The History ofNur Ing

(cOIuinued on pa 'e 6)

2

CENTER FOR THE S11JDY

N EWS FROM THE C ENfER

OF THE HISTORY OF

NURSING

PRESERVATION

GRANT FROM 1HE CONSERVATIO N C ENlER

FOR

ART AND

HIslORIC ARTIFACfS The Center for The Study of The History a/Nursing was established in 1985 to encourage and facilitate his­ torical scholarship on health care his­ tory and nursing in the United States.

Now in its ninth year of existence, the Center continues to create and main­ tain a resource for such research; to improve the quality and scope of his­ torical scholarsh ip on nursing: and to disseminate new knowledge on nursing history through education, conferences, publications, and inter-disciplinary collaboration. This year the Center hosted its I1rst post-doctoral fellows , Drs. Sharon Richardson and Alice Baumgart.

Current projects at the enter range fro m stu clies of international nursi ng and home-based nursing to research on care of the critically iiI. W e also continue to collect, process, and catalogue an outstanding coUection of primary historical materials.

Feel free to visit the Center Mon­ day- Friday, 9:00-5:00 p.m. Scholars planning to conduct research at the 'enter should contact the Center's cu­ rator at 215-898-4502. Our curator wiII respond with a description of the scope and content of relevant materials in the various collections.

Center Adviso ry Boa rd Lillirul Sholtis Brunner, ehnir M. Louise Fitzpatrick, Vice ehnir I·Jelen Edwards Jeru1l1e Kiefner Ann P. Knight Nadine Landis Eleanor C. Lambertsen Mark Frazier Lloyd Charles E. Rosenberg Stephrulie A. Stael1l1iewicz Tina Weintraub Center Starr JaM E. Lynaugh, Ph , FAAN

Direclor Ellen D. Baer, PhD, FAAN

Associale Direclor Karen Buhler-W Ukerson, PhD, FAAN

Associale DireclOr Margo Szabullia

Cumlor Rita Beally iUld Elaine Brison

Volunleer Carla Castillo EdilOr, The Chronicle

In December 1993, Ule Center for The Sludy of The Hi. tory of Nursing was awarded a grant of $2,043 from the Conse rvation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts (CCAHA) as part of the Preservation Needs Assessmenl Program. This projec t, funded by the W illiam Penn Foundation, offers e xpertise and support to smalJ- to mid-size re­ positories in the Delaware Valley . CCAH A staff conducted two site visits at the Center in 1992 to identify the Center's pres rvation needs and to help Ule Center develop solu­ tions. As part of the project, funding is made available to selected organizations to implement specific remedies for preservation problems.

This grant, with malching funds from the Hilda Houser Memorial Fund, wi ll sup­ port the construction of a UV filtered, archivalJy sound exhibition case to display the Alice F isher sew ing chest. The chest was in F isher's possession al the time of her deatb and is Ulought to have been a gift from Aorence Nightingale. In addition to the chest, the Center has a number of Fisher' personal effects and papers.

Alice fisher (1839-1888) was trained at the St. Thomas School of Nursing and later implemented significant reforms as Ma tron at the hospital in Newcastle on Tyne, Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, and Radcliffe Infirmary at Oxford . In 1884 Fisher sailed to Philadelphia to become Ma tron of 1ll0ckJe y Hospital (later known as Philadelphia Ge neral Hospital) and to found its nursing school. As the IJrsl supcrinten­ dem f nurses atB lockley Hospital, she esta blished a thorough Ilurse training program based on the British Nightingale model.

The Pisher sewing chest display case will he ded icated in memory of Hilda Houser, RN, a longtime supporter of the history of nursing who passed away lasL Octo­ ber.

T I-ffi

1994 TRADm ONAL P ROCESSION m T rm W OODLANDS C EMETERY

The tradition of the Procession <k1tes back to Ule death of Alice Fisher in 1888. Re­ garded as a heroine for her refonns in patient care at tJle City Hospital, Philadelphia townspeople and professionals alike commemorated her m emory for decades after her death with a procession to her grave. With the reinstatement 0 this traditjon in 1990, the Celller for The Study (!{The History of Nursing and Philadelphia's nurse' will honor S. Lillian Clayton and Alice Fisher as wel1 as modem -day nurse . Such historic fig ures symbolize tile vital and enduring qualities of nursing history in Philadelphia.

The Procession will be held on Friday, May 6, 1994 , [rom 12 :00 to 2:30 p.m. It will begin wi th introductions at the entrance to The Woodlands Ceme tery at 40th and Wood land Avenue . The Watson Bagpipers will Jead the marchers to the graves of Fisher anel ' Iayton for a brief graveside ceremony and a reception in The Woodlands' ancestral I1-uniItol1 Mansion. A guest speaker will present a topic of illlerest during the reception . The elller welcomes al1 members and friends of history to this event.

Please RSVP at 215-898-4502 by Friday, April 22.

HEAI..:111 ANlJ SeX::IETY SEMINAR SERIES The C enter for The Study of The History of Nursi ng is hosting the second series of multidisciplinary semi na rs addressing the history of he,aIth care. 1llis year's series is supported by a grant from the Benjamin aJld Mary Siddons Measey Foundation. The seminars, coordinated by Julie Fainnan, PhD, RN, have been well attended by sludvnts and fac ulty from across and outside the liniversity. Past seminars have ranged from "The Dev lopmelll o f Critical are," the depiction of medical experimenwtioD in Ule m ov ies, and "Scientific Evidence in tile Prosecution of Rape," to "Narrative, Disease, and History" :md "Long Tenn Care in Philadelphia." In April, Robert Kaiser, MD, will present work ill progress . (com inued on page 9)

3

WOMEN, NURSING, AND WAR: AN HISTORICAL MOMENT

Women, Ilursing, and war share a long but rarely acknowledged history. In the United States, this relationship was formalized during the Civil War with the appointment of Doro­ thea Dix as Superintendent of Nurses for the Union anny. By war's end. Dix had succeeded in recruiting more than 6,000 nurses. Later, twelve bundred "conu-act" nurses were bired by the military to care for the sick and wounded of the Spanish-American War. Dur­ ing World War I, 10,000 Anny and Navy nurses served o vers~ ,Over 70,000 nurses were in service during World War 11, 18,000 of whom were stationed in Europe in 1945.

While the television series M*A*S*H made famous the role of Anny nurses in the Korean War, the public knows Little aboul Ule 1.8 mil­ lion women who have served or are currently serving in the armed force . "China Beach" Mem entos of Ihanks and remembrance excepted, this has been e pecially true for embrace one figlire of Ihe Vietnam women who served during the connicL in Viet­ Women's Memorial sculpted by Glenna nam - a war many Americans have tried to Goodacre ( Velerans D{ty 1993). forget " Female Vietnam Veterans Welcomed Borne" Veterans Day 1993 was a dramatic revisitation of, and appreciation for, women and nurses during war. Nurses appeared on Ule fronl pages of the Washing/on Post, New York Times, and Philadelphia Inquirer with headlines reading "Our Place lor Healing," "Female Vietnam Veterans Welcomed Home," and "Reunited in Remem­ brance." The occasion was the ueWCA'ltion of the Vietnam Women's Memorial in Washington, DC. As 35,000 people came from across the country to remember and pay tribute, it was indeed a historical moment for women and nursing. The dedication wa~ the culmination of ten years of grassroots efforts to honor 265,000 American women who served Uuoughout th world during Ure Vietnam years. Special gratitude was given to an estimated 10,000 nurses who served in Vietnam caring for 350,000 pa­ tients in fi Id hospitals, hospital ships, and air vacuation units.

The Vietnam Women's Memorial P roject i. 8 0m Allbough the end of the war brought greater allention, in prim and in the media, to U10se who had served in Vietnam, women veterans remained largely invisible. Diane Carlson Evans, Ann y nurse and chair and founder of the Vie tnam Women' s Memorial Project, dreamed of letting Ameri ans know Ule story of worn n in Vietnam. Such a memorial would at last give life to these women's stories and experiences, healing them and us by saying tbanks. So m,Uly were nurs s, transfonned by the care of wound d and dying eighteen- and nin teen-year olds. The nurses, with intense feelings of guilt for not being able to sav more lives, made a difficult retum to a country clearly in opposition to the war. Well docwnentcd in several recent books', these cir­ cwnSI.:'Ulces left most wilb no recourse except burying memories a deeply as possi ble.

Diane Carlson Evans has described the crea tion of the memorial as a fonnidablc joumey fraught wi th "controversy, rejection, unrelenting chaHenges and foes ... year after year." Repeatedly advised to give up, Evans and hundreds of volun teers neverthe­ less managed to raise 2.5 million dollars, lobby ongress, court the press, a.nd make their way through miles of bureaucratic red ~lpe, ultimately with success.

I A) Elizabeth Norman. Women at War: The SlOry of Fifty Military Nurses Who Served in Viet­ nam (Philade lphia: Universi ty of Penn Press, 1990). B) W innie Smith, American D aughler Gone 10 War (NY: W illiam Murrow and Co., Inc., 1992). C) "Women at War: 1\ Me morial of their Own," Vietnam (D ecember 19(3).

" Nurses Saw the Bleakest. Most Terri­ fying Face of War" On an idyllic November day. sun­ light streaming through the last vestiges of brilliant fall foliage, participants gath­ ered fo r a moving celebration of Veterans Day. All along Constitution Avenue, thousands searched for their comrades, their nurses, or the patients they had not cen in lwenty years or more. The march began with women in the lead, organized by branch of service, followed by male veterans organized by state. Along me parade route veterans called out, "wel­ come home" an d "thank you ladies."

Some came with pictures of Ille nurse who had cared for tbem or ju t a vagu recollecLion. For many the journey and (continued on page 4)

IN MEMORY OF HnnA lIoUSER, 1928-1993 Our long lime fri end, colleague, and adviser, Hilda Houser, died on October 1, 1993. A wonderful me­ mori al service was he ld at The Woodlands Cemetery in Philadelphia on ctober 16, 1993.

Hi lda was a graduate of the School of Nursing of tbc HospiLaJ of the University of Pennsylvania (Class of 1949) and earned her bac helor' s degree at Penn. She had a long and producLive career in urgi­ cal nursing; later she immersed her­ self for orne years in industrial nurs­ ing in New Jersey. Always acLive and contributing, Hilda was a guide at the Philadelphia Zoo, served as Presid III of Ille Alumnae A ocia­ tion of the School of Nursing of the Hospital of the Uni versity of P nn­ sylvania, and was an acti ve leader and supporter of the Center for The Study of The Hi story of Nursing.

We sorely miss her good advice and her good will, but., most of aJl, her indefa tigable commitment to Ole history of nur. ing. A pcnnanent me­ morial to Hilda Houser is being es­ tablished in the Center.

4

lNvrsmLE VETERANS: NURSES IN WAR

•

nurses cared for 20,000 typhOid-fe­ ver stricken soldiers un­ der condi­ tions of ti­

fling heat,

Nurse and physicians in a French World War I hospital crowded wilh w ()u/ ld 'd soldier. (c. 1917).

contami­ nated water, and innu­ merable clis­

easc<arry­ ing insects.

Throughout history. wars have been defining moments in the nursing profes­ :ion. Beginning with the Crimean War (1853-1 56), Rorence NighLingale dras­ tically reduced mortality rate at ScuLari Hospital. Althougb Nightingale may ap­ pear LO some a hackneyed icon of nurs­ ing, her vaJianl work in thu Crimean War was a watershed that took the disorga­ nized, untrained efforts of a few towards UIC path of modem military nursing.

The Official Establishment or Army and Navy Nurse Corps D .spite these nurses' contribution to the war effort, the establishment of an army nurse corps was controversial.

Civil War: The United States ' anilary

remarkably, many found each other during three days of events. In the emotional fer­ vor, tories were at lasL Lold, oft n for the first time. The nurses saw in all of iL unprec­ dented recognition. In a brief,

Commission Less than

IWO dC~'ldes

after the

Crimean War, the United States was tom by civil war. In response to the unprcc­ cdeOleO number of casualties, the United Stmes Sanitary Commission. a voluntary civilian organization, was created in 186 1 to care for the bcaJ th of the Union Anny and Navy. With the volume of ca­ sualties overwhelming resources. the Secrcl...'lry of War appointed Dorothea nix to recruit and superintend women nurse.~ for the Union AJmy: over 6,000 wOlllen served a.s nurses during the war.

The lesson of caring for the war­

lime wOlmdcd were not forgoLLen. After l.b. war, a number of women who served

as nur. es I'd the movement to

sl.t'\blish

nurse lr'clining chool . By l.b.e lum of the century nearly two hundred schools were in operation.

Spanbh-Arnerlcan War: 'nll~ Forma­ tion oran Unofficial Nurse Corps The sl.t'lft of the Spanish-Arueri~'lO Weir ill 1 98 led to l.b.c firSl all-graduate military nursing service in the fonn of a ingle nur:.ing corps. Nur c. wcre greatly challenged as they dealt with a tremen­ dously high rate of illness that r~ched nearly 30 perccnL 'These intrepid women

WOMEN, NURSING, AND

Many believed that the presence of women nurses in the service would de­ moralize servicemen. Nevertheless, nurs­ ing leaders, sucb as Adelaide Nutting, with the support of prominent, well-to-do women. agilaLed for a permanent nurse corp composed of graduate nurses.

These efforts culminated in the establish­ menl of the Army Nurse Corp in 1901 and the Navy Nurse orps in 1908.

World War 1: Student Nurses Helping the War Effort Eigbty years ago on a summer day in 1914, a gun shot struck and ltilled Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, precipi­ tating a Lerrible chain of events that re­ sulted in million of live lost. SOldiers and nurses saw the bonible effects of the

WAR

(COnlin/led on page 5)

(conlinI/cd/rom page 3)

tile search were not in vain;

articuJate. moving speech, Gcnem.l

olin Powell noted

t.rull "nurse. saw the bleakest, most terrifying [ace of lllc war . . . . ( didn't realize how much we owed to you then, and h w GWTlltCl Goodacre's Vietnalll Women's Mem(lriai in mucb we sllould have thanked min iaJU re. and recognized and comforted you since." The bealing had fmally reguD.

"Now We Have a VisUlle Symbol" 1 was present at this Veterans Day in Washington, D ,1993, because my college roommate. who had served as a nurse in Vietmun. asked me to attend to be "friend, photograph r and brain." 1 can never know entirely llle impact on these women's lives, nor C<\ll my desire fOr hi. torical objectivity place in context all thall witnessed Hnd fell.

But iL wa.~ a privilege.

Future generations will sec a memorial 'lallie of Lh.rec women Lcnding a wounded soldier. Glenna Goodacre's sculpLure is SCI in a grove of hirch and maple trees near the WaH (VieLnam Veterans Memorial). k,lill Ker Conway wrOle in Celebration oj Pa­ trivlism and Courage, "Now we have a visible symbol. , . La instruct, in, pire and in­ form every vi itor LO this memorial."

(It i. ·till necessary, however, LO raise all additional $750,000 for design and con­ SlnlCLion costs. Tax-frec contribution. may he sent Lo VWMP, 2001 Street, NW, Suite ~02 , Washinglon, DC 20009.)

Karen BlIhler-Wilkerson, RN, PhD, FAAN

5

INvIsmLE VETERANS

(conlinuedfrom page 4 )

vasUy improved destrucLi ve powers of such new weapons as poison gas. piercing shrapnel, and steel-jacketed buUelS. At tbe war's outset, the American Red Cross re­ sponded quickly by sending nun;es and doctors to several European naLions. The United Stales, however, did not en­ ter the War unW 1917. A mas ive propaganda campaign encouraged public upport of the war effort A..., patriotic nurses len tbeir communities to join the Armed Forces or to serve as volunteers wilh war relief organizations. there was increasing concern that nursing shnrtages would have delclCriou effects on civiHan hospjtals. Women were urged to help the war effort by enrolling in nursing schools. The result of this appeal was a 25 percent nation· wide iUCTease in the number of nursing StudenlS.

EigJu Pennsylvania n urses who erved aboard Ihe hospital ship USS Consolation during the Korean War. Pictllred in (/refirst rOw, secondfrom left, is Lenter Volunteer Rita Beatty (1953).

Dy 1918, some 1.100 nurses were serving overseas.

Over the course or thc war. more than 8,000 Army and Navy nurses work d in evacua­ lion and base hosritals, camps, allli convalescent hospitals lhroughoul Europe - some within a few short miles of the Cronl. With the armistice, nurses returned home to find a lough batlle being waged against tbe great i:nOuenza epidemic.

World War 11: The Bolton Act of 1943 Only twenty years later the world was again al war. Much as in the [lISt World War. il became clear that the nation could nol supply enough nurses to satisfy thc needs of both I1le anned forces and the home fron L The Bolton AClof 1943 remedied the situation by creating the United State Cadel Nurse orps, which recruited studenLS into nursing by subsidizing their education. Upon completi n of th ir training, these cadets were obHgcd to work ar civili'Ul or military nUfSCl during the War's duralion.

One hundred lwcnly·fivc 111OU· s:Uld women were recruited in the first lWO years. The addi­ tional funding provided by the BolLon Acl also improved the qualily of instruction at hospi ­ tal training schools.

During World War n, over 70,000 lIurses served overseas in the European, Af­ rican, and Pacific theatres of war. Although nearly 300,000 American lives w re 10 l, Ule casualties would have been much grealer had il nOl been for the service of nurses who Vni/ed SWles C(u/l'/ NlirSI' Corp.f nur~'(' sfrolll provided. ki lied care under Philade lphia Genera l Hospilal (c . 1944). dangerous conditions.

Korean War: Dehut of tbe Alr Force Nurse Corps Anny mId Navy nurses quickl y !iiteppcd into service atll1e SLarL of Ul Korean War in 1950. The Air Force Nurse Corp, fonned only a year before. assisted in the Urst­ e er air cvacuaLions. Thi mobile response distinguisbed healLh care in the Korean War from all other wars. Mobile army surgical hospiLals, or M*A*S*H units, SIIPPorlc<.Ilhc fronl in a unique manner: lellt~ were rapidly sel up wnere needed, Nurses, as a result, could more quickly treat. the wowlded. 11le seriously wounded were evacuated from baulclields to southem Korea or mcdical center in Japan by Army helicopter and air tnLnspon staffed by Air Force nurses. Navy nurses worked long hour. on hospital ships L.hat were anchored off the coastlO receive casualLies either by boat or helicopter. The comhination of this mobile response and lhe skilled nursing care significantly raised lhe survival rates of thc wounded.

Vietnam War: Nurses and Servicemen - Veterans Alike In 1962, along the South China Sea. Amcrican military nurses arrived in Nh;, Trang and Navy nur es in Saigon, fore­ shadowing a profound escalaLion of Lh Unilcd States' involvement in Vietnam.

By 1966 a large number of Air Force nurses were stationed at Canl Ranb Bay. The following year, there were almost one-hal f million US troops in South Vietnam. de pite rising pubJi sentiment. at home opposing the war.

Due to t.he guerilla nature of tJ1C war, territory could nOL be ccured as clearly as in previOUS war '. This made (jeld hospitals much more dependenl on air evacuation. Iligh quality personnel, wcll-cl/ujppcd facilities and swift evacu­ ation increased 'urvival rales lO unprec­ edented levels. Many lIurse worked marathon shifts where tbey were frc­ quclllly vuJllcmble LO mortar alulcks and guerilla saholage. AfLer proLracted nego­ tiations, Ule peace accorll was igned in Paris in 1973 and Ule last American LIOOpS Icft Vielnmn. Nurse~ and 'oldiers alike returned LO the States willi t.:onfused feelings about Ule war ~U1d their country's role in it. Today many of these vets are till sorting outlhcir emotion aboulilieir Vietnam experiences.

"Desert Storm' : Nurses Continue to Serve Just three years ago tbe United Sk'llCS wa~ in the mid I of a war in the Persian Gulf to defcnd Kuwait fromuaqi inva, ion. Nun;es there saw long work (continued on page 7)

6

RECENT ACQmSITIONS Athens County Visiting Nu rse Association, 1992-1 993, 12 reels microfilm (addition).

This rural, Objo-based agency was founded in 1982. T be records consist of patients' charts, which are rich sources of infonnation to researchers.

William H. Helfand Postcard Collection, 191 ?-199O, 36 postcards (addition).

Tbe postcards depict various photo­ graphic and cartoon images of nurses from Peru, Great Britain, and the United States.

Olga We iss, 1963-1977, 0.2 linear f eet (addition).

Weiss, a graduate of the Philadelphia General Ho pita! School o f Nursing, is a nurse educator who has written numerous articles and several books on p ychiatric nursing. This addi tion reflects !.be history of the Philadelpbia General Ho pita! and consists of correspond nee, note , and prinled m aterials.

Association of Community Health Nursing Educators, 1978-1993, 1.25 linear feet.

Founded in 1978 as the Association of Graduate Faculty in C ommunity Heal thl Public Health Nursing, th is organization is an outgrowth o f interests shared by teacbers of public health nursing in grad uate and undergraduate education, diploma programs, and service agencies. In 1986, the organization became known as the A sociation of Community Health Nursing Educators (ACHNE) and reached oulto fonn ally include Canadian members. ACHNE sponsors spring institutes throughout the U.S. Thi col­ lection contains comm ittee meeting minutes, agend.1S, position stateme nts, and corre­ spondence.

A POST- DOCIDRAL E XPERIENCE

(conlinued fro m page I)

Re.<;earc.b P rogra m

Provincial Background. Alberta li es due north of Mont.:1na and bas a population o f slightly less th1m 2 mill ion, of whom one-third reside in Calgary and one-third in Edmonton. The pro­ vincial capital , Edmonton, is , ituated in the g ographic centre of the pro vince, about 200 miles north of Calgary. TIle econom y is re source based, WiUl oil and gas, and agricultural and forest products the major exports. As Al berta historian Howard Palmer notes , the province's deve lopment has been characterized by recurring boom-and- bust c ycles. In Alberta, religion, eUmicity, and politics ha ve been closely interwoven, contributing to a unique political history marked by the rapid rise and fall of political movements, one-party d ominanc , and alienation from central Canada (Ontario and Quebec).

Purpose. My researcb program will analyze the relationship between nu rsing education and prael.i ce in Alberta (rom 1859, when the G rey Nuns arrived at Lac Ste. Anne to nurse the .ree and Metis, to 1992. C hronological anal ysi s will focus on the ef(l'> 1 85~-1~04 , 1905-1918, 1919-1939,1 940- 1971, lUld 1972­ 1992. These eras are based on significant events ill Ule develop­ ment o f Alberta's health care deli very system and Ule social his­ tory o f the province.

DaJa Collection. Primruy d.1t.:1 will be co llected fro m Alberta arcbives in Medicine Hal, Lethbridge, Calgary. Red Deer, Edmonton and Peace Ri ver, the National Archives in Ot­ lawa, and from archival doc uments retained by selec led bospi­ tals. health units, and schools of llursing in the province.

A preliminary survey conducted through site visi t" in south­ em and central AlbertIl bas conlinned the ex istence of ufticien t primary data. Site vi its to northem Albert.:1 are planned in early swnmer 1994. A significant proportion of primary data is lo­ cated in ho,pital, heallh unit, and nursing school torage areas, and is un 'orted and ullcl, ·sified. Access to these sources has not been a problem. As one hospiL:11 represenL:1tive candidly com­ mented, "We kHow where to find you." In a relat.ively sparsely populated pro vince, organizational affiliation and persona l cred­ ibility are important and can eas ily be checked.

A bibliography of secondary sources has been prepared by grad uate research as, iSL:1nts and cla<;sified both cllronologi ally and by research themes. These Ulemes are: predominant social forces, including Ule role of women in frontier society and pro­ vincial and federal goverrunent pol icies affecting health care and eduC<1tion; nature of institutional hea lUl services; available community and home health services; availa Ie phy ·ician ser­ vices; and nature of nursing education and practice.

Data Analysis. Data analysis will begin in sllJIUner 1994 and will proceed chronologically according to the eras and themes identified above. Analysi will initially focus on the southern and ccntral regions of the province, ince Ulese were developed before the northwestern Peace Oi trict. A Ii lof Alberta bospitals identi fying thei r date of opening, ,pons rship and initial financing is being prepared by a graduate research assistant. Selected hospiwls from Lhi. list will be contacted t ide ntify addi tional archival documents on insti tutional nursing prac tice in their possessi n, as tllis is the pri mary data m{) ·t dif­ ficult to locate . Many hospital s have not reL,uned nw-sing divi­ sion records older than ten years. Dau1 anal ysi s of the 1859 to 1904 era is expected to he completed by July 1995 wb II my 1994/95 sabbatical ends. Anal ysis of subseq uen t eras will fol­ low at a pace partially detennined by m y succe, in "buying­ out" leaching time with research grant monies.

Advantages of a M id -career Postdoctoral Exper ien e My post-doctoral ex perience at the Center /o r 'Ille Study (~r The Hi story of Nu rsi ng has enabled me to gain additional re ­ search skill s needed to change the d irection of my research ca­ reer. It has been a unique opportuni ty to work in an en viron­ ment differe nt Ulan my homc university while being freed fro m the diversion of teaching and c mmitlec work. I have honed my historical report writing skills, as well as sk ills in grant wri t­ ing. Last, but by no means least, I have developed a profes­ sional network tbat will benefit me throughou t my care r.

(Dr. Sharon Richardson is currently an Associate Professor of the FaCilIty of Nursing at the University of Alberta in EdmDllIolI, Alberta, Canada. )

7

S UGGESTIONS FOR T HOUGHT BY FWRENCE NIGHTINGALE: S ELECTIONS AND C OMMENTARIE5 REVIEWED BY PAlRICIA D' ANToNIO, RN, PHD Il is hardly surprising that Sugges­ tions/or 71wuglu by Florence Nightin­ gale: Selections and Commentaries, ed­ ited by Michael D. Calabria and Janet A. Macrae (philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), is the least known of all of A orence Nightingale' s formal works. It is a massive, 829 page opus, privately printed in 1860, ostensi­ bly to offer the artisans of England a theological alternative to the increasingly popular. God-denying philo phyof Auguste Comle. But even Nightingale's most ardent supporters noted the ram­ bling and repeti tious structure of her ar­ guments. Edit the book, the y urged her, because too many digressions, one wrote, "interrupt the tenor of the argu­ ment and send the reade r' mind wander­ ing among the mysteries of ChristiM­ ity.'"

Florence Nightingale never did re­ work Suggestions/or Tlw ught . Thank­ full y, Michael Calabria and Janet Macrae have. As one who has never read the en­ tire original, I CMnot comment on the extent to which they have accomplished the ir editorial agenda of doing "that for

I NVISIBLE V ETERANS

which Nightingale never had the 'time, strength, or inclination.'" I can, however, comment on where they do succeed bril­ liantly. In Suggestions/or Thouglu, C '1labria and Macrae bave presented a fascinating portrait of a woman of stun­ ning intellect Md profound self-confi­ dence. It is one thing to read that Flo­ rence Nightingale was well-educated and fmnly convinced of the righteousness of her causes. It is quite another to actually experience it: to fully realize tile scope of her thinking and the depth of her con­ victions.

Suggestions for Thought begins with a lengthy introduction exploring the phi­ losophies, persons, M d events then rock­ ing the fOlrndations of Anglican theology and shaping the spirituality of the young - orenee Nightingale. Mid-nineteenth century EnglMd, as Calabria and Macrae point out, was not a place where ques­ tions like Nightingale's about the tenets of orthodox theology were taken lightly: one' s religious affiliation ~Uld o pinions mattered if one wished to bold positions of power ~Uld influence. Nonetheless.

Nightingale sought to challenge conven­

(conJinuedfrompage 5)

days, S UD attacks, and fierce sand storms.

The potential th reat of biological and ga war­ fare was real. There were relatively few casual ­ ties, but nurses ' service was stellar.

Recognizing the Invisible Veterans With such a long history of rvice to tlJe nation' s armed fo rces, it is unc lear why nurses' contri butions have received so little public rec­ ognition. Some wartime nurses have had to de­ fend lheir claim to be veterans, en ollntering the misconception that "only men served over there." Indeed these invisible veterans deserve to be honored by mcmorials and parades as do the soldiers tlleY saved. The VieLJlrun Women' s Memorial, which was dedicated last faU in Washington, DC, is a step in the right directi n.

It will be an effective reminder of the contribu­ tions and sacrifices women, in general, ~Uld nurses, specifi cally, have made for their coun­ try .

tional beliefs and, with her re nunciation of such ideas as those of atonement, eler­ nal damnation, baptismaJ regeneration. and miracles, she deliberately placed berself in the cenler of profound contro­ versy.

Calabria ruld Macrae allow Nightin­ gale to expl re all the implications of her theology by reorganizing her writing inlO sections on the concept of God, universaJ law, God's law and human will, sin and evil, famBy life. the spiritual life, and life after death. They let Nightingale speak for herself in long passages of prose densely packed wi th classical allu­ sions, reasoned argwnents, and, at Urnes, bitter pro test "The Churcb of England," she cries, "has for men bi shoprics, archbishoprics, (Uld a Li llk work (good men make a great deal for themselves).

She has for wome n - what? Most have no taste for theological discoverie . They would give her their heads, their hearts, their hands. She will not have them. She does not know whaL to do with tllem ."l Interestingly, Nightingale seems most accessible when de nouncing those conventio ns restricting women's Li ves.

Sbe is much more difficult to gr<t p on spirituali ty and theology. Calabria and Macrae have recognized this and inter­ ru pt Nightingale from time to timc with passages in which Illey explain the im pli ­ cations of h r beli efs, trace the de vclop­ m nt of her ideas, contexl ualize her ar­ gumen[S, point out her errors, and ana.­ lYLe theme , which wo uld later be em­ braced by cm inent theologians. lL is in these pas ages tlla t one fu lly realizes the power o f Nigb lingaic' s theol gy in fram ­ ing not o nly her pirituality and her COIl­ ception of nursing, but also her ambi­ tious, perha ps even arrogant, sense of herself and her mission as God's agent.

In all, Sugg estions/or Tlw ugh/ by Florence Nig hlingale is a masterful col­

Lorraine Wil la rdt (LankeTUlu Class of 1956), Captain ANC, Head Nurse of Ward 4 at the 312th Evacuation Hospital in Chu Lai, Vielnanl (1 968).

labo ration between a learned, complctely self-assured int lIec tual and her admir­ ing, although not un rilicaJ, dilors. It is a book that deserves the attention of a.1l historians of nursing for the light it sheds on a trul y rcrnark<'lble womM .

I al abria and Macrae, Suggesti JnS for 'l7lOughc by Florence Nightingale, p. xxx viii . lIbid, p. 26-27.

8

ANNOUNCEMENTS

LrLLIAN SHOLTIS B RUNNER

AuCE F ISHER SOCIEfY

SUMMER FElLOWS1-llP

HIsroRICAL SCHOlARSmP

The Lillian Sholtis Brunner Summer FellOWShip for Historical Research in Nursing will again be offered in 1995 by the Center for The Study of The History of Nursing at me University of Pennsylvania Mat and Lillian Brunner's gen­ erosity makes it possible for the Center to ofTer this research fellowship supporting 6 LO 8 weeks of re idential sLudy and usc of the Center' , collections. election of Brunner fellow wilJ be based on evidence of preparation and/or producti vity in historical research related to nursing. Brunner cbolars will work under Ihe general direction of nurse hi torian as­ sociated with Ule Center. Research completed by the fellows will help insure the growth of scholarJy work in nursing hi. ­ tory. Applicams for Ule $2,500 Brunner fellow hip should (;Olllact Center Director Joan Lynaugh althe enler for The Study orlne llistory af Nursing, University of Pennsylva­ nia, School of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Building.

Philadelphia, PA 19104-6906, or caU 215-898-4502. The applicauon deadline is December 31. 1994.

The Alice Fisher Society Historical Scholarship will again be offered in 1995 by the Cenl(,'f for The Study of The History of Nursing at Ule University of Pennsylvania The generosity of the Alumni Association of the Philadelphia General Ho pita! Training School for Nurses makes i1 pos­ sible for Ihe Center to offer thi researcb cholarship. The $2,500 award will be open to nUJ'ses aL the masler's or doc­ torallevel who are seeking assi tance with research and writing as part of their study of IlisLory. Each scholar will be expected to spend 4 to 6 weeks in residence at the Center.

THE

1994 LAVINIA L. DOCK AWARD

The Lav inia L. Dock Award recognizes oDI$Landing research aJld writing produced by an experienced scholar in nursing Jtislory. The 'ubmissions may include a post-doc­ toral research manuscript. article, or book.

Scholars must submit manuscripL~ (3 copies) based 011 original historical research related to nursing history. Manu­ scripts may represenL published or unpubliShed rese.'lfch, mu l be in English, and must have be n wrilLen wil11in LIle IcL'i t 3 years. One submission per auilior. please. election criteria for LIle award are based on the ri or of historical re­ search and the quality of wriLing.

The awardee must be present <llthe Elevenlh Annual ( onfcrcnce of thc Amcrican Associatiou for the History of Nursing in Ilicago in September 1994 to receive Ule award.

Please forward manuscripL<; by June I, 1994, to Dr. Karen Bubier-Wilkerson, RN, PhD, FAAN, hair, Awards ('omm iuce, American A 'sociation for Ulc llistory of Nurs­ ing, Center for TIle Study of The Hi tory of Nursing, Uni­ versity of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. 307 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096. Direct questions regarding submi. sions LO Dr. Bublcr-Wilkerson at 215-898-4725.

Appli aLions for Ule Alice Fisher Society llistoricaJ Scbolarship may be obtained by writing Center Director Joan Lynaugh al Ule Cemer for The Study afThe TIislOry of Nursing, Univer ily of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104­ 6096, or caJl215-898-4S02. The apflliC:ltion deadline is De­ cember 31. 1994.

THE

1994 TERFSA E. CHrusrY AWARD

As a means of encouraging new nursing hi ' lOry inve Ii­ gators, the Teresa E. Chri~ty Award will recognize excellent historical research and writing accomplished by students.

The submissions, therefore. mny indude dissertnLions. the­ scs, and other re earch projects.

New scholars mUsL submit manuscripts (3 copie ) ba<;ed on original historical research related to nursing history.

M(UluscripLS may represent published r unpublished re­ search, rou 't be in En !ish. and mu l have been completed wiUlin the I~llt 3 years. One . ubmission per author, please.

Selection crilcria for the award arc based on the rigor of his­ torical research 3mlthc quality of writing.

The awardee must be pr enL at Ule Eleventh Annual Conference of the American Association for the History of Nursing in Chicago in September 1994 to receive the award.

Please forward manuscripts, including a latement de­ scrihing your tudcnt statu at Ule time the manu cript was wrinen, by June 1, 1994. to Dr. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, RN, PhD, FAAN, Chair. Awards Committee, American As­ sociation for Ule History of Nursing, Cenler for The rudy of The Hi. tory of Nursing, UniversilY 01 Pennsylvania, School of Nur ing, 307 Nursing Educauon Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096. Direct questions regarding submissions to Dr. Buhler-Wilkerson ~lt215-898-4725 .

9

DISCUSSING NEW RESEARCH AND RENEwING OLD CONTACTS Over 130 participants gatilcred at Ule HOlel Atop lbe Bellevue in Philadelphia, Pa, on ctober 1-3, 1993, for tile 10Ul Annual onferencc on Nursing History of lbe American A 'ociation for tile History of Nursing. Dean NOffila L'Ulg, PhD, RN, FAAN, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, welcomed tbe conference par­ ticipants. Sbe was foUowed by laire Fagin, PhD, RN, FAAN, Interim Presidenl of the UniversilYof Pennsylvania and Dean Emeritus of Ute University of Penn ylvania School of Nursing, who presented Ute well-received keynote address, "Self-Reference, Self-Knowledge, Self-ConLrol: These Three Alone Lead Life to Sovereign Power." A harpi l provided baclcground music atlbe Friday evening reception as meeting partici­ panlS engaged in discussions aboul weir research and renewed old contacts.

The meetings on Saturday and Sunday included presentaLion of over twenty papers in variou concurrent sessions. Plenary peakers included, for example, Diane HamiltOn, PhD, RN (University of ROChester), who presented tbe Centennial paper honoring tbc lOOUt anniversary of the National Lengue for Nursing, "Earnest Thought: The Columbian Expo ition, 1893." Barbara Brush, MSN, and Geertje Boschma, MSN, modemted the popular Doctoral Student Forum foc u ing on Peer Networking in Nurs­ ing History.

Saturday evening Ute participants travelled by antique trolleys LO the FrdIlldjn 111­ so lule for cocktails (spon ored by Bayada), a banquet, and the Lradi tional artifacl and hook auction. leanor Crowder, PhD, MSN, perfonned her auctioneer duties wiUt flair

NEWS FROM TI-IE CENlER

and raised an unprecedenLed amount of money for Lhe organization. Some of the items auctioned included is ues of his­ torically important, early mrrsing jour­ nals, such as Trained Nurse and Hospital

Review.

(Conference ommiltee Chair Eleanor Crowder, PresideDl-elect of Ibe AAHN, organized Ibe lOUl A1IDutll Con­ ference wiLh Ibe assistance of Local Ar­ rangemenLc; Commiuee members Ellen Baer. Geenje Boschma. Barbara Brush, Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, Patricia D'Antonio, Julie Fairman, Sandra Lewen-son, Joan Lynaugh, yntJlia Smilh, and Janet Tomcavage. -Ibe meet­ ing was sponsor d by the American As­ sociation for the flislOry of Nursing, Na­ tional League for Nursing, and Univer­ sity of Pennsylvania cb I or Nur ing.)

(conlinuedJrom page 2)

The general public i cordially invited to aLlend Ule seminar series in Ule conference room of we ('enter. Please onLaC( Ute Center at (2 J5) 898-4502 for further infonnalion.

COMPlETlON OF TIlE NURSING HISTORY PR()('ESSlNG AND C..xrALOGTNG PROJECf Tile Center is pleased LO announce the completion of Ibe Nursing IJistory Proces.ing and Cataloging Project. whidl be­ gan in December 1991. Funded by lhe National Hi. LOrical Pub­ lication and Records Commi .ion, the projecL has enabled the Center to proce s, describe, and catalog lwenty-live collections (approx. 300 linear feet) of organization's records and individuaJ's manuscripts.

The largest collection processed lllis year is ilia! or Ute Presbyterian Sch(x>l of Nursing Records, 1 71-1988 (152 linear feel). These records chronicle Lbe long hi tory of one of Philadelphia's moSL respected diploma schools of nursing. Il contain record which span Lbc entire life of Lbe school from its founding in 1889 (as lhe PreshYLerian Hospital Training chool for Nurses) to i15 eventual closing in 1987. In addiLioll LO the records from the School of Nursing, ll1C collection includes records of the Nurses' Alumnae Association, the Ladies Aid Society, and . LUdenl organizations. Administrative files, course descripLion!>, publicalions, photographs, and audio-visual matc­ rials provide a well-rouuded view of the school's past.

Ower recentJy proce 'sed colJecLions under the NHPRC­ sponsored proj ct include the following:

. The Starr Centre Association Records. /897-1954 (5.5 linear feel): The Starr Centre began in 1900 as a traditional seLUemcm house in the heart of Philadelphia's oUlh CenlCal disLric!, a pre­

dominantJy African-American neighborhood. From its early years, Lhe Starr entre initialed mnny programs lO aid black residents or Ibe neigbborhood, and Inter Eastem-Europe~m im­ migranlS, al its healUl clini in South Philadelphia. Its programs included a cooperative coal club, lending library, pelUlY lunch club. and slamp savings bureau. In 1905, Ute Starr CenlCe began its Medical Department, employing one Ilurse and sometimes onLracting for visiting nurse ervice through Ihe Visiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia. The Sk'UT CenlCe merged with the ViSiting Nurse Society of Philadelphia in Ule 1950s. The slCengLh of this collection lies in the dela.iled information on various services provided by Ule Starr Centre. The collecti n sheds light on issues of health CdfC in ethniC communiti~.

. The Alice Merrill Robinson Papers, /920-1983 (8 linear feel) : Robinson received her Lraining as a psychiaLI'i nurse and began her careerwiUt the U.S. Army Nurse orp in 1944. Sh served as editor of Nursing Outlook and RN Magazine before begin­ ning a consulting flnn in New York City. Robinson publi 11 d widely. mosLJy on psychiatric nur. ing and more broadly on the nursing profeSSion. 1Jer papers include a variely of materials related to the prof! sionru training of nurses and nursing educa­ tion issues, particularl y with regard to psychiaLric nursing.

Robinson's WOrk as a nursing instruclor, administrator. and au­ thor are well documented by ber speeches, annotated manu­ scripts for publicaLion, personal and professional writing em­ ployment flJcs, and phoLOgraph . The collection also conLain . several journal i ue. aud rcprlnLS of Robinson's writings.

These collection have been catalogued in the I:U.IN and linding aids are now available. The Cenler is gmLeful for Ibe uppon of the National Historical Publication and Records Coromis ion.

10

N EWS FROM THE O FFICE OF D EVELOPMENT AND ALUMNI R ELATIONS

H

WRY CENTE R TRIP 10 NURSING' S PAST On Friday, October 29, 1993, thirty-three nursing history enthusiasts joined Center Director Joan Lynaugh and Associate Director Karen Buhler-Wilkerson for a luxury bus trip to Lib­ erty Slate Park, New Jersey. From there the group ventured by ferry to Ellis Island to view "Healing at Home: Visiting Nurse Service of New York, 1893-1993," an exhibition celebrating the first century of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York (VNS).

The bus trip raised more than $4,000 toward the Center' S endowmenL More importantly, though, Lynaugh believes the tri p raised awareness of the importance of preserving history.

"The exhibition was so rich with artifa ts and docurnema­ tion. It was a thrill to look at Wald 's original notes cmd letters.

We are fortunate that they were preserved.l think the exhibition illustrated in a very real way the importance of preserving his­ tory."

LAMBERTSEN M AKES

GIFr TOWARD CEN1ER

ENDOWMENT Eleanor C. LamberlSen, Ed 0 , RN, FAAN, a charter mem­ ber of the History Center's Advisory Board and former presi­ dent of thl: American Nurses' Foundation, recently pledged $40,000 toward the Center' s endowmenl.

The Philadelphia and New York groups on a glorious fa ll aflemoon al Ellis Island. Center Direelor Joan Lynaugh is pielured in the far right-hand corner aI hallam (October 1993).

The "bus trip" was the brainchi ld of the Center' s Advisory Board, who devised the special event as a means to raise addi­ tional funds for !lIe History Center; generate excitement among Center members; and help Ule Center recruit new members ;unong those interested in nursing history.

"We tossed around a number of ideas," noted Lynaugh, "but a trip to Ell is Island to view this exhibiti n seemed the per­ fect fil Karen had served as historical consullant on the exhibi­ tion, and many of our members had an interest in Lillian Wald, Ule Henry Street Settlement, ,Uld the VNS of New York. " It was WaId who had initiated the public heaIUl movement in the United States in the early pmt of the century . I view her work as p,uticularly relevant today, as we . truggle with health care reform and the role of the community-based nurse. I had no doubt that the trip woul d be a success."

Buhler-Wilkerson was able to convince Ellen Denker, the exhibition curator, to join Ule group on the bus trip and give a "behind-the-scenes" talk. In addition, Denker agreed to lead the group on a room-by-room tour of the e xhibition. Associate Di­ rector Ellen Baer managed to secure courtesy round-trip ferry passes from Circle Line-S tatue of Liberty Ferry, Inc., of New York, as well as a luxury bus at a diSCOUnL /"dte for the trip.

The Philadelphia group (which included I30ard members, a group from the Visiting Nurse Association of Philadelph ia, cmd Center mem bers) met B aer mId a New York contingent on a glorious faIl wtemoon at Ellis Island for the Denker-led tour.

ArLer the tour, participcmts were free [0 explore the penn:Ulent exhibitions on the Island.

Lambertsen's gift will augmem the Center's growing en­ dowment fund, which at Ule end of Fiscal Year 1993 stood at $267,646. Once the Cen­ ter meets its endowmem goal of $1,000,000, it will receiv approxi­ mately $50,000 per year in perpetuity to cover its operating " penses.

"Endowi.ng the His­ tory Center has been our top priority from the be­ ginning," stal Center Director Joan Lynaugh.

"With an endowed Cen­ ter, we will not have to worry about fi.nancing our day-to-day opera­ tions. Then, we will be free to concentrate on developing our collec­ tions and broadening our Eleanor Lamherrsen. Cenler Advisory programs and service, ." Board member (c. 1990).

Accord ing to Lynaugh, Lambertscn's gift i. special for a number of reasons. "Eleanor has been a chcerleader for the Cen­ ter since i L~ inception. l1tis gift underscores her belief in our mission, which means a great deal LO me and the entire Center sk'\ff."

"Her gift also comes at ,Ul opportunc momen!," not.ed Lynaugh. "During discussi ons wi th Eleanor, we learned of an rulOnymous donor who offered to match her gift dollar for dol­ lar! Now we will be able to add $80,000 toward the endow­ ment."

Dr. LamberlSen resides in New York City. In addilion to her work on Ule I-listory Center's Advisory I3oard, she is active in national and tate Ilursing issues. A Center collection will be named in her honor in recognition of her generous upport.

11

DONORS TO TIlE CENTER FOR THE SWDY OF THE H ISTORY OF NURSING

JULY Center Mem bersbip Fri ends of the C ente r Marlene H. Cianci Beryl B. C leary Catherine C. Freem an Pal mer H. Futcher Lauren K. G lass Erna l. Go ulding Dorothy G . Kapenstein Carole E. Kuzmack Mr. and M rs. C harles E. Letocha M arguerite M allfreda Barbara B. Mason Ellen R. M ulhem Franc es K. O'Neill J ulia B . Paparell a Idabe lle Ream Patricia A. Richey Natalie N. Riegler June C. Ruscavagc Alice K. Savas tio Norm a Jean Shue Ellen J. Silver Dor thy M. Smith B verly Peril Stern Lillian Coopt::r Thorne Elizabeth Vickers Jcannt::tte Vidmar Arvella B . Vowell Ruth I;. Weeks Mary Jessica Welfare Center Contri butor Suzanne L. foeetham Jeanne A. Frye Florence R. Gartland Grayhavcn School of C hris­ tian Science Nursing William H. lI e lfand Martha N . Ilill

1, 1993 lliROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1993

Jackie Moratelli Jerrehian Barbara J. Lowery Elizabeth Madeira Diane J . M ncino Mary B. Allen MacBride William H. Nace Dr. Veron ica C. O' Day Mara! Palanjian M artha E. Rogers Shirley K. W ilso n Linda R ichar ds Society Mary Elizabeth Carnegie Rose and Don C iampa Pam Cipriano Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Duffy Julie Fairman Jane Hartman Griffith Lt. Colo nel Matilda D. Grinevieh Laura I-Iayman William L. Iiolzemer Jacqueline Rose lIott Leo-Arthur Ke lmenson Barbara I. Klin e Ann P. Knigh t Sandra B . Lewenson Margaret L. M e ' Iure Mary Alice Musser Wilma J. Phipps D r. Robert V. Piemonte M arianne Roncoli Roze ll a M . Schlotfeldt Norman A. Schorr Thelma M. Schorr Doris E. Wardell Mr. and Mrs . Herbert Weintraub Ethel K. Wishart

Zane Wolf Alma S. W oolley Lillian Wald Society Caroline E. C am unas Norma Peden Killebrew Alice Fisher Society Barbara Bates Florence S . Downs Joan E. Lynaugh W . B. Dixon Stroud Henry Tang

Hilda Houser Memorial F und Betty J. Baron Anne M . Banas Estelle M. Boylan Lydia E. lark Joan S. Daniel Mildred Davidheiste Ramona E. Delaney Irene K. Diss inge Ruth E. Ellinger Elaine R. Elmer Josephine Feindt Nanette Fluck Ruth Francisc us James & Gilmore Janet F ischer G latfelter Patricia Miller G raham Dorothy R. Haas Isabella S. Harriso n Patricia B. Il effner Virginia D. I licks Florence F. Hill Elaine B eier Hirsch Marjorie I-I. Johnston June Kazuroa Roy S. Kerschuer

C harlotte Penrod Ki ehlkop f Unabe th C. Kindi g Cornelia D . Kraft Nadine Palmer Mattes Dorothy M. M cE lheny Dorothy V. Miller Clara Park Janice B. Prall M arion Y . Ray Reese Lois Helen Rimbach Jacki Li ngle Robinson Frances Bair Sax Marion E. Schmidt Shirley K. Shultz Mary Jane S iekert Chris Spagna Jean Martin Spanger Shirley L. Taxay Dorothy E. Urda Ellen Drace Warner Elai ne Weise I-I elen Best Wh alen Edith L. Wi!lgoos Paulin e D. W ojciak Louis e Hudd leson W ri ght Nancy II. Yorty

n.

E llis Island Fund Roger Aaron Barbara Abruzzo Ellen D. Baer Henry B . Baer Ann Baiada Es telle M . Boylan Li llia n S. Brunne r lbomas F . B urchill Doris S . C a~ per Audrey B. Davis

Germaine Dc B usschere Fred DeMatteis Lyn De Silets Julie Fairman M . Lou ise Fitzpatrick Jam es Fox Florence R. G artJand Patricia M. Haynor Stephen W. Holt Catheri ne Judge Ursula M. Karau Barbara 1. Kline Ann P. Knig ht Mary O pulcnte Krener G ail Le venstein Joan E. Lynaugb Elizabeth Madeira Frank J. Maguire, Jr. Kathi e n M. Martin Mr. and Mrs. Jo hn Meaney Mathy Mezey Monis Nac htomie Rose M . 0 ' Dri 'coll Charl es Patteson Associates Thomas B. Poole Robert P. Quinn Barbara R afferty Laura M. Randar C harlotte Tys n Rath Frances B. Rauch C ynthia C. Scalz i M ary A. B. Sc heetz; Nancy Sharts -II pko S tep han ie A. Stachniewicz Kathlee n S tockm an Mary Ellen Watchm an Karen W ilkerson Earl Yaffa

MEMBERSHIP A p PLI AllON 10 lEE CENTER FOR THE S'I1JDY OF T HE HISlORY OF N URSING Enclosed is my check for $ _ _ ________ ; please enroll me in we following group: _ _ _ Friends of We Cen ter (Up to $49) _ _ _ Linda Richards Sod ty ($ 100 to $249)

Center ContribuLOr ($50 to $99) Lillian WaJd SOCiety ($250 to $499) _ __ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up)

_ _ _ Please send me more information about named gift opportunities. _ _ _ Please send me more infonllation about making a bequest to We Center.

N:une _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ School _ __ _ _ __ __

year _____

Address _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _

S~te

____ _ _ _ _ __ _

Zip _ __ _ _ _ __

Please make your check payable to the Trustees of the University of Pennsyl vania. Mail your u'lX -deduclible c ntribution to the Center Jor The Study aJThe History oJ Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nur ing, 307 Nursing Education Build ­ ing, Philade lphia, P A 19104-6096.

CALENDAR

Urcor.ONG EVENTS

IIlo;tory of Medkine Seminars Francis Clark Wood In"titute April 7, Kalllleen M. Joyce presents A

Spiritual 'Calculus ofSuffering '; Ameri­ can Catholics and the Ethics of Pain Re­ lief, 1890-1940 April 14, Estelle Cohen present<; 'nle Politics of Reproductive Medicine in Early Modem Stales April 21, usan Shifrin presents '11re Worst are Women-Doctors'; Nin.eleenth­ CeTllury Allillldes of Professionalism of Women Physicians Seminars are scheduled on Thursclliys, 12:00-2:00 p.m. at Illc College of PhYSicians of Philadelphia. Bring a bag lunch and join us for coffcc cUld history !

Por more infonnation call Carla Jacobs aL Ul Wood Institute al 215-563-3737 ext. 273.

Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference May 12- 14, From Cobblestones to Crabgrass: Documentin.g CiJies aful Suburbs, New York, NY. Por more infomlaLion comaCl Roben Morris at

212-337-1300.

1994 Traditional Procession to The Woodlands Cemetery Center for The Study of The HI~'tory of Nursing Friday, May 6, 12:00-2:30 p.m. at The Woodlands Cemetery. For more information please contact the Centers

curator al 215-898-4502.

American Association for the History of Medicine April 28-May I, New York, NY. For

more information, please contact Gail Cambridge at Milbank Memorial Fund, 1 East 751ll '- trcct, New York, NY 10021, or all 212-570-4800, ex!. 2001.

Eleventh Aruma) Conference American Association for the History of N ur-sing September 23-25, 'Ine Kni kerbocker

HOlel, Chicago, n. For more information contact Susan Duda<; at 312-996-2 1881 7900 (work) or 312-659-5243 (home).

Nursing Mu.o;eum The Institute of Penno;;ylvanJa Hospital · Collection of NurSing Practice

Materials alld Equipment · NurSing Education Aids Exhibit · Dolls Exhibiting Nursin.g Unifonns Annual Spring Program: Mrs. 'Evelyn Venson, Nllfsing History from a Jewish Perspective. For more information, please contact JO'.lll Large aL 215-789­ 4277.

Mutter Museum ollege of Physicians of PhUadelpWa

Psychosurgery: The Philadelphia Connectioll. An xhibition on the role of Philadelphia physicians and institutions in the worldwide populari'l.ation of

psychosurgery .

Dorothea Lynde Dix at Trenton Psycllimric Hospital. A. di play of fumi hing and personal memorabilia of Dix from Trenton P ychiaJ.ric Hospital. an instilution Ulat she founded.

EXlIIBlTI N

Third Floor Gallery Center for The Study of The History of Nursing

For further information, please conk'lct Ille Mu cum al215-563-3737. ext. 241.

Invisible Veteralls: Nurses in War Through April 1995.

For more infonnatioo contact the

Center's curator aL 2J5 -898-4502.

Cenl.er for The Sludyof The History of ursing UNlVF1lSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SnlOOL OF NURSING

307 NURSING EDUCATION BUII.OlNli Pllll..AD[;LPtllA, PA 19104-6096

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