Spring 1995

Spring 1995 Vol 7 No 2

ISSN 1049-2259

GALA CELEBRATES PAST AND KAREN B UHLER-WILKERSON,

FUTURE

PHD, FAAN

Celebrating a decade of accomplishments and planning a futu re of excellence, a gala crowd of Center supporters gaLhered on October 5, 1994, to savor the firs t ten years of tile Cel1ler fo r tile Study of the Hi tory oj Nursi ng. She ltered by a large tC n! set up in the School of Nursi ng atrium, tile guests enjoyed live music, a wonderfu l mcnu and festive flo wers. LJni­ versity of Pennsylvania President JUdith Rodin welcomed th >guests . con­ gratulated the gathering fo r supporting nursing history, and, adcling her own intellec tu al urgillg, encouraged the group to greater effort~ in historical Judith Rodill (far left ) gre£'ts scholarship. Dean Nomla Lang warmly welcomed tile eighty guests as did Lela Bethel (far riglu) as Lillian Center Director Joan Lynaul1 h. ami Mall Brunner look on.

Seven vcry special ind ividual s iUld organizations were recognized duri ng tile dinner. Their ex­ traordinary su pport cnahles the C nter to build its endowment and create a sou nd fin anc ial basc for tile futu re. Members of the Center staff presented girts of framed pho tographs from Ule Center'S collection to these inel ividu als wi lll the sincere lh,mks of all pre sent.

Mark ewel Ann Baiada, supporters of the Center. pu t tile enclowment c1rive over the m.iJli n dollar goal with the ir generous gift on th ' very evening of the gala. 'meir genen sity sparketl lhe wann mood of lhe evening.

Stephanie Stachn iewicz rcpresentcd the Alu mnae As. oeiation of the School of Nur:;ing of Ule Phil aclelphi a General Hospital. In addition to depositing their historical ly valueble papers in the enler' Collectio n. the Alumnae Association endowcd th . annu al Alice Fisher Society Hi torieal Scholar bip, whic h supports nurses engaged in historical research.

Iris Gro ss represented the Alu mni Associ ation of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. The I-I LJP Alumni Association helpcd to lead a fund dri ve to renovate space for Lhe Center and create lhc Alu mni Confcr ' nce Roo m Currentl y, they arc supp ru ng a project to process ; nd preserve their papers.

Eleanor Lumbcr en is a very special Center supporter. She is a steadfast chcerleader for hi. lOry, a vital member of Ule Center's Aelv isory Board. and a li fe long leader ill American nursing. Iler signili­ cant gift to the Cellter under cored her be lief in our mission and 'ubstanliall y assu red the Ccnter's t.:ndow­ ment.

Barbara Bates, MD, has been a major supporter since 1982 ,md her earl y a<;s i~tanc ' made the Center's est ab lishment po ssible. I1er confidence in the Center'S goal s and her continucJ contributions help ensure its stability (uld gro wth.

Li ll ian Shollis Brunner and Mat Brunncr helped builel the Center and have c ntinll cd to su pport it in every way. Their generous cndo wment of tilC Li llian Sholtis Bru nner Sum­ mer Fellowship al read y has supported fi vc schol ars rmd conti nues to be offcred every su mmer. Lilli an, chairs tile Center' s Advisory Board and has played a major ro le in shap ing its goals (UlU its fut ure.

Ou r colleaguc Ellen Baer has done so much for nursing history . She iUld ber husband Ilank have bcen gcnerous donor. since our project began. Last Spri ng ELlen and Hank surpri.ed the Center when Uley announced that HiUlk' s mother, Mrs lIenry B. Baer, was making a substanti al gift to the Center. It was this significant gi ft, combincd wit h oth­ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ers, that made it poss ible to attain the Cenler's endow men t go al of one million dollars .

SrnOOL OF NURSING TIle existence of the Center Jor the Study oJ the Ilislory ofNursing is dll e to the pers n}ll c[forts of its many members and su pporters who contribute 10 Ule ar hival collec­ tions, who conduct research, who do nate money. wh givc their time to advise and en­ coura"c, and who believe in tile importilllce of hislOry. These arc tile essential forces whietl keep the Center al ive.

Center for

The Study of The History of Nursing

HCl rknl'ss Fl'llow Anile Ma rie RafJe rty presents her research on page 6.

2

CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF

THE HISTORY OF

NURSING

I

NEWS FROM THE CENTER

The Center for The Siud yo/The History o/ NUJsing was established in 1985 to encourage and facilitate his­ torical scholarship on health care llis­ tory and nursing in the United tates.

Now in its eighth year of existence, the Center continues LO create and main­ tain a resource for such research; to improve the quality and scope of llis­ torical scnolarship on nursing; and to disseminate new knowledge on nursing history lhrough education. conferences, publications, and inler-disciplinary collaboration.

Current projects at the Center range from studies of international nursing. home-based nursing, and re­ search on care of the critically illLO the twentieth-century relationship between nursing and American philanUlfopy .

We also continue to collect. process, and catalogue an outstanding collec­ tion of primary historical materials.

Feel free to visitlhe Center Mon­ day-Friday. 9:00-5:00 p.rn. Scholars planning to conduci research atlhe Center should contact the Center's cu­ ralor aL 215-898-4502. Our curator will respond with a description of the scope and content of relevant materials in the various collections.

Center Advisory Board Lillian Sholtis Brunner. Chair

M. Louise Fitzpatrick, Vice Clutir Helen Edwards Jeanne Kiefner Ann P. Knight Nadine Lanells Eleanor C. Lambertsen Mark Frazier Lloyd Charles E. Rosenberg Stepbanie A. Stachniewic2 Tina Weintraub Center StalT

Joan E. Lynaugh, PhD, FAAN Director Ellen D. Baer, PhD, FAAN Associate Director Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, PhD. FAAN Associate Direclor Margo Szabunia Curator Betsy Weiss AdministraJive Assistant Rita Beatty Volunteer Kelly A. Smith Eduor. The Chronicle

CURATOR FOR A DAY

Do you recall the television show, "Queen for a Day"? The CeOler now has "Curator [or a Day," During Margo's leave, Stephanie Morris will be althe CeUler one day a week to oversee archi val matters.

Steph.'Ulie brings a scientific and medical perspec­ tive as well as centuries of experience to the Center, bav­ ing documented the eslabLishment of the College of Pby i- Stephanie Morris assists dans of Philadelphia in 1787, the FranJdin InstiLute in researcher in Ille Center 1824, and the Union League in 1861. She has documented reading room thousands of nineleenUl century immigrants at the Temple Universily-Balch Institute Center for Immigration Research. The other days of her week are currently spent trav­ eling throughout the world (alleast figuratively), documenting the international healing work of the Medical Mission Sisters.

Anna Dengel, M.D., felt very deeply the need for a community of religiou women who could offer much needed health services and in 1925, with I1lree other women--two nurse and another- physician--foundet1 the Medical Mission Sisters in WashingtOn D.C. 10 1939 they relocated and presentJy the e.'lSt coast headquarters of the Medical Mis ion Sisters is in Fox Cllase, Pennsylvania, and houses their local ar­ chives. The over seven hundred members of this conununily are committed to being "a healing presence in the heart of a wounded world" (from their Constitution). 11leir ar­ chives document the clinics, hospitals, and nurSing schools these women .have opened and operated. These records are a testamelll of their professional qualifications and their healing ministries in African and Asian countries, the Americas and Europe.

Stephanie has been a member of the Academy of Certified Archivists since 1989; her undergrndume work wru in science, followed by an M.A. in the history of science, technology, and medicine from the University of Pennsylvania Deparnnenl of History and Sociology, and a Ph.D. in American Social HislOry from Temple Univer­ sity. TIardly a stranger to Penn, she bas also worked at the Beckman Center for the His­ tory ofChemi try and in the Smith CoUection in Van PellLibrary" Special Collec­ tions. A native Philadelphian, Stephanie sees her coming to the Center as another ex­ ample of the city's "small town" quaJjties; there are lwO Medical Mission iSlers on the faculty of the School of Nursing and itju I seems a ' naLural" sequence of events that she should also come to Penn and help the Center.

CENTER ADMINISTRATION CHANGES As oflhis May, Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, PhD, FAAN. will assume the duties of DirectOr of the Center for the Study o/the History o/Nur ing. The dircclor is ap­ pOinted by the Dean of Penn's School of Nursing and is accountable to the Dean and the Center's Advisory Board for C<'UT)'ing out the objectives of the Center. Current Di­ rector Joan Lynaugh will 'witch roles with Karen and join Associate Director EUen Baer, working on reseaf h, Center projects, teaching and fund raising. Center Curator Margo Szabunia will continue in ber poSition as will Administrative N. sistant Betsy Weis ·. Also this year Dr. Barbam Brush will be working in the Center as a post doc­ toral fellow. Dr. Julie Fairman, wbo recently joined the Penn nursing facully, will also help bring to reality the Cenler's future plans as oullined in the Fall. 1994 Cllronic/e.

Joan Lynaugb is completing ten years as Director, which involves day 10 day leader Ilip and management of the Center's coUection , services, teaching. and research activities. Alilbree bislOrians--Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, Ellen Bner, and Joan Lynaugh--have shared the work of the Center since its founding in 1985 and plan 10 do so in the future. Recently named Tenn Professor of History and Health Care, Joan Lynaugh will continue ber appointment as Editor of NurSing History Review for the American Association for the History of Nursing; she also edits "Studies in Hea1th, Ill­ ness and Care Giving," a book series at the University of Pennsylvania Press. She is currently studying !he origins and development of the International COlIllcil of Nurses with an international team of historians.

3

UNDERSTANDJNG HISTORICAL NURSE MIGRATION BARBARA BRUSH,

RN, PHD

Dr. Barbara L. Brush, curreoUy a postdoctoral fellow at Ule Center for the Study of me HislOry of Nursing, has recently

been awarded me Alice Fisher Society 1-listorical Scbolarship for ber research proposal "Seeking Haven: Nurse Refugees and the International CouIlcil of Nurses." The ludy, which examine nurses' intemaLional mobility between 1950 and 1970, extends and elaborates upon a larger collabornJ.ive study of me Interna­ tional Council of Nurses (lCN) as well a<; Dr. Brush's ongoing historical research wiLh nurse migration.

After World War n, t1lousand~ of Burse were displaced from the BaIlie Slates. eastern Europe, hina, Cuba, Ismel, Pal­ estine, Germany, ruld elsewhere. Seeking esc<,\pe from political, economic, religious, and social persecution, nurses relocated to s<lfer havens, primarily to Ule United State ' and c.'Ulada. Upon arrival, Uley soughl assi k'Ulce from the lCN to reest..'1blish their nursing credential and career. l.lldced, nurses' occupational success or failure in resetUement counlfies was often contingent upon the lCN's intervention.

Dr. Bru h' reccnUy co-authored monograph with Dr. Joan E. Lynaugh, American Nursmg and America 's Hospilals: nle La, I Fifty Years, examines Americallllursc/ho pita! rela­ lions between 1945 mal 1995 a.nd provide,' imporumt context for underst..'U1ding IlUrse ' international migratory processes. During the period in which many refugc(;s migrntcd to the Uniteu Stale., Am ric.-'Ul hO~'Pitt\]s faced widcspr ad sbol1.1ges of nufS-

ing personnel. Whether recruited actively (as described in Dr. Drush's dis.<>ecultion, "Sending for Nurses: Foreign Nurse Im­ migration to American Hospitals, 1945·1980") or 'seeking ha­ ven,' nurses from abroad had market desirability in sbort-staffed American heaJlb care institutions. Undersk'Ulding the context of changing U.S. nursing work pattern CUld practices, therefore, demonstrate. the ways in which social, economic, CUld political forces inlluence and ullimalely shape nur~ • professional prac­ lice and mobility.

Using primary <uHa from newly acquired our e refugee files <tthe CenLer of the Study q{the History of Nursing, Dr. Brush will ~ma1 y z.e c.-1se record CUld create a biograpllical data­ ba<;e of me nearly 3,000 nurse refugees who arrived in Ibe United States and Canada during the proposed period of sLudy.

Their stories provide an importanl case study of the rCN's shifling organiza· Liona] role after the Sl:cond World War. Tile ICN, like nursing more generally, was ultimately transfonned by World War 11 and its world wide de !fU lion, dislocalJons, and realignmenlS. Nurse refugees, seeking asylum in other coun· tries, provide a way to understand Ulese b.:'U1ges anu the ICN's ongoing role in twentiem century intemational nursing.

LIlliAN SHOLTIS BRUNNffi.SUMMER

AliCE FISHER SOCIETY HIS1DRICAL

FElLOWSHIP

SCHOLARSHIP

The Lillian Sholtis Brunner Swnmer fellowship for Ilis­ torical Rcsearch in NUf$ing will again be offered in 1995 by the C mer for The Stuuy of The IIi. LOry of Nursing at

The Alice Fisher Society Historical Scholarship will again he offered in 1995 by the Center for The Study of The His­ LOry of Nursing at the University of Pennsyl vania. The gen­ eroSity of the Alumni Associmioll of the Philadelphia Gen­ eral IIospital Training School for Nurses makes it possible for the Center to offer Ulis rcseru'Ch scholarship. The $2,500 awm'u will be open to nurse ' al the master's or doctoml level who arc seeking assisLancc wiUl research and writing as part of their study of history. Each cholar will be ex­ pccletl LO spend 4 to 6 weeks in re idence at Ule Cenler.

Applications for the Alice Fisher Society Historical Schol­ arship may be obtained by writing enter Director Joan Lynaugb at Lhe Center for The Study of The History of Nursil)g, Univer. ity of Penn ylvania, School of Nursing, 307 Nursiug education Bujlding, Philadelphia, PA 19104­ 6096, or caJ121S- 98-4502. The applic<1lion deadline is December 31, 1995.

tile University of Pennsylvania, Mm and Lillian Brunner's generosity makes it possible for the CClllcr to oller this research fellowship supporting 6 to 8 weeks of residential study and usc of tlle Center's coilections. Selection of Brunner fellows will bc based on evidence of preparalion and/or productivity in historical re~earch relared to nurs­ ing. Brunner scholars will work under tile general direction of nurse historians associated wiUl the Ccnlcr. Research compleled by the fellows will help insure Ule growth or scholarly work ill nursing his tory. J\ppliomL. for tile $2,500 Brunner Fellowship should COlllact Center Director JO<'Ul Lynaugh al the Center for l11e Stuuy olThe HisLOry (if Nursing, Ulli versity of Peonsyl vania., School of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104­ 6906, or call 215-898-4502, The application deadline is December 31,1995.

4

.- ­

A DISTINGUISHED PAST, A Rosy FUTURE Si nce its installation last fall, the Cen ter has gotten a very positive respon e to the Hilda Houser (I--lUP class of 1( 49) Ex­ hibit Case in the reading roo m. On loan to the Center and on long tenn display is the lovely rosewood jewel cabinet tha t once be­ longed to Rorence Nigh tin gale. lbis cabinet has a fasc inating ped igree wh ich links several Philadelph ia insti tutions and nursing leaders. Nightingale gave it to one of her pupils, Alice Fisher, when Fisher assumed tlle duties of Chief Nurse of the Philadel ­ phia General Hospital. Fisher died in 1888 after only fo ur shon yc.1JS in Philadelphia, lcavi ng the chest to her successor, Marion Smith. Smith, who graduated from the training sc hool founded

by Fischer, became the Superintendent of the Hospi tal of the Uni· versity of Pe nnsylvania in 1902.

When Smith resig ned her positio n, she gave the cabinet to M. Louise Snyder, who was elected Direc tress of the School of Nursing in 19 13 and Assistant Superintendenl of the Hospital.

Snyder's survivors gave the cabinet to the Nurses' Alumni Asso­ ciation of the Hospi tal of the Uni versity of Pen nsylva nia (HUP) who have cherished tlle cabinet since. TIle construction of tll1S archivalJy-sound exhibit case was funded in part by tlle Alu mni SocielY of lie Hospital of tlle Uni versity of Pen nsylvania as the Hilda Houser Memorial Fund. Hilda Houser was an early sup­ poner of the Center and it was one f her greatest wishes that case be pro vided to house the cabi net for display. She did not want to see it kept hidden in lie Archives and brought out on ly for special occasions. ll1an ks to lie HUP alumn i's safekeeping and suppon, the cabinet, which is a link with llursing's noble pas t, can be ad­ mired for generatio ns to co me. Visitors are most welcome 10 ad· mire tbe cabinet's craftsman ship (and historical legacy) on display dail y in lie Center.

WIIEN ALICE CAME* she brought !.he chest wi!.h her.

Of inlaid wood, il had been Florence's, a !.hing of elegance which Slored her thread and pins in tiny velvel drawers midst the obscenity of !.he Crimean War. While Rorence was the "Lady wi!.h !.he Lamp,"

who comforted at midnight as at noon,

her sewing box was like rul aureole,

reOecLing still tile choice of making whole

the ripped apart

in that aU foul place.

When Alice came to Philadelphia,

she broughl Ule box and thus, !.he "Lady," too.

Like Florence in tile blood of the Crimea,

she mucked her way through wards, leaching, touching.

Alice crune.

Healing, she began,

as Aorence had, lO train the nurse who

for generations now have used their skill

to bind up the obscenities no war

could end.

Her box yet sits, in quietude, an elegru\l reminder of the choice, --war and blood and muck can nOl de troy­ of making whole.

Sandra Shaffer VanDoren

*Alice Fisher, a student of Florence Nightingale, came to Members of the N urses' All/ /ltll i A s.fo ciation of the Hospital ofthe University of Pell/Isy/vGlria frOln lefl/o rig ht: Ela illt DreishU/Jgh, Marg aret McNally, NadiM Landis. Iris Gross. Chris/ille Spag ll a.

Philadelphia in 1884 bringing wi!.h her Nightingale's rose­ wood chest. Sandra Shaffer VanDoren is a resident of Malvern, Penl1Sylvania. and her poem won the Colonel Henry W. Shoelfu'lker Memorial Award.

SUSAN REVERBY NAMED ALICE FISHER SCHOLAR

Susan Reverby visited the Center for the Study a/the History qf Nursing this year as the Alice Fisher Scholar. Dr. Reverby is an internationally known historian of Il ursing history. She is the author of Ordered to Care: The Dilenlmll of American Nursing, 1850­ 1945, an analysis of Durs ing's history withi n the context of a changi ng health care system. In addition, she has puhlished numerous ar· tic les on Ulis subject in boLh nursing and history journ als. Dr. Revcrby is an Associate Professor at Wellesley College, where for several years she was the Director of Women's Studies. Th is year, she is a Fellow al Ule W.n.B. DuBois Insti tute for African American Research at Harvard Universily. Duri ng this Fellowsh ip, she haS been working on a new book that examines the very complex tory of nur c Riv­ ers and the Tuskagee Syphili s experiment.

Dr. Reverby spen t several days at the Center in December and April. During her firSl visit, she altracted a large audience from across the campus to her t.alle, " 'No Treatment, No Treatment': A Mediati on on Treatment, Nurse Rivers and the Tu skagee Syphilis Ex­ periment." The next moming Dr. Reverby led a very lively and provocative cO Il versatioIl titled" 'How Do We Know What We Know'; Race, Gender and Agency." TIle remainder of this visit was spent consulling with faculty and grad uate students about on g ing or planned historical projects. Dr. Reverby's spring visil to the Center provides the opportuIlilY for further research consult.ation on our his­ tory groups projects and a seminar ti Ued, "Gender: A Useful Calegory of Analysis?"

5

REcENT ACQUISITIONS

lillian Sholtis Brunner papers, 1950's­ Visiting Nurse Association of South Cell­ Ettu'lie Hermi.na Lezenby, 1995-Present, tral COflllecricut record, J91 /-J 993, 6 1990's, 20.33 linearfecI. 1.8 linear feet. linear feel.

A 1940 graduaLe of the Hospital of the On Jruluary 31. Ms. Lezcnby enlered Ille The Agency was founded in May 4, 1904 University of Pennsylvania (ImP) world weighing 91bs 30z anl1 joined the with the flISl fuJi year of service begin­ School of Nursing, Mrs. B runner has Center family as Ule newesl supporter of ning in 1905. •This coUection includes authored or collaborated on at least nine Nursing History, Her molher. Margo recon:ls mainly from the 1930's to books on medical and surgical nursing.

Szabunia, is the curator at the Center and 1990's, with the exception of lhe Home These have ap(X!ared in as many as ber absence during lhis molber-daugbter twelve languages and many are stan<tan.1 Economi Commitlee minute from bonding time is very much felL. Ms. 1920-1931 and history ofnUlrition ser­ textbooks in nursing schools. Mrs. Le-I..enby·s falher. Rick Lezenby, is a li­ vice (1911-1949). The documents are of Brunner has been o(X!rating room head brarian ruld leclurer at Temple Univer­ lhe Association's service evaluations, nurse, supervisor of operating rooms, sity. Ms. Lezenby is sure LO gain epic National League for Nursing accredita­ clinical in lructor and department head amounts of intelligence and love. She is tion, committee planning for meeting in the Hospital' School of Nursing. a wonderful addition to her family and Mrs. Brunner has a deep inlerest ill the community heallh and service needs, associaLes of lhe Center. he will oon annual reports (l960~1993) and service hLlory ofnucsing and is very active in be making ber appearance sometime in The CenLer ruld lh Board of Overseers mruluais. lhe Spring. of lhe University of Pcnnsylvania School of Nursing.

Addition 10 Liruia Aiken papers, 1993, transcripl ofinterview with Aiken by Joel Gardner.

This inlerview covers Aiken's early in­ lelleclual inOucnces, such as Dorothy Smjth and David Mechrulic, and her edu­ cational experience. Aiken discusses lbe evaluation of some health care delivery Emilie Lezenby and her mother Margo models and other programs she was in­ Szabunia, the Center curator, share a lender Selectionsfrolllihe Sheet Music Collection moment while Emilie brushes up on the volved wilh while at Ille Robert Wood show how picture covers and song lyrics Cellter's recenlevenls. portray {he nurse ill various images.

Johnson Foundation.

William Heljcuui Sheer Music Collection,

Addition 10 Athens County Visiting Nurse Association records, 1988-1993. 27 reels THE ART OF NURSING Four published songs willl lyrics about

microjilmed patient jiles. and images of nurses.

Tills Ohio-base VNA was founded in IN PICIURES 1982 to serve a rural population. The Jean L Mahoney photographs, 1942­ agency's young age reneclS a common­ Peter Short photographs, 1992-93, ality among recenlly e tablished borne 1945.

Six photographs of nurSing studenLS at care nursing services. Chrulges in the depict eritical care nurses with pa­ Children's Hospital of Pttiladelphia pro pective reimbursement of hospital tients. Mr. Short donated Lhi col­ (CHOP) School of Nursing. Mahoney leeLion during a recent visillO Ille care forced hospitals LO discharge pa­ was a graduate of lhe lasl nursing class at tienlS much earlier. Thi action incre.'\S­ Center. lIe is a lecturer in Nursing CHOP. ingly required lhe ervice of home care at the School of Nursing Therapeu­ agencie and lbe Athens County VNA tics aLthe University of Tecb.nol­ Elida Raffensperger photog raplIS, 1900­ represents one agency thaL reflects this ogy, Sydney.

1950, 0.4 linear feet. need. This VNA is unique in thaLthey Raffensperger (b.1888-d.1978) was a routinely microfilm patient files of de­ cec'\Sed palienlS, unlike many other VNA graduate of the Medico-ChlrurgicaJ Hos­ pital of Philadelphia School for Nur es, whicb lypically discard Illem after sev­ willch later merged with the Graduate eral years.

Hospita.l of the Urn versity of Pennsyl va­ nia. She entered the U.S. Army Nurse Addilionlo rhe Olildren's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) SclllJol ofNursing Corps in 1912 and served in both World records, 1926·1946, 12.5liflearfeel.

War I and ll, before retiring in 1945.

These photographS show Raffensperger's This addition completes the sllldent files travel in China and other foreign coun­ in the CHOP collection, taking it right up tries while she was in the militaIy. to ule school's closing.

1912-1939.

6

NURSING AND POLITICS OF INFLUENCE

ANNE MARIE RAFFERTY, RON, DPillL As a le.clurer in Nursing and Midwifery studies at the U niver iry of Nottingham. U nited Kingdom Anne Marie Rafferty i:' spending eight months between October 1994 and May 1995 in the United States researching politicallcadcrship in nursing. Ms. Rafferty's research is made possible by the Harkness Fellowsh ip, a program affiliated with the Common wealth Fund of New York.

She is worki ng with Professors Linda Aiken , Director of the Cen­ ter for Heal th ServiCes Research and Policy Analysis and Joan LynaLlgh, Dire tor of the Center !or Ul~ Study a! the History of Nursing. U niversity of Pen nsylva nia. Ms. Rafferty came to Ulis rescarch as a histori an and has the privilege of working w i th Dr. Barbara Brush, Geer1je Boschma, and a Leam of historians on Ule Internati onal Council of Nurses Centenni al I Ii, tory Proj ect. W ith such strong academic support she has been able to exami ne Ule lohhying practices that nursing organizatio ns have used to innu ­ ence thcir 'crunpaign' outcomes in the recent he. Ith care reform debate. lh~ centra l aims of the projcct arc to exp l ore and explain the onvergence h tween Ule linton A dministr,uion's proposal s of h 'uth ref ann and tbat of Ule A merican Nursing ASSOCiati on, t11C organiz<1lion w hich synthe, iud and spearheaded the art iCllla­ tion of the various nursing organizat ions' agendas in the USA. She is treati ng nursi n"'s role in heal U1 care reroml as a case st udy in U1e pol itics of innucnce and dissecti ng the ' anatomy' of the t influ ence hy tracking U1C traj ectory of ilie nursing contrihuti n to Ule he;uth care reform dehatc through intcrviews, med ia end docu ­ mentary sources. Of particular interest arc the strllclUral req ui re­ ments for pOli tical in nu enc~ w ithin nur, iug; the interaction be­ tween nursing and policy elitc, ; the strategies empl oyed to achi eve all dfcctive: political profi le and longer-term implication of tJl is episode i n nursing bistory for Ul e pO lit ical hislory of nursing and the uevclop mcilt of poli tical leadership in nursing.

I n addrcs 'ing th ese que~tjo ll s slle has been intervicwing a number of key illformants and policy experts active inside and outside of nursi ng in di f ferent parts of the co untry. U sing a frame­ work of 'strategic' ampling, Ule questions discussed incluue: the meaning of pl1litjcal l ~'ld ersh ip in nursing; lhe percei val strengUls and weaknesses of poli tical leadership in AmericcUl nursing; Ule nature of U1C pressure points f or change; the structural requir ­ men tS [or innuence; tJle tra ini ng and educatio nal needs for nurses in plllitica.l lcadaship.

Not surpri si ngly she is finding a wide spectrum of views on the: political prowes', priorities and potential of nurse, among dif feren t commentators . These vi ws appear 10 fall inltl Ulree main categories, w hich she has characterized as t1l e politics of opti ­ mism, the politics of pessimism and fi nally U,e politics of paradox.

The opl imists feel that nurses can ext ract some major au va ntages [rom . orne of t1le poli tical ~Uld economic changes im­ pacling upon health care. lllcse incl ude ncouraging nurses to assume leadership positions in managetl care and provide the ex­ pert ise, both in tenns of service design and deli very to ensure Ule preservation mld promolion of 'nursing' values as a hulwark agai n t the wors t effects 0 economic e mpetitioll.

Pessimists sec Ult: regu latory rivalry between med icine and advanced practice nurses on U1C one hand. and physician as­

sistants and assistive personnel on t1le ot11cr, as symptomatic of a deeper corrosion of teamwork and espri t de corps deemed essen­ tial to the pro vision of quality holistic' and cost-effective care.

Finally, there are iliose who view ilie whole heaJili sys­ tem in ferment and the challenges confrontin g nurses as deeply contradictory and complex. They h old thai the profcss ionalizalion of some nurses, such as adva nced practice nurscs is seen I be cou nteracted by ilie prolct,Lrlanizati on of others. I t is precisely iliese count rvailing forces that are beginning 10 reconstruct the power bases of nursing and indeed the agenda for poJjticallc~'lder­ ship more generally.

But what of the longer-tenn impact of Ule health care reform debate upon ilie political position of nursing? Critics have questioned how successful uu ing orga nizat ions really were in lobbying in ilie health care arena. They poilllto the relative invis­ ibi lit y of nursing in Ule media. Th ' y bemoan the paucity of nurses puhl ishi ng in poliCY-Oriented j oumaL and reg ret Ule tendency of nllrses to ilii nk and peak in micro raUlcr than macro terms. They sti ll see nursing as being shaped by, rather than shaping the struc­ ture and for m of health care. Supporter percei ve nursing as hav­ ing made cons iderablc strides du ring the henl UI reform debaLe. They consider Ulat gai ns were made in a number of different nurs­ ing issues covered by the nati onal press during and afrer the pe­ riod of the rdonn debate. A number of individual nurses occupied pi votal pOSitions in Ule T ask Force from which they formulated a nursing legislative agenda and red this into tl,e lIeaJili and Secu­ rit y A t. Such nu r es were able to do Uli, hecause Illey could draw lIp on a sophisticated body of research which could be moltlcd into a compell ing CCL'ie for cdu ati ona! and economic change. Purlher­ more, such nurses were strategical ly positionlXl wit11in neLworks Ulat gave Ulem access to policy innuenti a.ls.

Amo ng tJl e priorities for the future distilled from the in ­ ter views so far are: ensuring adeq uate fun ding fo r thc education of advanced practice nur'es, providing for diversity ill the. nursing work force and a ran ge of research proj .:clS wh ich track Ule changes in health service delivery and design anll are sensitive to evaluating the cont ribution of nurst:s LO the calcu lus of care. ' on­ ti nuiug to provide specifiC kinds of support LO provide some nurses with experience of and exposure to Ulc policy and legisla­ tive process, but ensuring that a poli y perspective i tself permeates Ille co nduct of nursi ng education mort,; generally. History may wel l have a contributi n to make here, not nlya. a means of pro­ viding a political edUC eti on for nurse.. but as a record of what might be achieved by resuscitating what once was a key compo­ nCnt of the early nursing grad uate curriculum --lraining in citizen ­ ship and ivies. It may well be that in order to look forward, we need LO l ook back first.

Harkness Fellowships are oJJered competitively to mid-career proJession.als, identified as leaders or potential leaders ill their fields in the UK. Australia and New Zealand to promOle project work and research if! educaJioll, public and health polie-y. urban developmefll. and employment practices in t/ie USA

7

DONORS TO THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HIsTORY OF NURSING JULY Alice Fischer Society Anonymous Oayada Nurses, Inc. Mr. Henry and Dr. Ellen Baet Dr. Joan E. Lynaugh Dr. Aorence S. Downs LilJian Wald Society Mr. William Holzemer Mrs. Norma Peden IGllcbrew Dr. Alma S. Wooley Linda Richard Society Mrs. Jerume Q. Beuoliel

Ms. Ruth Bleakley Mrs. IIelen K. Bowles Ms. Barbara Brodie Mrs. Caroline Carounas Dr. Mary Elizabelh Carnegie Mr. and Mrs. Dominic Ciampa Ms. Lydia E. Clark Dr. Laura Lucia Hayman Mrs. Ida Kaufman Ms. Mary, uc Kern Miss Elizabeth Madeira Ms. Margaret L. McClure M '. Mary Alice Musser Ms. Wilma L. Phipps Dr. Robert V. Piemonte Ms. Laura M. Randar Ms. Qui tine Spagna Mrs. Tina Weintraub Ms. Ethel K. Wishart Center Contributors Mr. William AriMO

1, 1994 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1994 Ms. Eleanora G. Baird Ms. Ellen 1. Chesler Ms. Joan E. Coyne Dr. Eleanor Crowder Mrs. Gale C. Durica Mrs. Josephine Feindl Mr. Sluart A. Pox Mrs. Jeanne A. Frye Mrs. Florence Gartland Mrs. Marie S. Goulburn Mrs. Jane Harlman Griffith Ms. Carol S. IIelmstadter Mrs. Jacqueline Jerrehian Ms. Erica Kathryn Dr. Charles E. Letocha Ms. Constance L. Litwiller Mrs. Barbara Vrabel Lund Ms. Diane 1. Mrulcino Ms. Esther 1. McNeil Mr. William Nace Dr. Veronica C. 0' Day Mr. Thomas Craig Olson Ms. M.'\ra.I PaJanjian M . Jane Pond Ms. France B. Rauch Ms. Sylvia Rinker Ms. Alice Savastio Mrs. Lucy E. Stelter Ms. Julia T. Talmadge Dr. Lomtine Tulrnan Mrs. Dolores K. Van Name Mrs. Ellen D. Warner Mrs. Elaine Weise Friends of the Center

Ms. Elizabelh Bear

Ms. Anne M. Banas Ms. Barbara Brodie Ms. Orenda B. Brown Mrs. Susan Brunoli-Stiller Mrs. Judith Caesar Mrs. Marlene Cianci Mrs. Beryl B. Cleary Col. Ramona E. De Laney Ms. Ruth S. Eppinger Ms. Catherine C. Freeman Dr. Palmer FulCher Ms. E. Jean Garling Dr. Lauren K. Glass Ms. Diane Bronkema Hamilton Mrs. Palricia A. IIeffner Mrs. Dorothy G. Kapenstcin Mrs. Aida E. Kerschner Mrs. Dorolhy H. Leonard Ms. Edith P. Lewis Ms. Marguerile Manfreda Mrs. Barbara B. Mason Mrs. Irene L. Matthews Mrs. Julia Paparella M . Clara Park Ms. NaL.a.lie Riegler Ms. Nancy Sharts-Ilopko Mrs. Norma Jean Shue Mrs. Mary Jane Siekert Mrs. Ellen 1. Silver Dr. UZafln Smeltzer Mrs. Beverly P. Stern Dr. Merwyn Stuart Mrs. Annette Squire Ms. JeanneLte E. Vidmar Ms. Mary Jessica Welfare Dr. Emma S. Weigley Mrs. PaulineR. Wojciak

MEMnER~lIIP ApPUCKTION TO TIIE CENTER FOR THE S11JDY OF TIIE HISlORY OF NURSING

Encloseo is my check for $ _ __ _ _ __ _

; please enroll me in the following group:

_ __ Friends of the Center (Up to $49) _ __ Linda Richards Society ($100 to $249)

Center Contributor ($50 to $99) LilliM Wald Society ($250 to $499) _ __ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up) _ _ _ Please send me more infonnatiou about nruned gifl opportunities. _ ___ Please send me more informntion about making a bequest to the Center.

Nrune _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ ________________ School _ ______ _ _ __ year ___ _ _ A~ress

_ _ __________ ________ _____ _________ _____ ______ __ ________

City _____________ _ ______ _ _____

State _________ _ __

Zip _ _ _ __

_

_

Please make your check payable to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. Mail your tax-deductible contribution to the Cemer for The Study o/The History o/ Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Scbool of Nursing, 307 Nursing Education Build­ ing, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096.

CALENDAR

Upcoming Events Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives

Conferencc

April 20-22. 1995 et Radisson PI aza. Lord

BaJt:lmore. in Baltimore Maryland. The ses­

sion wilJ be held in conjunction with the;:

Oral History in the Mid-Atlantic Regiona l

Archives Conference. For reg i lrntion infor­

matiO I} con tact Margaret Burri, Moo Chi,

1211 ath edra l Street, Baltimore. Maryland

21201

American Association for the History of

Medicine

The 68th ann ual meeting f the AAIlM will

be held in Pittsburgh, PA, May 11 -14, 1995

al the l Jlliversity of Pittsburgh. Over one

dozen national and internat i nal his tory o f

medicine/health care societies will be orga­

nizing and fu nning thcir own sess ions in

conj uncti on with the MIIM . Speciallinan­

cial arrangemen ts have been made to encour ­

age grad uate students and others to attend .

For more information send a le tter/card I

Ihis effect to Dr_ Jonathon Erl en, AAHM/

LAC Chair, 123 Northview Dr.• Pittsburgh,

PA 15209 or j n@med.pitl.ed u; or call 412­

648-8927.

American Association for the History of

Nursing

A session in addition ttl the annual meeting

of the AAHM (sct: not icc, this calendar) will

be he ld on May II at the Kurtzm an Room.

William Pill Union. University of Pi ttsburgh .

Coordinated by Eleanor L.M. Crowder. RN,

PhD. School of Nurs ing, Penn Slate Univer­

sity. the agenda for the session is:

1:00 Patricia 0' Antonio, RN, PhD (lJlliver­ sity o f Pennsylvania) Revisiting tile rewrit­

ing ofnursing history

1:30 Ann Marie Rafferty, RGN, PhD (llui­

Centerfor The Study of The History o/Nursing Urtiversily of Pennsylvania School of Nursing 307 Nursing Education Building Philadelphia, PA 19104-6096

versity of NOllingham) TrtmsatlanJic trons­ fonnation in nursing history 2:00 Carol HelmsLadter, RN. BSC, MA (Ontario Nurses Associ ation) Interpretatio n

tmd ideology: Nursing leadership and the 19th century Victorian con/ext in England 2:30 Break-Grand Lunge 3:00 Panel Di cussi 11, Moderator: Lois

Monteiro. RN, PhD (Departm ent ofComm u­

nity Health. Brown University)

For more information send a leller/card to

this effe ·t to Dr. Jonathon Erlen, AAHMI

LAC Cbair, 123 Norlbview Dr., Pittsb urgh,

PA 15209 or jon@ med.pitl. edu; or ca U 41 2­ 648-8927 .

History of Medicine Seminars April 6. Carolyn Go ldstein : Home Econom­ ics Edu cation and the Const ruction ofthe Idc'a1 Rational ConsumN: 17,e Case of health and Nutrition ill the Early Twentieth Century Apri l 13. Jennifer Gunn: Doctors as Public Citizens: From Birth Registration to The Bell Curve April 20, David Cantor: Hippocrates and Holism in Inter-War British Medicine April 27. Jeffrey Mullins : Saving the Body, Saving the Soul: Medical 17U10ry, Physiol­ ogy, and the Discourse of Morality in America, 1790-/860 Seminars are scbeduled on Th ursdays 12:00­ 2:00 p.m. at the Co llege of Physicians of Philadelphia. Dri ng a bag lUllCb and j oin us for c ffee and history ! For more information call the Wood Institute 21 5-563-3737. X273.

History of Health Care Seminars Tenth Annual Meeting Canudian Association for the I-listory of Nur ing. B.C. History of Nursing Professional Practices Group Inter­ nationaillistory of Nursing C onference June 15/20, 1997 - Vancouver. B.C. Jo in

Canadian Nurses in cooperation w itb the British Columbia History Group to attend internationa l sessions, panels, papers on nursing bistory and historical research. F r more iluonn ation contact Sheila J. Rankin Zerr. Chair, Planning Commitlcc, 5333 Up­ lands Drive. Delta, B .C ., Canada, V4M 2G3.

Telephone 604 -943-3012.

The Politics of Caring ill - Creating Safe and Healing Environments November 10-12, 1995 . Emory University, Atlanta. Georgia_ The Poli tics o f Caring seeks interdisciplinary solutions to the prob­ lemsthatdisrupt women's lives. Various presentations will propose SLrategies which create safe arId healing environments free from problems such as violence, poverty, a use. homelessness. inadequa te healthcare, and unintended pregnancy. For more infor­ mat ion contact Rose Cannon at 404-727 ­ 1374 or FAX : 404-727-0536

1995 Traditional Procession to The Woodlands Cemetery Center for Tbe Study of The History of Nursing May 5th. 12:00-2:00 p.m. For information contact the Center at 215-898 -4502. Please RSVP by Friday. April 21.

The Grand Army or the Republic Civil War Museum and Library A dedication ceremony will be beld at the grave of Emily Bliss Souder. a ci vil war nurse who is buried at the W ocll ands Cem­ e tery. This is the firs t of what is 10 become il yearly celebration of the often unrecog­ nized valor of women in times of war. The event will be held on JWle 3, 1995 at 1:00 p.m. with a reception following at the Hamilton Mansion . For more infornlation, p lease e ntact Jane C. Peters at 609 -267­ 761 J.

No npro fi ~ O rga n.

u.s. Postage

PAID

Permit (J . 2563

Philadelp hi a, PA