Spring 1996

Spring 1996 Vol 8 01

ISSN 1ll49-2259

CENTER ADVISORY BOARD CREATES THE JOAN LYNAUGH FOUNDERS FUND The creation of the Joan Lynaugh Fo under' un d at the Cen ter for the tudy of the History of ursing at th e niver ity of Pe nns lvania is a hallmark of acade mia and accomplis hment. Joa n Ly na ugh, who has been an esse ntial fo rce in nu rs ing hi torica l scho l­ arshi p, formall y re tircJ as Director of the Center in May of I 95. Jo an loves hi. lory and recognizeJ the need to prese rve nursin g's past by creatin g th e enter a decade ago. Under her steadfast leadership. the Cen­ ter acco mpli shed th ree important tas ks: (I) loca ted, preserved, and made accessible to re earchers er I 500 li near feet of pri mary source material and 800 seconda ry source mat ria l document ing nursing's history; (2) focused enter and fac1l lty resources on historical research in itiatives and helped other sc hol­ ars worki ng in histo ry; and (3) disseminated historical know ledge through teachi ng, conferences an d pu bli­ .!oG/ll.ynQugh retired her posili(J n (1 \ cat ion s. A~ Direc tor Joan ",a. also inv\) lv ed in day ­ Director of the Center hll/ her passiO/l Jor to-da y leadership and man agement of col lections, ser­ Ilu rsing history is OfigOlll g. vices, teaching, and resea rch activities. he also facili­ tated two endO\ ed su mmer fe llowsh ips for doctoral and postd octora l chol:lrs of nur. ing history.

Th ese acco mpli hme nts are bei ng ce leb rated by contribution' to the recently establ ished Joan Lyn 3ugh Founders F'und. Kare n Buhle r-W il ke rson, the new Di rector of the Center. invites all tbose involved or interested in nursing and nurs ing history to recognize Joan Lynaugh as one of Ameri­ ca n nursi ng' s leaders, a pioneer in prim ary ca re education. a mentor of young . chol ars. an adv iso r an d advocate of colleagues. and a pre erver and interpreter f nursing history.

T he Joan Ly naugh Fou nders Fund will create n endowment in her name that will be used to su pport the Center's ed ucational, scholarl y and archiva l a tivitic . Don rs to the Joan Lynaugh Founders Fund wi ll be li sted in a commemo rat ive book to be prese nted tn her in June of 1996 when we eel brate her new stalUs as Emeritus Professor of History and Hea lth Ca r . T here is no fine r tribute to ho nor Joan Ly naugh 's extrao rdi nary gifts to everyone of us as we luuk forward to her contin ued active pI' senc in the Center.

Center for The Study of The History of Nursing UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL OF NURSING

-JOAN LYNAUG H F OUNDERS

F

NO

Please make you r check payabl to the Center fo r The Study of the History l l f Nursi ng and mail I Hle fo llowing address: University of Pen nsy lvania Seh 01 of Nur ing, 307 Nursi ng ducation Bui ldi ng, 420 Guardian Dri ve. Ph il adel­ ph ia PA 19104-6096. You r contribution is tax deductable to the fullest extent allowed by law.

Nira Barll11pre ellts her research 011 the history of nursing education frolll ternational point of view Oil page 4 .

all

in ­

2

THE STUDY OF THE HI

C ENTER FOR

N EWS FROM THE

CENTER

TORY

OF NURSING Thl! Ce nt ~r for The tudy of The Il ist ry of Nur ing was establ is hed in I t) '5 to en,-ouragc and fac ilitate histori­ cal 'icholmship on health care hi story and nursi ng in the nited Stales. N l W in its eleventh ycar of existence, the Center continu s to create and maintalll ;) re­ source for such resea rch; to improve the qua lit" and scope of histo rical schola r­ sh ip on nu rsi ng; and [() disseminate new knowl edg(; on nurs ing histmy through education, conferences, publications, (lml inter-disciplinary collaboration.

Current projects at the Center ran "e from stucii es of internation al Il ursing, homc-ba ed nursing, and rcse:lrch on care of the critical I I ill ( 0 the twentieth­ century relation. hip betwee n flU ing and American phi lan thropy . WI!. also continue to co llect, proce s, and cat,l­ logue an outstandi ng co lkction of pri­ Illary histori al materia ls.

Feel free to vis it the enter on­ day -Fridny, 9: 00-5:00 p.I11 . cholars planning to conuuct research at the Cen­ tn hou ld CO ntact the Center's urator t 2 15-898-4502. Our cura tor wi ll r pond wi th a descript ion of the scope and con ­ tcnt of relev ant material:. in the variou > collectiolls. <

Renovat ion c f the Nu rsi ng Educ' ti on Bui lding 'S heati ng, nd a ir condit ioni ng sys­ te m hegan this fal l. A maj ority f the Schtlol's offices have bee n temporaril y relocated fo r the du rat io n of the project. The Center's' rchiva l storage ro um. whi It ut ilizes it: wn, separate air system wil l remain undisturbed throu ohou t the renovati on. Th e Cent er's taff, howeve r. have been temporarily relocated to room 474; Ce nter te le­ phone nu mbers are unc hanged. An o ne interes ted in cond ucting research at the Center shou ld check with the Cu rator be t' re visi ting to ensure promp t availab il ity f materi­ al s. The ren ovat ion is expec te d to con tinu e throu gh the end of May, at which time Center st aff will return to room 307.

FELLOWSHIPS POST ONED Because buil ling renovations arc undcr.vay in the Nur in Educat ion Building, there will be no 1996 summ er fe llowsh ips sponsored by th Center. Th i.. su pen 'ion is onl y fo r this year. The Ce ntcr will acce pt appli cations for 1997 fe llowsh ips; the appli­ cat ion deadline is Dece mber 3 J 1996. For more information and appli cati on gu ide­ lines write Cenler Directo r Th e Center fo r th tudy of the Histo ry of Nursing, School f ursi ng,307 ur 'ing Education Bu ildi ng, Ph iladelphi a. PA 1l)104-6096 CENTER ReEl VES GRANT T he Pe nnsy lvan ia Historical and Mu eum Commi si n has awarded the Center a grant in the amou nt of $2,000 to supp rt the pro essing of nur e refugee file..'). The goa l of the proje t is to arr nge and dcscribe a collection of organizat ional records docu menting th e em igration f fore ign nur 'cs to the United States in the post-World War " era. La t year the Ce nt er accessioned these records of the International Council of urse. (IC ). T he ICN crede nt ialized and ssisteu nurses worldwide who were fl eei ng their home lands beca use of p )iitical or econo mic vicissitud s after World War II. These fi les document the co ld W ' r years and beyont! a l d provide info rm ation on approximate l 3,0 0 indi vidual nurses wh se culturaL .lnd profes ' iona l diversity had an impact on nursi ng. The Center's st aff members look forward to mak ing these record availabl e to researc hers.

Center Advi 'nry Board

Alln . Kn ight, Cizair M. Lou ise Fi tzpatrick, Vice Chair Lillian S h o l li~ Brunner E th(! r Cavanaugh Willi am H. Helfan d Jeanll e Kiel'ner Eleano r C. Lambcrtsen adinc La ndis Ma rk razier loyJ Ch(lrl cs E. Rosenberg Stephani e A. Stach nicwicz Ann Pcn.:y Stro ud Ti na Wei ntmuh Center Staff

Ka rell Buhler- Wilkerso n, PhD, FAAN Director

Ell en D. Bae r, PhD, FAA Associate Dircctor

Joan E. ynaugh, PhD, FAA

N EW WEBSIT AND E - MNL ADDRESSES Th e Center for the Study of the History of Nursing homepage has moved. The new addres i : htt p://www. upenn.edu/nursingifacres_ history.htmIThis ho mepage proviJe. genera l informat ion ab,lut the Center anti specific information about nur col­ lections, as well as lin ks to othe r nursing res lI fees .

T he Center ha. sw itched to a Univer ity- ."ide e-mail ·crver. Re e rchers arc encouraged to send Iheir resea rch que ries t,) thi s addre s. The e nler's new e-ma il address is: nbistory@p box.upenn.edu.

RECENT ACQ ISITIONS Print Auvertisin o A pi ri n (with nurse) by Maurice Cliot, 148 x 77 e m, c 191f.

Cadet urse Corps Reu nio n Letters. 9.8 linear feel, 1994. Here are 'ome IWO thousand letters written by women who served in the Cadet Nurse Corps on the occa ion of the program's t:iftielh anniversary event held in Maryland . These noles, which were 'olicited by th e reun ion organizers are remini cence of their cadet nur. e experiences.

/lssoc iate Dire clOr

Margo Sza oll nia, MA, CA C lIralo r

B(;(sy Weiss i\dm ifli '/rutil'c Assi.slarr t

Rita Beatty Vo lullteer

Ke ll y A. Sm ith Edi(ur, The Chronicle

NVRSI G HISTORY REV IEW APPOINTS A SOCIATE EDITOR Patricia D'Anton io h s b en name d Associate &l itor of the Nur ing History Review. Dr. D' Ant nio, an Adj unct Assi tant Profe. sor of ursing allhc Un iversity of Pe nnsylva nia, completed her dissertat ion in 1992 under the guidanc of facu lty associated wit h th e Ce nte r. She has published her research on the history f nineteent h cen tu ry nursing and is currently working on a book about the mCCl lllng of care in n inc ­ tecnth ce ntury Philade lph i' .

-'

W ARM WORDS

OF TRIBUTE FOR LILLIAN SHOLTIS BRUNNER

Thi s past Octo ber the Center's Adv isory Board gathe red at the Un iversity's Faculty Cluh for a luncheon to ho no r Lill ian S. Brunner. Mrs. Brun ner. ho stepped dow n a hair of the Advisory Board after ten years of devot ed serv ice, was fet ed among her Board co ll eagues who sha re her dee p in ter 5t in the histo ry \1f nursi ng. Dr. Joan Lynaugh, on be hal f f th e Center 's Ad isory B,)ard and facul ty and taff, presented a gift and paid tri b­ ute to Mrs. Brunn er's many co ntri butions to the Ce nter and to th e fie ld of nurs ing in genera l through the follow ing wo rds: Thi s is a special lett er to you fro m those of us who ha e workeu v ith you to create the hi:tory ini tiati ves in the Sc hool of Nursin g and from tl1\.lse who recognize the crucial ro le ou play in keepi ng histor alive in nursing.

You have earned many hono rs in the co ur e r Yll ur as ' c iati nn wi th the Uni verSit y of Pennsy lvania- hon rary uegree:., cit ation s, plaq ues, medals, and oth er recogni tion ' of you r contribu tions, innovalil1ns. and leadfa:-.t dc­ :-.i re to impro ve nu rsing.

.10(/1/ Lyl/allgh (i r eselJl S a g ift to /.i l/i a /l S. B /"II /ll/ er for //(.'I" gellerollS .Ipi r it alld i I/I /o /liable ,cn'l ce 10 IIl1rsil/ l{ (l i/d the ma i i/tell ll ll ce of IIl1rsillg liis!()ry .

Today we want tu attend to the p' rsonal. We helieve that _'ou r ten years a' Chai r of the Advisory Board of th Center for the Study of the Hislory of Nursi ng ca n he:;t be reco 'n ized as 'In il lustration of your perso nal knowledge of what had to be done to support histor ical scho larship and historical pre er­ uli on. You invested you r time, rcput ati )[1, g od will, mo ney. ami persuasive power to in vent something entirely new. T hose year.; re present a commitment (i f the se lf- yourse lf- to pr serv ing the past and in forming the fu ture.

A personal in vestment inspires a per. on al gift. We hope IO U wil l enjoy this gi ft fr m the past and wear it wi th pleasure in the future. We thin k it is prohuh ly abou t as old as nursing is-and w . present it U Y l) U wit h our rcsp ct, gratitul.l " and affection.

ALICE F ISHER SOCIETY

PRESERVING THE HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF

HISTORICAL S CHOLARSHlP

NURSING

1l1e Ali e Fis her Society Hi stori­ ca l SCholars hip wi ll aoa in be offered in 199 7 by the Center for Th e StUdy of The History c f Nursi ng at the Uni­ versity of Pennsy lvania. The generos ­ ity of the Alumni Association )[" the Phil adelph ia General Hospital T rai n­ ing chool for Nurses makes it pos­ sible f r the entcr to offe r thi s re­ search scill)lnr!';h ip. The $2,500 awa rd \ ill he open to nu rses at the rn a~t c r ' s or doctoral Ie cl who arc se ki ng as­ sistance with re:;earch , nd writing :.ls part ( f their stud y of history. -ach scholar \ ill be e.' pected to spen d 4 to 6 weeks in reside nce at thc Center.

Application s for the Alice Fi her Soc iety Ilistori ca l Scholars hi p may be obtained b writ ing Center irector t ih Ce nter for T h Study tlfT hc His! ' ry of Nu rsing. Univers ity r Pennsy l an ia, School of ursi ng, 307 Nur ing Education Buildi ng., Philad 1­ phil!, PA 19 104-6096. r he application ueadline is December 3 1, 1996 .

A:; the urs ing ' duc(ltion Budd in" is underg ling re novati() n of its heati ng anu ventilati on sysle m. thi.· yea r, the majorit y o f the schoo l's offices have had to tempo­ ra ril re locate for the uuratio n of th e proje t. Ofte n in slIch s itllati ons, as people have packed up for a move, th ey s hed unnceded fil s anu other acc umulated record.'> hastily wit hout co nsid ring thei r lung term hi storical value. To cnsure the ca reful preserva­ tio n of records and histo ri ca l material . Dean orm a La ng has named a [,Isk force, the Task ro rce on Preserv ing the Hit )ry of the Schoc I of ursi ng.

Cha ired by Dr. Karen Buh ler· Wilkerson , the ta. k force is cha rgeu 'l ith plunn in ' l a successful record, manage ment progra m wi thin the Schonl of Nu rsing and gu idi n" the ch I' !, facult y and . talT in approp riately setting aside record' for sho rt and lo ng term refe rence . T he Center's Curator. M;trgo Szab unia, has heen inv ited to serve as a co n­ sulting st aff member to the task force . Other members or (he task force bring to it their knowl euge of the choul 's record creation () er time . ni vers ity Archi v i t, Mark Lloyd. nnd his sta ff have expla ined the pro tocols am] procedures of the ni er ity Arc hives and Record Center. whi ch will serve as the sl Huge fac ili ty and/or arch ival repository for the SChl), I's records.

Th is spring a systematic survey of the records generat d with in the sc hool will be undertaken. Then divi 'ions and depart ments wi th in the schoo l will be adv ised on how best to CO Ill mence managing their records. It is ex pected that as record ' are sent 01"1"­ site to Universit y Arc hives and Records Center, the chol l wil l benefit in cos! and space savi ngs. In addi tion, the ,'chool 's many g roun d breaking prolTra ms wi ll be au· equately reflected in the ar hival recMu ' pre. erveu for p )!.terity.

4

A MODIFIED AMERICAN SYSTEM OF NURSING EDUCATION IN PALESTINE DURING TIlE 1920s NfRA BARTAL,

RN, MA, DOCTORAL C ANDIDATE AT HEBREw U NIVER

ITY (JERUSALEM) tine in 19 13 to practice as visiti ng nur es." "The Medical Unit," consisti ng of 43 physicians, !;anitar­ ians, dent ists, nurses and mode rn equipment , wa . se nt by this Organization in 19 1 to foun d a health care system in Pa l sti ne. One of its first missions waS to establi sh a school of nurs· ing. The main reasons for thi s project were, as articu­ lated by the organization:

The fi rst Jewish school

of nursing in Pal esti ne was founded by the American Zionist Medical Unit in 1918. During the 19305 sev­ eral more Jewish schoo ls of nursing were es tah lished.

Most of the docume nts from this tim e, hO\ ever. are not ye t full wganized to be usefu l sou rce5 fo r. tuuents and researchers. Neve rthe­ less. I necame famil iar wit h and enth used by some of thi s material several years ago, speci fi call y that re lated to educational developm nt in nu rs ing in Palestine . Edu ­ catio n is the mi xt ure of ide­ als and rea lity . T he Nira Bartal siudying American nllrsing history at tlte Cell ter. pro fess i In's education was a ignificant mean," o r de, igning and Cha racterization of the significa nt trend ' in kn owledge and practice, on o ne side, superv is ing the progression of nursing.

In an America n con tex t Barhara Melosh C1 nd ()f ca r systems on the other side. is wrote that : "The ideology an d cul ture of the two-fold purpose of the research. the schools t(lod at the ente r of nursing Descrip tion of externa l influ ences o n history .'" these hanges is an esse ntial aspect of the study.

Onl y two dis 'erta tions (bot h in sup­ port of Ph.D.s obtained from Teac hers College. Columhi a Univers ity) have bee n written on the deve lopment of fll,rsing in Palestine. These studies were h two leading Israeli historian of nu rs­ ing-L. Zwanger in 196 ' and ~ .R. Adam s ' in 11)75 . Zwanger st ud ied nurs­ ing educati on fro m 19 18 to 1965 and Adames loo keu at th e deve lopment of pub li c health fn)m 1914 to 1948. These authors an d a handful of others have , tud ied nursi ng in Palest ine, hut there is still much to be do ne!

Th title f my thesis i . "The de el ­ opment of the tbeor tical and pract i al tra ining Dr nll rses in Palest ine under the Brit ish Mandate. 1918-1948."This . tudy is one uf the requ ireme nts fo r my Ph.D. in the Hebrew nivcrsi ty in Jerusa lem where Dr. Sam ue l S. Ko ttek. the Harry Friede nw ald Professor of the Il istmy of Medicine. Faculty of Medi­ cine. an d Hag it La sky. Ph .D. of the Av raham Harnlan Institute of Con tem­ po rary Jewry, are my supervisors.

Americans in Palestine A num ber of heal th care organiza ­ tions \ ere cstablihed hy fore igners du r­ ing the history of Palest ine . In 19 17 the Bri tis h Army conquered Pale ti ne and fr m that ti me on imposed their rules. In Britain , the urses Registrat ion Act W ' pa ' sed in 191 9. Regulations Govemill f{ the Training of Nurses ill Pale tille wa publis hed in 1923 and mandated three yeo rs of hospital trai ning. attendance at 175 lectures nd yearly exa minations.

In those year the British set the poli cy and initia ll y, the Ame ricans had to inte­ grate wi th that po licy. Though tbe Am rica n Red Cross sent a medi cal and social. ervice uni t t Pale. ti ne in 19 18, it I ft in the fo llowing year without an y si gnificant intluence on nursi ng educa ti on.4 In 191 2, He nri etta Szold fo unded The Da ughters of Zion Hadassah Chap­ ter in Nc\' York Ci ty as a part of the Nati onal Organ ization of the American Zi onists. Two nurses w re sent t Pules-

The Orient needs pro­ fessio nally trained nurses ...

T he member of the Unit could not remain indefi­ ni tely in Palestine ... The inhab itants of thi. land ... needed work above all else and t open a new profession to intelligent gi rts of the country. was to re nder a service thrice ble. d... To teach Pa lest ine gi rls to work and to he­ c me ec()nomica ll y inde pendent, was a means of elevuLing the position of wo man in the Orient. b So me of these same ideas coul d be fou nd JI1 the words of American nu rsing leaders fifty years earli er.

T he members ( f the American Unit rganized the wo rk as if they were in " Little America." They modifi ed charac­ terist ic components of the American nursi ng system , uc h as a b anJ of la y­ women who l1!iscd don ations and so had power t interve ne in the c hool 's man­ agement ; a Nurses' Tra ini ng Commit tee; curriculum; the appre nt ice 'h ip tra ining and probatio n pe riod. The phi loso phy of education was of [l "Totu l Insti tute" and the tra ining incl uded not on ly nurs­ ing practice bu t adapting val ues such a disc ipli ne and order. The ym bo lic im­ porta nce of uni form. ·, caps pins and ad ­ miri ng a [ead in" woman a a model, al so were estab li shed . T he d minant leade rs of Hadassa h at that time decl red th at the prep ration \ If the ir scho I enab l d the ir graduate' to pas, the cw York State Nurse Registrat ion Examinatio ns (contin ued

0 /1

next page)

5

NURSING EDUCATION IN PALESTINE a nd to take postgraduate cours s in. ome of the best schooL in the Uni ted Stat (such as Teache r College ' t Col umbia ni versi ty in New York) , Som e ele­ ments of the Henry treet Settlement were adapted wh en Hada ah nu rses es­ tabli shed puhli c health . crv ic -s first in JerLIsalem :md then , lat er all aroun d the country.7 lo the 1920s the firs t principal of the school wro te a proposa l to creat e a un ' -y c~\r Un ivers ity program for the Iladassah Schoo l of Nu rs ing_ Nursi ng leaders were c rit ic ized for inadequate standards in man y American nursing . chool s.RBut in Pal estine the America n nurse demon strat ed an au­ thoritat ive approac h a represe ntat ive of "th l! right way ." 'The right wa, " of nursi ng an d ut her co nc pt.. from th e Ame rica n context of hea lt h care s !ste ms had to be imposed in a society of ortho­ do x Jews on one hand , and new im mi ­ gra nts who we re influe nced by id ea. of ·ociali. m, on th e ot her ham!. The cul­ tura l di 'C repancy bet ween Americ'l and Pal esti ne created obstacl es for these pio­ ne ering peop le bu t their inf lu ence was . ignifi ca nt. T oday Hadassah Medica l en ter and its I len rietta Szo ld Hc brC\ Univers ity Sc hool of Nursing are Ll mong the count ry'S preemi n nt health care in­ stitution s.

Studyin~

at the Center Examining the e ·tens ive primary sou rces of Ameri can sc hools 0 nurs in G' and rare. ou t-of-print book,' from the fi r~ t half f th is century in the United State. is certain ly more inform ati ve tha n .-o iel y relying on the books and arti 'lc.­ on American nu rs ing hi story avail, ble in Israel. T here is nut a m( re effe ctive way tu absu rb so me uf the cul tural life uf the United Sta te, th an to stud, her for a while. In 1l)93 Mr.'. Judith Stein er­ f reud, former Director of the He nrie tta zold Hadas 'a h Hebrew Univ rsit y Sc hool of urs in g, gave me a copy of the ent er's news let ter, The Chro n icle.

She described t he Ce nter as the exact pl ace to fill m need to examine the roots of Ameri an nursi ng e,jucation.

Duri ng th • se era l months that I have .- tu oied here at th e _ente r. I ha e re­ ceived muc h s upport , go od id eas. and ry useful informatio n fro m Pro fessors Joan E. Lyn augh a nd Ka re n Buhler-

(c olltilllledj'rolllpreviollspage)

Wilke rson and the Cent er's knowl edge ­ abl e taff.

T he variou kinds o f researc h mate­ rial avai labl e to me at the Center hav included the arc hi val records of severa l tra ining schools f nursi ng in Philade l­ phia (such as those of the Lankcna u Hospi ta l c hoo l of Nursing); nursing proced ure books (of Philade lph ia Gen­ eral Hospital) ; textbooks of clinical, ad­ ministrativ and educ at ional areas of nurs ing from th e first ha lf of the ce n­ tu ry; publi at ion. o f the National League of ursing Education as well as tho eon internati nal nursing and the deve lopment of nu rsi ng educati( n in oth er countri es in tint tim period; histo­ ries of schoo ls of nurs in' (such as th at of th e Hospital of the Uni ersit of Penn sy lvania); pri ma ry sources of T he Vis iting Nu rse Societ of P hil adel ph ia; books and a r t icl e~ on topics suc h as hos­ pitals' deve lo pmen t. puhlic healt h nu '­ ing and cri tical reading in nur. ina hi to ­ riograph y; and r ference boo - (such a,' Ga rland s Nursing Studies Inde x).

Ot her usefu l materia l at the e nter incl ude the microfiche editi on f Teach­ ers C lllegc's History of urs ing Co llce­ tiun th at has enahled me to examin e the professi onal consultation and support of Prof, I. M. Stewa rt M Col umbia ni ve r­ sit y during th e Hada, sa h Sc hool of ur ing 's fi rst thirt y ye ars." View ing the Cen ter' s copy of th e film SelllimellWI Womall Need Not Apply: A Hi. lOry of the Americall N urse (Florent ine FiLms, 1( 88), was a helpful wa y to identi fy some of the main iss ues and figu res of the area in the past and th e present. [n these la t mo nt hs working at th e Center, I have bro adened my perspec­ ti ves, gai ned much knowledgc a nd de­ veloped new wa ys of thi nki ng. yex­ posu re to th e enter 's resources has been indi opensah le for th e ne xt stage of my project- the ass ssment and analy­ s i o f docume nts of the nu rsing educa­ ti ona l syste m in prc -J 948 Palest ine.

Endnote' I. Barhara Mclosh, iile Physicial! 's Halld: Work e ulcuml ali(I COllflict II! AI/l eriml!

Nursillg (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1\)S2),p3\).

2. Lea Zwan ge r, Preparatioll of Gradua te Nurse' ill Israel 19 18 ·JQ65 ( e\ York: Ph.

D. hes is.

~ o luill b ia

Uni ve rs it y 1\)68).

3. Rehecca . Adam es. D evelopment oj' Pub ­ lic He alth Nursillg Practice as Rela ted to the J e wish Populatioll in Palestine 1014·j94, , (Ne v York: Ph .D_ Thesi." Columbia nivcr­ sit , 1975).

4. Alice L. Seligsberg, " A adern Training chool for Nur.. es in Pa le -tine." Americal/ J Ollrnal of NlI l'sill ' 21 (Jul y 1n 1): 72 1- 723 .

5. Evelyn R. Benso n, " Hadas ah and th Nursing Connection: Early Dnys " ;\lIIeriw ll Association j'or th e Hist ory of N ursing B ulle­ tin 26 (Spring 19\)0): 4-6.

6. Se li gsbc rg, p 722.

7. Bens n, p 5.

8. May , Ayres Burge s (ed) , N urses, Pa· tients, and Pocketbooks: A Report oj' A S tud; of til e ecollomics of Nursing (N w York:

The Committee on the Grading of Nursing chools, 1928), 448-450.

9. Zwanner, pp 71-102 , 140-179.

AMERICAN NURSES AsSOCIATION SYMPOSIUM T he Ce nte r' s Director and co l­ leagues were se lec ted to pre:ent a sy mposium at the A.N.A. Cou nc il of Nur es - Researc h Scien lifi c es­ sit n (Ju ne 14, 1996,3 :05 -4:35) and r qu ested by the A, ,A. to aLo prescnt the ir papers as a conc urrent session at the Cente nnial Meeting (June 18, 1996, I 1:00-1 1:50).

Enigmatic Outcomes: Historical Explorations of Time, Place aDd Person in tbe Construction of Quality Nursing Care Moderator: Kare n Bu hler-Wilkerso n Patric ia D' Antonio : N eKotiated Care: Pwiellts anri StaJlatthe Friell ds AsylulIl, /8 77-1 850 Barha m Bru sh: Till! Politics of Place: Racial alld thnic Segre 'a­ tioll vf Nurses ill Post WWII Ameri­ call H ospitals

Julie Fa irman : Cal/lollflaged Reali­ ties: Patiellt O U{ CO!ll -'S & ICUs Jann a ieckmann : Political Deter­ minants o/Lollg -Term O u/comes

6

SUSAN REVERBY

DONORS TO TIlE JOAN LYNAUGH FOUNDERS

MAnE HONORARY

FUND AT THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE

MEMBER OF SIGMA

HISTORY OF NURSING

THETA TAU

Pro fesso r Susan M. Reverby, the 1995 Alic Fisher Scholar at the Center for th e Study of the History . was made an hon rary mem ber of Si rn a T heta Tau, the Honor Sc)cie ty of Nurs in g. at their ann ual mcetin o in Detro it in No­ vember. S he was nominated by the Epsi­ lon Be ta Chapter in recollnit ion of her nationa l and intern ati onal renown as an hi storian of nur ing. Dr. Reverb was very honored by thi ' ackno wledge ment of her contribution to nursi ng. T he nu­ merous nomination s rece i ed from around the count ry we re a testimony to the importance of her book Ordered 10 arc .' The D ilemllla o/A lIleri call N urs ­ ing. /850-J 945 (Cambridge ni vers ity Press: ew York, I i.JH7).

Susan Reverby i's recognized f or her contribution (0 nursillg.

CALENDAR

Upcom ing Event.

American Association for the Hi tory of Nur ing 13th Annual Conference October 11-1 3, Clevelan d, Ohi o. T he AAHN and th e Cl eveland Clini c arc spo nsori ng the con ference feat uring Lea h urtin, MA, R , FAAN. dito r at Nursin g Managem ent as the key not e . spea ker. For more infonna tio n co ntact th e Am rican As. ociat ion for the His­ tory of Nursin g Box 1)0803 . Washing­ ton, DC 2()090-0803 .

Mid-Atlantic Re~ional Archives Conference May 2-4, Co ll ege Par k, MD. Archi ve: for th e ext Centu ry . Attendees wil l fo­ cus on th techno lugical and educati onal issues tha t wi ll carry archiv ists into the

Linda H. Aiken Ell en Davidson Baer Barbara Bat .lea nne Qu int Beno licl Nett ie Birnbac h Barbara Brodie Karen A. Buhler- Wil kerson John C. Bu rn ham Ma rlene H. Cianci Signe S. Cooper j o. eph C. Dan tonio Janet A. Dea trick Mary lien Doona Kare n J. ge nes Lois K. Eva ns Claire M. Fagi n Suza nne L. Feet ham Marilyn E. Flood Lois W. Gage La uric K. Glass Marga ret J. Grcy William II . He lfand Carol S. He lmstadtcr Eleanor K. Hcrrm. nn Martha orton Hill Carol Hogue Constance A. Ho lleran Stephen W. Holt Jacyueli nc Rose Holt Jea rlie Kayse r-Jo n s

nne P. Keam!

Arlene W. Keeli ng Mary Ann Lewis Joan E. Ly naugh E. Ann Malter Russell C. Maulitz Kat hryn M. Mershon Math y Mezey Lana L. Miller R. Ma rantz-Sanchez Ma ry Duffin Nay lor M r. and Mrs. M . Norman Tho mas mi g Isun John L. Para 'candol a Laura M . Randar herese S. Richmo nd Ly nn T. Ri nke Margarete J. Sandc lo wsk i Ruze lla M. Schl otft: ldt Do ris R. Sc hwartz Margaret D. Sov ie Step hanic A. Stachniew icz dml and Herbert Strumpf Neville E. Strurnpf Jean C. Whel an la m: Roh inso n Wolf Alma S. WOOlley Ru th E. York Anne Zimmeml on Anon ymo lls

21 st century and there wi II be a tour of

May ~, The Machille til the Sick Room .

The AAII ill host the se minar in af­ filiation wit h the AAI fM Ann ual Con ­ ference in B uffa lo (see above) I :o[) Eleanor Crowder President. wi ll ex tcnd a welcome.

I : I 0 Joan E . Lynaugh, Moderato r. Intro­ duc tions I : IS -2:00 Margarete Sandel owsk i, PhD. FAAN: 1IIIIlI: World o/ file Too!: Te ch ­

Prince Geurge' s hi to rical si te . Na­ ti onal Arc hi vi st Jo hn Carlin wi ll speak at the plenary sessi n on Fr ida , May 3.

To receive a M RAC con fe renc rcgi. ­ tration packe t ca ll 30 1-405-9346.

The

merican As ociation for the

History of Medicine May 9-1 2, Buffa lo , NY. Spon. ored in part b th e School of Medicin anu Bi )­ medical Sc iences of the tate UniverSity of New Yo rk at BuffalO as part of its Sesquicentenni al. For more inform ation . cuntact Pro fessor Jame5 J . Bo no. Co­ C hai r, AAHM 1996 LAC, De part men t of History, p, rk Hall , S NY at Buffalo.

Buffalo , NY 14260-41 30. P hone: 710­ 645-2281 x559. Fax : 71 6-645 -5954.

nology ill America n N ll rsiltg Before World War Il 2: 15-2:45 Wanda Hie tand. EllD: Ill vis ­ ible ['lI'ell lOrS 2:45-3: 15 Ju li e Fairm :1n, Ph : Whose Toy is {hi,I' A nyway? Uses of Te chlloloK), After 1950

.Commentary ,Inu discus. ion wi ll fo llow.

All Conference regi trants are welco me to at len I.

American Associa tion for the History of' NUl-Sing Special Seminar

(con til/lled

0 11

back page)

7

D ONORS TO THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF N URSING JANUARY

1, 1995 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1995

Virginia A. Aaron Al umni Associa tion of the Hospital of the Unive rsity of Pennsylva nia School or Nur ing Alumni Association of th e Sclwol f Nursin g of Phi ladelph ia Genera l H u ~ p ital Elizabeth M . ear Je,\n ne Quint Bc no li el Gcorgean na M. Bittner Ruth M. Bleakle y He len K. Bowles Judy Briggs arba ra Brodie Li llian holt is Brun ner S. L. Brunoli- tiller Jud it h aesar aro tine Carnun<\ .

Alice ee Clw n Ma rlene H. Cianci Pa mel a F. Cipriano Be ryl Boardman Cleary Grace K. Coulson Eleanor L. Cr wder Gale Ga rner Du rica He len H. Ed vards Jonathan Erl en Joseph ine F. Fei ndl Lynn Ma ric Fe rchau M. Lllui e ilZ patrick St u,lrt A. Fox Cathe ri ne C. Freeman Jeanne R. ry e Florence R. Gartland Ca ro l P. Ge rma in tvta ric . Go ulbum Janc Ha rt man riffil h Isabell a . Ha rrison Pa tric ia A. Heffner Ca rol S . Helmstadter Wi ll iam L. Holzemer Christy Nye Hoover

M EMBER HIP ,ApPLlCATIO

Jacq uel ine M. Jerrchian jacquel ine L. Kah n Dorothy G. Kape nslein Erica L. Kat hry n Ma ry Ali c Musse r Ida H. Kau fm an Arlen t: W. Keeli ng Mary Sue Kern No m1a Peden Kill brew G. Lloyd Kirk Ann P. Knight Melba M. Kl)o yman Elea no r C. Lam be rtsen Jan L. Lee Doro thy Barve Leonard Charles E. Lctocha Edith P. Le\ is Mark f ra zier Lloyd Ruth Watso n Lub ic Mary B. Mac Bri de Elizabeth Madeira Ru th E. Malone Margue rite L. Manfreda Barbara Ba rden Maso n Irene L. Mall he w: Margaret L. McClure Susan McGann Erl ine P. McGriff Gloria 1. McNd Esther Jean McNeil Lo is A. Monteiro Mabel M o rri ~ WiUi am H. Nacl' Barbara H. Na u s Charl ine W. Ne igh Edit h M. Nuna n Nurses Alum ni Associatio n of La nkenau Hosp ital Nyne ' Corporation Veron ica C. O'Day Estate of Frances K. O'Ne ill

Maral Pa la njian Jul ia B. Papa rell a Clara L. Pa rk Robert V. Piemo nle Ja ne B . Po nd Laura M. Ra ndar Frances . Rauc h Natali e N. Riegler Shcil a A. Rya n Luci ll c M. Sa vacool A1 ic Savast io Paul L. Sch nur Nancy C. Sharts-Hopko ann a Ro hrbough Shu e Elle n J. Sit er Suza nne . Smd tzer Dm thy M . Smith Annette . Squi re Hi lde Ste ppe Be erl y Peril Ste rn Nevill e E. Stfllmpf Juli a T. Tal madge Carole E. Torok Lorraine Tulman Do roth y E. Turne r D. W. Van Duse n Elizabeth D. Vickers Dor is Erwa. Wardell Elle n Drace Warne r Emma S . We igley Ti na Wein trau b Ela ine Weise arj ri c H. We ise l Mary Jessica G. Welf:m: Martha H. We rtheim Fay W. Whitney Ethel K . Wishart Zane Robinson Wolf Alma S. Wo lIey

TO T HE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF T HE HIS ORY OF N URSING

Enclo ed i. m c heck for $ _ _ __ _ __ ___ ; pl ease enro li me in the follo wing grou p: ____ Fr iends o f the Center (Up to $49) ____ Linda Richa rds S ciety ($1 00 to $249)

Ce nt er Co ntrib utor ($- 0 to $99 ) Lill ian Wald Soc iety ($250 t $499) _ __ Ali ce Fi her Soc iety ($500 and Up)

_____ Please send me more inform ation about named gi ft opportu nities . ____ Please end me more information a out mak ing a beq uest to the Center.

N me _ __ _ ____________________________________ Sc hool _________ __ __ Y car _________ Address ____________________________________________________________________________________ it y _ __ _ ______ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __

State ___________________

Z ip _ _ __ _ __ _

Please make your check payab le to the T rustees of the University of Pe nnsylvania. Mail your tax-deductib le con tri bu tion to the Center for T he St udy QI Thc History ofN ur ing, Uni ve rsi ty of Pennsylvania, School of Nurs ing, 307 Nu rsi ng Educati on Bu il ding, Ph il ade lph ia, PA 191 04-6096.

CALENDAR

(cOI/tIll(led from pag< hi

Archjvists and Librarian in the

History of the Health Science.

Annual Meeting

May 9, Buffal o, New Yo rk. or more

informat ion, con ta t Li ll i Se ntz, Curato r,

Robert L. Bro wn History of Medicin e

Collecti on. Hea lth Sci en es Librar I , B5

Abbott Li brar y, SUNY at Buffalo,

Bu ffalo New York 142 14. Phone:

716-829-3024.

American Nurses Association 1996 Convention and Centennial Celebration Jun e 14-ll), Washin gton DC. At the ex ­ hi bit hall grand opening, ANA \ il l un­

veil a speci al ex hi bit entitled, Voice'

frolll th e Pa. t... Visiolls of (he Future .

T he exhibit is the result of ove r two

year. of work b noted nursi ng histori­

ans searching for ra re ph otos and arti­

fact that chronicle th grow th between

nurse. and the A A.

American Nur se' oundlltion

Presents: American Nurses Associa­

tion Council for Nursing Resea rch

1996 Scientilic Session I

June 14, Was hington, D . Shapill g Oll r

Fwure Through Nursillg Research. T his

is a pre-conference meet in g for th e A A

Cen tennial (see above). For more in fo r­

mati on write to American Nurses Fo un­

el at io n of the America n Nurses A. oci a­

tion. 600 Ma ryl and Av enue SW, s te 100

West, Was hi ngton, DC 20024-257 1.

Canadian Association for The History

01' Nursing (CAHN)

l une 14-1 6, 1996, Ha li fa x, lava Scoti a.

Center for The tudyof TIle History o/Nur ing University of Penn ylvalllJ eh \)1 01 Nursing 307 Nursing Education Building Philadelph.ia, PA 1910+-6096

T he 9t h Annual History of Nursin g Con­ ference is being held im medi ately pre­ ceding the C A meetings in Hali fax . or more inform ation write to AHN Planning G ro up, Dalhousie Sc hoo l of Nurs ing Hal ifax, No a Scotia.

University of Pennsylvania, Depart­ ment of History and Sociology of Sci­ ence Workshop Spring 1996 Ap ri l 1, Londa Sch iebinge r: Fem inislII

1996 Traditional Procession to The Woodlands Cemetery Center for The Study of TIle History of Nursing May 3rd , 12:00p. m.-2:00 p.m. For more information call th Center at 2 15- 98­ 4502. Please RSVP by Friday. April 19.

Exhi bi tions

Museum of Nursing History Lnc. at Pennsylvania RospUal and Science Spring 199 . In addi ti on to it regu lar Ap riI 8 Robert Ba ker: The E vallllian of collecti ons, practice art ifacts along with A merican Medica l E {/t ics in th e N ille ­ hi storic te xt will be un ex hib it at the mu­ teellth Celltury se um. For more in fonna tion contact Apri l 15, Dav id Ruderman : M edicine, Sandy Davi s at 21 5-843-9501 .

Science Cl m/the forma{ioll ofJ ewish Cul­ tura l / demity ill Early A10dem Europe Mutter MWieum at the College of o be held in the Se minar Room. 502 Physician ' of Philadelphia Sci e nce Center 3440 Market St., Stc. Contin uing: Body D oubles: S iamese 500, at 4:00 pm. For mo re inf rm atio n TwillS ill Fact and F iction. An exh ibi t of ca ll Susa n Lindce at 21 5-898-2271. historical ph otonrap h . anti artifacts with

con tempo rary info rm ati on on the surgi ­ cal separations made p ssi ble by modern medicin , an d the publ ic 's con tinuing Take a Bath and Why: The Philosophy of fasci nat ion wi th the subject.

Mary S. Grove and Thomas Low N ichols Radiohgy ill Philadelphia: Shadows oj Apri l 18, Patrici a Ro 'ale s: Selling Sy­ the Past. A sa lu te tn the 1995 cen tennial ringe .' The A dvertisemen! of Hypo der~ of the disco ery of X-rays with an ex­ mic: Sy ringes ill Pharmaceutical Trade hibit foc usi ng on Philadelphia's contri­ Cata logs, cel. 1880s-1920s bu ti ons to th field.

Ap ril 25, T ru dy Eden: Regime n: A ll ew: "S(IY A hhf "-Ex amill ill g Ecunomy of Hea lth in the Cololl ial America 's Health. A co llaborat ive Chesap ake project of thl,; Strun g Muse um in Roch­ Se minars are held at the Coll ege of Phy ­ este r, NY. the Hea lth Museum in Clevc­ sici ans of Philadelp hia on T hur ' days la nd, and Ih College of Physic ians of from 12:00-2:00p.m. Bring Jour lu nc h.

Phil ad Iph ia, thi.· e hib it will ina ugurate For morc info rmation call thc Wood In­ the College's De first fl oor exh.ibi t ga l­ stitute 215 -5 63 -3737 , X273. lery. Fo r m lre informati o n please call the Museu m at 2 15-563- 737.

History of Medicine Seminars April ) I , Jean Sil ver-isen.stadt: How tu

No np ro fi~

Organ.

u.s. Postage

PAlO

Perm it I o. 2563

Phi ladelph ia , PA