Winter 2002 by PennNursing

lSSN 1049-2259

Winter 2002 Vo l. IS No .1

HrSTORY AND THE I-lILL:

A NURSE HIsTORIAN

GOES TO WASHINGTON By CYNTT-llA CONNOLLY, RN, PrrD When I Iin;l embarked on my postdoctoral work at the Program in the History of Public Health and Medicine at Columbia Un iversity' Mai lman School of Publi.: Health, I assumed 1 would be taking several health policy courses. I designed my fellowship at Columbia to learn m re about the way in which historical methodology could be used as a fnunework for generating more meani ngful contemporary health and social weI fare policy . T hus, learning more about the war! of po licy -mak ing seemed essentia l.

Center for The Study of The History of ur UNIVE.RSrll 01 Pl:.N SYLV NtA SCHOOL OF NlTRSI

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Al though there were many cour es at Colum bia that interested me, one day ( realized thaI w hat 1 really needed to do was a po licy "c linical." I had spent years as a pediatric nur e educator, tcaching _ludenls that the be t way to master nursing was to inte grate their d inical practicum into classroom theory. Once I thought about it, I wonde red why the same approac h didn't apply to studyi ng the interconnections between policy, politics, and history. r YII !hia r mlllu /l .l' and ! h ~ late SI' II. PU LI I We l/,!",.,,: U nfortunately, T didn't oll n es.\' of I hl' a ullw r 2UU l Pho !o have any Washington connec tions, but before I cou ld lose my nerve I wr tc to the senator whose political phi losophy f it most d oseJy with my own, Paul We ll stone [D-Minnesota l. fn my letter. I expressed interest in trading my Jabor, passion for children's health, and more than 20 year' experience as a pediatric nurse, ed ucator. and nurse prac tit ioner , fo r the opportunity t work on Capitol Hill. I didn't really expect to hear back, but my Jetter arrived just at the time Senator lim Jeffords switched parties and tlle balance of power shifted from Republican to Democrat. As a resu lt, the Demo ml ie age nda was newly energi zed. By chance, Senator Wellstone needed a fe ll w, and I was able to talk my way in the door. I wrangled the opportunity to spend six mo nt hs in the Senator' office preparing legislative briefs and assisting him and IUs staffers on issues related to health care and clUtd welfare, whi le learn ing about the interconnections between history and policy. Sinee I occasionally watch C-Span and keep up with current events, 1 felt pretty confident that 1 had a basic understanding of Was hi ngton. B y, was I wrong! First, 1 was shocked to learn that the average age of a House staffer is ap proximate ly 27 and for a Senate staffer it is about 32 . At 43, I felt old! I was Ule only fillow I knew who didn't con ider Watergate or even the Reagan era to be ancient history. (conlin lled

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CENTER FOR THE STUDY

NEWS FROM TIlE CENTER

OF THE HISTORY OF

N URSING

The Center fur The Study of The I lis tory ()f I lll"Sing was e~Lab li shed in 1985 to encourage and facili tate hist orical sc holar ship on health care histo ry llnd nursi ng in the United Stlltes. Now in It S seven teenth yea r of c, istence, [he Center (,;.on ti nuc. to create and ma i[lttl ln a resource fOf . uch research; Lo Improve the qUlllit and scope of historical schol arsh ip on nursing; and tu disseminate new knowledge on IlU r~ing hi s lOry through ed ucation. con ferc n es. publi cations, and intcr-d iscipli nary collaboration. Current proj ecL~ ,II the Center mnge from studies of internationa l nursing, home b,1 ed nursing, and research on ca[c of the criticall y ill to Lhe twentieUl-century re la t ion~hip bet \ een nursing and Am ri an phil anl hropy. We also conlinue to collect, proce ,and eataJogue an outstanding col lection of primary historica l materi als. Feel free to vis it the Center Mond ay thro ugh Friday, 9:00 !I.m. tl 5:1lf) p.m. Scholar pLanni ng to cond uct research at the Cente r should contact the Center's curato r at 21 5-898-4502 . Our curator will re ~ po nd with a description of the scope il nd conte nt of rele vant materials in Ihe various collec tions. Visit the Centcr's website at htt[!;lj wWIV.nur. ing.upenn.edu/history/.

Center Advisory Board Wi ll iam H. He lfand, Chair M. l oui se FilZpatrick. Vice C hair Lilli an Sholti s Bmnner Hann ah Hende rson Jean ne Kiefncr Ann P. Knight Nadi ne l andis Ma rk Frazier Lloyd Ch. rJes E. Rosenberg Ruth Schwartz Co an Stephan ic A. Stachni ewicz Ann Percy Stroud

Center Staff Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, PhD, FAA Dir ctor Elle n D. Baer, PhD. FAAN Associate Director Joa n E. Lymwgh, PhD, FAA Associ ate Director GaiL E. P!IIT, MA , CA Curato r Betsy We iss Adm inistmLi e A sistan t Rita Dealty Vo lun teer

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANlA ARCHIVES AND RECORDS CENTER AID WITH TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES The University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center (lJARC) has pro vided welcome , upport lo r two ngoing program at the Center for 1l1e Study or The Hi tory of ur ing. The first of lhese has been help in maintaining the Center's website (htrp:ljwww.nursing.upenn.eduih ist ry l) . in order to keep tbe ite current with developments at the Center, Mark Frazier Lloyd, the Director of ARC-and Cen ter advisory board member-arranged for the Center's administrative assistant, Betsy Weiss. to receive specialized training in scanning and web design trom Mary McConaghy the UARC's webmastcr. Thanks to th is int nsivc training experience and supervised hands-on applkations, Ms. Weiss is laking on a number of web site up grades including the mounting of ba k issues of The Chronicle which have not previ ously been available t visitors online. Additionally, there is now (l web page linking the UARC site and the Center site. (Go to htlp:Llwww.arc hive5.upenn.edu and select "University History". Then click on "olher resow'ces for Penn History" to see the link to thc Center). second recent improvement concerns effort to nhance moniloring of enviroll mental condition in the collections storage areas. This past summer, UARC funded the purchase of two recording hygrothernlograpil device. TIle equIpment records lluctuat ions in temperature and relative humidity and enables taff to better manage th heating, ve ntilating, and air-cond itioning to protect the olleclion . The Center i ' delighted 1 have the opportunity to thank Mark Lloyd and his tuff for their assistance with these activities.

AMERICAN

OCIATION FOR THE HISTORY OF NURSING AWARDS

The following prizes were awarded at lhe 19th Annual Res arch C nference of the American Association for lhe History of Nursing held in Salt Lake City in October 2002 : Katherine Daw ley, CNM, PhD, received lhe Teresa Christy Award for her d isser tation, "Leaving The Nest: N urse Midwifery in the ruted States, 1940- 1980'" and Deborah A . Sampson, MSN. CRNP, received a Competitive Student Research Award for her dissertation proposal , "The History of Advance Practice Act Legis latio n: New Han'pshirc as Case Study," which he is writing lit the niversity of Pennsylvania Schoo l of Nursing.

HOLARLY QUOTES Jean Whelan, RN, PhD, is quoted in the Augus t 16, 200L issue of the "other" Chronicle- The Chronicle o/ Higher Education. T he article, entitled "Nurses Needed, Stat.," relates that nursing schools are using more aggressiv tactics to recruit both traditional and non- traditional students to meet tbe curr~nt nurse sh rtage. (continued ()/l page 10 )

Correction Jessie M. ScotL wa an assistant urgeon genera l ::tnd the Director o f lhe Division of Nursing of the United Stales Public Health Service, not the surgeon general - as reponed in lhe Spring 2002 Chronicle and her career in government spanned 24 years, nOl J 6. Our apolo gies to reade r. and Admiral Scott

LllliAN

BRUNNER HONORED AS LIVING LEGEND

FELLOWSHIPS

BY TIlE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSING ALICE FISHER SOCIETY Tru tees f the Presbyterian Medical Center in Phi ladelphia; and the Adv i sory Board of the Center for The Study of T he History of Nursing. She j : a member of the Alumni Associa tion of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, and the Boa rd of Overseer of the University f P nn. ylvania Sc hool of Nursing (now a an Emeritus mem ber). An astute book coilector, Dr. Brunner has donated many signifi cant item. t the C oter'. collection of printed works and gives gener ously of her time and ener"y to Aj iJf Me lei.l , Lilliun Brunner. and Claire Fag in at the Center projects. Tb Center is the Academy ai Nur 'ing meeting . 2002. Photo by Karen reposi! ry of the Li ll ian Brunner Bl/hI'r-Wilkersoll papers which document her career as a writer. LilUan Sholtis Bmnner became an American Academy of Nursing Liv ing Legend during the annual meeting of the Academy held in Naples, Florida, in Octo ber 2002. A native Pennsylvan ian, Dr. Brunner is know n fo r her contributions to nursing practice, particu larl in medical and surgical nursing. Lillian Sholti s Brunner, a nurse fo r over 60 years, graduated from th School of Nur ing, Hospital of the University o f Pennsylvania, in I 40. She obtained II B.S . degree in the School of Education. Uni vers ity of Pennsylvania, wit h a nul' ing major (1 945) and an M.S. degree fro m Case We. tern Reserve University, Cleve land (1 947). She Wll!) awarded an honorary doctorate from the niversity of Penn (1 985 . Sbe served as a nurse and instruc tor at a number of hospitals and schools of nursing and wrote or collaborated on nine book, incl uding texts, some pubIi ' h d in 12 languages . Among these are the Texlb k oj Medical and SLlr~ ical Nursing and The Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice, both of which have appeared .in six or more edilions. Each re vision brought the mo t comprehensive and current infonnati n on nursing prac lice and trained generations of nurses C r the profession. Dr. Brunner headed many profes sional organizations, in ' luding the Penn sylvania League for Nursing; the Board of

Dr. Brunner and her late husband Mat.hia also gave many other tangible express ion. of their love for nursing to the Uni e . ity of Penn ylvania School of ursi ng; some to the Center. These inc lude the Center's archives room , which hou ses many valuable collections, and the Li llian Sh olti Brunner Summer Fellowshi p which has brought variou. and wonderful scholars to ou r door. Re cenlly the Brunnen; endowed a ch air at the School of Nursing to upport fac ulty work and scholarshi p associated with medical surgical nursi ng. Further, the ir gen rous c( ntributi n. enabled lhe School to open a . tate of the art instruc tional techn logy center where under graduate and grad uate rudents engage in learning experiences througl practice simulation aimed at providing excep tional patient care. The American Academy of Nursing recognize, as Living Leg nds indiv idu als who make multiple cont ribu tion oC great distinction to the nursing profes s.ion and which have a continuing impact on nursin and the provision of health care services. Along with the other Nursing Legends designated in 2002, among them RhetauO'h Graves Dumas, Virgi nia K. Saba, and Gladys E. Sorensen, Lill ian Sholtis Brunner is a shining star and Penn is proud to claim her.

HISTORICAL FELLOWSHIP

LILLlAN SHOLTIS BRUNNER HISTOR1CAL F LLOWSHIP The Center for The Study of The History of Nursing offers two fe llow hip of $2,500 to support residential tudy using th Center's co llections. The Alice Fisher Society His lorical Fellowship, which is made possi Ie by the generosity f the Alumni Association of the Phila d lphia Oen raj Hospital Training School for Nur es, is open to nurses at the master's or doctoral level who are seeking assistance with research and writing as pru1 f their ' tudy of history . Each seh lar will be expected to pend fou r to six weeks in re idence at th Center. Selection of the Brunner Scholar wi ll be based on evidence of preparation and/or productivity in historical research related to nursing. Although doctora [(y pre pared candidates are prefen'ed , the fellowship art: open to those with pre-doctora l preparation. Bmnner scholars typically six to eight weeks under the general direction of nurse hi . torians as oeiated with the Center. Researc h completed by the fellow will help insure the growth of scholarly work in nursing his tory. Applicants fo r the $2,500 Fe l lowships should coatact Center Director Karen Bu hler-Wilkerson at the Center for The Study of The History of Nursing. niversityof Pennsylvania, School of Nuf'ing, 420 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PAI9104-6906, rca I1 215-898 4502. The application deadline is December 31, 2003. Gu idelines fo r appl icants are also available online at h1!u;LL www.l1ursing. upenn. edu /h istory/ research.hlm.

COLLECTIONS NEWS

INTERVIEW WITH SlllRLEY SMOYAK

Sh irley A. Smoyak, RN. PhD, FAAN , Professor in The Bloustein Schoo l of Plan ning and Public Policy, Rutgers, Th State Uni versity o f New Jersey, recently donated to the enter for the Study of the History of Nur ' ing a coUec tion of records which concern her par tici pation on the National Joint Practice Commi i n (NJPC). T he Na tional Joint Practice Commission was established in 1972 to make rec om mendations about the interrelated r Ie of nurses and physicians a. tiley provided care in vario us settings. The Commission can isted of e igh t pract icing nurses and e ight phy sician. , and was supported by funds from the American Medica l As. ociation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The American Nur es' Associati n, and The W. K. Kellogg oundutjon. Dr. Smoyak 'erved on the Com mi ssion for its entire dura tion, from 1972 to 1981 .

Dr. Smoyak also preserved a group of pe 'onal papers of the latt: Hildegard Pcplau, R • dO, pioneering psychiatric nur educator, who was Smoyak's mentor and close coUeague at the Rutgers Univer sity College of Nur ing. The PepJau papers have been donated to the C nt r by Dr. Peplau's daughter, Letitia Anne Pepla l~ . Smoyak is a nursing leader worthy of attention thr ugh her par ticipation on the NJPC, her assQ(;iation with Hildegard Peplau, and her own Jistinguished career as a psycb iatric and public health nurse, act ivist, and editor of the Journal of Psyc ho.w ~·ial Nursing . l ui ie Fairman spoke with Dr. Smoyak about her professional career.

Shirely Smoyak . RN. PhD. PAAN

Julie Fairman (.IF): How did you d cide to become a nur e? Shirley Smoyak (SS ): As a sophomore in hjgh scho I I took the Strong V calionallnterest ank. It's kind of a creening tool for identifyi ng possible career interests . And I came out rugh on communication and cience. Journalism was ut, becau e in high school , my adv isor told me U1al yo u tlrst had to be somethin g to be able to write well. Especially if you were a girl. You just couldn'l go out and be a reporter be au c girls didn't do thaL. I heard ti1at Rutgers had a new baccalaureate nursing school. It wa o' t adver tised, and because I had no web rWorlcl Wide Web], I had to go mosey around the old fashioned way . And I landed iJl the New Jer sey College for Women, laler renamed Douglas College. But I was impres ed with the dean. Her oame was Ella Stonsby, and I thought she knew someth ing. Douglas had a five-year program attached to a hospital diploma pr gram. 1 wenl to the Nt:wark cam pus . JF: What happened at Rutgers that belped formulate your later approach to nursing and activ ism?

SS: You're talking about politics. I wa always in trouble with the faculty .. . because J would say, "Why'?" They'd ay "Do it trus way." And I 'aid , "Tell me why." Because at home, if 1 didn ' t under tand somethi ng, "Tell me why" wal; ~ . Most f the faculty got really upset if you raised questions . So the breath of fresh air was Hi ldegard [Peplau·j. You could ask anything of her and she'd answer it. You'd write a one-page paper for her and he 'd write two pages back about your one-page paper. I was only a sophomore or a junior when I discovered that there was someone who taught a different way . IF: So, serendipitously. the two of you round yourselves togelher here at the . arne time . She was comfortable wilh your ques tioni ng. You both shared ther common interests and background, didn't you?

SS : Yes.. .. 1 think th keys were the immigrant family background. DeaLing Wilh bein o an immigrant. Knowing that you could move beyond. So much of that was like-mindedness .. .. Staying clo e to famiJy .. . not so much her parents, in her ca.~e, but her sib liogs. And European background. Food . Food and drink were very important. Sharing the recipe and doing stuff. And . he always opened her house to people.

IF: Clinical practice was always important to you, and Peplau accepted that, didn't she?

SS: At one point. I knew I wanted to be a midwife ... . I wenlto vi 'it la local maternity center] and they did nol impress me. And f arne back lto PepJau] and I said, "Can] have your ear? l.iust want to vent." And she said, "Well, if you ' ve got a poim to it. If you're ju t gomg to blab, 1 don't want to listen hut if you have a point. .. ". r said. "OK. my point probably is, do I really wanteo do that? I'm beginning to think no ." And. he said , "Weill also deal WiUl [federally-funded] traineeships." ] said , "Ok, I'll do it." P ych was not my first love, my first I ve was mat rn ity . Bu t I did want to go on for a master's. And I Ulought, well I'll do Illis , and tben figure out whatever I want to do. In the ma te r's program, sbe gave us Jots and lots of leash . You 'ould do a lot within reason. You (c'()l1rinli ed on pal! ' 6) had to have a phm. but then you could do it.. .

COLLECTIONS POLICY UPDATE

At its meeting in May 2002 , the Cenler' s Advisory Board together with Center Curator Gail E. Farr discussed the need for a collecting policy to guide future collections growth. The followi ng s/alemenl was adopted: Esu blished in 1985, the Center fo the Study of the Hi tory of Nursing acts as a repo itory for primary source materi als pertinent to the development of our' ing in the Mid -Atlanlic r mono We als hold an extensive collection of materi als related to visiti ng nurse societies. Other examples of ho ldings include 111 rcc rds of h spitals. ch Is of nursin', nur. ing al umni associ ali ns, vol untary n 0 profit hea llh care associations, profes si nal groups, miljtary nurs ing group. and th personal papers of individual nu rse . The collection consists m, inly of documents, photographs, audio tapes, films , nursing ephemera, and a small number of local artifacts. The Center also maintains a substantial cataloged nursing history book and pamphlet col lect i n. Our current election and acqui i tion policy intends to complem nt and slrengthen ur ex isting collection. Thus, we sCt!k primary sourcc material such as organ izational records and personal pa pers. The e include office fi les. letters, diaries, notebooks, images, and other rganically created d )Cuments. We al:" a epL relevant col i tions which were consciousl assembled by collectors. Publications. such as certain reference book. , training manuals, dire torie., pamphlets, hi tories, and eJected . eri als, are also ought. We do not normall y retain duplicate material. Virtual ly all of our ollection is in Engl i h. The Center docs not c Ilect textiles. artifacts. or memorabilia. Since we are a research facility for a highly pecialized ubje t, the CenLer's primary clients arc students and seni or rescar hers st udying nur es and the nursing profes ion or related hisLory of health care ubjects. The Center serves undergraduate students as Lhey arc in

troduced to the history of nursing. Jt also welcomes members of 111 publ ic and respond to med ia requests on a regular basis. In particular, the Center serves active and retired nurses who wish to trace the history of their schools and their profession. This is a full-ser vice collection wiLh staff member to pro vide Ln-depUl assistance in locating r l evant materials for cl ient re earch ne ds. Each year the Center offers fellow hips to enc urage research in nursing his tory. Faculty affiliated with the Center maintain their individual active programs of re earch and schedule re earch sem i nars during the academic yec r. Pre- and post-doctoral students interested in the hi LOry of nursing acti vely participatt: in Center programs. The Center's acquisition program is supported by resources generated by gift from supporting Center mem rs, Olher restricted gifts, Center endow ments, and ded icated funds from donors of historical materials. As an established center of the Scho I of Nursing of the University of Pennsy lvania, the Center's collection is the protected property of the University. The Center works in cooperaLion will1 Lh r librari s, archives, and manu scripL repo itories at the University, in Philadelphia, the urrounding region, and th roughout the U.S . 10 build and document its holdings. In partic ular, the Center w rks with oLher peciali7ed col lections focused on the history of nurs ing, medicine, and heallll care. Specific gu idelines are as

rou

w :

1. The focus is on nur ing: The primary focus of the Center's colle ting activity is on nursing. The Center col lects more selectivel y in Ihe area. of medicine and health care because there are num rou other repositories wh ich c lIeeL material on these more general topics. 2. Diploma schools: The Center has amassed an important collection of diploma school record' for the PhiladeL phia area and other communities in Penn sylvania. We seck to augment our exist ing holdings by coliecLing materials such

as per. onal paper and photographs of fac ulty and graduates of institu lions wbjch are al ready represented in our holdings. Offerings of collections from diploma scbools outside the Grealer Delaware Valley will receive seleclive consideration. 3. Personal paper ofindividual nurses: Priority wi ll be given to collec Li n consisti ng primari l of manu cript material suc h as journa ls, diaries, and correspondence. Collections consisting chiefly of printed items such as diplomas and c rti ficate issued to individual nurses will be considered selectiveLy, as will be collections about individual ca reers in nursing which are primarily made up of printed item . 4. Organizational records: Priority will be given to organizational records containing minutes, reports , and record" of officers and staff. Lesser priority will be giv n to records made up mainly of prinled materials. 5. Pre-existing records programs: Records f organization in lh field of nursing which already have viable pro grams for maintaining their records are not a collecting priority for the Center. 6. School of nursing records: The Center's policy is to encourage contem p rary school of nursing to work with the archive. /recorrls management pro gram ' of their parent in ·titution to pro mote sound record-keeping practices. 7. Artifacts: Space doe' not permit the Center to coUect three-dimensional objects. Exception. wiUbe made in rare drcum tance .

£n[?rtlving fro m Dock and Stewart. A Sh History of Nursing ( 3' ~ ed .. 1936).

ST. PETER'S GENERAL

THE

HOSPITAL NURSING

UNIFORMS

SCHOOL LIBRARY The Center announces the acqu isi tion of a collection of rnid-201ll -century nur ·jng school book through the aid of physician and historical researcher Sandra W. Moss, MD. Dr. Moss became acquainted with the Center when she consulted instruction manuals concern ing tlle duties of ilie trained nurse in ilie lying-in room for her sludy of eclamp sia-an often-fatal complication of preg nancy--during the 19th cenlury. An af fi liale of St. Peter' University Center, New Brunswick, NJ. she thought of us when Sl. Peter's disposed of the library of its now -defunct nur ing school. We were de lighted to receive the volumes. A number of them were from ilie 1930s and I940s : the focus of the Center's printed holdings tends to be omewhat earlier. The col lection con tain 23 item , 1928 - 1970. The primary collection-bu ilder appears to have been a fanner librarian of the St. Peter's Gen eral Hospital School of Nursing Library . An n otatio n~ in the volumes indicate that a Sister Georgette L due examined the books years ago and made comments upon their relative value and importance to nursing. Her notes remi nd us of the value of the collectors who systemati cally acquire materials foc using on a par ticu lar ubj ct area--{!. pecially Ill\; di.· criminating nursing seh 01librarian who were among the foreru nne rs of the present Center for The Study f The His tory of Nu rsing. The books will be cata logued to ind icate that they form a col lection within our collection of prmted works. Dr. Mos. 's article, 'The P w r to Terrify: Ecl ampsia in 19i1i-Century Americ.1D Practice," appeared in Vol. 31 of ilie loumal oj Obstetric, Gyneco logic, and Neonatal Nursing (2002).

FABRIC WORKSHOP STUDIES NURSING

Th is fa ll the Center for the Study of the Hi lOry of Nur ing will cosponsor an ex hibit wiili the Fab ric Workshop and Mu.-cum of Phila delph ia to examine the changing na [Ure of nursing uni ronns ov r th pa t 150 year . The Work hop and Museum, which is celebrating its 25ili anniversary, is ilie only contemporary art museum in the United Slates d voted to crealing new work in fabric and other materials in collaboration M()rgan Puell examine.\' Neitzel C()mpa llY lIursing L1ni/cJrm. Febmary wi th emerging and 2002 . Plwto by Helen Cahill:: . Project Co rdirwtor 0/ the Fabr"" established artists Wurkshop and MLI ·ell/Il. from around the world. Founded in 1977, the organi za tiOll has developed from an ambitious experimenl to an established in titution with a wi dely -recognized residency program, an extensive coliection of work by resident art ist. , in-hou e and touring exhibition , and comprehensive educational programming that includes leeLUI' s, lours, in- chool presenlali ns, and sludent apprentice 'llips. The address is 1315 Cherry Street, 5th and 6ili Floors, Phi ladelphia, PA 19107; phone 2 15-568-1 111 ; www.fabricworkshopandmuseum.org. The exhibi t will be the cu lminating event of artist Mark Dion '. www.camegieintemalional.orgihtml/art/dion.htm and J. Morgan Puett' s www .jmorga.npuett.eomreearchon iliech.mging nature of nursing uniforms over the past 150 years. They are tak ing a compelling look into the often subtle ways in which the uniform, by design, infonns notions of identity and a hierarchical order within the field and society as a whole. The Center has organized focus groups of future nurses, working nurses and re tired nurses (of the starched, long sleeve unifonn and cap tradition) to discuss wiUl ili arlL Is their thoughts on th form and function of uniforms. A tinal focus group will be he ld with nurse employers who are equally important pluyers in this complex study. Volunteers from these foc us groups wi ll assist with the research, ilie conc.:cp lion and design of the nursing uniform for the fu ture, and crealion of the exhibit.

SHlRLEY SMOYAK A year after graduation a mental health center pened down ilie treet from where I lived in Perth Amboy. And [ wanted to be ilie first nurse clinical specialist in the (continued next page)

mental hea lth center. So [ went over for an interview and I was impressed. And I went up to Newark lO get a leiter of refe r ence from Hildegard. And she said, "Well , I'm very reluctant to write that." And I said, "Why? I'll do ok." And he said, "It 's not that, Tneed an instructor for tlle fal!." And J said, "Hilda, I'm done with academia. I don't want to he in trouble again. if I'm a faculty member. I'm going to be in just as much trouble as when J was a student. What makes you think that I call keep my moulh shut':' You know I can' t do thatl" She said, "Well, just for a year. Just do it for a year." J said. "I really like working with patients." She said. "Well you can do that, you can have cl inical practice while you leach." I said, "Ok, only for a year." Smoyak remains a.t Rutgers and is a popular p ro~ · or. She sti ll maintains her intere t in public and mental health, is active in the ew Jersey State urses' Association, and is currently interested in the history of Grey tone, an institu tion for the mentally ill which opened in I 'ii77. She tra els extensively and re cently served as II consultant to the Min istry of Health, New Zealand. Dr. Smoyak is currently working with col leagues at the Royal College of Nursing, Oxford, England, to expand the study of cliniciaru; wh have been stalked.

lNmATIVES IN

NURSING HISTORY Fucu lty at the Center for the Study of the Hi 'tory of Nu rsing began several new initiatives, consciously seeking new and broader audiences for the stories th at make up the history of nursing. 'We have always reached out to puhli c as well a academic audiences," Patricia D' Antonio, an Adjlllct Associate Pro fessor of Nursing and Senior Fellow al the Center. explai ned, "but having to do so many public hi tory projects in so short a time period made us think more deeply about the Center's role ill maki ng nursing's history relevant to tllOse both within and utside the profession wh had never had the opportunity or the inc lination t think much about it."

The Center's first project, a walking tour highlighting the importance of nurs ing in Philadelphia' history. originated with Karen Buhler-Wilker on, Director f the Center for the Study of the Hi tory of Nursing. Recogn izing that the upco m ing American Nurse' Association con vention, held in Phi lade lphia in latc June 2002, presented an unparalleled opportu nity to promote lhe contribut ion of past and present Delawar Valley nurses. Buhler-Wilkers n headed a group of un dergraduate students, who were later joined by Center fa ulty Joan Lynaugh, Associate Director of the Center, and Patric ia D' An tonio, in identifying land marks relevant to the history of nursing in Phi ladelphia. "What was particu larly remarkable," Buhler-Wilkerson said, "was how these landmarks told a story about nursing's role in all aspects of community life." Ultimately, all ANA conventioneers received the beautifully designed brochure, Nur ';ng in Historic Philadelph ia .' A Wa lk Through Time , in their registration packet. Bot:h the Devel opment Oftice at the School of Nursing and tile Hartford Center for Geriatric Nursing Excellence now distribute the brochure as part of their outreach and publicity e 'fort . The brochure is also available on the Center's website at www.n ur· ing.upen n.edufhistory. The Center's international prom i nence also played a ro le in its public h.is tory initiatives. Planned remembrance of the one-year anniversary of tile trag edies of September 11,2001 brought ad ditional requests to the Center. Lancet. the prestigious Britjsb med ical journal, asked for an article on the history of mi Jj lary nurses; and the American Journal of Nursing uggested a photo essay on nurse' work in disasters. D'Antonio, writing for Lancet, faced a particular challenge in Lancer's request tha t a rela tively short manuscript be accessible to the journal's medical and lay audience. '" finally decided to opn the manuscript with a scene about nur es from the film, Pearl Harbor. thinking most readers w uld have seen the movie and could share a fam iliar point of reference. , rhen discussed how mili tary nur ing got to that poin t, and where it i' n )w." The (l nal article, "Nurses at War," was pub lished in December.

D'Antonio and Jean Whelan, a post-doctoral fellow, collaborated on "Moments When Time Stood StiU: Snap shots of Nu r~ i n g in Disasters" for the A1N. D'Antonio and Whelan used 8 ma jor American disaster ' (the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888, the Johnstow n Flood of 1889, the Galveston Hunicane of 1900. the San Francisco Earthquake or 1906, the lntl uenza Pandemic of 1918-1919, the Tul a Race Riot of 192 1, the Coconut Grove Fire of 1942 , and Oklahoma City 1993) to teU a story about changes in nursing. "What was most amaziog about rhis project, tilough," Whelan explained, "was how little historica l research in nu~ing hu, been done in thi area. And it was so fascinating that we all felt we should run ut and enroll in the Ameri can Red Cross." The final pub Iication date of dle phoro essay is still pending. Finally, the Encyclopedia Britannica decided lhat its 30-year-old section on nursing, originally writLen by Lucille Petry Leone, needed UpdllLing. D'Antonio and Buhler-Wilkerson took on this task . "Now. we were imagining high-school students worldwide a our audience," D'Anlonio said, "and we not only wanted to give them accurate infor mation, but 01 0 to excite them about the opportunities nursing offered as a ca reer." Much of the actual daw in the Britanl1ica essay was fairly straightfor ward, and D'An tonio an Buhler WilkeN; n ought the assi tanee of in ternational colleague in capturing all relevant variations in nursing education, practice. and research. But the most diffi cult part of tius project was deciding on a single definition of nursing and, as D' An loni a aid, "we knew that our high school readers would look for a concise definition." She and Buhler-Wilkerson are gratefu l lo Neville Strumpf and Joan Lynaugh for helping them decide that nursing "provides the continuous care of the sick, the injured, the di abled, and the dying; and encourages the health of individuals. families and communities in all kinds of health care and community eU ings." And the Center's facu lty remains committed to ensuring Ulat the tories of how historical nurses lived that mission are told.

ALUMNI HALL

D EDICATED AT THE

FALL lllJP ALUMNI

L UNCHEON

On October 5,2002, 47 members of the School of Nur ing of the Ho pital of the Un i versity of Pennsylvania Alu mn i Association and their guests allend d the fall lun he on jJl the newly-renovated Al umni Hall on the third Ooor of the Nursing Education Bu ild ing, Uni versity of Penll5y lvania. Begun in 1998, the renovati n recogn izes the strong tradition of excellence in nursing education at Penn that began in 1886 with the HUP School of Nursing and continued with the establ ishment of the Un iversity of Pennsylvania School of Nur ing iJl 1950. From 1886 until the prcsent, nursing education at Penn has had an ill ustTious history of leadershi p in the profession. Alumni Hall honors the programs and the alumni of both schools and creates an attractive space for al umn i gatherings. Alumni Hall now houses four graphic pan e ls delineating the history of nursing education at Penn from 1886 forward with historical high lights and images. To complete tile story, ca:es display artifacts 0 historical significance for the HUP and Penn Nursing programs. Two si l ver plaqucs rccognize major donors who con Lillian Brunner is app lauded by Dean A/ a/ Me/eis Qndji"iend \ allhe Fall tributed to the renovation project. The Alumni 2002 HUP Alumni Lllllche()n. PllO IO : Cuurlesy 0/ Ihe University of Association of the School of Nur ing of the Pennsy lvania School ofN ursing . Hospital of the niversity of Pennsylvania con tributed $75,000 to tIle proje t. Dr. Lillian Sho ltis Brunner, Mrs . El izabeth Shaver Gislason, and Ms. Frances Charil::ne Ki no ley each ponsored an his toric panel. Forty indi vidual donors gave $500 or morc to the project and are Ii ted by name or that of a fri end or loved one memorialized thro ugh the gift. Donations also funded refurbishment of the th ird Ooor with new paint, lighting, ami fumitw·e. TIle H P Alumni A s()ciation, througb the able as i lance of Nad ine Landis, also provided historical photographs which now hang in the public space. The celebratory fall luncheon began with a welcom and thanks from Verita Lynch, HUP Alumni President. She introduced Mary Belh Jackson, As istant Director of Alumni Relations and Annual Giving for the School of Nursing, who welcomed the HUP al umn i on beha lf of the Society of the Al umnj fo r the School of Nur ·ing. She then introduced the School's new dean, Dr. Afaf I. Meleis. Dean Meleis thanked the members for their generous contributions to the Alumn i Hall renovation project and for including her in th is wonderfu l occasion to dedicate Alumni Hall. he spent a ~ w moments sharing her vision for the Seh I and the major projects coming up this year including reaccredidation and strat gic planni ng. She acknowledged Dr. Lil lian Sholti Brunner as the next alumna to be named a Liv ing Legend by the American Academy of Nursing at the fall meeting in Naples, Florida, on October 3 1. A true honor ind d, Dr. Brunner! All enjoyed hors d'oe uvres and an elegant luncheon . Then, Elaine Dreisbaugh , president-ele t of the HUP Alunmi Associ ation, honored each of th > HUP Alumni Association past pre idents who attended with a gift and rec ognition of their accompl ishments in uffice . Followi ng Imlch, the guests gathered before the newly-installed d n r plaques for an unveil ing ceremony. Foil wing the unveil ing ceremony, alumni took tours of the Cemer for the Study of the History of Nursing and the J. Mathias Brunner Instructional Technology Cenler. W ackn wledge with deep appreciation tho who dcveloped thi s project and brought it to fruition, including Bobbi Cal lazzo, past HUP Alumni Association President, Tilly Ht;ggs, past Society of the Alu mni Pres ident, Nadine Landis, HUP Alumni Board m mber and Archivist, Betty Irwin, past I-IUP Alum ni A soc iation President, Joan Lynaugh, Faculty Emerita, Neville Slrumpf, former Interim Dean, Karen Buhler-Wilk rson, Director of the Center for the Study of thc History of Nursing, Kate Judge, former Assistant Dean for Development and Alumni Relation, and Allison Mayberry, former Assistant Director of Alumni Relations and Annual Giving.

PHrLADELPIDA HIGH

SCHOOL FOR GIRLS HONORS NURSE

ALUMS For more than 150 years, graduates of The Philadelph ia High Scho I for Gi rls have me leaders in many field , in cl ud ing nursing. The Court of Hono of Distinguished Daughter was estabIi hed in 1998 by the school and its Alumnae Association as a means of me moria lizing the school 's Illost outstand ing graduates and their achievement , Among the ftrst honored was Dr. Mabel Harmon Morris (Class of January 1939), whose career as a nur. e, nursing educa tor, and consultant spanned morc than 50 years , Dr. Morris ea rned her BS in nursi n o from the University ofPennsyl vania and he r MS fro m Columbi, ni ver sity. She also rcceiv d two honorary doctorates : one from La Salle Univer sity, where she taught for many years, and the other from Hahnemann niver sity, On December Ig, 2002, two nurses connected to U,e niver ity of Pennsyl vania Scho I of Nursing and the History Center were anlong eight women in stalled in the Girl' s High Coun of Honor. Sallie C. Boyer was a graduate of the Freedmen's Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, who then became the fin African American nur e to ob tain an MS in nur ing education Ht Penn, Dr. Rosalyn Watts obta ined her BS in nur ing at Temple University and her MS fr m Penn, She returned [0 Temple for her d lorate in education. Sallie Cornelia Boyer RN, BSN Ed, MS ·d. w . one of twin daughter born to D r. and Mrs, Arthur T. Boyer, She was a registered nurse, a learned and beloved teacher and practitioner of nur ' ing, and a poet. This award, which she is receiving posthumously. partly due to the effort.. of her sister. Louise Boyer Brinkley, i one of many she has earned includ ing the Award of the Chapel of The Four Chaplains in 1962. the Freedmen'.' Hospital School of Nursing Award for Communtty Service, and an award tor her teaching wh ile on the fac ulty of the Ein tein Hospi tal School of

Rosalyn Wa lls and . allie C, Boyer, October 19. 1986 , The occasion lVas the

presentation a/ a Freedmen',l' Hospital Nlirses print by fhe Freedmen's

Ho pital Nlirses Alumni Club of Philadelphia to fhe Cenfer for Nursing

Researc h. ' ciluol of NlInil1M, Univel' 'ity of PefllLl'yil'Gllia, Photo ' Freedmen ',I'

Hospital Nur,~e l' Alllml1i C luh of Pililadelphia collectiall, CSHN.

Nursing. Philadelphia. She wrote poems commemorating events su ch as gradua tions from the Einstein chool of Ilurs ing, elegies lor friends and family mem bers, and musi ngs n God, love, self sacri fke. and service. Mi s Boyer was a m mberof Chi Eta Phi Sorority and Phila delphia County's Special Interest Group on Ethnic Nurses of Color. She served a: the publicity chairm an of Districl One PNA and was the Vice-President of th Philadelphia branch o f Freedmen's Hos pital Alumn i for many years. She was active in her church and community, vol unteering a a tutor for two of Philadelphia's Literacy Programs. A retiree after 30 years of distin guished work at the University of Penn ylvania-including chalrin the Bien nial Black Health Conference (1 981 - 1999) and erving as nursing ambassador to South Africa and to the People 's Repub lic ofChi.1la (1 969-1999)-Rosalyn Watts, RN, EdD. FAAN. is entitled to rest on her laurel . But to all of our delight. he haO) been cal led back by the new dean of nursing, Dr. Afar Melei '. to serve as Di rector of Diversity Affairs.

There are number of "firsts" in Dr. Watts' s career. She is the firs t African American n the nursing faculty to re· ceive tenure at Penn, and she launched one of the first national programs for Graduate Study in Critical Care Nur ing for Clinical Nurse Special i t - later, Nurs P ctitioners. Much of her re search is focu, ed on sexuality and hy pertension. end-stage renal disease, and burns. Some of her written works are on aspects of sexuality with specific empha sis on sexual dysfu nctions, exua l con cerns of cardiac patient , and adaptati n to chronil: iIlness. Her elective course, "Sexuality and Health" was taught to thousands of Penn students over a 20 year period. She received the Lindback Award for excel lence in teaching in 1997. Dr. Watt ha<; been married for 41 years to larence Watts, a retired administrator al the Philadelphia ourt of Common Pleas, The family is also comprised of son Murk, a neurosurgeon at the Henry Ford Medical Center in Detroit, and daughter Robin. an lemenlary- chool teal.:her ,md reading peciaiist.

NEWS FROM THE CENTER (continued fro m page 2)

Schools of nur ing have also success ful ly lobbied the government for f unding to expand their programs. Jean, who i id nrified in the article as a "Nur ing Historian at the University of Pennsy lva nia," points out that "we have been l Ln able to replace those who are leavLng the profession. In the past there was always a new supply f fresh recrui ts comi ng out of the 'cho Is," But Jean warn that "E nroll ing: more nu rsing students is only the first st p in easing the shortage. It's not just to educale the m, but to g t thcm working. [I seems to me that these re cent increa ' es are showi ng orne prom ise . Bu t it's goi ng to have to be a very sustained effort." Jean also responded recently to two letters written to the editors of the Phila delphia Inquirer and the New York Times by a local physician su ggesting that a ret urn to hospi tal-based nursing education would solve the current nurse short.age . (See Lettcrs to the Editor, In quirer, October 29 and Novembe r 1, 2002; and the Times, October 28 and 0 vcmber 3,2002) Jean re minded readers tbat nu rse shortages stem from complex, varied causes and that diploma pro grams, when they existed in great num ber , failed to !-iolvc past nur e short ages. She called f r greater attention to high standards of nurse education and for rewardi ng nur. es in thc workp lace as a better so lution to shortages.

CELEBRATING

100 YEARS

PUBLIC SCHOOL N URSING On October 1, 2002 , school nurses gathered at the Henry SIr et Settlement, 2 5 Henry Street, New York City, ro honor the settlemen t's fOlmder, L iII ian Wald, Wald introduced the idea of plac ing nurses in the pub.Iic seho Is, thereby ushering in eho I nursing as a sp cial ized field of Ilursing and public health. Center for The Study of TIle History of Nur iog Advisory Board member Jeanne Kiefne r has been participating in the year-long program of activities orga-

Bill Heljimd (right) takes Ih e reins of tht; Advisory Bourd (II the Fall 2()02 meeting. Also pictured (I . 10 r.) Mark Frazier Lloyd. .luan E. Lynaugh .Kalhy Greenland, anti Wylie Thomas Photo hy Karen Buhler-Wilkerso n.

nized by the National A. .oeiation of School Nurses (NASN) to mark the centennial. Jeanne's article, "1 00 Years o f School Nu rsing," published in the October 14,2002, is sue of Advance/or Nurses, hi ghlights Wald's role in lransfonning public school nurs ing from one nurse's vision to reality . The article credits Wald's leadc hip abiliti s and her staff of visiting nurses for devisi ng an effective means of addre, ing the health problems of school ch ildren. Kiefner i . a certified school nllrse in Cherry Hill. NJ . Sh i. past re ' ideot of the New Jersey State School NUT es and a director o f the National Association of School Nurse. She i at 0 the president of the Al umni Association of the Training School for Nurse. , Phi ladelphia General Hospita l.

C HANGES

TN ADVISORY BOARD LEADERSHIP

After seven years f . ervice as chair of the Center's Advisory Board. Ann Knight has stepped down from the po t. The econd person to serve as board chai r, Ann brought to this task her extens ive expertise in voluntary board work and a commitment to nursing and its history. She has provided outstanding leadership and we are de lighted Ulat she wil l continue to sit on the Advisory Board. We are equally delighted to announce that Bi ll Helfand ha . agreed to become the next chair. A collector with specialized interests in the history of health care, Bill is the author of a number of bo ks on ilIusrration and graphic arts and is a recognized au thority on ephemera studies. II has been a geneTOus upp rter of the Center through his variolls gifts to the collect ion and through his r Ie as guest curator of the exh ibit, The Nigh tingale's Song : Nurses and Nursing in ,lie Ars Medica C I/ection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, presented at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in collabo ration with the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing in 2001 . We look for ward to BiU's leadership. The Board also welcomes new member, Ruth Schwartz Cowan. Dr. Cowan is an historian of science, technology and medicine, who Oecanlc the Jan ice and Julian Bers Profes or of the History and Socio logy of Science at the University of Pennsylvania in July 2002. She is the author of fou r books and numerous artid . . She i a wondeJi'u1 addition to the Board.

HIsTORY AND THE

HrLL

(continued [ rom frOllt page)

Second, r quickly realized that I had never rcally considered the way in which elected officials craft their policy posi tions. Though r hadn ' t thought they stayed up all night writing their own speeche and digging Lbrough research and governmental reports in order to d cide where they stood on issues, 1 had no real understanding of how they did generate their legislative positions . J quick ly learned that it i al the staff level that all of the detail of legislation are fleshed oul. Therefore, legislutiv aides are tremendously powerfu l and wield great influence over the Senalor for whom they work.

I was especially fortunate to land in Senator Welistone's o ffice and not just because he is an activi t legislato r who surrounded h im el f with a talented and driven stafr. As a former political sci ence professor. he took a personal inter est in his fellows, making sure that their expertise was tapped and encouraging them to function as full -l1edged !alTers. So I rolled up my sleeves, got to work, and had the roller-coaster rid of a life time! What did I do? r spent my time pre paring policy analyses for the senator and his staff, attending briefing, held by interest groups or think tank. and talk ing with lobbyists advocating for health

'are and children '" i ues. In meetings regarding particular pieces of legislation. I represemed the WeUstone office, pre sented his position, and tried to negoti ate fo r its inclusion in II particular bill. I also had lots of fun. I rode the under ground ' ubway between the Senate, House, and Capitol and spent hours wandering the halls f those historic buildings. I always took the opponunity [0 go into rooms and walk down halls that read "Staff Only" because r knew this would be my only chanee to do so. As a result , I ended up .eeing many fa mous legi lator and was surpri ed, not just at how approachable they are, but how interested they seemed to be in my opinion on issues, which I invariably gave, even when il was no t requested. Although my Lime in Washington wa. thrill ing, I aho had many sobering experiences. I was landing in from of the Capitol the beautiful morning of Sep tember 11 and was part of a mass exodus out of the area . I got to see firsthand the Senators' react ions to the tragedy and observe up lose our government' . re spon e. After the bioterrorism attack on Senator Tom Daschl 's office, 1 ended up on CiprofJoxacin because Senator Well. tone's office lS in the Hart Office Bui lding, and the whole building was considered unsafe. F r three months all o f the Wellstone taffers worked out of a mall conference room in another build ing. Staff had no access to files and ma terials they had spent years accumulat ing. but the pace of legislative activity remained inten e.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION TO THE CENTER FOR

What did I come away with? Fir t, I leamed that historians have a critical role to play in poli y-making becau history is not well used by lawmakers. The world of Washington tends to look at problem, in a reactive and narrow , often technical, manner. Many '!afrer ' do not know the history o f the problem they are working on or lack an understanding of their prede es. or's attempts to address it. With discouraging frequency, history is used as "spin" to advance a particular partisan objective. Second, 1 learned that nurses are wel l-respected on the Hill and we bring much-needed expertis to policy-making. Our holistic perspective, "real world" experience. abi lity to think on our feet. and communication skills, gives nurses the potential to make unique contribu tions to lcgi lation a well as the ability to conslrucl meani ngful solutions (0 complex problems. Forexample. I worked on the Child Abuse and Preven tion Treatment Act reauthorization. As the only person in the room who knew about the i sue from a clinician' per spective, I brought a perspective that no one else had on that was sorely needed in my opinion . Finally, I learned that the p Ii y-making process is idiosyncratic and legislators often make decisions based on their experience, personal rela tionships, and staff recommendation '. Thus, lhi ' nation needs more nurse:. working as staffer at every level in WaShi ngton . (~'o l"llin/Jetl

on hack. page)

THE STUDY OF THE HrSTORY OF NURSING U1t~

End }sed is my check for $

; please enroll me in

_ _ _ Friends of the Center (Up to 49) _ _ _ Linda Richards Society ($100 to $249)

_ __ Cenler Contributor ($50 10 $99) Lillian Wald SOCiety ($250 to $499) _ _ _ Alice Fisher Society ($500 and Up)

following group:

Please send me more in formation about named gift opportunities. _ _ P lease send me more information about making a bequest to thc Center.

Name _ _ _ _ __

School

Year _ _ _ __

Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ __

__ State

Zip _ __

Please make your check payable to the Trustees of the University of Penosylvania. Mail your tax-deductible contribution to the C~n ter /~r Th Study a/ The History a/ Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nw-sing, 307 Nursing Education BUlld mg. P h II adelphm, PA 19104-6096.

HiSTORY AND THE

HnL

(con tin lied ; rOil! page II)

Po:t cript: Senator Paul Wellstone, along with his wi fe, daughter. and 5 oth ers. were ki lled in a plane c rash on Octo ber 25,2002. Because my li me in Wash inglon was spent in Senator We ll s ton e '~ office, [ am pr bably one of the few pe pIe who lefl Capi t I Hill more idealis tic th ~m when they arrived. Pau l was an un usual pol itician in thar he did under stand how importanl it was to consider contemporary issue, in the ir hi storical context. He was also exceptionally sup p rti ve of the nursing profe ·io n. He didn't n ed a lobby ist to explain to hi m that nurses were the backbone 0 hea lth care . He already KNEW it and voted for mrulY Icg i. lalive initiat ives over the years to enhanc nurs ing education amI practice.

This article is based on a talk which Cylllhia Conno [{y , RN. PhD, presented to Dr. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson '.\· class. ·'Nursing . Health, and Sickness in [he Un ited States , /860 -1 965 ." Dr. Connolly is currenify a postdoctoral ! e ffmv ,.;/ the History of Public Healtlz and Medicine . Columbia Un iversity School of Public Health. A.I oIlL/ ly 1, 2003 she will be an Assistant Prof essor of Nursing at Ihe Yule University School of Nursing .

Center/or TIle Stuuy of The History oj Nursing UI\I\ Q{.')ITI

ur P0.-':S'r1..V""'Y \

110U! or: Nl lR! t '( j 4:20Gl "'RIll \:-J l)RIVt, PII1L,\[J[:1J'f1M.

I l) I 04-60Wl

CALENDAR Southern A sociatioD for the Hi tory of Medicine and Science Fifth Annual Conference

The American A sociatioD for the History of Medicine 76th Annual Meeting

February 21-22 , 2003 . D urham. No rth Caroli na. The Southe rn Association fo r the History of Medici ne and S ience (SAHMS ) will be co-hosted by Duke Un iversi t ,Durham. NC and the Uni ver s ity of North Carolina at Chapel Hi ll. Contact: Jonathon Ed n, PhD 200 Scaife Hall Univers ity of P ittsburgh Piltsburgh.PA 1526 1 e -mail : erlen@ pitLedu

May 1-4,2003, Boston, Massachusett . See the AAHM web. ite for d ta ils. hJ!i2.;L /w ww.h il;Lmed.org/meeting, .hlm

American Association for the History of Nursing 20th AnnualConference

BOOK NOTE

Note: if our cover slory intere'LS you , you may want to read the book N urses in th e Political Arena : The Pub lic Face o/ Nursing by Harriet R. Feldman PhD, RN, FAAN and Sandra Lewenson, EdD, RN. Thi AJN Book of tbe Yea r Award w inning lext is pub lished by Springer Publishing C mpany

September 19-21. 2003, Mi lwaukee, Wl. The book was written to encourage Co-sponso red by the School of Nursing. nurses to become involved in the politi nivers ity of Wiscons in - Mi lwaukee in cal process- by running for office, seek conj uDction w ith the Canad.ian Associa ing appointments. or becoming Relive on lion for the History of Nur ing. some level in local government. The au An a nnual foru m for shari ng historical thors interviewed 46 nurses who hold or researc h in nu ing. Keynote speaker: have run for public office-from mem Lynn McDonald. Project Director of the ber of Congre lO local aldermen. Collected W orks of F lorence Nightin These nurses share their experiences on gale. Contacts: everything from getling informed on lhe LaurieGlas , RN PhD,FAAN is uc. , gelling involved in a political UW-M..ilwauke choolofNursing party. presenlin the righL image, to 1921 Hartford Ave. fundrais ing. A chapter on nurses who Milwaukee. WT 53211 have made lise of the public arena in the e-mail: Lglass@uwm.edu past includes Lillian Wa ldo Lavinia D ck , American A sociation for the History of and Margaret Sanger. N lIr~in g, Inc . Phone: 609-693-7250 e-mail aah n@aahn.org http: //www .aahn.o~rg/ ~_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ NonprolitOrgan.

u.s. Postage PAID Permit No.2563 Philudelphia.PA