30 CITY BLOCKS
Credits Curator: Stefan Al Associate Professor of Urban Design, University of Pennsylvania Layout Editor: Yoona Ahn Master of City Planning ‘15 Graphic Editor: Yoona Ahn Master of City Planning ‘15 Soyoung Kim Master of City Planning ‘15 Lanthao Nguyen Master of City Planning ‘15 Researchers: Yoona Ahn Dongchuan Cao Cindy Cheung Eduardo Diaz-Etchevehere Alexandra Edsall Soyoung Kim Lanthao Nguyen Baixin Ren Jennifer Sun Teng Teng Xiao Wei Yarou Zhang
1
Contents Credits Preface Land Use Legends Scale Comparison
1 2 3 4-5
Alamo Square Almere Center Barcelona Olympic Village Battery Park City Berlin Hauptstadt Borneo Sporenburg Eurolille, Lille Grachtengordel Hammarby Sjรถstad High Rise City Hyperbuilding Jianwai Soho Kattenbroek KNSM Island La Defense
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Levittown, Pennsylvania Lower Manhattan Express Olympic Village, Vancouver Plug in City Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Rush City San Marco, Venice Sanlitun, Beijing Seaside, Florida Theatre District, New York City Tokyo Bay Triton City Ville Spatiale West Village, New York City Ypenburg, Hague
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Project Rankings Citations
36-38 39-43
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Preface 30 CITY BLOCKS features a series of urban forms around the world, from Amsterdam to Tokyo. It takes a wide definition of the “block,” showcasing city layouts from San Francisco’s ubiquitous grid to Paris’ monumental La Défense axis, and from Levittown’s suburban sprawl to Manhattan’s high-density fabric. It even includes visionary cities and mega-structures, such as the Hyperbuilding in Bangkok, a single structure meant to house 1 million people, and Triton City, a floating tetrahedron. To be able to compare the projects, graduate students in urban design at the University of Pennsylvania documented them in standardized quartermile-by-quarter-mile plans, the equivalent of a 5-minute walking radius. To be able to evaluate their compactness, they also calculated the Floor Area Ratio (FAR), the approximate density, and footprint. Where some city layouts allow only for a handful of buildings, others contain hundreds. Where some occupy the land entirely, others elevate structures to free up vast swaths of green. Rather than to advocate for a standardized model for city blocks, this book advances a catholic approach, in which each unique example can add to the diversity of cities. While cases have to be evaluated in their own context, and cannot simply be replicated, they can nonetheless serve as a useful reference for city designers. The collection in this book aspires to help them develop a sense of neighborhood scale, add new urban configurations to their pallet, and discover the innumerous surprises that can exist within a short 5-minute walk. Stefan Al Associate Professor of Urban Design University of Pennsylvania
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Land Use Legends Public Green Area Commercial Residential Commercial + Residential Institutions Office Industry
4
Scale Comparison 25 Boeing 747
12 Soccer Fields
216 Double Decker Buses
56 Baseball Fields
135 Tennnis Courts
5
Each square represents 14.5 Hectare. These squares below are meant to be used as scale references to the same sized square located at each page of the book.
176 Basketball Courts
ALAMO SQUARE, SAN FRANCISCO
GRACHTENGORDEL. AMSTERDAM
SAN MARCO, VENICE
THEATRE DISTRICT, NYC
LEVVITTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA
YPENBURG, HAGUE, MVRDV
6
Urban Block Analysis
ALAMO SQUARE, SAN FRANCISCO 50 Hectares
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
1.86 1.50 153/Hectare 261/Hectare 53 % 19 %
Alamo Square is a neighborhood in the Western Addition district of San Francisco, anchored by its central park, which is the size of four of the neighborhood’s blocks. The small and consistent block size combined with small or nonexistent setbacks for the buildings facing the street contributes to the neighborhood’s strong pedestrian sense of scale. Most of the neighborhood is residential, but it has a few corner stores and some commercial corridors at the edges. Two building typologies dominate- older Victorian rowhouses such as the famous “Painted Ladies” and newer, taller apartment buildings built with similar detailing. Both are responses to the need for density in a built-up city.
Typology: two-unit rowhouse (first floor and second floor)
50’
200’
500’
s
7
ing
nt le e
ry
d
oub
nt le e
ry
por
st ch/
air
ent
ry ag gar
ee
ntry
Urban Area Anlysis
ALMERE, NETHERLANDS. OMA 148 Hectare
Total Site Area 3.68 2.00 4.0/Hectare 1,288.0/Hectare 54 % N/A
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
In an attempt to create a city that would thrive with movement in the future, Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) has created a city center that is unique on its own. One of the significant changes that Rem Koolhaas, the founder of OMA, achieved through this project is the abandonment of the old grid pattern of the city. By redirecting the people’s path into a more versatile one, the city established its own lively center from the south of the train station to north of Weerwater. In an urban designer’s aspect, the project succeeds in focusing on the people, who are inhabiting the space, with its clear division of cars from people’s movement. The layering of different circulation on top of each other created the efficient and livable space, which has convinced more people to move into.
Block A : Shopping Centre Citadel designed by Christian de Partzamparc
section A
Section A
Land Use commercial housing
50’
200’
500’
culture
Site Axon
Access Vehicle
o onaccess on
Pedestrians
Parking
Above Ground Parking: Below Ground Level
8
Urban Area Analysis
BARCELONA OLYMPIC VILLAGE. MBM ARCHITECTES 79 Hectare
Total Site Area 1.70 1.18 31.6/Hectare 63.2/Hectare 45 % 0.4 %
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
Stigmatized as an industrial vacant land, the site of the Olympic Village in Barcelona was not valued prior to the project development. Barcelona’s Olympic in 1992 became a great impetus to bring a large investment from political, social, and economical sectors. During the Olympics, the buildings were mainly for the Olympic participants’ housing units and after the games, they became a thriving residential area inhabited by people. Furthermore, the project includes a large area of greenery and trees, which were hard to find before the development at its industrial site. The project added a new fabric to the city and successfully became an activator for future development by transforming a once lifeless neighborhood to a town with full of energy.
Super Unit 1
Axonometric of Site
50’
200’
500’
Section Perspective
9
High Rises: Hotel and Office
Urban Area Analysis
BATTERY PARK CITY, NYC. COOPER & ECKSTUT 37.2 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
12.30 11.60 36/Hectare 5,426/Hectare 42 % 8%
The land excavated from the World Trade Center became the foundation for Battery Park City. In 1969, a plan was drafted for a new commercial and residential development but itremained undeveloped for almost a deacade due to uncertainty of financial stability and complicated zoning issues. In 1979, the Battery Park City Authority hired architects and consultants, Alex Cooper and Stanton Eckstut, to evaluate and revise the original master plan. The new plan, which is called the 1979 Master Plan, promoted to integrate Battery Park City to the existing culture and plan of Lower Manhattan and revitalize the waterfront. The entire site is 92 acres and divided into three specific zones with a central commercial area bounded by residential buildings to the north and the south. The esplanade wraps around the waterfront to provide recreational space.
Mix-Used Block Typology
60’
60’
50’
200’
500’
32’
32’
Residential Block Typology
126’
126’
37’
37’
200’
200’
85’
21’
43’
21’
85’ 21’ 43’ 21’
Commercial Mixed Use Residential Institution Parks
10
Visionary City Analysis
BERLIN HAUPTSTADT. A+P SMITHSON 666 Hectare
Total Site Area 1.91 1.01 N/A N/A 42 % 26 %
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
Berlin Hauptstadt was an urban plan designed by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson in their competition entry for Hauptstadt Berlin with the help of Hungarian architect Peter Sigmond. The predominant idea of Berlin Hauptstadt is to give the motorist and the pedestrian equal rights to freedom of movement and of access. There are two interrelated systems of movement and two interrelated geometries: the upperlevel platform net for pedestrians and the lower-level street net for vehicles. The two system are connected by the continuously running public escalators. Four main ideas supported the Berlin Hauptstadt project: the concept of mobility, the inverted profile, ideas to do with growth and change, and the need for green zones in cities. Concept Sketch
Exploded Axonometric Buildings
Pedestrian Platform
Escalator System
50’
200’
500’
Vehicular Street
Escalator System Elevated Pedestrian Platform
Urban Motorways Symbolic Roads Roads with 4hr Parking General Purpose Roads Single Purpose Roads S-Bahn Figure Ground
11
Urban Area Analysis
BORNEO SPORENBURG. AMSTERDAM 25 Hectares
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
2.6 1.2 100/Hectare 400/Hectare 40 % 6%
Borneo Sporenburg is a primarily residential project built on former docklands. Master-planned by West 8 and constructed from 1996 to 2001, the project provides dense housing in a low-rise setting. Most buildings are three stories, with residents having individual access to their units at street level. Three larger sculptural blocks interrupt and animate the quiet scheme. The designers sought to “distribute the void.” There is relatively a little amount of public open space but each parcel includes a 30-50 percent void for the residents’ personal use, including green roofs or terraces. The project spans two small peninsulas and West 8 embraced the water by reserving space for individually-designed row houses, contemporary adaptations of those lining Amsterdam’s canals, and also by including two eye-catching bridges to connect the peninsulas.
Concept Diagram: High-Density, Low-Rise
Buildings
Figure Ground
Street Network
50’
200’
500’
Green Space KNSM Island
Sporenburg
Section
BorneoIsland Entrepothaven
12
Urban Area Analysis
EURALILLE, LILLE. OMA 700 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
2.2 2.5 N/A N/A 80 % NA
Lille is a traditional European city with pre-industry city context. The project is located at the northeast part of the city and has become a new modern city center. Considering the regional status of Lille, the project plays the role as a transportation hub to connect London, Brussels, and Paris with the French TGV network. Due to the construction of this big scale infrastructure, the experience of Lille and its neighborhood regions of Europe may encounter changes. The project will act as a magnet attracting more than fifty million inhabitants with a wide range of contemporary activities. Thus, both traditional and modern urbanism confront with each other in Euralille. The project includes shopping, hotels, offices, exhibition, houses, parks and transportation. All the elements here define a brand new urban situation, which is both local, regional and global.
Hotel & Commercial
50’
200’
Residential
500’
Exhibition
Office
Commercial
Urban Block Analysis
GRACHTENGORDEL. AMSTERDAM 120 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
2.5 1.49 65/Hectare 125/Hectare 58 % 46 %
Grachtengordel or Canal Ring in Amsterdam was built in 17th century around the historic medieval center due to the extension of trading industry. It is a harmony between a tourist attraction and a major quiet residential area. The houses are surrounded by the dazzling views over the canals and courtyards. The composition of the canal network, the historic town, and the medieval port bring a unique experience to pedestrians. Grachtengordel was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in August 2010.
Site Axonometric
50’
200’
500’
Building Typology
Block Section
Street Section
Urban Area Analysis
HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD. STOCKHOLM 160 Hectares
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
4 1.2 54/Hectare 125/Hectare 15 % 45 %
Hammarby Sjöstad is a mixed-use residential development spearheaded by the City of Stockholm beginning in the 1990s. The project reclaimed an old industrial harbor area and required significant remediation. The project is particularly notable for its efforts toward sustainability. The “Hammarby” model connects the city’s infrastructure so that the utility companies may recover energy from each other’s systems. This occurs in three ways: (1) combustible garbage is burned to deliver district heating and electricity; (2) wastewater is treated and the heat is recovered before it is returned to the sea; and (3) sludge is converted to biogas. The master plan also includes detailed design guidance, promoting the use of city blocks based on the Stockholm inner-city, with modern detailing and the addition of light, airiness, and water views. There is an extensive greenspace — dispersed in courtyards along the green pedestrian walkways, and in parks and playgrounds.
Section
Perspective
50’
n
15
200’
500’
Visionary City Analysis
HIGH RISE CITY
660 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
5.6 3.2 300/Hectare 852/Hectare 20 % N/A
50’
200’
High Rise City was developed by Ludwig Hilberseimer (1885–1967) in 1924. It was designed for a million inhabitants where living, leisure, labor, and circulation would be vertically integrated. The most striking feature of this project is its traffic system. Hilberseimer solved all the traffic problems with a new way: “public transport is under the ground, vehicular transport on ground level and pedestrian movement at the sidewalks on the fifth level” (Uytenhaak) and vehicular traffic was separated from the pedestrians.
500’
Pedestrian sidewalk Roadway on the ground Local rail transit Underground sidewalk Long-distance rail transit 16
Visionary City Analysis
HYPERBUILDING, BANGKOK. OMA 33.8 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
50 15 10,560/Hectare 29,600/Hectare 80 % 110 %
A visionary city studied by OMA in 1996 shows a drastic scale. It proposes a one-kilometer-height vertically developed self-sufficient city. The potential site was thought to be Asian cities, where rapid modernization is undergoing, as opposed to European cities. The site is on the green reserve bank near Chao Phraya river in Bangkok, located close to major infrastructues such as cargo harbor and train station. Also functioning as a commuter housing for nearby business center, it is vertically connected to the exisiting urban surroundings. This megastructure is composed of four elements: streets, districts, parks, and boulevards. Each element becomes a metaphor of the existing city; tower shaped streets function as the vertical connection within the megastructure, districts contain urban programs, horizontal elements work as parks, and diagonal boulevards becomes the access point from the existing city. Each element has a conceptual design language suggesting the organization of programs within its shape. A 12-kilometer walkable promenade is connected from the ground level to the top. High and low-speed elevators in Streets with housing on every floor become the main vertical passage within the Hyperbuilding. Gondolas, train elevators, cable cars run along the boulevards. Overall Site Plan
station cargo harbor
business center
green reserved bank
Diagramatic Section Perspective
12 kilometer walking promenade
horizontal plates as public gardens
vertical streets high and low-speed elevators
50’ Exploded Axonometric / Program Composition
200’
500’
program boxes with different urban functions
shop
park cultu re educ atio plaza n
facto
ry
diagonal boulevards connected from and to the existing city
17
Urban Area Analysis
JIANWAI SOHO, BEIJING. RIKEN YAMAMOTO 5.5 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
5.9 3.1 132/Hectare 439/Hectare 42 % 33 %
Jianwai SOHO, designed by Riken Yamamoto, is a mixed-use complex in Beijing and is bordered by the Tonghui River on the south and the East 3rd Ring Road Middle on the east. The complex is a home for affluent families in Beijing, offering a variety of amenities including commercial and retail shops, office villas and towers, and courtyards. Shaped like a checker board, automobiles are completely separated at the boundaries and pedestrians can walk freely within the complex. The residential buildings range from 12 to 31 storeys in height and the 3-storey villas are placed in between the towers. Despite the similar architectural shapes, the height differentiations provide unique walking experiences. Additionally, the residential towers are angled 25 degrees (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006) to maximize sun exposure to the public spaces and pathways inside the complex. Courtyards are landscaped in both soft and hard surfaces. These urban forms together establish distinct pedestrian experience in the complex.
High-rise: Residential/Office
Low-rise/Podium: Commercial/Retail
Open space
50’
200’
500’
Circulation
Automobiles Pedestrians-only
Block layout
Section
18
Urban Area Analysis
KATTENBROEK, NETHERLANDS. ASHOK BHALOTRA 22.67 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
0.65 0.59 66.5/Hectare 164/Hectare 16.8 % 35.2 %
Kattenbroek is a lively suburban district located in the city of Amersfoort, Utrecht, Netherlands. The designer Ashok Bhalotra believed an organic coherent housing suburb would best fit the housing demand of Netherlands in 1988. He adopted low density residential housing with intimate access to the existing landscape. The unique ring road system takes advantage of the canal, as well as serves efficiently for vechicles and pedestrians. Different from other homogeneous suburban neighborhood, the design of Kattenbroek engaged in a number of architects to design more than a dozen different housing formats to provide choices for people of different preferences. The different designs, together with convenient public transit, walking, and biking amenities enhance the life quality and the living environment.
Building Typologies
Axonometric 50’
19
200’
500’
Urban Area Analysis
KNSM ISLAND, AMSTERDAM 28.9 Hectare
Total Site Area 1.67 1.48 60/Hectare 178/Hectare 28 % 27.6 %
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
KNSM Island, Amsterdam was used to be a breakwater in the The Eastern Docklands neighborhood. When its ground level raised with soil dredged from the North Sea Canal, the entire area was redeveloped as a housing area from 1990s. A lot of individual homes and apartments were built along the central road. Because of its long and narrow shape, almost all the buildings on this island could enjoy the view of the sea. The yards of a different size between the buildings are also a mimic of the traditional block of the old city of Amsterdam.
Building Typology
Site Axonometric 50’
200’
500’
20
Urban Area Analysis
LA DÉFENSE, PARIS METRO REGION 160 Hectares
Total Site Area 5.02 2.85 47/Hectare 125/Hectare 35 % 6.9 %
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
La Defense is a major business district just outside of Paris, France. Its existence helps to reconcile Paris’s roles as a global cultural center and a global business center because it provides to the region the kind of major office facilities that would not be allowed to exist in Paris’s historic center. Conceptually, La Defense is both tied to Paris’ history and to Paris’s role as a modern city by the long axis that directly connects it into the city’s center. In Paris, this axis is primarily for pedestrian but when it reaches La Defense, it splits into a maze of infrastructure that lies within the literal foundation of the district. This buried infrastructure allows the district to have both its own pedestrian environment and strong physical connections to the rest of the region.
Competing Skyscrapers Typologies
50’
200’
500’
1. Tour First: 231m 2. Tour T1: 185m 250m
200m 150m 100m 50m
1 2 3
4 5
21
3. Tour Granite: 183m 4. Tour CB21: 179m 5. Tours Alicante and Chassagne: 167m
Urban Block Analysis
LEVVITTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA 260,000 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
0.29 0.26 11.3/Hectare 34/Hectare 17 % 31.0 %
After World War II, more than 400,000 service men and women came home from battle field. US reached its highest marriage rate in its history, which also produced the biggest baby boom. Then, the demand for housing increased rapidly. Known as the father of American suburbia, William Levitt began his first large suburban planned community in New York in 1947. After the project in New York became a huge success, Levittown began being developed in 1952. Like most later suburban areas, Levittown has a very simple structure composed with residential, green, and public facility, which could be easily duplicated and sprawled over larger area in a short time.
Site Axonometric
Street Section 50’
200’
500’
4.5m
12m 12m 260,000 Hectare
10m
12m
8m
12m
22
Visionary City
LOMEX PROPOSAL. PAUL RUDOLPH 43 Hectares
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
17 13 260/Hectare 600/Hectare 40 % N/A
Paul Rudolph’s Lower Manhattan Expressway proposal, developed from 1967 to 1972 under a Ford Foundation study, would have built the long-planned lower Manhattan expressway, straddled it with three different types of megastructure, and erected a massive transportation hub at its center. The three building types are (1) cross-corridor buildings, relatively low A-frame structures erected over the expressway and designed to fit within the existing block structures (2) gateway buildings flanking the expressway’s entrances to the Manhattan and Williamsburg bridges with tiered and cantilevered residential units, and (3) hub buildings surrounding the central transit hub, housing a large office building core edged by cantilevered residential units on the sides. Integrated into the system is a “people mover”/tram, which courses through the buildings and above the expressway. Rudolph illustrated his proposal with extensive, beautiful drawings, the subject of a 2010 exhibit at The Drawing Center in New York, accompanied by an elaborate model.
Site Axonometric
50’
200’
500’
Manhattan Bridge
Hub Building
23
Williamsburg Bridge
Gateway Building
Cross-Corridor Building
Urban Area Analysis
OLYMPIC VILLIAGE, VANCOUVER. SCOT HEIN 12.48Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
5.0 3.0 225/Hectare 1100/Hectare 90 % 10 %
Olympic Village, Vancouver is the first LEED Platinum neighborhood. After 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics, become a residential mixed with commercial area comprising sixteen tightly interconnected buildings within a matrix of roads, public open space, and pedestrian networks. The design focuses on high urban density, vibrant public realm, sustainable district energy, and passive green design. A cluster of community services and the seaside green bikeway are to connect to the community heart, anchored by the Salt Building and the Community Center.
Transportation and Access
Seaside Greenway/Bikeway
Street Section
50’
200’
500’
Housing Typology
24
Visionary City Analysis
PLUG-IN CITY. ARCHIGRAM 358 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
2.78 4.0 395/Hectare 989/Hectare 78 % 39 %
Plug-in city is a computer-controlled city designed for changes by the Archigram in 1960s. It is a living architecture proposal in an active environment where buildings offer the opportunities for replacement and adaptation. The smallest unit in Plug-in city is a capsule—a self-building and self-destroying prefabricated plastic dwelling. Capsules are stacked up into a large scale network structure with a maximum of 8-year lifespan. They are designed for obsolescence. The units are operated by the cranes at the apex of the structure. Plug-in city is the discussion of pop culture and how to use pop culture as a design tool to reshape living environment and social thinking of people.
Section
50’
200’
500’
capsule’s floor plans Life Span shops - 3-6 years residentail units
25
parking & roads - 20 years Workplace, computers - 4 years Main megastructure - 40 years
Infrastructure
Urban Area Analysis
ROPPONGI HILLS, TOKYO. MORI BUILDING CO. 8.5 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
8.1 7.7 85/Hectare 169/Hectare 65 % 27 %
Roppongi Hills in Tokyo is a high-rise megastructure developed by Mori Building and designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates. With over 17 years of development process, Roppongi Hills is a New Urban Centre that includes a variety of uses: office space, residential apartments, retail shops, restaurants, entertainment, and institutions. This project is Japan’s largest private-sector redevelopment project that involved over 500 landowners of which 80% actively participated (Firley & Gimbal, 2011). The project is known for its loose geometry and mega-scale buildings, especially the Mori tower, in contrast to the surrounding grid-based layout. This intensity was achieved by using Tokyo’s bonus system that allows extra densities in exchange with increased public permeability and additional pedestrian paths. To offer unique pedestrian experience, Roppongi Hills has a variety of public spaces with both hard and soft landscapes, a natural park, varying elevations, and outdoor and indoor pathways.
2F Commercial and Public Spaces
1F Commercial and Public Spaces
50’
200’
500’ BF Commercial and Public Spaces
Pedestrian paths
26
Visionary City Analysis
RUSH CITY. RICHARD NEUTRA 625 Hectares
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
1.98 1.59 24/Hectare 46/Hectare 16 % 47 %
?
50’
200’
Never conceived as an actual proposal for the layout of a specific city, Rush City Reformed was instead a collection of architecture and planning concepts intended to modernize cities in general by making them friendlier to the automobile and other forms of transit brought on by new technology. In the tradition of Le Corbusier’s Radiant City and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City, Richard Neutra’s concept city was also concerned with access to light, air, and green space, and had a strong social-equity based agenda. It is unique, however, for its modest density, integration of low rise and high rise development, and more specific programming of public space.
500’
Typology: Mid-rise offices with ground level retail
27
Urban Block Analysis
SAN MARCO, VENICE 41,256 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
3.28 3.12 3.1/Hectare 6.6/Hectare 64 % 0.01 %
San Marco in Venice, Italy is known for being one of the top tourist attractions. Piazza San Marco is its most famous place as it welcomes numerous people around the world. Thus, the buildings around the piazza are mainly used for hotels and commercial businesses. The transportation system of Venice is especially convenient in this neighborhood because the water buses can lead a person to the airport, the train station, and to a number of other parts of Venice from the station in San Marco. The pedestrian street is also a convenient way to get around the city when approaching San Marco through Rialto Bridge, which is another famous place in Venice. In San Marco, the buildings are typically between two to five stories high and they mostly have gabled roof structure except the churches. The existence of a grid system is no where to be found as the water permeates the city irregularly. The fabric of the city may seem random and unorganized but the city encompasses its own unique atmosphere and lifestyle through the historical design layout.
Perimeter Block Corner Perimeter Block Infill
Perimeter Block Courtyard Clustered Building Corridor Access
Block Axonometric
50’
200’
500’
Building Typology
28
Urban Area Analysis
SANLITUN VILLAGE, BEIJING 18.86 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
1.70 1.58 0/Hectare 240/Hectare 56 % 27 %
Sanlitun Village was designed by The Oval Partnership. This excellent urban design project is a complex of commercial, recreational, galleries, and hotels. Its design was inspired by the concept of courtyards and hutongs of tradition city morphorlogy in China. This place is mainly consisted of the north part and the south part. They are different in shape and design methods. In this analysis, northern part of the complex is considered to be richer in shape and fabric. Most of the buildings were connected with each other through the passage on second floor or third floor. The ground floor is mostly reserved for open space and circulation. People, especially the youth, enjoy the nightlife, art atmosphere, and leisure lifestyles here.
Axonometric View North Area
50’
200’
500’ South Area
First Floor organized by the Site Grid
29
Perspective View
Urban Area Analysis
SEASIDE, FLORIDA. DUANY, PLATER-ZYBERK 32.4 Hectare
Total Site Area 0.30 0.50 21/Hectare 62/Hectare 43 % 8%
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
In 1946, J.S. Smolian bought the site for $100 per acre. The site was barren with sand and scrub. He envisioned an employee town to be developed but economic and political changes discouraged them. It was his grandson, Robert Davis, who began the project. Davis decided to build a town with the help of Leon Krier and Duany Plater-Zyberk. Together they developmed the Seaside Code. The Code covers from building materials to pitched roof styles. The purpose of it is to maintain stylistic harmony yet leave room for individual owners for their own taste in design. Seaside is best known for being the first fully developmed New Urbanist Town. The design emphasizes on walkability. Town Center with all commercial and retail activities are located within walking distance from all houses. The lawn space in the Town Center act as a summer concert field or a place to retain stormwater runoff. All properties are designed to look towards the center or the ocean view. Seaside has a school, church, and a post office to mulate a “real” town. Many other towns follow the Seaside’s model. Building Typologies
420 sq ft req 45’ max
3 parking req
36’ req
12’
30’ 10’ req
40’ max
Type I
20’ req
‘ 11’ min
2’ req
’
12’ min
200 sq ft max
Type III
5’ max 10’
1 parking per 2 BR req
4 parking req
800 sq ft max
32’ max
37’ req
22’ min
3’ req
30’ 4-5’ req
21’
Type II
10’ min
24’
Type IV
24’
200 sq ft max
10’ 30’ max
Type V 50’
200’
500’
Type VII
2’
2 parking req
15’
10’
240 sq ft max 1 parking req
30’
30’ max
24’ 22’ max 3’ 3-4’
3-4’
2’
6’ 25%
16’
Type VI
Type VIII
6’
1 parking req 8’
16’ 6’
Section Perspective
30
Urban Block Analysis
THEATRE DISTRICT, NYC 14.5 Hectare
Total Site Area 14.8 11.9 13.6/Hectare 29/Hectare 80 % 0%
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
This area is set as a Special Midtown District with separate regulations. It purposes to preserve traditional theatres in development with high-rise commercial buildings. The regulation permits mixed use buildings with hotels, entertainment facilities, department stores, and corporate headquarters. Public transportations and public plazas are tightly organized to generate maximum commercial floor area ratio within the area. Along with the landmark theaters preserved, the area exhibits diverse skyline. More precisely, Theatre District is divided into several zoning areas that have different allowance for maximum FAR. Core district along the Broad Way and 7th Avenue around Times Square area permits maximum commercial FAR of 15. If public plaza is provided on the ground floor within the site, 20% bonus increase is given, which leads to total FAR of 18. Broadway transforms into a walkable pedestrian road in the Theatre District. Break downs on façade, street furnitures, shops along the street, high transparency-windows, eye engagement with media facades, and continuity along the road with street walls all contribute to enjoyable walking.
Street Section A-A’ 7th Avenue 4 car lanes
Broad Street Pedestrian Walkway
Building Typologies A
4
A’
1 walk-up
50’
200’
2 elev.
3
500’
Block Axonometric
4
2
31
3
Visionary City Analysis
TOKYO BAY, TOKYO. KENZO TANGE 104,731 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
N/A 1.40 32/Hectare 95/Hectare 20 % 0.03 %
Tokyo Bay Project was presented by Kenzo Tange in 1960 as the master plan for Tokyo in Japan. Three main points of the project addressed in this proposal include the design’s linear form , which is meant to resolve the centripetal development of existing Tokyo, the congested traffic of the city, and the lack of communication in the city. Tange asserts that the linear form of the city will generate an “open city” and that this will enhance the flow of communication both in daily life and also in communicating intelligence within the boundary. With the design of the vehicle path above the housing and the public area, Tange argues the separation of the cars from the pedestrians will resolve the traffic congestion in Tokyo. Tange has placed the housing units at 90 degree angle to the center spine as he imagined that these units will be “growing like trees” as the project will accomodate more people. With his bold move of developing a city above the water, Tange influenced a number of people during his period and his involvement to Metabolism movement also remains influential. Although the project was not built, Tokyo Bay Project is a theoretical approach that attempted to deal with the urbanization of the city after the war. Proposal Axonometric
Infrastructure for Vehicle
Green Space Public Ground and Office
50’
200’
500’ Housing Units Pedestrian Pathway
Housing Unit Prototype
Housing Unit Perspective
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Visionary City Anaylsis
TRITAN CITY, TOKYO. BUCKMINSTER FULLER 1.8 Hectare/cluster
Total Site Area 12.3 1.8 822/Hectare 2,777/Hectare 100 % 10 %
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
Triton City is a floating city for Tokyo Bay designed by Buckminster Fuller in 1968. Each neighborhood-sized, tetrahedral housing cluster is home to 5,000 residents and includes not only residential but also commercial, recreational and institutional functions. Also much of the spaces are allocated as public spaces. With a mix of uses together, the project aimed to establish a self-sufficient floating community for a total population of 100,000. After the Japanese patron for the project passed away, the United States Department of Urban Development commissioned Fuller for further analysis. Each module is estimated to weigh 150,000 tons (supertanks weigh another 300,000 tons) and to cost 35 million dollars ($8,000 per resident). The project is economically and technically feasible but there are issues questioned with respect to its anchoring against strong hurricane-strength winds. Although this visionary city was never built, some projects such as the artificial island for Kansai airport in Osaka, Japan are derived from this concept.
Elevation of a Residential Building
Exterior
Interior
50’
200’
500’
Section
667 feet
33
Visionary City Analysis
VILLE SPATIALE, PARIS. YONA FRIEDMAN 27 Hectare
Total Site Area 7.80 6.00 471/Hectare 1,389/Hectare 57 % N/A
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
Yona Friedman studied Paris’s population growth in 1960. He found that the population was growing by 10% every year and the population density was growing by 1% every year. At this rate, the number of inhabitants in Paris will double in 10 years. Friedman developed a new architectural concept that could help control population growth. His idea would triple the housing density of central Paris and would preserve all existing urban structure. He envisioned a city that would expand vertically. His plan incorporates new housing, industries, and agriculture superimposed onto the existing city. The additional housings, industries, and agriculatural plots would all be lifted up above the existing city by pylons that are spaced out about 40 to 60 meters apart. The pylons would not disturb the existing infrastructure on the ground level. The superstructure will have a basis of modular grid where spatial quarters are constructed. The plan would maintain 50 to 60% of empty spaces to allow sunlight shine through superstructure onto ground level.
Agriculture
Residential
Industrial and Commercial Transportation
50’
200’
500’
Pylons
Existing Figure Ground
Existing Underground Transportation
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Urban Block Analysis
WEST VILLAGE, NEW YORK 116 Hectares
Total Site Area 3.8 2.7 214/Hectare 315/Hectare 50 % 2%
FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
The West Village in New York is a historical neighborhood. The area is primarily a residential area with a good deal of mixed-use retail along its major streets. Historic streetlights, awnings, and glassed storefronts animate the retail streets making them inviting and walkable. The neighborhood has a far more irregular grid than most of New York, allowing occasioning meandering paths and opportunities for exploration. The neighborhood’s predominant building types are townhouses and mid-rise apartments, with an average height of 50 feet. These buildings typically occupy the perimeter of the block, with interior private yards. The neighborhood is well-served by transit with four subway lines. It fronts the Hudson River on the West, where major arterials—the West Side Highway and the Holland Tunnel—provide vehicular access. Green space is scarce but recently developed Highline starts in the north of the neighborhood, and the river also affords recreational opportunities. Building Types
50’
200’
Mid-Rise
500’
Block Section Hudson River
Block Axonometric
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Street Section
Townhouse
Urban Area Anaylsis
YPENBURG, HAGUE, MVRDV 22 Hectare
Total Site Area FAR (Net) FAR (Gross) Dwelling Units Population Building Coverage Green Area
0.3 0.2 150/Hectare 450/Hectare 35 % 20 %
Ypenburg Masterplan worked by MVRDV and several other architects show the variety of types in suburban low-rise housings. It maximizes its architectural diversity in each block by using different materials, housing arrangements, circulation, green facilities, and pavements. Being allowed to dedicate 10% of the budget into this experiment, it departs away from the homogenous typical suburban environment. The design took an advantage of the presence of water on site, a former military airfield. Every block is defined and surrounded by the water, which resulted in its own circulation systems. Block 2 and 3 have a ring-road type; car road surrounds the entire block and the inner part of the block is only accessible by foot. This was to minimize the needed infrastructure and to create a childfriendly neighborhood. Block 1 and 4 form cul-des-sac type access. Road extends to the end of the block across the courtyard in block 1. Figure and ground drawing explicitly shows the project’s a diverse housing unit organization. While Block 2 is surrounded by a huge perimeter wall, forming a one mega-block of introverted, private neighborhood, Block 3 shares public plazas and is relatively open to neighboring units. Circulation
A
B
pedestrian car parking car road
C
Block Typology 1 Courtyard
50’
1
200’
500’
2 A
Block Typology 2 Patio Island
3
4
B
Block Typology 3 Hagen Island
C
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Project Rankings FAR-Gross and FAR-Net
Project Hyperbuilding, Bangkok Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Theatre District, NYC Battery Park City, NYC Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Ville Spatiale, Paris PlugͲin City Olympic Village, Vancouver High Rise City San Marco, Venice Jianwai Soho, Beijing La Defense, Paris West Village, NYC Eurolille, Lille Almere, Netherlands Tritan City, Tokyo Rush City Sanlitun Village, Beijing Alamo Square, San Francisco Grachtengordel, Amsterdam KNSM Island, Amsterdam Tokyo Bay, Tokyo Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Hammarby Sjöstad Barcelona Olympic Village Berlin Hauptstadt Kattenbroek, Netherlands Seaside, Florida Levittown, Pennsylvania Ypenburg, Hague
37
Rank FAR (gross) 1 15.0 29 13.0 2 11.9 3 11.6 4 7.7 5 6.0 30 4.0 6 3.8 7 3.2 8 3.1 9 3.1 10 2.9 11 2.7 12 2.5 13 2.0 14 1.8 15 1.6 16 1.6 17 1.5 18 1.5 19 1.5 20 1.4 21 1.2 22 1.2 23 1.2 24 1.0 25 0.6 26 0.5 27 0.3 28 0.2
Project Hyperbuilding, Bangkok Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Theatre District, NYC Battery Park City, NYC Tritan City, Tokyo Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Ville Spatiale, Paris Olympic Village, Vancouver Jianwai Soho, Beijing High Rise City La Defense, Paris Hammarby Sjöstad West Village, NYC Almere, Netherlands San Marco, Venice Grachtengordel, Amsterdam PlugͲin City Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Eurolille, Lille Rush City Berlin Hauptstadt Alamo Square, San Francisco Barcelona Olympic Village Sanlitun Village, Beijing KNSM Island, Amsterdam Kattenbroek, Netherlands Seaside, Florida Ypenburg, Hague Levittown, Pennsylvania Tokyo Bay, Tokyo
Rank FAR (net) 1 50.0 2 17.0 3 14.8 4 12.3 5 12.3 6 8.1 7 7.8 8 7.3 9 5.9 10 5.6 11 5.0 12 4.0 13 3.8 14 3.7 15 3.3 16 3.0 17 2.8 18 2.6 19 2.2 20 2.0 21 1.9 22 1.9 23 1.7 24 1.7 25 1.7 26 0.7 27 0.3 28 0.3 29 0.3 30 N/A
Project Rankings Building Coverage and Dwelling Units
Project Tritan City, Tokyo Olympic Village, Vancouver Hyperbuilding, Bangkok Eurolille, Lille Theatre District, NYC PlugͲin City Roppongi Hills, Tokyo San Marco, Venice Grachtengordel, Amsterdam Ville Spatiale, Paris Sanlitun Village, Beijing Almere, Netherlands Alamo Square, San Francisco West Village, NYC Barcelona Olympic Village Seaside, Florida Jianwai Soho, Beijing Berlin Hauptstadt Battery Park City, NYC Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Ypenburg, Hague La Defense, Paris KNSM Island, Amsterdam Tokyo Bay, Tokyo High Rise City Levittown, Pennsylvania Kattenbroek, Netherlands Rush City Hammarby Sjöstad
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ 100.0 90.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 78.0 65.0 64.0 58.0 57.0 56.0 54.0 53.0 50.0 45.0 43.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 40.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 28.0 20.0 20.0 17.0 16.8 16.0 15.0
Project Hyperbuilding, Bangkok Tritan City, Tokyo Ville Spatiale, Paris PlugͲin City High Rise City Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Olympic Village, Vancouver West Village, NYC Alamo Square, San Francisco Ypenburg, Hague Jianwai Soho, Beijing Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Kattenbroek, Netherlands Grachtengordel, Amsterdam KNSM Island, Amsterdam Hammarby Sjöstad La Defense, Paris Battery Park City, NYC Tokyo Bay, Tokyo Barcelona Olympic Village Rush City Seaside, Florida Theatre District, NYC Levittown, Pennsylvania Almere, Netherlands San Marco, Venice Berlin Hauptstadt Eurolille, Lille Sanlitun Village, Beijing
Rank ǁĞůůŝŶŐ hŶŝƚƐ 28 10,560.0 1 822.0 2 471.0 29 395.0 3 300.0 4 260.0 5 237.0 6 214.0 7 153.0 8 150.0 9 132.0 10 100.0 11 85.0 12 66.5 13 65.0 14 60.0 15 54.0 16 47.0 17 36.0 25 32.0 18 31.6 19 24.0 20 21.0 21 13.6 22 11.3 23 4.0 24 3.1 26 0.0 27 0.0 30 0.0
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Project Rankings Green Area and Total Area
Project Ville Spatiale, Paris High Rise City Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Olympic Village, Vancouver Tritan City, Tokyo West Village, NYC Alamo Square, San Francisco Ypenburg, Hague Jianwai Soho, Beijing Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Kattenbroek, Netherlands Grachtengordel, Amsterdam KNSM Island, Amsterdam Hammarby Sjöstad Battery Park City, NYC Seaside, Florida La Defense, Paris Barcelona Olympic Village Rush City Theatre District, NYC Levittown, Pennsylvania Almere, Netherlands San Marco, Venice Tokyo Bay, Tokyo Berlin Hauptstadt Eurolille, Lille Hyperbuilding, Bangkok PlugͲin City Sanlitun Village, Beijing
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Rank Green Area 1 110.0 2 47.0 3 46.0 4 45.0 5 39.0 6 35.2 7 33.0 8 31.0 9 27.6 10 27.0 11 27.0 12 26.0 13 19.0 14 10.0 15 10.0 17 8.0 20 8.0 16 6.0 18 0.4 19 0.2 21 0.0 22 0.0 23 0.0 24 0.0 25 0.0 26 0.0 27 0.0 28 0.0 29 0.0 30 0.0
Project Levittown, Pennsylvania Tokyo Bay, Tokyo San Marco, Venice Eurolille, Lille Berlin Hauptstadt High Rise City Rush City PlugͲin City La Defense, Paris Hammarby Sjöstad Almere, Netherlands Grachtengordel, Amsterdam West Village, NYC Barcelona Olympic Village Alamo Square, San Francisco Low Manhattan Express Way, NYC Battery Park City, NYC Hyperbuilding, Bangkok Seaside, Florida KNSM Island, Amsterdam Ville Spatiale, Paris Borneo Sporenburg, Amsterdam Kattenbroek, Netherlands Ypenburg, Hague Sanlitun Village, Beijing Theatre District, NYC Olympic Village, Vancouver Roppongi Hills, Tokyo Jianwai Soho, Beijing Tritan City, Tokyo
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Total Area 260,000.0 104,731.0 41,256.0 700.0 666.0 660.0 625.0 358.0 160.0 160.0 148.0 120.0 116.0 79.0 50.0 43.0 37.2 33.8 32.4 28.9 27.0 25.0 22.7 22.0 18.9 14.5 12.5 8.5 5.5 1.8
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