Bogota Studio

VOTO NACIONAL BOGOTĂ , COLOMBIA A Responsible Urban Renewal Plan PennDesign | Fall 2016 Silvia Fang | Phil Fargason | Jonah Fay | Yumeng Gu Katie Kramer | Akshay Malik | Tianyi Ren | Tristina Sinopoli Wenhao Wu | Yidan Zhang | Yajing Zhao | Peiqian Zhong

We would like to acknowledge the following for their assistance in the completion of this book: Nando Micale Universidad De La Salle David Gouverneur Angela Pachon Peter Angelides Woo Kim Julie Donofrio And all those who reviewed our presentations

Cover Image Fig. 1 - Bogotรก, Colombia: http://www.elhorizonte.mx/ seccion/centros-financieros-de-latinoamerica/1673319

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VOTO NACIONAL BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA

A Responsible Urban Renewal Plan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE: A RESPONSIBLE PLAN FOR RENEWAL

PREFACE

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SETTING THE STAGE

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES & GOALS

A RESPONSIBLE RENEWAL PLAN

CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER 3

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POPULATION GROWTH

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CHALLENGES

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PEOPLE FIRST

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GUERILLA WAR

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OPPORTUNITIES

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SOCIAL PROGRAMS

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OVERWHELMED SYSTEMS

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GOALS

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COMMUNITY SPACE

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LOCAL CONTEXT

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

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EL BRONX

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FRAMEWORK PLAN

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URBAN RENEWAL RESPONSE

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SYSTEMS APPROACH

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FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

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OVERARCHING DESIGN PRINCIPLES

SUMMARY

APPENDIX

CHAPTER 4

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CHAPTER 5

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TERCER MILENIO PROFORMA

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THE LAW OF THE INDIES

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GOALS

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TOD PROFORMA

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URBAN DESIGN CONTEXT

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STRATEGIES

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FIGURES

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DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

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SUMMARY

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URBAN DESIGN TYPOLOGIES

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TERCER MILENIO DEVELOPMENT

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LA SABANA DEVELOPMENT

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PREFACE: A RESPONSIBLE PLAN FOR RENEWAL

THE COST OF URBAN RENEWAL

Crime and violence have defined the neighborhood of Voto Nacional for decades. In the heart of Bogotá, this once thriving neighborhood has experienced rapid economic decline. Once vibrant street life has been quickly supplanted by violent illicit activities and concentrated poverty. This crime and violence radiates from a set of blocks, called El Bronx, located in the very center of Voto Nacional.

El Bronx has been called a “hell in the heart of Bogotá”.

Politicians have come to describe the neighborhood as an “independent republic of crime”. To date, government response to curb crime and reduce poverty has been largely ineffective.

Local efforts have relied upon physical interventions that sought building clearance as a means to ending decades of gang violence.

These urban renewal strategies have done little to improve the lives of the most vulnerable populations. Instead of reducing crime and violence, the government has simply displaced people by the masses and moved these activities elsewhere.

El Bronx is a direct result of the government’s ambitious urban renewal projects. Before El Bronx, a neighborhood a few blocks to the east, El Cartucho, was home to much of this illicit activity.

The government’s plan cleared El Cartucho and replaced it with a large park, Parque Tercer Milenio. This urban renewal plan did not reduce this concentration of crime, but rather forced it farther to the center of Voto Nacional in El Bronx.

Fig. A - El Bronx prior to police raids in 2016

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Today, the City of Bogotá plans to continue its urban renewal efforts by completing an array of urban renewal projects surrounding Voto Nacional, and most notably it intends to clear El Bronx. Buildings that once housed torture chambers and hid child prostitutes, have been seized by the government.

These buildings are in the process of being demolished. The government is continuing to apply a physical based approach to urban renewal that does not address the economic and social well-being of residents and victims of this crime.

Physical interventions alone cannot address the issues facing the neighborhood. Programs and interventions that address the needs of people are not only critical to reducing violence, but also critical to setting the foundation for the future of this community.

Voto Nacional has the potential to be a community that is defined by empowered people that are stewards of the place that they live.

This plan, A Responsible Urban Renewal Plan, seeks to provide an alternative approach to physical urban renewal that puts the well-being of people at its core. This plan recommends a series of social, community and economic development interventions that put people first, coupled with a thoughtful place based framework plan that seeks to modernize the city’s notable influence from the Laws of the Indies. The approach outlined in this plan can serve as a pilot for revitalizing communities in Bogotá facing similar challenges of persistent crime, violence and poverty. We begin by analyzing the socioeconomic and political conditions that have affected Voto Nacional, and shaped the community that it is today.

Fig. B - Rendering of proposed Plaza España improvements exemplifies a of people first approach

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SETTING THE STAGE Voto Nacional is situated in the heart of Bogotá, the economic and cultural center of Colombia. With its central location, Voto Nacional has been strongly affected by the conflicts and economic shifts that have rocked the country in the past half century.

For over 50 years, Colombia has been in a constant state of civil war, with guerilla, paramilitary and government forces vying for control of the country’s rural areas. For years this conflict has stifled economic growth in the country and lead to the displacement of millions of rural Colombians to cities such as Bogotá.

As government forces slowly began to take back control of the countryside, the Colombian economy has responded with rapid growth. Bogotá is at the center of this growth, with its newly expanding service sector. The 2016 peace accord between FARC rebels and the government, which ended the decades long civil war, is expected to further these positive trends.

With a growing economy and mass migration from the country side, Bogotá has seen rapid population growth in the past several decades. While this growth has added to the vibrancy of the city it has also overwhelmed the public systems upon which Bogotá’s residents depend.

The city is facing a housing shortage, overwhelmed social services, income inequality and income segregation, an over-capacity bus rapid transit system, and disconnected environmental systems.

There are few areas in Bogotá where these issues are as acute as in Voto Nacional. This historic and centrally located neighborhood was once a bustling center of commercial and industrial activity, anchored by the rail hub of Estación De La Sabana. As rail traffic slowed and central Bogotá saw an intense episode of violent unrest, Voto Nacional fell into a decline. Factories, government offices, and wealthy residents fled the area leaving a vacuum that was filled by displaced people, auto repair shops, and criminal gangs.

In this context of disinvestment the famed El Bronx neighborhood came to be in the center of Voto Nacional, following the clearance of another notorious drug center in El Cartucho (now the site of Tercer Milenio Park.) This small “independent republic of crime” has ill effects which bleed out into the neighborhood as a whole. As a result, Voto Nacional has become characterized by high rates of vacancy, crime, homelessness, and child prostitution, with the many internally displaced people in the neighborhood facing the worst of these ill effects. The social service and public safety systems have thus far not had the capacity to alleviate the extreme social problems present in the neighborhood. Sadly, for people fleeing rural violence to find peace and economic opportunity, Voto Nacional offers little hope or relief.

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Fig. 1 - Map series showing the location of Voto Nacional within its context, central to both the city and country.

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YOUNG & GROWING POPULATION

53% under 35

As a result of mass migration and economic growth, Bogotá’s population has more then tripled since 1970.

With a current population of over 7.9 million, the city is expected to continue to grow, but at a slower rate of 6.5% between 2015 and 2020.

Bogotá has a young population, with 53% of the city’s population under the age of 35, a greater ratio than that of the country as a whole.

With it’s high proportion of youth, the city also has a large number of families, with 64% of households described as family households.

While the young and growing population has caused a strain on city systems, from transportation to housing, these demographics are also a source of economic opportunity for Bogotá, with new investments arising to access these new consumers.

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Fig. 2 - Population Growth 1938-2016. Source: DANE

Fig. 3 - Bogotá has a young population.

6.5% Population growth Fig. 4 - Bogotá’s growing population can be felt in the city’s crowded streets.

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BOOMING ECONOMY

25% of the Colombian economy Fig. 5 - Bogotá’s real estate boom is one sign of its growing economy

40% Decrease in unemployment

Fig. 5 - Bogotá’s economy provides formal and informal sector opportunities

Bogotá’s economy outperforms that of Colombia.

With a relatively diversified economy, the city’s GDP per capita in 2014 was approximately $12,000 USD, exceeding that of the national level. Bogotá represents 25% of the National GDP. Throughout Colombia’s recent economic boom, foreign investment has followed.

Initially beginning in the vacation and resort cities, foreign direct investment is now making its way to Bogotá. These investments are primarily in luxury real estate developments.

Bogotá’s booming economy is also reflected in its decreasing employment and poverty rates. In 2015, unemployment declined to 9%, compared with the country’s average of 9.8%.

Poverty in Bogotá has long been lower than the country level and the poverty rate has consistently decreased over the last decade.

Fig. 6 - Economic growth has meant decreased unemployment

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GUERILLA WAR

Over 50 years of conflict Fig. 7 - Guerilla soldiers at attention

6.9 Million people displaced Fig. 8 - Displaced people from rural areas often find themselves homeless.

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CONFLICT & DISPLACEMENT

After over 50 years of conflict Colombia faces the challenge of how to care for the vast number of internally displaced people (IDPs) who have been forced out of rural areas by the conflict. Colombia has been locked in a civil war for more than half a century, with government security forces and paramilitary units combating insurgent forces within the country, particularly FARC, and the National Liberation Army.

The fighting has occurred largely in rural areas, causing massive destruction and displacement.

At the end of 2015, a shocking 6.9 million--one tenth of the county’s population--were registered as IDPs in Colombia according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, who also call it “Colombia’s Invisible Crisis.”

For many years, Bogotá has made insufficient attempts to address and curb this problem, which has only continued to grow beyond control.

Fig. 9 - IDP Settlements on steep slopes

Fig. 10 - IDP Family in close quarters

Fig. 11- IDP woman

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LA PAZ

In November 2016, Colombia reached a historic peace accord between the key parties to the Country’s conflict. While Colombian’s hope this deal will bring about lasting peace, the question remains of how to address the large population of displaced people whose homes have been destroyed by war.

Even with the peace “la Paz,” Colombia’s grave IDPs situation continues to hamper economic growth, overwhelm infrastructure, housing, and social service systems, generating enormous fiscal costs. While these issues remain grave, the new peace accord provides hope to Colombians and an opportunity for the country to refocus its efforts on addressing the needs of the victims of this conflict.

Fig. 12 - People celebrate the historic peace accord “La Paz” in Bogotá

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OVERWHELMED URBAN SYSTEMS The economic growth of Bogotá, paired with mass migration of displaced people from rural areas to has resulted in rapid population growth, which has placed a strain on many of the city’s crucial public and urban systems.

HOUSING GAP

Rapid population growth has caused a strain on the housing market in Bogotá.

Housing prices have risen consistently and sharply for the past several decades, as new supply struggles to keep pace with housing demand.

With mortgage finance unavailable to most residents in this mostly home-owner focused housing market, a large housing shortage has developed. In 2005, the city estimated that it had a shortage of 370,000 units.

With formal housing failing to meet demand, poor residents

370,000 Unit housing shortage Fig. 13 - The prevalance of informal settlements is a sign of the severity of the housing crisis.

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are often forced to live in informal dwellings on the city’s periphery, or to squat in formerly industrial building in central neighborhoods such as Voto Nacional, in both cases without access to public services or significant economic opportunities.

SOCIAL HOUSING RESPONSE

Fig. 14 - Metrovivienda’s El Recreo housing development is generally well regardedn for its design, but it was built far on the edges of the city, on a floodplain.

In response to this housing shortage, local efforts, managed by the housing agency, Metrovivienda, have focused on the production of VIS (Special Interest) and VIP (Priority Interest) housing.

Through the use of these demand-side, voucher-like subsidies, the government has tried to incentivize the private sector to construct affordable housing to meet growing housing demand. While this program has succeeded in producing a large number of units, the government has been criticized for the poor construction quality of this social housing and that is often built at the city’s fringes.

Fig. 15 - Metrovivienda’s La Hoja \was built in the center of the city, but the craftsmenship of the building is generally considered poor and the design prison-like.

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STRATA

Bogotรก has developed extreme income segregation, with the poor concentrated in informal settlements in the center and periphery, while wealthy residents locate to the North.

This segregation is exacerbated by a housing quality classification system called strata, which is used to determine property taxes and transportation subsidies.

The system is based on 6 stratifications representing a differing level of housing quality with 1 being the lowest and 6 the highest.

Voto Nacional

While the system is intended to help poor residents by providing them with tax and transportation subsidies, it has the unintended consequence of perpetuating segregation and disparity based on income in the city.

Strata 1 Housing Typology

Strata 3 Housing Typology

Source: Universidad de los Andes

Strata 6 Housing Typology Fig. 16 - Strata map of the city.

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Fig. 17 - Strata designations for different dwelling types.

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OVERWHELMED TRANSIT

Bogotá has the largest, and among the fastest, bus rapid transit (BRT) systems in the world: TransMilenio. Urban planners from across the globe come here to study the design, but the system has become a victim of its own success.

Fig. 18 - Long queues at Transmilenio stations are common

86% of people have an unfavorable opinion of Transmilenio

Traveling around Bogotá is increasingly difficult, and notwithstanding development of metro lines in years to come, the majority of people will continue to rely on buses.

However, the original master plan calling for the creation of 380 kilometers of dedicated BRT corridors by 2016 has not been fully implemented: to date, the system operates only 112 km of routes. These delays have limited the system’s ability to respond to its impressive demand.

Improving TransMilenio as well as the city’s Integrated Public Transport System will be instrumental in addressing Bogotá’s urban mobility.

Fig. 19 - Standing room only is common on Transmilenio

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SOCIAL SERVICE GAP

Rapid population growth has overwhelmed social support systems such as schools and healthcare. As a result, poor families have been forced to pay large portions of their earnings for these services.

Of the $63 USD that an average IDP family earns on a monthly basis, 58% is spent on food, 6% on health, and 3% on education.

This should not be an issue due to the Free Education Policy of 2012. However, the program is not sufficient to help the thousands of poor IDPs. Public schools in Bogotá provide free education, however, children still need school uniforms and books for their classes, which many families often still cannot afford.

The growth of health care coverage in Colombia has been remarkable, growing from 25% of the

population covered in 1992 to approximately 96% today.

However, many regulatory and institutional shortcomings of Colombia’s health sector have impeded the fact that all Colombians’ can access the same basket of health services. Despite the rapid growth in coverage, thousands of vulnerable citizens are not able to enjoy their right to health care, which was mandated by Law 100 in the year 1993.

Fig. 20 - Job training session in Bogotá

70% of family wages go to food, health & education Fig. 21 - A protest around the gap in social services in Plaza de Bolívar in Bogotá

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INFORMAL ECONOMY

Without access to the skills or education needed to take part in Bogotá’s booming service sector, poor residents often find employment in the informal economy, working as waste pickers, street entertainers or street vendors.

Fig. 22 - Waste recyclers in Bogotá

Many efforts have been made to support and organize these informal laborers. The Asociación de Recicladores de Bogotá (Waste Pickers Association of Bogotá - ARB) is one such association that plays a vital role in the health and cleanliness of the city.

Many informal waste pickers reported being victims of discrimination by authorities and society at large, and being perceived as outlaws and criminals solely do to their economic status. This negative perception acts in detriment to the recognition for the overall contributions waste pickers make to society.

WASTE PICKERS “Once marginalized and banned from collecting recyclables on city streets, Bogotá’s waste-pickers are now constitutionally protected, and act as role models for other informal recyclers around the world. [...] In 1991, Padilla and other community waste pickers formed the Association of Recyclers of Bogotá (ARB) to safeguard themselves and fight for legal recognition which they gained in a landmark court battle in 2013.

“After 30 years of organizing and working for visibility, Bogotá’s recyclers are recognized as having rights equal to other workers,” says Padilla, who is now 49 and director of ARB. In 2013, Padilla received the Goldman Environmental Prize, the largest international award for grass roots environmental activism. [...] The gains made by Bogotá’s 21,000 recicladores (waste-pickers), says Padilla, have turned them into role models for other informal trash collectors around the globe.”

Fig. 24 - Waste recycler in Bogotá

Fig. 23 - Street vendors in Bogotá

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DISCONNECTED STORMWATER SYSTEM

With growth has come increased development in ecologically sensitive areas such as floodplains and marshlands on the city’s periphery. The city has also buried and built impervious developments above historic streams. These development policies have resulted in an overwhelmed stormwater management system, which cannot handle flood events.

The city’s strata system pushes low income residents to these very same ecologically sensitive areas.

Social housing is often built in these areas where land is cheapest and property tax burdens for residents are low.

Unfortunately these developments on flood plains are prone to flooding, which cause major damage. A 2011 flood resulted in 300 deaths and $5 Billion USD in damages. The flood

$5 Billion USD in damages from of 2011 flood

Flooding in El Recreo social housing complex, 2011. Photos: AgenciadeNoticias.com Fig. 25 - Flooding occurs regularly in Bogotá, with some causing significant damage to life and property

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completely engulfed the El Recreo social housing complex on the city’s periphery. In Recreo and across the city, poor residents are forced to bear the brunt of the risk to life and property while living in these ecologically sensitive areas.

Figs. 25 & 26 - El Recreo social housing complex was built on a flood plain on the city’s edge. It saw major damages in 2011 flood.

Voto Nacional, like much of the city is built above a system of disconnected and buried historic streams. When stormwater events occur, the system is prone to flooding and back ups throughout.

As a result of these system overflows, large volumes of toxic materials are drained into Bogotá’s waterways each year.

Fig. 28 - Impervious spillway in El Recreo. This sytem flooded in 2011.

Fig. 27 - Map of stormwater infrastructure in the Los Mártires district, which contains Voto Nacional.

Coverage is intermittent, and different stormwater systems do not connect.

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ONGOING PLANNING PROCESS

To respond to all of the pressing social, economic and environmental issues faced by the city, mayor Enrique Peñalosa’s administration has developed a plan, called Bogotá Mejor Para Todos.

The plan follows-up on the previous planning effort, Bogotá Humana, and outlines many ambitious goals to improve life for all residents in the city. This planning document is high-level, and the process is ongoing, with new implementation intitatives being rolled out over time.

The plan focuses on three key “pillars,” whic include: 1) Equality of Quality of Life, 2) Urban Democracy, and 3) Community Building.

Strategies underlined under each of these areas include strategies for assisting the city’s most disadvantaged residents.

Fig. 29 - Front cover of the Bogotá Mejor Para Todos plan

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Bogotá Mejor Para Todos is very much a framework plan.

Most of the strategies are not followed by any specific implementation timeline or funding proposal.

Fig. 30 - Front cover of the Bogotá Humana plan

Fig. 32 - Bogotá has several biking initiatives

However, the city residents should be hopeful, given the successful implementation of many of the elements of the city’s previous plan, Bogotá Humana’s. This plan contained a number of social and environmental initiatives, ranging from assistance for informal trash pickers to new bike infrastructure, which have been widely hailed as successful.

Fig. 32 - A successful initiative of the Bogotá Humana plan, focused on supporting informal waste-pickers

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LOCAL CONTEXT: VOTO NACIONAL

Santa Fe

CENTRAL LOCATION & RICH HISTORY

Voto Nacional is located in the heart of central Bogotá, directly adjacent to La Candelaria, the historic center of the City. It is also within one mile of the city’s central business district.

Voto Nacional has a rich history, and is one of the city’s oldest neighborhoods.

Bogotá is a Spanish colonial city, set up on a grid system emanating from Plaza de Bolivar in the heart of La Candelaria. As Bogotá ’s population grew, the city expanded West. The street grid was extended and new plazas were built every ½ Kilometer in Plaza de Los Mártires and Plaza de España.

Voto Nacional has a number of historic buildings remaining from this early history.

Estación de la Sabana

Fig. 37 - Plaza Bolivar

Fig. 34 - Santa Fe

San Victorino

La Candelaria

Voto Nacional Fig. 38 - San Victorino

Fig. 33 - Context map

Fig. 35 - Estación De La Sabana

Fig. 39 - Santa Fe

Fig. 36 - San Victorino

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Fig. 37 - La Candelaria, with Bogotá’s presidential palace.

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Voto Nacional was a key center of the city’s vibrant industrial boom in the early 20th century. Completed in 1917, Estación De La Sabana, on the Northern edge of the neighborhood, became the central freight and passenger rail hub for the entire region.

Businesses sought to locate near the station, making the area a bustling and desirable district, “a mixed zone of industry, commerce and workshops of all kinds.”

“A mixed zone of industry, commerce and workshops of all kinds.”

Fig. 38 - Historic photo shows the vibrant activity occuring around the Voto Nacional curch in the center of the Voto Nacional neighborhood.

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NEIGHBORHOOD DECLINE

A series of events beginning in 1948 lead to the precipitous decline of the Voto Nacional area. The 1948 assassination of the popular presidential candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, prompted a riot that destroyed much of the historic center of the city.

The assassination sparked the fourteen-year conflict referred to as La Violencia, which displaced over 1 million people from rural areas to cities such as Bogotá.

Colombia’s rural areas have been in a state of conflict ever since. Displacement has been an ongoing issue in Colombia with nearly 7 million total displaced people since the conflict began. When displaced people arrived in Bogotá, they often ended up homeless or squatting in the center of the city.

Fig. 39 - El Bogotázo, the riot which destroyed much of central Bogotá after the assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán

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Aeropuerto Internacional

Chapinero

Centro Administrativo Nacional La Candelaria Voto Nacional

Fig. 40 - After the Bogotázo, many wealthy residents and business relocated from the city’s center

The Bogotázo riot following the assassination of Gaitán left central Bogotá in ruin.

Large numbers of wealthy residents relocated from central neighborhoods for the city’s Northern suburbs.

The Colombian Government also chose to leave the center of the city. Rather than focus its efforts on rebuilding the historic core, the government chose to consolidate its administrative offices in a single district, the Centro Administrativo Nacional (CAN), which began development in the mid 1950’s in tandem with the El Dorado Airport on the Western edge of the city.

Private developments of all kinds followed these public investments and wealthy residents moved to the West and North of the city, leaving the wounded core of the city behind. As both passenger and freight rail declined in prominence, La Sabana station became less of a

draw for industry. Many of the diverse businesses which previously clustered in Voto Nacional relocated to other areas. For example, all of the food warehouses which previously clustered around La Sabana relocated to the new Corporation Abastos Bogotá (CORABASTOS) facility in Kennedy in 1970. Eventually as all of the major industries left, the only businesses left in Voto Nacional were family owned workshops, and many industrial spaces became vacant.

As industry, wealthy residents, and government offices fled Voto Nacional and surrounding neighborhoods for other parts of the city, they left a void that was filled by poor, often displaced people, small auto-shops, and criminal gangs.

Fig. 41 - After the decline of rail transport, factories in Voto Nacional closed their doors

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EL BRONX These conditions were most extreme in El Bronx, five small blocks located in the center of the Voto Nacional neighborhood which, until residents of the neighborhood were evicted by the City in May 2016, was considered an “independent republic of crime.” As the city’s primary drug wholesale market, El Bronx was characterized by rampant gang violence, prostitution, drug use, and homelessness.

While El Bronx makes up only a small portion of Voto Nacional, this small zone of violence and vulnerability has a strong negative effect on the neighborhood as a whole, which has already seen years of disinvestment. This combination of factors has lead to a number of social and economic issues in Voto Nacional.

Fig. 42 - Map of El Bronx within the Voto Nacional neighborhood

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"...a hell in the heart of Bogotá" -Mayor Enrique Peñalosa

Fig. 43 - El Bronx was a center of Colombian drug distribution in the heart of Bogotá

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CRIME & SAFETY

The violent effects of the drug trade centered in El Bronx have spread throughout Voto Nacional and surrounding areas, where rates of violent crime were four times higher than the city as a whole in 2015, and still rising. In the new park, Parque Tercer Milenio, police are even afraid to enter at night, because this vast public space has no active uses surrounding it to provide “eyes on the street” and thus has become one more site for use in the drug trade.

Murder rate 4x higher than Bogotá Fig. 44 - The crime, which is concentrated in El Bronx has a negative effect on the neighborhood as a whole

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1/4 of the city’s homeless live in Los Mártires

HOMELESSNESS

Displaced people fleeing conflicts in rural areas and drug-addicted patrons of the El Bronx drug trade have both clustered in Voto Nacional. Approximately 27% of the city’s total homeless population resides in Los Mártires--the district containing Voto Nacional--the highest rate of any district in the city.

Fig. 45 - Homeless people are concentrated within El Bronx, but prevalent throughout Voto Nacional.

Fig.46 - El Bronx is a refuge for the homeless, some were displaced from rural violence, others are patrons of the drug trade.

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PROSTITUTION & EFFECTS ON WOMENAND GIRLS

Voto Nacional is adjacent to a prostitution tolerant zone, an area of the city, where prostitution is practiced legally. The drug trade in El Bronx has also been accompanied by high incidents of prostitution.

Both legal and illegal prostitution are largely unregulated--allowing nearly 20% of the prostitutes in the neighborhood to be young girls under 15 years old.

There have been many reports of abuse of these young girls.

Rates of teenage pregnancy s in the neighborhood are also high. In in 2004, 19% of pregnancies in Los Mรกrtires were by women under the age of 14. Additionally, Los Mรกrtires has one of highest rates of syphilis and other STDs in the city.

20% of babies born to girls under 15 Figs. 47 & 48 - Prostitution in El Bronx and Voto Nacional affects many young girls.

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HOMOGENOUS ECONOMY

The flight of industry from Voto Nacional left behind a homogenous economy, primarily composed of small, usually informal, family-owned auto repair shops. Many of the shops use second- and third-hand parts. There are reports that some of these shops may be trafficking in stolen car and

Fig. 49 - Autobody shops, such as this one, make up most of the neighborhood economy.

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VACANCY

motorcycle parts.

As industry fled Voto Nacional, abandoned factory spaces in Voto Nacional have become areas of vacancy in the neighborhood. Many remain vacant, causing safety issues on the street, particularly at night when commercial activity in the neighborhood closes for the night. Other vacant buildings have become informal housing units, as land-owners converted portions of their buildings into tenements, hosting mostly low income residents and displaced people from rural areas. Other vacant buildings have been seized and inhabited by gangs and drug dealers.

Fig. 50 - Vacant buildings and storefronts are common in Voto Nacional

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POOR CONNECTIONS & TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Because the area has a disconnected street grid and many active street businesses, the streets of Voto Nacional are typically crowded with loading and unloading trucks as well as other vehicles passing through. This makes movement through the area challenging and sometimes unsafe for pedestrians.

The street grid for much of Voto Nacional is blocked to the East side by Tercer Milenio park. This urban renewal project broke from the traditional street grid, making travel East to West across Voto Nacional even more challenging.

Fig. 51 - Streets in Voto Nacional are congested, with auto-oriented businesses and trucks loading and unloading frequently blocking the streets and sidewalks

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Fig. 52 - The La Hoja social housing development, built in 2013, is isolated from surrounding neighborhoods by a high velocity street and a monumental plaza.

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URBAN RENEWAL RESPONSE LEARNING FROM PAST EXAMPLES OF URBAN RENEWAL

As the previous pages show, over the past several decades Bogotá has faced an intense series of challenges as a result of rapid population growth, which has overwhelmed urban public systems such as housing , environmental systems and social services. In few locations in Bogotá are these issues so acute as in Voto Nacional, which until recently housed El Bronx, the hub of the country’s wholesale drug trade.

Faced with challenges such as these, the local government in Bogotá over the past several decades has responded with a 20th Century-style urban renewal approach. The city’s projects are characterized by a massive scale that prioritizes efficiency over both the residents of the city and the human quality of the spaces created.

In his first and second mayoral administrations Enrique Peñalosa has built massive infrastructure projects such as the Transmilenio BRT,has enabled the construction of social housing on a massive scale, and cleared some of the city’s most acute areas of crime and poverty--first in El Cartucho and then in El Bronx.

These interventions in Bogotá closely follow the model of urban renewal used in North America in the middle of the 20th Century.

The urban renewal movement started in these locations in the late 1940’s, as a way to improve the conditions of major cities and make them more attractive to the middle class. The lowest income areas of cities were acquired, often through eminent domain, followed by large-scale redevelopment to improve the

physical characteristics of these areas.

Though some of these North American renewal projects were successful, many of the projects were criticized for the negative effects that they had on the original inhabitants and character of the neighborhoods that they targeted.

Renewal projects in Bogotá have the same failings. These projects often involve the mass eviction of existing residents, who are often not supported in this process in finding new stable housing or social services. Renewal projects in Bogotá are also often done at a much larger scale than is typical for the city, leading to projects that are disconnected from surrounding areas. Bogotá was historically planned according to the Laws of the Indies, a set of planning guidelines which dictated an interconnected grid system, small blocks, and human-scaled plazas. The urban renewal projects have tended to use a scale much larger than the traditional city and contain much fewer street connections. This leads to areas of the city that are disconnected, unsafe, and lack character. Given the ill effects that these urban renewal projects have, both on people and on place, and the way that this same approach has failed in areas around the world, we believe it would be irresponsible for Bogotá to continue with it’s current approach.

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SETTING THE STAGE

URBAN RENEWAL Urban renewal is a term that describes large scale projects, that often include the relocation of people and businesses through eminent domain. These projects are typically driven by government agencies and in the case of Bogotá, Colombia it is driven by the urban renewal and development agency, ERU. In North America urban renewal approaches were generally deemed to have failed. These renewal strategies persist in many places, such as Colombia, to this day.

URBAN RENEWAL IN NORTH AMERICA Washing ton D.C. The neighborhood of Southwest was acquired by eminent domain in the 1950’s and almost all of the neighborhood was bulldozed. Only six houses were retained in all of Southwest. Most of the neighborhood consisted of blighted buildings so when the buildings were cleared there was promise of new housing developments that would be safer and affordable. Ultimately, one million people were displaced and two thirds of those people were non-white. The houses that were built were not targeted to support the people that had been displaced by the demolition. The number of affordable housing units built was only 310 out of 6,000 units total.

Urban renewal in Washington D.C’s Southwest neighborhood caused what is referred to as ‘root shock’, or a dissatisfaction about move due to the breaking of social and community bonds. Root shock effects individuals long after the move and can limit people’s potential. The benefits of urban renewal in this situation is limited to the infrastructure improvements but history cannot ignore the social problems caused by it.

Fig. 54 - Southwest neighborhood post urban renewal

Fig. 53 - Site Plan for a development led by the ERU in San Bernardo

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Chicago Located in the 22nd Ward of the north side of Chicago, a predominantly Italian neighborhood was nicknamed “Little Hell”. It was plagued by gang violence and crime but also was a dynamic place full of Italian culture. The area was cleared to remove crime and was replaced by the CabriniGreen Homes in 1960’s. It was developed by the Chicago Housing Authority as a public housing project. After the new housing was built, gang violence and crime returned and this mixed with the buildings maintenance neglect caused poor living conditions.

Cabrini-Green is often cited as an example of what not to do in urban renewal. The development of a single use building that was disconnected from the fabric of the previous neighborhood, perpetuated social isolation of impoverished groups.

Fig. 55 - Cabrini-Green housing development in Chicago

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SETTING THE STAGE

URBAN RENEWAL IN BOGOTÁ Mayor Peñalosa has used urban renewal to try and improve infrastructure and the built environment in many projects over the last 20 years. Although many praise him for his ability to make big changes, many of these projects do not address social problems of the area.

not look at the surrounding context of how to connect the bus routes and station into the existing fabric of the city.

This project had a singular focus and did not integrate into the city well. Furthermore, the system no longer has the capacity to serve the city well.

Congestion and long wait times during rush hours make the system inefficient.

TRANSMILENIO

In 2000 Mayor Peñalosa developed a BRT system to connect the city. TransMilenio moves millions of people a day around the city. Although this plan creates more access for some neighborhoods, it also disconnects areas.

Neighborhoods like El Bronx are just blocks away from La Candelaria, but the BRT stations and routes on Carrera 14 and Carrera 10 minimize access because the roads are blocked by a transit station, and safe crossings are not easy to find. This project did Fig. 56 - Congested TransMilenio system

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Fig. 57 - Cartoon parody of congestion on the TansMilenio system

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TERCER MILENIO

El Cartucho was the name of a neighborhood that was known for crime and drug violence. This neighborhood bordered Voto Nacional.

Located in the center of the city, it was a destination in Bogotá to acquire illegal drugs and arms. In the late 1990’s Peñalosa reclaimed the area and demolished the buildings and replaced it with a park called Tercer Milenio. This park is 40 acres with bike paths, sport fields, and other recreational spaces.

the root of the problem for these people. The wellbeing of the residents was ignored

by Mayor Peñalosa. By not addressing the social issues, it allowed crime to move to other areas like El Bronx and San Bernardo.

Despite all of this, the park is considered one of the most dangerous places in Bogotá.

Crimes occur here regularly and police avoid the park at dusk. Tercer Milenio Park is a failed public space because it does not create a safe open space. The decision to dislocate the previous residents and make a big infrastructure change proves unsuccessful in this situation because it did not deal with Fig. 58 - Parque Tercer Milenio

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SETTING THE STAGE

LA HOJA

Metrovivienda is part of the ERU and develops social housing in Bogotรก. One example of a social housing project is La Hoja. It was developed in a barrio on top of a parking structure that was built to support the TransMilenio. The development is single use housing focused on building many units for little cost. The development created unfinished units that allows the residents to customize their units as they can afford to make upgrades.

The housing site is set back from the main road, has interior parking, and a cement public space. The apartment building does not fit in with the context of the neighborhood, as all of the surrounding houses and businesses are two to four stories.

Overall, this development, although providing VIS housing, is unsuccessful in creating a space that connects to the surrounding neighborhood.

La Hoja concentrates poverty

and the people housed in this development are often displaced people from other areas. Many of these people have conflicts with other people that were placed in the development. The process of getting VIS housing does not take into account people background and this conflicted history get more contentious when living in close proximity to one another.

Urban renewal is still an active movement in Bogotรก. Recent developments like TransMilenio, Tercer Milenio, and La Hoja are just some of the examples of what these types of projects are able to achieve. Although there are some positives from these big infrastructure moves and developments, the vulnerable populations of the city are disproportionately being affected by transportation systems cut through neighborhoods, having homes torn down to build parks, and housing displaced people in less than ideal housing.

Fig. 59 - La Hoja social housing development

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Fig. 60 - La Hoja social housing development

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SETTING THE STAGE

RENEWAL PLANS FOR BOGOTĂ Currently there are plans on the table for new developments around Voto Nacional. These developments are currently slated to be large-scale urban renewal, which like similar previous projects prioritize efficiency and scale over the people living in the area and the quality of the place being created. These three plans demonstrate that urban renewal development is still occurring and planed to continue across the city and within Voto Nacional.

Tram

San Victorino

We believe that to achieve success to any proposed changes within Voto Nacional we will need to reassess these proposals for the neighborhood’s edges as well, to ensure that they are carried out in a more responsible way, socially and physically, than that proposed.

San Bernardo Fig. 61 - Proposed urban renewal projects adjacent to Voto Nacional

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SAN BERNARDO

In San Bernardo, a mixed-use residential neighborhood just south of Tercer Milenio Park, there are plans for new VIS and market rate housing. This new development is slated to be on five blocks that is currently home to blighted housing and vacancy. The proposed development will increase density substantially with tower heights of approximately 15 stories.

These five blocks are currently planned to provide 400 units social housing, and 1320 units of market rate housing. If this project comes to fruition, it will drastically change the form and character of the neighborhood.

Fig. 62 - San Bernardo Plan image showing high density development adjacent to expressway interchange

Fig.63 - San Bernardo Plan image showing high density development along edge of Parque Tercer Milenio

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SETTING THE STAGE

SAN VICTORINO

The plan for San Victorino proposes to develop the two blocks north of Tercer Milenio park, between a shopping mall on Carrera 10 and a social housing development on Carrera 14 into a new mall.

The new mall is a highly dense development. One tower is proposed to be 25 stories and the rest of the mall is proposed to be 12 stories in height.

Fig. 64 - San Victorino Plan rendering showing proposed mall with adjacent high density office tower.

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TRAM

TransMilenio bus rapid transit system is overwhelmed by the number of passengers and does not have the capacity to provide reliable service as the city continues to grow its population. The current administration is proposing a raised tram system instead of the previously proposed subway.

While the tram is a more cost effective alternative to the subway, we believe the massive above-ground infrastructure would create an additional barrier between Voto Nacional and the vibrant areas to the East, San Victorino and La Candelaria, leading to further disconnection and decline. In order to truly add connectivity to the neighborhood, we propose a revisiting of the previous administration’s underground subway proposal.

Fig. 65 - Rendering of proposed Tram system with stations connected to Transmilenio stations below and to adjacent buildings via sky-bridges.

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SETTING THE STAGE

300’ by 200’. The plaza is to have access on all four The Laws of the Indies sides and open to the wind were a set of town planning for good air circulation. guidelines, issued by the Buildings have arcades on Spanish crown for all settlements in the new world. the ground floor and the uses around the plaza are These guidelines govern reserved for civic uses. Civic all aspects of Bogotá’s uses are then surrounded historic urban form and give by a mix of other uses. the city’s historic core its Furthermore, the architecture unique character. The rules is to have a uniform style. include specifics for how to These rules are apparent plan towns based upon their proximity to water, the climate, when walking through the historic neighborhood of La and altitude. Based upon the specifics of the site particular Candelaria. rules would be enacted.

The size of the plaza is The Spanish settled in Bogotá dependent on the size of the city and because Bogotá in 1538 by Gonzalo Jimenez was projected to have a large de Quesada. Bogotá’s cold population the plaza size was climate, location not along larger than the average plaza the water, and high altitude size for a Spanish settlement. impacted the layout and Plaza de Bolivar is the central design of the city. The law plaza and it is 400’ by 375’. of the indies dictates that a central plaza be built, the The streets of Bogotá are streets be laid out in a grid wider than street in other and there be the religious Spanish settlements because center located on the plaza. the city is located in a cool The minimum size dictated climate. by the law of the indies was LAWS OF THE INDIES

Fig. 66 - Law of Indies Impacts Plazas Size

Fig. 67 - Law of Indies Impacts Street Width

Fig. 68 - Law of Indies Impacts Temple Location

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Additionally, the laws of the indies dictate that in high altitudes that the main church needs to be set back from the plaza. This is seen in Plaza de Bolivar with the cathedral set back and up a grad stairway.

Ultimately, the Laws of the Indies create a city fabric that is dense, historically routed, and provide mixed uses.

Fig. 69 - Law of Indies Impacts Grid, Street Scale, Plazas

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LAWS OF THE INDIES

BogotĂĄ was built under the Laws of the Indies. These laws provide many rules for all new Spanish settlements.

Most visibly they dictate that cities have a grid, of human scaled streets, public plazas, and religious center and civic uses around the plazas.

Most recently, the urban renewal policies and projects of the PeĂąalosa administration have departed with the Laws of the Indies.

The TransMilenio bus rapid transit system and Tercer Milenio Park divided the grid and human scale of the city. The social housing development of La Hoja is an example of social housing that also breaks with the scale and historic context of the city.

areas of single use buildings.

Laws of the Indies provided a natural context to the city that these plans are breaking with.

The tram proposal will continue to divide the city like the TransMilenio system has done.

When moving forward with the plan for Voto Nacional, we are taking into consideration what these plans are proposing and offering alternatives to these developments. In many cases, this means a modernizations of the Laws of the Indies: to reinstate the gird, provide human scaled buildings and public spaces, and adding mixed uses.

The plans for new developments in San Bernardo and San Victorino break with the fabric of the city and provide concentrated Fig. 70 - Historic Street in La Candelaria. Dimensions prescribed by Laws of the Indies

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Fig. 1 Active cultural life on pedstrian only street

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND GOALS Diagnosing key challenges and recognizing major opportunities are critical to guide goal development and planning decisions. We explored available data sources, reflect on our field trip experience, and mapped out existing issues within and around the Voto Nacional Neighborhood.

We consider the key challenges to be

Concentration of Crime and Vulnerable Population, Housing Shortage, Weak Local Economy and Area Disconnection.

GOALS

These challenges and opportunities are interrelated, and they need to be addressed in a holistic way. We synthesize them to approach our five goals for a people first, place based responsible urban renewal plan for the Voto Nacional area. We believe that urban renewal should not only solved the area’s physical problems, but care for the people - existing local vulnerable population, residents in the area that are at risk of being displaced, and the larger pool of citizens who could choose to live in this central location.

We also acknowledged significant areasUrban A Pilot Program foropportunities Responsible

High Value Land, Local and Regional Connections, A System of Public Space and Young Local Population

Renewal, which Prioritizes:

Housing Opportunities for People of All Incomes Empowerment of Women & Children

Neighborhood & Regional Connectivity

Economic Opportunities that Create Wealth

Safe & Human Scale Public Realm Sustainable & Green Neighborhood

Fig. 2 Goal Diagram

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES & GOALS

KEY CHALLENGES

Fig. 3 Crime

Fig. 4 Land use

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CONCENTRATION OF CRIME AND VULNERABLE POPULATION

Voto Nacional suffers from high poverty and crime rates.

Gang crimes involving drug dealing, violence and torture are concentrated in El Bronx and Tercer Milenio Park. This activity affects neighboring corridors. Prostitution is prevalent in this area, and tends to concentrate in close proximity of Voto Nacional.

The presence of serious crime and violence has created a negative perception of the community.

WEAK LOCAL ECONOMY

The local economy is comprised of a homogeneous cluster of auto body shops. Auto body shops concentrated along Calle 8 create an industrial street front that is not inviting for pedestrian traffic. There are also businesses associated to drug and gang crime such as hotels, bars and nightclubs. Most buildings in the neighborhood are poorly maintained.

Fig. 5 Physical Condition

HOUSING SHORTAGE

DISCONNECTION

The neighborhood consists of predominantly commercial use. Few residential establishments are observed.

Some people do however live on the second floor of retail businesses. Lack of housing provision, poor building conditions and proximity to high crime presence almost eliminate residential developments within Voto Nacional.

As Transmilenio runs along Carrera 10,14 and Calle 13, these streets auto-oriented.

Wide crossing and dusty street are discouraging for foot traffic to and from Voto Nacional.

BRT stations usually span through one to two blocks and disable traffic flow across the street. Tercer Milenio Park is a dangerous park. It becomes a Fig. 6 Barrier major barrier separating Voto Nacional from La Candelaria, the city’s historic core.

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CHALLENGES SYNTHESIZED

Continuing neighborhood decline has led to a deteriorating physical condition of building stock. This physical deterioriation has been coupled with poor social an economic connections due to the prevalance of violent crime. El Bronx has been taken over by the government and demolition has begun. But will gangs and crime simply move elsewhere?

How can we prevent displacement of the vulnerable population when development occurs? How do we build a resilient social network?

Fig. 7 Challenges Synthesized Fig. 8 Major barrier cause by the BRT along Carerra 14

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES & GOALS

KEY OPPORTUNITIES

Fig. 9 Land Value

Fig. 10 Economic

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HIGH VALUE LAND

A SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SPACE

A network of public plazas grew from Plaza de Bolivar, and extend west throughout Voto Nacional. There is potential for another smaller corridor of public space on Calle 7. The stream path of San Francisco River runs through the west side of Tercer Milenio Park. The stream is now an underground sewer. A brick road was built along its original trial upstream location on the northeast. We could continue this environmental axis and LOCAL & REGIONAL CONNECTION restore the stream trail so that Tercer Milenio Park is key to it also manages stormwater reactivating the connection runoff. between Voto Nacional and La Candelaria. Redevelopment YOUNG LOCAL POPULATION Hugh opportunity lies in local of El Bronx can serve as a people in Voto Nacional. The new neighborhood anchor, delivering community services neighborhood has a fairly young population. Given more and reinforcing east-west education facilities and better linkage from La Candelaria, community services, the through Voto Nacional. La neighborhood could expect a Sabana Station is currently better-educated generation, under-utilized, but has the potential to stimulate Transit- more higher-skilled jobs and more harmonized social Oriented Development (TOD) environment. to meet regional demand.

Voto National is in close proximity to La Candelaria and Plaza de Bolivar, the historic core of the nation.

San Victorino, the largest commercial hub in the country is just north of Tercer Milenio Park. Both attractions enjoy enormous foot traffic and bustling commercial activity.

Voto Nacional can leverage this high value land to attract investment that can generate proceeds for social programming.

Fig. 11 Public Realm Connection

Fig. 12&13 Young Population

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OPPORTUNITIES SYNTHESIZED

Voto Nacional is situated in a prime economic location.

Connectivity is key for economic vibrancy and bustling street life from La Candelaria and San Victorino to Voto Nacional and beyond. Parque Tercer Milenio lies in the middle of the linkage and becomes a critical piece to break the physical and social barrier and leverage the area as a whole. The redevelopment of El Bronx could further the economic influence and support local population by enhancing education facilities and promoting social assistance.

And in the long term, the neighborhood could spur regional connection with a wellpositioned Transit-Oriented Development, and achieve regional importance.

Fig. 7 Challenges Fig. 14 Opportunity Synthesized Fig. 15 Successful streetscape corridor in Chinatown, Washington D.C.

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES & GOALS

GOALS

A PILOT PROGRAM THAT IS A PEOPLE-FIRST AND RE-INTERPRETS THE LAWS OF HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE OF ALL INCOMES Bogotá has a 370,000 unit housing shortage.

Voto Nacional’s single-use commercial character creates a district that is un-active and unsafe at night. We think making Voto Nacional a mixeduse, mixed-income neighborhood including ample housing for people of all income levels would aid in solving both these local and city-wide housing issues.

EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN & CHILDREN We would like to prioritize investment in people by empowering the most vulnerable in Voto Nacional – the women and girls who have been victims of the sex trade and homeless families who have been displaced from rural violence. We plan to offer them better opportunities, not only to meet their basic needs, but also to become empowered and active members of the community.

NEIGHBORHOOD & REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY Physical barriers and underutilized railway station has isolated the neighborhood from vibrant economic and cultural areas. We propose to bring back human scale urban grids and improve the streetscape for better bike access and walkability.

We advocate for former underground subway plan that went through Sabana train station, and revitalize the station into a multi-modal hub.

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THE INDIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, WHICH PRIORITIZES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES THAT CREATE WEALTH Voto Nacional has some of the most vulnerable, disenfranchised people in the whole of Colombia.

Traditional urban renewal would simply push these people out to other parts of the city. We want to prioritize providing these residents with economic opportunities in the form of income creation and wealth generation by investing in jobs and local entrepreneurship.

SAFE & HUMAN SCALE PUBLIC REALM Past previous renewal projects have created vast, uninviting and unsafe streets and public spaces. In our plan, we seek to create active and comfortable public spaces that fit into the local context, in particular the historic urban design system, the Law of the Indies.

SUSTAINABLE & GREEN NEIGHBORHOOD For too long, new developments in Bogotá have disregarded ecological systems. We plan to reconnect with city-wide ecological systems and create energy-efficient buildings and public spaces to create a district that is net zero, in that is self-sufficient in terms of most key systems – energy, waste, and stormwater systems.

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Fig.1 - Pedestrian only street closure in Bogotรก with a vibrant street festival and activities

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A RESPONSIBLE RENEWAL PLAN Urban renewal has the opportunity to heal and mend a community that has suffered from decades of crime and disinvestment. It is critical to approach renewal in a way that seeks to create change that has a meaningful impact on the lives of those most afflicted by poverty. A responsible approach to renewal is possible, and can exemplify the best of planning approaches that couple innovative programs with thoughtful spatial change.

This plan, A Responsible Renewal Plan, recommends programs and interventions that place people at the core of long term planning efforts. A people first approach centers on providing social programs, community spaces and economic development programs that create a neighborhood of empowered people.

People first interventions are underscored by a framework plan rooted in spatial changes that modernize the Laws of the Indies. The Laws of the Indies focused on creating human scaled spaces that enabled vibrant social, economic and cultural activities to flourish in neighborhoods. This plan seeks to both modernize and to re-interpret the Laws of Indies, in order to cultivate a strong sense of place that supports social, economic and environmental resiliency.

Fig.2 - Proposed Sabana Station Transit Oriented Development brings new life in an underutilized space

Fig.3 - Proposed Parque de la Paz civic center and plaza provide new space for the community

Voto Nacional can be a pilot for a new approach to renewal and revitalization in Bogotรก and Colombia as a whole. As populations continue to grapple with internal conflict and displacement, it is critical for local and national governments to invest in people and the systems that support them.

Fig. 4 - Proposed new human scaled Parque Tercer Milenio features a rain garden and ecological center

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PEOPLE FIRST

A HOLISTIC APPROACH

Job Training Mental Health Clinic Sexual Health Clinic

Technical Assistance School

Health & Well Being Social Housing

Fig.5 - Network map of programs and services

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Recreational Space

Block Captains New Tercer Milenio

Thriving Economy

Community Center

Community

Shelters

Local Hiring Program

Peace Park

Facade Improvements

Vendor Carts Affordable Retail Space Co-op

A responsible approach to urban renewal puts people at the core of transformative changes to the neighborhood.

Programs, policies and interventions should work together to improve the social and economic health of individuals and families.

The future of Voto Nacional should be centered on new social programs, community spaces and economic development initiatives that together improve the quality of life for those living in and migrating to the community.

Social programs aim to improve the health, safety and security of the community’s most vulnerable citizens, while a strategy for community space seeks to unite the community and commermorate the past. Economic development programs aim to both create stable jobs, build wealth and ultimately ensure that residents thrive economically.

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HEALTH & WELL-BEING

SOCIAL PROGRAMS OVERVIEW

Mental Health Clinic Sexual Health Clinic

School Health & Well Being

Social Housing

Block Captains Shelters

Voto Nacional currently lacks the social program infrastructure needed to support its deeply marginalized population.

Social programs and services are critical in healing a community that has grappled with constant crime and growing poverty.

We recommend prioritizing the safety and security of vulnerable populations through a range of housing opportunities. Temporary emergency shelters and permanent social housing comprise the largest and most meaningful change for the community. Additional services in healthcare and education further add to physical and emotional well being of residents. Together, these initiatives form a strong support network for ensuring the health and well-being of residents. This well-being starts with housing.

Fig.6 - Social programs that focus on improving the health and well-being of residents

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HOUSING

HOUSING FIRST

PERMANENT SOCIAL HOUSING

A housing first approach is the best approach to social housing. Housing first means putting the well being of the most vulnerable at the core of the plan by providing a spectrum of housing options to those in need. These housing options include shelters with specialized services, permanent social housing and social housing designated for women and children.

Creating quality and lasting social housing stock is key to supporting the existing Voto Nacional population and integrating incoming populations displaced by conflict. Through a mix of new development and infill development, this plan proposes to create 7,000 social housing units over the course of 15 years in Voto Nacional. The existing robust VIP and VIS private developer market provides the basis for forming partnerships that bring new social housing assets to the community.

Fig. 7 - Plaza de la Hoja social housing project

HOUSING THE HOMELESS

Homelessness remains a pervasive issue in Voto Nacional. This proposal includes the creation of homeless shelters strategically located next to existing social services at the San José Hospital. Shelters are the first step in ensuring that those afflicted from drug crime can can begin to heal by receiving safe housing and wrap around social support services.

Fig. 8 - El Recreo social housing project

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CASA DE LA MADRE Y EL NIÑO La Fundacion Casa de la Madre y el Niño (Foundation for the House of Mothers and Children) aims to support homeless women and children. The organization was founded 73 years ago in Bogotá and has grown to be a leader in foster care and shelter services for women and children.

Today, the organization provides a range of services to women and children. These services include maternal education and support, temporary housing for women, and foster and adoption services for children.

Much care is also placed on the physical and mental health of women and children accessing the organization’s services. Primary care, psychology and counselling services are also offered by the organization.

The organization would be an ideal partner in establishing a women’s shelter in Voto Nacional and for supporting programming for social housing exclusive to women and children.

To date, the quality of social housing stock developed in and around Bogotá has varied.

As the core of the city, social housing in Voto Nacional should reflect the highest quality housing stock as it can be a model for new methods of creating social housing in neighborhoods with the most need.

Fig. 9 - Childcare center at Casa de la Madre y el Niños

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FOCUS ON WOMEN & CHILDREN

Empowering the people of Voto Nacional begins with strengthening women and children. We propose the creation of social housing development in Voto Nacional that is dedicated solely housing women and children.

This development would be connected to a network of proposed social housing developments while seeking to offer targeted servicesto women. Cities around the world are bolstering their social housing programs by adding specialized social housing stock that supports its most vulnerable citizens.

In Canada, Toronto’s YWCA opened the Elm Centre in 2012. The Elm Centre provides housing to low income women and children as well as women suffering from mental health challenges.

The complex houses an auditorium for events, and a women’s resource center.

Fig. 10 - YWCA Elm Street Centre women’s affordable housing development in Toronto, Canada

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MIXED INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS

Creating mixed income neighborhoods is a valuable approach to funding new social housing stock.

Financial resources can be generated by the creation of market rate housing in new developments in Voto Nacional. This market rate housing would serve to both fund new social housing stock as well as reduce the city’s long standing socioeconomic divides. Many cities around the world have taken a mixed income, mixed use approach to generating public private partnerships in order to fund and maintain high quality social housing stock.

This plan proposes the creation of mixed use neighborhoods that also generate revenue to fund services. This mixed use strategy aims to create and sustain local jobs as well as diversify the existing homogenous make up of the local economy.

Fig. 11 - Market rate housing in Parque de la Independencia in Bogotá

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REGENT PARK, TORONTO Toronto’s Regent Park Revitalization exemplifies a mixed income, mixed use approach to generating social housing stock.

As a former site of urban renewal, Regent Park faced challenges maintaining and creating new social housing stock. The site, however, was located in a high value location which enabled a public private partnership agreement with Daniels Corporation to generate a mix of market rate and affordable housing units.

The $1 billion revitalization was comprised of a mix of affordable and market rate buildings, commercial spaces and a new community and recreational center.

The Regent Park Revitalization is lauded as a successful example of approaching mixed income social housing developments and leveraging valuable land to offset the costs of developing social housing and ongoing social services.

Fig. 12 - New developments in Regent Park

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CAJA DE COMPENSAR

Fig. 13 - Caja de Compensar project: Arboleda de Chicalá

Engaging the private sector is critical in creating robust social housing in the core of Bogotá.

The Caja de Compensar is an ideal development partner to create and implement a mixed income, mixed use approach to new development in Voto Nacional.

Fig. 14 - Caja de Compensar project: Senderos de las Acacias

The Caja de Compensar has been responsible for leading a variety of VIP, VIS and market rate developments throughout the city and its periphery. As an administrator of low income housing subsidies, mortgage lender and developer, the Caja de Compensar has the right technical expertise to engage in this complex redevelopment.

Fig. 15 - Caja de Compensar project: Montearroyo nueva etapa

It is important that a Request for Proposals (RFP) process be created to select the appropriate development partner or consortium of partners. This process not only creates transparency, but also encourages higher quality proposals through a competitive process.

CAJA SYSTEM IN COLOMBIA Colombia is home to a robust network of financial insititutions that focus on community finance and cooperative banking models. These “cajas” are institutions that operate in many forms ranging from credit unions to pension funds. A caja may have a particular connection to a labor union ie. military employee union or serve a community or municipality.

Throughout the country, cajas have begun to engage in market rate and social housing development. As conduits for the federal government’s mortgage subsidies, many cajas have started to become a one stop shop for propective home owners. Acting as the developer, lender and mortgage subsidy/ guarantee administrator.

Cajas often offer financial education and financial inclusion products to bring the previously “unbankable” into the formal banking sector.

Voto Nacional provides an opportunity for a caja to engage in the redevelopment of a core community in the city from the very beginning of this transformative change.

This plan proposes the creation of a subsidiary of the Caja de Compensar that is dedicated to Voto Nacional. In return for an equity stake in projects, the Caja de Compensar can share in the upside potential of market rate investments while supporting community development initiatives.

Fig. 16 - Caja de Compensar

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HEALTHCARE

HEALING A COMMUNITY

SEXUAL HEALTH

For too long, violence and crime have affected the mental and physical well being of those living in Voto Nacional.

This situation, coupled with displacement from El Bronx, calls for more services to rehabilitate those who are still victims of these events.

We identified a gap in access to mental and sexual health services in Voto Nacional.

This plan seeks to fill that gap through a strategic partnership with an existing service provider.

Empowering women must begin with ensuring that they are safe and secure from sexual violence and forced sex work. High rates of prostitution, child prostitution and the prevalence of STDs can be addressed through a greater focus on sexual health services. Profamilia serves as the ideal partner for expanding its services to Voto Nacional.

Fig. 17 - Profamilia mobile clinic in Alto Florida

MENTAL HEALTH

The impact of violence on local women and children calls for an increased focus on providing mental health services to these groups.

Partnering with an exising service provider, Profamilia, this plan recommends the establishment of a new mental health and sexual health clinic in Voto Nacional. This clinic would provide out-patient care and in-patient care at the proposed homeless shelter.

Fig. 18 - Profamilia educators in suburb of Bogotรก

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Sexual health clinics are often the first point of contact for women experiencing sexual violence or forced prostitution. A sexual health clinic in Voto Nacional would provide women with means of accessing services, and also means of accessing emergency shelters and permanent housing.

A temporary mental and sexual health clinic could be set up in the interim before the construction of a permanent site.

PROFAMILIA Profamilia is a part of the global Planned Parenthood network. Profamilia seeks to serve women and families requiring primary care, sexual health and mental health supports.

Profamilia is active throughout the country with permanent clinics in urban settings and mobile clinics that travel to rural and remote locations that lack health services.

The organization focuses primarily on family planning, reproductive and sexual health services. Profamilia primarily serves women and children but, also has services for men seeking sexual health and family planning support.

The organization was founded in 1965 and has developed a robust suite of services and programs that would benefit Voto Nacional.

A new Profamilia clinic in Voto Nacional would bring much needed sexual health services to the core of the city.

Fig. 19 - Profamilia clinic in Cartagena

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SCHOOLS&CHILDCARE

Fig. 20 - City operated morgue: Proposed site of elementary school

NEW BEGINNINGS IN OLD PLACES

Schools are the foundation to the well being of children.

Schools can also provide a temporary home for health and social services as the neighborhood builds its capacity.

We propose the creation of two new schools within Voto Nacional - an elementary school and a high school.

These schools would serve to accomodate new population growth from San Bernardo as well the existing Voto Nacional population.

AV Colegio Calasanz is the ideal partner for establishing each of the new schools in Voto Nacional. While education in Colombia is free, schools are owned and operated by non-profit and for-profit organizations that receive government funding to provide educational services.

Colegio Calasanz is a leader in BogotĂĄ in providing primary and high school education. It seeks to expand its services throughout the city and to be a national leader in education. An expansion into Voto Nacional would demonstrate their commitment to providing quality education to all children.

Two underutilized government sites are the ideal locations for new schools. Each of these buildings are historic and located at the core of the neighborhood - providing easy access to housing and community spaces. These sites would be paired with the creation of new parks that center on children’s programming.

Fig. 22 - Colegio Calasanz students Fig. 21 - Military storage space: Proposed site of high school

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COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY SPACE OVERVIEW

Colombians use parks and public spaces in a variety of ways from street festivals to games and entertainment.

Voto Nacional has the opportunity to create a network of programmed community spaces that bring greater social cohesion to the neighborhood.

Peace Park Community Center

Community Recreational Space New Tercer Milenio

Fig. 23 -Proposed redevelopment and new developments aim to cultivate a sense of community

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This plan proposes a set of community spaces that include: the creation of a children’s park in the new San Bernardo social housing development; a resized and human scaled Parque Tercer Milenio; Parque de la Paz, a park to commemorate the history of El Bronx. Each of these spaces represents a re-interpretation of the Laws of the Indies as they pertain to human scaled spaces.

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COMMUNITY

HUMAN SCALED SPACES

One of the defining features of successful public spaces in Bogotรก is the focus on human scaled space. Whether it is pedestrian only corridors, plazas or parks, the most lively spaces appear to be those with the right scale to encourage social activity.

This plan draws upon successful spaces throughout Bogotรก as a model for creating new community spaces in Voto Nacional.

Fig. 24 - Vendors along car free road on a Sunday afternoon in Bogotรก

TERCER MILENIO As described in Chapter 1, Parque Tercer Milenio provides its own unique challenges to Voto Nacional. As a park that has broken from the traditional Laws of the Indies size for public spaces, it is an unprogrammed open space that is dangerous and under utilized.

We propose the redevelopment of Parque Tercer Milenio into a smaller and more human scaled park. This park would have recreational facilities and programming that drives pedestrian activity in the park and encourages community engagement.

Instead of overwhelming the built space as it does now, Tercer Milenio has the opportunity to complement existing public parks and plazas and add an element of recreation and usable green space in the heart of the city.

For Voto Nacional, it is critical to resize existing large scale parks such as Parque Tercer Milenio and create new spaces that encourage social activity and community cohesion.

The core of these human scaled spaces begins with the Parque de la Paz as the home for civic, cultural and community programming.

Fig. 26 - Open space of Parque Tercer Milenio

Fig. xxx Fig. 25 - Bogotรกns playing chess on a Sunday afternoon car free day

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PARQUE DE LA PAZ

Fig. 27 - Raids in El Bronx in May 2016

COMMEMORATING EL BRONX

SPACE FOR EVERYONE

As the epicenter of violence and crime, the demolition of El Bronx is not an event to take lightly.

Rather this demolition can serve to signify a new beginning for the community centered on peace, mutual respect and community.

The recent FARC deals further demonstrate the need to create spaces for continuous reflection on the past and hope for the future. For this reason, we recommend the creation of a new park, Parque de la Paz, at the former site of El Bronx.

Parque de la Paz would provide spaces and programs for all members of the community. A mix of outdoor recreational space, a civic center, a community center and outdoor seating and vendor space aim to create a diverse set of uses for the space. Individual site elements can operate with unique programming, but still allow the site to have site wide events and programs that encompass the whole of Parque de la Paz.

PARQUE DE LA PAZ

Parque de la Paz (Peace Park) would serve as the social, cultural, and historic core of the neighborhood. The site would serve a hub for the organizations operating the various social and economic programs described throughout the plan. Parque de la Paz would include a mix of buildings and spaces that encourage public gatherings and social activities.

PARQUE 93 Parque 93 is a local model for a human scale park with vibrant programming that is driven by local residents. Parque 93 is located in the north of Bogotá and its programming is run by a Friends of Parque 93 organization.

Parque 93 is located in a strata 6 (highest income) neighborhood. While the context is different, Parque 93 exemplifies the right type of scale and focus on providing events and spaces that serve the local community.

Parque 93 receives financial support from the businesses that line the retail corridor that borders the park. This funding model may not be immediately achievable in Voto Nacional but it provides a model that could be used in the future once local businesses within Voto Nacional have the financial capacity to be stewards of local green and public spaces.

The proposed site plan (next page) shows the human scaled size of Parque de la Paz and provides an overview of the programs that serve each of the newly created spaces on the site.

A “Friends of Parque de la Paz” should be estblished to program and operate the new park.

Fig. 29 - Book festival at Parque 93, October 2016

Fig. 28 - Raids in El Bronx in May 2016

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PARQUE DE LA PAZ CIVIC CENTER

A vacant historic building borders the current site of El Bronx. One of the prominent features of Parque de la Paz would be the restoration of this building and a new use as a civic center. Given that one facade is currently dilapidated, we propose the creation of a glass extension that opens to face Parque de la Paz. This glass facade would symbolize new community opennesss and interaction.

The civic center would host public events and be the administrative hub for local nonprofits and organizations managing programs that serve the community.

Fig. 30 - Parque de la Paz rendering illustrates a civic center with a glass facade to represent new community openness

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COMMUNITY CENTER

The focal point of Parque de la Paz is a green space accessible by each of the new sites within the park. This green space will be home to a children’s playground, picnic area and community garden.

This space will also provide a welcoming entrance into Parque de la Paz from the street.

In the center of Parque de la Paz, we propose the creation of a community center and childcare center. The community center would serve to provide access to much needed resources to the community.

The community center would house a computer center, public library, study spaces, The green space will also have dance spaces and a toy library. a civic plaza that supports Limited to access to computers events and recreational was recently identified as a activity. An existing program, challenge in the neighborhood Recreovia, provides workout

by Como Vamos Bogotá and classes throughout the city this site would help fill that for women and the elderly gap. The on-site day childcare and this site could be utilized center would be coupled with a by them to expand their toy library would provide toys programming. that children can share and use at no cost.

A focal point of the green space will be a landmark The building would be designed public art piece that plays to have porous facades that tribute to the history of El allow for indoor and outdoor Bronx. This piece should be events that blend into Parque commissioned by local artists de la Paz but still have the and reflect the community’s ability for closed and private vision for local artwork. events.

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Memorial Public Art

Green Space

Community Center

New High School

GREEN SPACE

Civic Center & Historic Preservation

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Vendor & Art Space

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Fig. 31 - Site plan for Parque de la Paz

VENDOR & ART SPACE

The outer edge of Parque de la Paz would have a semipermanent two storey open structure that allows for vending and art exhibitions.

Unlike the historic building and new community center, this site would be much more adaptive

to the needs of the community.

It would provide flexible seating and dining space on the main floor with a second floor overlooking the park. The second floor would showcase artwork and also serve as a potential open air theater.

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Fig. 32 - Parque de la Paz rendering illustrates a vibrant pedestrian corridor within the park that spills over from a lively vendor and art space

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Fig. 33 - Perspectival section of Parque de la Paz illustrates the proposed civic center, community center and vendor space

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Fig. 34 - Section of Vendor and Art Space within Parque de la Paz illustrates the flexible nature of vending and exhibition space

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THRIVING ECONOMY

ECONOMIC PROGRAMS OVERVIEW

Job Training Technical Assistance Local Hiring Program Thriving Economy Facade Improvements

Vendor Carts Affordable Retail Space Co-op

Fig. 35- Thriving Economy programs aim to ensure that residents have access to income and wealth creation

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This plan proposes a dual approach to creating a thriving economy in Voto Nacional.

This dual approach includes a focus on income creation and an explicit goal of building local wealth through entrepreneurship.

Strategies for creating income enable residents to access financial means that can improve their livelihood and that of their community.

This strategy aims to take advantage of investment in new developments to create jobs and to flow capital into the neighborhood.

Strategies for creating wealth for local residents enable residents to build wealth by promoting small business creation and creating spaces for affordable retail spaces.

This strategy aims to engage existing local business owners as well as create opportunities for new, low income entrepreneurs.

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INCOME CREATION

The proposed redevelopment of Parque Tercer Milenio and a transit-oriented development at Sabana Station (to be discussed later in Chapter 4), bring with them the potential to create approximately 8,000 jobs over 15 years. The multibillion dollar investments into these projects are an opportunity for local residents to share in the benefits of this new development.

LOCAL HIRING POLICY

This plan proposes the implementation of a local hiring policy on new developments that use government funding (ie. VIS/ VIP mortgage subsidies) or government owned land.

8,000 jobs over 15 years

Additionally, a job matching program as well as a jobs training program would equip residents with the skills that they need to access new jobs that come about from new development.

BUILD CHANGE Build Change is an international development NGO that provides technical vocational skills training. In Colombia, Build Change focuses on fostering construction skills in communities throughout Bogotรก and Medellin.

The organization strives to improve building condiitions, increase housing resiliency to natural disasters and cultivate local construction labor leaders.

Throughout the construction of new developments in Voto Nacional, Build Change could work alongside local residents to ensure that they are well equipped to access new jobs created from new construction. Working with both adults and students, Build Change has the potential to empower residents to take advantage of the opportunities that come with large scale investments in infrastructure and new development.

Fig. 37 - Build Change brick layer training in Haiti

Fig. 36- New construction in downtown Bogotรก

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VENDOR SPACE

OUTDOOR SPACE

Fig. 39 - Vendor carts in Bogotรก

Fig. 40 - Art and local wares on display in Bogotรก

Fig. 38 - Vendor carts in Bogotรก

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Fig. 41 - Vendor carts in Bogotรก

Vendors play a prominent role in the local economy throughout the city. Streets and plazas are lined with vendors selling goods ranging from food to hand crafted artwork.

Residents of Voto Nacional have the opportunity to engage in this local economy and create microbusinesses.

We are proposing the creation of both vendor space and access to vendor carts for new vendors to start up in Voto Nacional. As described above, Parque de la Paz provides an opportunity to pilot a semipermanent outdoor vendor space structure. We propose to set aside vendor spaces in existing plazas as well as create curbless roads on key corridors that promote pedestrian activity and vending.

Signage in La Catedral and festivals centered on local food vendors are proposed to encourage visitors to frequent Voto Nacional.

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MORE THAN SOCIAL HOUSING

Fig. 42 - Sign: “If you need manicure/pedicure come in”

Fig. 43 - Sign: “Seamstress services”

Fig. 45 - Sign: “Seamstress services”

Fig. 46 - Sign indicating construction skills available

Signs on apartment doors in the social housing developments of Plaza de la Hoja and El Recreo shed light on the entrepreneurial nature of residents. It is not uncommon for social housing residents to create microbusinesses in their homes. Manicures, seamstress services and many other goods and services are on display throughout the halls of these sites.To further support these microbusinesses, we propose the creation of a retail pavillion on the main floor of social housing developments that enable residents to market and sell their goods and services to the general public.

MICROEMPRESAS DE COLOMBIA Local vendors and small businesses in Voto Nacional would benefit from technical assistance from local entrepreneurship education organizations. Microempresas de Colombia is one such organization that provides support to local microentreprises throughout the country.

The organization provides microcredit finance, consulting, business development support and training to entrepreneurs.

Microempresas de Colombia seeks to foster local entrepreneurship and serves entrepreneurs directly with financial and technical products.

Microempresas de Colombia also aims to help low income entrepreneurs by teaching savings programs and helping entrepreneurs build credit to access mainstream financial products for growth.

This approach provides residents (most likely women) with income streams and the potential to growth into permanent retail establishments.

Fig. 48 - Outreach event to entrepreneurs Fig. 44 - Sign: “Yambal and natural make up sold here”

Fig. 47 - Sign: “Seamstress services”

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SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS

In addition to supporting vendors, it is critical to support bricks and mortar businesses with buildimg improvments and technical assistance.

Recognizing that building and business needs will vary, internventions will vary as well.

Factors to consider include building condition, vacancy, type of retail. These factors were applied to a susceptibility to change analysis to determine if a building has a low, medium or high susceptibility to change.

FACADE IMPROVEMENTS

Similarly, buildings with a medium susceptibility to change will likely require facade improvements and structural improvements.

Access to capital would best catalyze these changes.

INFILL DEVELOPMENT

High susceptability to change buildings are most likely vacant, abandoned or home to illicit activities. The Caja de Compensar could strategically acquire these parcels for infill development for housing and of new retail businesses.

Buildings with a low susceptability to change likely require less physical intervention but rather minor facade improvements.

Proposed strategies include the creation of a microgrant and microloan program administered by the Caja de Compensar to facilitate facade improvements.

Fig. 50 - Low susceptibility to change

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Low

Medium

Fig. 49 - Susceptibility to change map

Fig. 51 - Medium susceptibility to change

Fig. 52 - High susceptibility to change

High

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Fig. xxx Fig. 53 - Rendering: Historic preservation and facade improvements

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Fig. 54 - Rendering: Infill development for both new residential and new retail businesses

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HOUSING INFILL

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

Abandoned spaces and dilapidated buildings provide an opportunity for infill housing development. The Caja de Compensar could strategically acquire and develop infill sites. These sites could provide new VIS or VIP housing as well as market rate housing for cost off setting.

This program would be an ongoing activity of the Caja de Compensar.

Lastly, beyond access to capital and access to space, technical assistance increases the success of fledgling entrepreneurs.

There are a multitude of organizations within Bogotรก that provide technical assistance to entrepreneurs.

These supports include workshops, mentorship and general legal and financial advisory supports.

RETAIL INFILL

Spaces could also be acquired for new business creation.

Rather than have the Caja de Compensar manage new retail spaces, ownership and management of infill retail spaces could be transferred to co-ops led by local residents.

Residents may opt to start their own businesses in affordable space and/or rent to market rate tenants. This strategy continues to build wealth for local residents and brings control back to residents.

The proposed community center in Parque de la Paz is the ideal center to invite speakers and technical assistance providers to run workshops and programming. Technical assistance programs should be responsive to the needs of local businesses and aim to provide expertise that businesses identify as requiring support in. Technical assisance coupled with space and financing will enable new, locally owned businesses to flourish in Voto Nacional.

CAMARA DE COMERCIO DE BOGOTร The Chamber of Commerce of Bogotรก is actively engaged in building the local business community of the city. The Chamber of Commerce would be an ideal partner for bringing technical assistance to existing small and medium sized wholesale businesses that currently operate in Voto Nacional.

The Chamber of Commerce could also play an intermediary role in bringing new businesses to the community and to the downtown core.

The Chamber of Commerce also seeks to drive customers to frequent local businesses and support local entrepreneurship. The organization could play a role in better promoting the neighborhood and attracting visitors to the community.

Fig. 55 - Camara de Comercio de Bogotรก

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FRAMEWORK PLAN PLACE BASED INTERVENTIONS

Thoughtful physical interventions are key to realizing the success of the responsible renewal plan and the people-based initiatives previously outlined. In this section, we will outline where our major programmatic interventions occur in space and how these interventions help to form a comprehensive set of spatial systems.

The following site plan provides an illustration of the framework plan that will be described in this section. This site plan is further expanded on in Chapter 4.

Fig. 56 - Full area site plan

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OVERVIEW

We envision our framework plan responding well to the local context of commercial, institutional, and mixed use surrounding neighborhoods by scaling our interventions to fit within the historic street grid as codified in the Spanish colonial city-planning code: the Laws of the Indies.

By returning to the scale of the surrounding neighborhoods, we envision a seemless transition for people using multiple modes of transit from the existing nodes of street activity in La Candelaria and San Victorino into Voto Nacional.

Thus, we envision our urban design approach as an effort to create quality places through a contemporary interpretation of the Law of the Indies.

SYSTEMS APPROACH

This framework plan is comprised of a series of place-based systems. This systems approach supports the people first approach described above. It is critical to understand how each system works and connects to one another.

But while we want to return to the block scale of the Law of the Indies, we want to take advantage of the high land value and central location of Voto Nacional to build with slightly higher density than is typical in the historic core of the city.

Fig. 57 - Rendering of proposed Plaza EspaĂąa improvements

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SYSTEMS APPROACH INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS

Our place based plan includes an interrelated group of systems which together will help to support our peoplebased approach. We believe that for any of our individual interventions to succeed, we need to foster an overall sense that the whole neighbohood is changing for the better.

Phase 2: Transit Oriented Development

La Candelaria

Connections Open & Green Space System Public Private Partnerships Health & Well Being Thriving Economy Environmental Systems

Phase 1: Tercer Milenio Redevelopment

Fig. 58 - Integrated systems approach

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SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

CONNECTIONS

OPEN SPACE

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

Fig. 59 - Parque Tercer Milenio

Fig. 61 - Rendering of new Parque Tercer Milenio

Fig. 63 - Model of Tercer Milenio redevelopment

HEALTH & WELL-BEING

THRIVING ECONOMY

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

Fig. 60 - Rendering of proposed homeless shelter

Fig. 62 - Rendering of vendor space in Parque de la Paz

Fig. 64 - Streetscape improvements in Portland

To accomplish this comprehensive and equitable change we propose a set of six systems, which will support the whole of Voto Nacional. The subsequent pages will dive into these six systems in detail:

• CONNECTIONS • OPEN SPACE • PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS • HEALTH & WELL-BEING • THRIVING ECONOMY • ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

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CONNECTIONS In order to best connect Voto Nacional to the city, we are proposing a regional transit connection and a reconnection of the previous street grid before Parque Tercer Milenio.

REGIONAL CONNECTIONS

We believe the Peñalosa administration’s proposal for an elevated tram on Carrera 14 would create a barrier that further isolates the neighborhood. Instead, we propose that the City return to its previous underground metro plan, which proposed a multi-modal transit hub in the historic Estación De La Sabana.

These actions would increase connectivity to and throughout Voto Nacional.

Fig. 65- Connections composite map

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Fig.66 - Parque Tercer Milenio broken street grid

Fig.67 - Reconnected grid at Parque Tercer Milenio

RECONNECTING THE STREET GRID

As outlined in prior chapters, we view Parque Tercer Milenio to be a failed urban renewal intervention. Due to its large size and underutilized space, we propose to reconnect

the streets through the park, returning to the historic configuration as established by the Laws of the Indies.

Fig.68 - Existing Parque Tercer Milenio

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OPEN SPACE Our open space strategy consists of creating a bike network, streetscape improvments along key corridors, and a programmed park system. These spaces aim to support building a sense of community and place.

BIKE NETWORK

We plan to add protected to bike lanes which connect the neighborhood to the rest of the city’s rich bike network.

STREETSCAPE IMPROVEMENTS

We propose streetscape improvements along the major primary and secondary streets in Voto Nacional which will include sidewalk, lighting, and stormwater improvements.

Green Systems Fig. 69 - Open Space composite map

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PARKS

Our proposal contains an interconnected system of parks, including the Peace Park in the center of the neighborhood, the re-scaled Tercer Milenio park, a transit plaza adjacent to Estación De La Sabana, and the San Francisco rain garden, which commemorates the historic footprint of the now culverted Río San Francisco.

Fig.70 - Rendering of proposed new Parque Tercer Milenio

Fig.71 - Rendering of proposed Estación de la Sabana improvements

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PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Voto Nacional neighbors two key public assets, Parque Tercer Milenio - 40 acres of prime land adjacent to San Victorino - and Estaciรณn De La Sabana - the past and future rail hub for the whole Bogotรก region. These sites are prime opportunities for leveraging public land for public private partnership developments.

Phase 2: Transit Oriented Development

LEVERAGING PUBLIC ASSETS

We propose two phases of new development which leverage the value of these public assets--through public private partnerships-to create a series of social benefits, both on these sites and across the neighborhood.

Phase 1: Tercer Milenio Redevelopment New Development Areas Fig. 72- Public Private Partnerships composite map

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PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT

The first phase of development will be at Parque Tercer Milenio, which is already publicly owned. As the city begins constructing its Metro system--should it choose to pursue our proposed option-we can begin phase 2 of development: the La Sabana transit oriented development.

These developments will be interconnected by a series of economic and social linkages which will bring the neighborhood together. Each of these proposed phases will be discussed in detail in Chapter 4.

Fig.73 - Connections between phases

Fig.74 - Tercer Milenio development full build diagram

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HEALTH & WELL-BEING The health and well-being strategies outlined above must be well connected services that support the capabilities of one another.

Our plan seeks to ensure that social housing is well integrated within a network of social supports. These support systems include emergency housing for vulnerable populations, health services and educational institutions.

Fig. 75- Health & Well-Being composite map

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HOUSING

Throughout our new developments, we propose a system of mixed-income and mixed-use housing blocks.

These will each include a common courtyard and podium with market rate and social housing structures above.

Fig. 76 - YWCA Affordable Housing Development for Women, Toronto, Canada

VULNERABLE POPULATIONS

In order to house the most vulnerable people in Voto Nacional, we propose a housing block for women and children in the center of our Tercer Milenio development and a homeless shelter adjacent to Hospital De San JosĂŠ, directly adjacent to social support services.

Fig. 77 - Rendering of proposed homeless shelter

SOCIAL SERVICES

We propose a grouping of primary and secondary schools, health clinics, and daycares which form an institutional core, centered around the community center in the heart of the new Peace Park in the former El Bronx.

Fig. 78 - Profamilia clinic in Cartagena

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THRIVING ECONOMY In order to cultivate a thriving economy in Voto Nacional, it is critical to support a network of entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs include those who operate home based businesses, vendors and bricks and mortar small businesses.

COMMERCIAL SPACE

All of the buildings within our new developments contain ground floor retail. Each of the mixed-income social housing buildings in the site will contain retail spaces specifically allocated to social housing residents. Since the city has shown strong demand for office space, we propose office buildings along the major cooridors and adjacent to La Sabana.

Infill Development & Facade Improvement Fig. 79- Thriving Economy composite map

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VENDOR SPACE

We propose a vendor-focused market space to be built just north of the proposed Parque Tercer Milenio redevelopment.

We also propose a system of approved vendor spaces and a vendor structure in the new Parque de la Paz to help support a thriving local economy. These spaces complement the vendor cart program outlined above by offering affordable, designated space for vendors.

SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT

Supporting small businesses is vital to the revitalization of Voto Nacional. We propose the entirety of Voto Nacional be designated as a small business support area with incentive programs available-from facade improvement to infill development. A comprehensive area such as this one will ensure that the commnunity maximizes funding and technical assistance opportunities.

Fig. 80 - Paloquemao market in Bogotรก

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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Stormwater management and integrated building systems are vital tools in creating an environmentally resilient Voto Nacional.

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Streetscapes that absorb runoff will support stormwater managment for the neighborhood. The proposed San Francisco rain garden, will aim to manage runoff for the entire Tercer Milenio site.

BUILDING SYSTEMS

In all new development areas we advocate for the inclusion of green building systems that provide clean energy, reduce energy costs and increase stormwater management.

These systems not only benefir the environment, but also reduce costs for homeowners.

BUILDING SYSTEMS

Environmental Systems Target Area Fig. 81- Environmental Systems composite map

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La Candelaria

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GREEN ROOFS

SOLAR PANELS

ORGANIC WASTE BIODIGESTERS

GREYWATER CISTERNS

We propose that all new buildings feature green roofs. Green roofs on all new developments offer the opportunity to reduce stormwater by up to 40%.

These spaces also create community space for residents to gather.

Reducing energy costs helps to reduce the cost burden of homeownership on low income families. By including solar panels in building systems, homeowners can save up to 40% on their electricity bills.

Waste remains a challenging problem for Voto Nacional.

One such way to utilize organic waste is through the installation of organic waste biodigesters that produce energy. This also alleviates pressure on sewage systems by reducing sewage waste up to 60%.

Voto Nacional is a key site to pilot greywater cisterns due to the mass of new developments taking place.

Greywater systems enable residents to reduce water usage by 50-60% by using greywater for a variety of purposes.

Fig. 82 - Green roof example on multi-storey residential

Fig. 83 - Solar panel example

Fig. 84 - Biodigester example

Fig. 85 - Greywater cistern example

Fig. 86 - Green building systems for all new construction

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PLAN SUMMARY PEOPLE FIRST

Responsible urban renewal can be achieved by placing people at the core of all interventions. Our proposed approach seeks to support the individual through health and well-being, connect them to their community and ensure that they thrive economically.

This approach seeks to rectify mass displacement and persistent poverty that have not been addressed by prior urban renewal projects.

FRAMEWORK PLAN

The success of the people first approach rests on a concerted effort to create a network of systems that act at the physical home for proposed interventions.

Subsequently, the phasing laid out in this plan is critical to the financial sustainbility of the plan as a whole.

Job Training Mental Health Clinic Sexual Health Clinic

Technical Assistance School

Health & Well Being Social Housing

Fig. 87 - Network map of programs and services

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Recreational Space

Block Captains New Tercer Milenio

Thriving Economy

Community Center

Community

Shelters

Local Hiring Program

Peace Park

Facade Improvements

Vendor Carts Affordable Retail Space Co-op

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FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY & IMPLEMENTATION LEVERAGING PUBLIC ASSETS

A COMMUNITY ENDOWMENT

SOCIAL OUTPUTS & COSTS

MARKET RATE PROCEEDS

Voto Nacional borders high value real estate that is currrently underutilized. This plan proposese to leverage these limitied public resources in order to create social housing units and facilities, fund ongoing social programs and support similar projects with social benefits.

An effective urban renewal strategy must consider the long term financial sustainability of interventions and programming.

We are proposing the creation of a community endowment that is seeded by the sale of the public portion of these public private partnership developments.

Our proposed plan has the ability to generate a variety of social benefits. Approximately 7,000 units of social housing can be generated through these new developments. These social housing units nearly pay for themselves and only require a subsidy of $25 million from market rate development proceeds. Community spaces and infrastructure investments require a total of $40 million, while ongoing social and economic programs require $3 million annually through the endowment.

The development of market rate facilities throughout the site ensures an injection of capital that can sustain social investments. Our plan calls for the creation of 5,000 market rate housing units that will generate proceeds of $43 million.

Also, 210 units for nearby university students generates an additional $4 million in proceeds.

An endowment is a tool that will By first leveraging Parque ensure that the community has Tercer Milenio followed by land access to ongoing capital as it surrounding La Sabana Station, requires new investments as the City can achieve a variety of well as ongoing programming. social and economic benefits.

This innovative approach to urban renewal demonstrates From these developments, sales how responsible renewal can proceeds can be distributed be achieved with long term proportionally between public financial planning. and private development partners.The public share of Not only does Bogotรก have sales proceeds can be used the opportunity to reshape to fund capital investment Voto Nacional, but it has into housing, parks and the opportunity to do so in a infrastructure as well as seed an way that solidifies long term endowment for the community. success.

Market rate retail and office spaces are the prime development opportunities. We are proposing the creation of 2.7 million square feet of office We are confident that this public space and 2.5 million square private partnership development feet of retail space. Together, these developments net $112 model covers the costs of million in proceeds. our proposed interventions and programs. The proceeds This development model, and from an array of market rate these costs and proceeds are developments enable this further illustrated by phase on capital return to fund these the following pages. social outputs.

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Sales Proceeds

Sales Proceeds

Health & Well Being

Thriving Economy Community

PROJECT

Public Committed Land

Continuous Cash Flow Private Equity

Mezzanine Capital

Endowment

Senior Loan Capital Input

Fig. 88 - Financial Model for Public Private Partnership

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Sales Proceeds

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PHASE 1: TERCER MILENIO

$ 136 Million $ 35 Million

The Tercer Milenio Redevelopment Project acts as the first phase of the neighborhood wide transformation. The government can contribute the land and structure a joint venture with private equity. Mezzanine capital is introduced into the model to fill the gap to reach a required loan to value ratio (LTV) by loan lenders.

Thriving Economy

Health & Well Being Community

$ 20 Million

Tercer Milenio Redevelopment

Public Committed Land Private Equity

$ 1 Million/ Year

Mezzanine Capital

Endowment

Senior Loan

$ 738 Million

$ 17 Million

Fig. 89 - Financial Model for Tercer Milenio Redevelopment

PHASE 2: LA SABANA TOD

The public share of the sales proceeds of Tercer Milenio can be used to acquire land and develop the La Sabana Station TOD. In this phase, the public sector can leverage both its capital and land in order to catalyze investment into the TOD zone.

$36 Million $ 20 Million

Thriving Economy

Health & Well Being Community

$ 35 Million

La Sabana TOD

Public Committed Land Private Equity Mezzanine Capital

$ 2 Million/ Year

Endowment

Senior Loan

$ 407 Million

$ 32 Million

Fig. 90 - Financial Model for La Sabana TOD

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JLL- BOGOTÁ OFFICE OUTLOOK (END OF 2015) JLL has done an office market report for Bogotá at the end of 2015. Accoding to the report, “ office demand was surprisingly strong in 2015 at 122,000 m2. The Bogotá market has been resilient despite the macroeconomic headwinds facing Colombia. Public entities and health care providers were especially active this year, in many cases taking up entire buildings.”

Also, the submarket Centro Intl has a very low vacancy rate at almost zero. The rent is also low and there is no Class A office here. As the plan is transforming the neighborhood, the great market potential can be seen here.

ASSUMPTIONS & IMPLEMENTATION MARKET DEMAND

To further demonstrate the feasibility of this model, we have outlined several key assumptions below.

COST ASSUMPTIONS

For cost assumptions, we have referred to Colombia’s Índice de Costos de la Construcción de Vivienda (ICCV) for multifamily construction costs. Due to the lack of available local data, we calculated construction costs for office and commercial space according to their typical relationships with multifamily residential’s construction costs.

There is currently a gap for Class A offices in the submarket and this type of development is key to generating proceeds that Voto Nacional can benefit from. Rents are set to the Class A average considering the relative unmatured submarket.

Rents for commercial spaces are set based on submarket average and specific types and locations.

FINANCING ASSUMPTIONS

Other assumptions are bank required LTV of 75% and an equity investment of 10% of REVENUE ASSUMPTIONS total costs. Mezzanine captial is The prices of VIS and VIP are set structured as a subordinate loan by government standards, which or preferred equity and fills the gap. are 140 times and 70 times the municipal monthly minimum wages. The sales prices for market rate condos are based upon recent comparable transactions.

Fig. 91 - Proyeto B mixed use development

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PHASING IMPLEMENTATION

Phasing of the two developments is important in generating cash flow to fund social programs as well as the next phase of development.

The implementation chart on the next page provides an overview of the implementation timing for projects and programs.

The nature of this plan calls for development projects to occur in the shorter term, while social projects and programs are staggered through the mid-term based on priority.

Large scale investments, such as modernizing the Law of the Indies by restoring the street grid, will be most successful by adhering to the urban design frameworks that we will propose in Chapter 4. Additionally, the design of each phase is critical to both its implementation and ultimate success.

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LONG TERM

MID TERM

SHORT TERM

>10 YEARS

5- 10 YEARS

<5 YEARS

Mixed-income Residential Development Phase 1

Mixed-Income Residential Development Phase 2

Commercial Mixed-use Development Phase 1

Commercial Mixed-Use Development Phase 2 Plaza Improvements

Land Acquisition Demolish El Bronx Homeless Shelters Women and Children Social Housing

New Tercer Milenio Park

Peace Park Community Center

Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park

New Elementary School Stormwater Infrastructure Streetscape Improvements Transportation Improvements

Local Hiring Program& Job Training Co-op Retail Block Captains Health Services Childcare Program Facade Improvements Ecological Education Events Vendor Carts Recreational Programming

Project Program Fig. 92 - Implementation Timeline

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Fig. 1 - Plaza Bolivar

4

URBAN DESIGN In this section, we are aiming to establish the overarching urban design principles to guide this responsible urban renewal project in terms of its physical development.

The most essential idea is to bring the Laws of the Indies back to create human scale public spaces and streets, support the integration of social and cultural uses, and environmental stewardship.

We divided this section into four parts. Starting with the history and introduction of Laws of Indies which includes typologies of different public spaces. A local example of a good public space is, Parque 93 has been incorporated to better support our idea of modernizing the Laws of the Indies. After, we focus on Urban Design Context, which includes streetscape and how to rebuild vibrant and human scaled streets. Following this, the Development Strategy will be laid out as for how the responsible renewal plan will come to be and incorporate the new development opportunities. Tercer Milenio Park Development will be next and show how the redevelopment of the park can reconnect the area while leveraging capital to fund social interventions. Lastly, La Sabana Development will look at a long-term opportunity to revitalize the historic train station and provide more revenue to support the interventions of the people based plan.

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LAWS OF THE INDIES

Fig. 2 - Diagram Illustrating the Laws of the Indies

Bogotá, originally an important Spanish settlement, was planned and designed based on a set of “rules“ established by the Spanish crown in the 16th century.

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Fig. 3 - Map of Bogotá, 1810

The Laws of the Indies specifies148 regulations about the layout of new settlements, the relationship between public institutions and private settlements, the network of streets and density of buildings.

It has been practiced in most new communities founded by the Spanish Empire up until their independence from the crown.

The 1852 plan of Bogotá shows Plaza Bolivar in the center of the city, and the street grid system extending outward from the plaza. From plaza Bolivar west, after five blocks, there is another plaza, Plaza Los

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STREET GRID DIAGRAMS

Fig. 5 - Diagrams Illustrating the Laws of the Indies

The Law of the Indies dictates that a central plaza be built, the streets be laid out in a grid and there be the religious center located on the plaza.

Fig. 4 - Plan of Bogotá, 1852

Matires - the first plaza planned and built in Voto Nacional.

The main rational behind the grid system was to aid in land subdivision and address street and block locations. By creating a generous central

plaza, it established the dominant status of religious and political doctrine in the new settlements.

While Bogotá today has evolved into a modern city, the Laws of the Indies still has a great value

in bringing a systematic human scaled street network together, providing a system of public spaces, and fostering identity.

The minimum size dictated by the Law of the Indies was 300’ by 200’. The plaza is to have access on four side and open to the wind for good air circulation.

Buildings have arcades on the ground floor and the uses around the plaza are reserved for civic uses. Civic uses are then surrounded by a mix of other uses. Furthermore, the architecture is to have a uniform style. These rules are still apparent when walking through the historic neighborhood of La Candelaria.

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URBAN DESIGN CONTEXT

Fig. 6 - Historic Maps of Bogotá, 1894, 1910, 1936 and today’s aerial

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HISTORIC NORTH LAWS OF THE INDIES

PLAZA BOLIVAR

Fig. 7 - Existing Building Density of Voto Nacional, with red showing the historically developed northern half

Voto Nacional has had different levels of historic influence from the Laws of the Indies across its northern and southern halves of the neighborhood.

The northern half was developed much earlier than the southern half. The historic maps of BogotĂĄ show that the area east of Carrera 19 and north of Calle 9 was already developed in 1894. But the area south of Calle 9 wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t

fully developed in 1936. This left the north with a number of historic buildings while most of the buildings in the south are typical industrial and residential-commercial mixed use buildings.

The north and the south are also different in terms of land uses. While the north has higher density commercial malls in the edges of the area, and local stores along the major streets, the south is

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Located near the historic districts and with a long urbanization process, there are rich building typologies and diverse land use types within and around the area of Voto Nacional. We highlighted some of the typical building styles to better understand the traditional features in and near the neighborhood.

With this research, we can establish our urban design principles on the basis of local features and history, to capture the unique characteristics from the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban and cultural context.

Futhermore, modernizing the Laws of the Indies in terms of block types and patterns of urbanization will contribute to this designs unique sense of place in Voto Nacional.

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1

6

5

9

2 4 8

10 11

13 12

7

14 15

16

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1. Multifloor residential + commercial

2. Residential in historical building

3. BRT street

4. Commercial in historical building

5. Hospital in historical building

6. Commercial and residential

7. Multifloor commercial

8. Vacant

9. Household size mixed-uses

10. Street commercial

11.Historic landmark

12. Community education

13. Light industrial

14. Commercial and residential

15. Temporary commercial

16. Institutions

Fig.8 - Different Types of Uses and their typologies in Voto Nacional

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DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

SABANA STATION

PLAZA ESPAÃ&#x2018;A 3

HISTORIC NORTH

SAN VICTORINO

2

TERCER MILENIO

PLAZA BOLIVAR

1

LA CANDELARIA

SAN BERNARDO

Fig. 9 - Development Strategy In Response to the Existing Urban Fabric

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1

2

3

To implement the interventions discussed in the plan, we decided to leverage Parque Tercer Milenio as public assets to develop a mixed-use neighborhood to generate wealth and reorganize the public spaces to create a healthier and safer public realm. Then using the income from Tercer Milenio Development, we will create an endowment that will provide enhanced social services to the communtiy over time. Additionally, the

revenue from the first phase of development will allow for the purchase of parcels around La Sabana Station.

In the long-term future, with the renovation of La Sabana Station, regional connectivity will be improved and more and more people will come to Voto Nacional. Furthermore, a Transit Oriented Development can be realized around the station and provide more capital for the endowment and fund people based interventions.

Fig. 10 - Development Outcomes

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URBAN DESIGN TYPOLOGIES

GREEN SPACE WITHIN PLAZA

After experiencing the historic district of Bogotรก, we found it successful in terms of streetscape, scale and pubic spaces. With arcades as street front, a rhyme of order and a pleasant sense of scale and place can be established.

The form and size of blocks and public spaces as the legacy of the Laws of the Indies also help to build up walkable urban area.

Therefore, based on the same cultural context, we decided to modernize the Laws of the Indies and reinterpret it in the new urban design plan.

Fig. 11 - Plan of Plaza Bolivar

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LOCAL PUBLIC SPACE TYPOLOGIES

City Plaza

Fig.13 - Plaza Bolivar

City plaza requires higher accessibility by pedestrians as well as vehicles. Larger spaces for citizens to gather and for events to take place.

Fig. 12 - Historic Image of Plaza Bolivar

Historically, Plaza Bolivar was not the same as what it looks like today. From the historic image, we can tell it had a garden in the central area.

This garden gives the plaza a focal point and a sense of place where people would like to gather around. This can be one of the clues we make use of to design new public space within the site.

Linear Park

Fig.14 - Green Pedestrian Corridor on Calle 7

The linear park typology serves as green corridor to connect several significant nodes in the city.

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Park with Organic Form

Park with Sport Yard

Fig. 17 - Humedal El Burro

Fig. 15 - Parque de Calle 106

Parks with sports areas can be located near school district or residential neighborhoods to serve families and children.

Community Park

Parks with organic form can offer ecological and educational function to offer a better environment for the surrounding neighborhood.

Urban Park

Fig. 16 - Community Park with Recreational Facilities

Fig. 18 - Plaza de Los Mรกrtires

Community parks are relatively smaller and need to be well programed.

A successful urban park need pleasant scale and active street fronts. Institutions can play important roles in securing the public space.

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LOCAL PARK TYPOLOGY

From the public space typologies above, we can see there are multiple types of successful parks within Bogotรก. As it is under the same cultural context, for the design process, we can utilize these typologies to create system of public spaces that can be fit into the rest of the city. We studied different parks with different shape and functions within Bogotรก, all of them had elements of a modernized law of the Indies.

By utilizing distinctive forms for parks located in different sites, we can help to create make public spaces better serve multiple groups of residents in the neighborhood.

Parque 93 has a central green, and this area is the most active part of the public realm. With diverse programs, pleasant plantings, lighting system at night and Fig. 19 - Lighting in Parque de La 93

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LOCAL PARK TYPOLOGY

EXPERIENCING PARQUE DE LA 93 Parque 93 is a recreational park located at 93 Street in the northern Bogotá, Colombia.

It’s within one of Bogotá’s most popular shopping, night club, and restaurant areas..

When we went there, even though it was in the evening, the park was holding an event and filled by people there celebrating together. The lighting system is great. It makes people feel peace and safe too. We all felt welcomed and enjoyed ourselves there.

Voto Nacional and Parque 93 are in the same urban and cultural context. Therefore, we have confidence to also create successful public spaces within the neighborhood through thoughtful design and maintenance strategies.

Fig. 20 - Parque 93

well maintained pavements, recreational facilities, as well as appropriate scale, Parque 93 provides a safe and communal place for the surrounding neighborhood.

Surrounding area can also contribute to the success of the public park for example, vibrant commercial spaces.

People are drawn to parks through both spatial design

Fig. 21 - Community Garden

and exciting programming.

Maintenance of parks are important as well. Well designed programs can help keep the vibrancy of parks.

By generating diverse events, festivals and other activities like the reading festival in Parque 93 we saw when visiting, or a cultural market, or street food festival the park will stay vibrant.

Fig. 22 - Lighting in Parque de La 93

Fig. 23 - Reading Festivals in Parque 93

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SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES

Lighting at night Soft Edge

Central Core

Fig. 24 - Paque 93 Strategies

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Active Programming

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KEY ELEMENTS

Fountain as focal point

Different pavements for diverse uses

Well designed and pleasant green spaces

Various local plants to create sense of place

Vibrant lighting decorations

Fig. 25 - Design Details in Paque 93

Soft edges to create enclosed places

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STREETSCAPE

STREET TYPOLOGIES

Streetscape is a crucial part of the public realm. It is where people walk, interact, and experience the place. In Voto Nacional, there are a variety of street typologies and uses along them, from wide, treecovered boulevard to narrow, unmanaged tertiary streets.

However, there are several features they share. Streets have intensive commercial presence on ground floor and constant openings along its facade. They are also dominantly commercialresidential mixed-use streets.

Fig. 26 - Section Drawings of Existing Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Streets (from top down) These show an intensive presence of commercial activity at the ground floor level and the dominance of commercial / residential mix along all three types of streets.

Fig. 27 - Street Facade Openings on Calle 7

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Fig. 28 - Retail opening v.s. chopshop opening along the streets

Fig. 29 - Various commercial uses spilling onto sidewalk space

Fig. 32 - Auto-chopshop Openings along Streets

The residential and commercial mixed-use character means that there is a significant need for walkable space. While the retail and service storefronts are adding activity and porosity to the streets, the auto-chopshops with parts spilling over onto sidewalks are obstructing the pedestrian experience.

The haphazard mixture of these auto-industrial stores and local serving commercial stores is preventing a continuous streetfront.

There are also sections of streets with narrow or no sidewalk space, trash unattended, dilapidated buildings along the streets, or other inferior conditions.

In addition to the innerneighborhood streets, there

are three major streets with Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) infrastructure surrounding Voto Nacional. These streets usually have four BRT lanes separated by the station median in the middle and two normal traffic lanes beside on both ways. While the BRT system has remarkably increased the efficiency of moving people, its elevated surface has turned the line into a barrier around Voto Nacional, especially at the south-east edge of Voto Nacional where a BRT station is put there and neighborhood streets meet with BRT streets, causing traffic jams and safety issues.

The secondary and tertiary streets have more in common with the Law of the Indiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; human scaled streets then the primary and BRT streets.

Fig. 30 - Poor Sidewalk Condition

Fig. 31 - BRT infrastructure Barrier

Fig. 33 - BRT street section

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LAWS OF THE INDIES ARCADES TRADITION

To accommodate pedestrian access to commercial and residential areas, and respond to the local context, we looked for solutions from both the Bogotá’s tradition and contemporary case studies in similar contexts.

Fig. 34 - Historic illustration showing sample streetscape

Fig. 35 - The 1852 Plan of Bogotá

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The 1852 plan of Bogotá used illustrations of ideal streets side by side with the plan map to show the design of the street scape. It clearly shows the arcades along the ground floor.

goods to be sold in the market places.

In our proposal, arcades are a vital component in streetscape design. It creates a softer edge along the commercial corridors and fosters interaction between pedestrians and small businesses. It’s a transition space from through traffic space to the walking and shopping area.

A case study from Brazil and a case study from India, both show the advantages of The Laws of the Indies arcades in shaping the street emphasized that, “the whole scape and helping improve the plaza and the four main streets retail business environments. diverging from it shall have arcades, for these are a great convenience for those who resort thither for trade“. The arcades structures create an extra public space between the stores or market places and the open plaza. This allows people to walk along the stores and linger while doing businesses. It also helps loading and transporting

BRT STREET ARCADES CURITIBA, BRAZIL Curitiba is one of the first cities in the world that successfully implemented a BRT network.

Along the BRT lines there are arcades like structure beneath which commercial uses are located and are taking advantage of people coming to and from the transit stops.

Fig. 36 - BRT street, Curitiba, Brazil

CONNAUGHT PLACE NEW DELHI, INDIA

Fig. 37 - Images showing the detail, and active retail use at night

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Fig. 38 - Intentional Street Scape with Arcades

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BLOCK TYPOLOGIES MIXED INCOME DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 39 - Mixed Use Typology Axon Models

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There are two building typologies we are proposing for new developments. In addition, three principles we concluded from the research and have been applied to the urban design proposal.

Firstly, we proposed to create first floor commercial spaces to put eyes on the streets.

This approach activates the street life by encouraging pedestrian activities, such as outdoor cafes. As described in the plan, mixed income development is key to generating capital for social programming. This idea is reflected in the building typology through building apartments or office towers on top of the commercial

podium. Secondly, we created mixed income housing blocks as well as mixed use blocks to integrate people from different stratas and establish a better stewardship to the public spaces. Thirdly, to accommodate variety of spatial needs at one location, different components of residential units as well as commercial typologies need to be incorporated together.

MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY This a case study on the TOD development plan in Curitiba, Brazil. The innovation of this plan is that it plans multiple land uses as well different scales of places around the new station. This no doubt provides diverse activities for people coming out from the station. Finally, this new station and its surrounding districts have successfully become an important destination for citizens to come.

Integrated land use plan can maximumly leverage the demands in new development.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s good for cities like BogotĂĄ which is lack of land and cannot develop horizontally.

Mixed use development associated with new station or other community assets can greatly lift the efficiency of land use.

Fig. 40 - Worldwide Case Studies

Fig. 42 - TOD in Curitiba, Brazil

Fig. 41 - Integrated Land Use Development, Curitiba, Brazil, Transit - Oriented - Development Plan

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Pure regional business

Local business with housing

Regional business with housing

Social housing with community retail

Fig. __ - Building Typology:

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Housing with community retail

Housing with community retail

Housing near plaza

Social service facilities

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In terms of the mixed-income housing typology, we decided to mix the market rate housing and social housing within a block. Therefore, the benefits generate from market rate housing can subsidize the differences between construction cost versus income generate from the social housing part of the project.

In addition, half of the housing units are in strata 4 as the market rate housing while the others are in strata 2 as social housing units. By this strata divind, social housing can be more possible for the poor population. The market rate housing in strata 4 can also provide enough quality for wealthier people to purchase.

Fig. 43 - Mixed-Income Development Block Typologies

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CASE STUDY - SOLAR PANELS FOR SOCIAL HOUSING A research ran the numbers and determined that solar + storage can reduce operating costs in affordable housing, and even generate revenue where markets permit.

Based on this study, in the neighborhood plan, on the roof top, especially social housing, solar panels are going to be established to meet the goal as a sustainable neighborhood.

Fig. 44 - Set Solar Panels on affordable housing

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The image below shows some typical typologies in terms of courtyards in Bogotรก.

Courtyards there present as sharing space with a delicately designed garden.

Surrounding the courtyard, there is an enclosure alleyway with arcade serves as transitional space between the inside and the central garden area.

Fig. 45 - Urban Fabric with Courtyards Patterns within Bogotรก

Fig. 46 - Elm Creek Interior Courtyard

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HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND ADAPTIVE REUSE

HISTORIC RESOURCES

It is important to leverage Voto Nacional’s rich historic heritage throughout planning efforts.

There are two registered historic churches on site, the Basilica Menor Del Voto Nacional on the west side of Plaza Los Mártires, and San Jos Church to the west of Plaza España.

There are also magnificent historic institution buildings, including the Recruitment Direction Department and the San José Hospital and Medical School, located to the south of Plaza Los Matires and Plaza España respectively. In addition, along Calle 10 and Calle 11, there are stretches of historical colonial style residential building which are used as shops and accommodations now.

Fig. 47 - Selected historic buildings in or near Voto Nacional.

The types of uses, from top down, include churches, government institutions and hospitals, train station, local residential and commercial buildings.

PUBLIC SPACE AND HISTORIC BUILDING - SALVADOR, BRAZIL In Salvador, Brazil, new plazas and other public spaces are created and well maintained to revitalize historic centers and corridors.

Tourism festivals are organized regularly at these public spaces to attract visitors, create sense of place, and generate revenue for further preservation and tourism development.

Conditions of historic buildings vary. Churches and government institutions are well maintained in general. The smaller scale, more dispersedly located residential building are not under protection and require care.

Fig. 48 - Historic town of Salvador, Brazil

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Historic preservation and facade improvements is a key facet of our economic development recommendations. These steps include an array of measures to help buildings in disarray.

preservation works. Based on specific conditions, various uses can be retrofitted into these structures. Other possible uses can be schools, civic centers, cultural industry offices, or new residential units.

First, unregistered historic buildings with high cultural value will be renovated and repaired to stop further dilapidation.

In buildings where only the facade has significant cultural value, innovative design solutions will be applied to maximally integrate the historic structure with the new developments.

Second, adaptive reuse of historic structure will be encouraged to establish stable revenue income for the daily maintenance and

HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND HERITAGE TOURISM - COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT, USA Heritage tourism is an economic development tool designed to attract visitors to an area based on the unique aspects of the locality’s history, landscape and culture.

This not only boosts regional and local pride but is also a good source of revenue for a community and creates jobs.

On community level, the US has a Community Development Block Grant Program that provides financial support for communities with historic resources to leverage its assets and enhance neighborhood revitalization and long-term economic development through developing heritage tourism.

Third, new public spaces can be created around the iconic historic buildings to strengthen local identity.

FACADE PRESERVATION - PHILADELPHIA, USA In this case the Art-deco exterior facade is preserved and reused as part of the new building’s facade. A glass surface transition corridor is built between the new glass facade and the old stone facade.

In this case the Art-deco exterior facade is preserved and reused as part of the new building’s facade. A glass surface transition corridor is built between the new glass facade and the old stone facade.

Fig. 49 - Facade preservation and interior replacement, Pereman Center of Political Science and Economics, Philadelphia, USA

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HISTORIC PRESERVATION & ADAPTIVE REUSE

Historic preservation and adaptive reuse will insure that our place based interventions are sensitive to the existing fabric of the city and context of development. Additionally, it will make sure the development has character. Based upon the studies of existing conditions and case studies the following typologies were created for historic preservation and adaptive reuse.

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Fig. 50 - Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse Block Typologies

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TERCER MILENIO PARK DEVELOPMENT This section details out the development suggested on This phase of the this site and proposes use of development responds to the scale, programming and open Parque Tercer Milenio, the largest and the most valuable spaces coupled with dense mixed-use development public land asset in this proposal. As mentioned in the to bring about thoughtful responsible urban renewal. history of the park, this was the outcome of an aggressive Here, the opportunity to government renewal approach leverage land development is explored in order to meet by the city administration the goals of the responsible of Bogotá to clear out El renewal plan.

Cartucho. After a period of economic decline, this area had become a center for drug In order to understand the nuances of this section of the and human traffic activities proposal, it is important to for the entire country, if not elaborate upon the context of the entire Latin America. site and demarcate the area chosen as site for the urban During these renewal efforts, development footprint. This the focus was on eliminating selection is made using the the drug distribution network historical context discussed in the area, hence there was earlier as well as our little attention paid to the understanding of the present qualitative content of urban state of real estate pressures interventions, as well as the impact on locals. This allowed through focused research. the park to become a breeding ground for crime and drugs.

INTRODUCTION

ENRIQUE PEÑALOSA

Further, development strategies are discussed that impact the urban form and circulation in and around the site. Finally, to direct future development in a ecologically and socially sustainable manner, the land use plan and nature of suggested spaces at block level are discussed.

Enrique Peñalosa is the current mayor of Bogotá. He was mayor of Bogotá from 1998 until 2001, and was re-elected in 2015.

Enrique Peñalosa is a proponent of urban renewal and a driving force behind many of the urban renewal projects that we see today.

During his term he developed five megaprojects: the bank of lands, the District’s system of Parks (including the Bogotá’s Bike Paths Network and Tercer Milenio Park), the District’s system of libraries, the Transmilenio Mass Transit system, and road construction and maintenance. The impact of Peñalosa and another mayor, Antanas Mockus, on the development of Bogotá is described in a documentary film released in October 2009 with the title ‘‘Bogotá Change”.

Fig 52. Enrique Peñalosa

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CONTEXT

1. Tercer Milenio Park

4

2. La Candelaria Calle 10

3. San Bernardo 4. San Victorino

5

6

7

8

5. Proposed Peace Park 6. Existing Social Housing 7. Public Land (Commercial)

Carrera 10

Carrera 14

8. Shopping Complex 1

2

Calle 6

3

Fig. 53 - Context

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Although a lot of effort went into the development of this park, critical aspects of community ownership and social support for displaced people were left unattended.

This is reflected in the state of the park today.

Fig. 54 - Burms prevent visibility into the Park

TERCER MILENIO PARK

In the late 90’s, mayor Enrique Peñalosa’s urban renewal plans to bring down the criminal activity in the neighborhood of El Cartucho led to mass demolition of built structures on this site. In this act of clearing, over 3900 people and 1000 businesses had to be relocated.

By 2001, the result was a 20 hectares park with programs such as bike paths, children’s play area, parking areas and many others to engage the public asset in multiple ways.

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Due to its large size and lack of residential development within close proximity, the park never gained a sense of ownership and became a space of homeless and displaced people in the city.

This has made it a breeding ground for crime and drug peddling.

The park being already clear of built structures and plagued with issues of crime due to low density, provides a great opportunity for development. Located a few blocks away from the historic Plaza de Bolívar, development will also generate a return with enough surplus to fund a variety of social programs in others phases of the proposal.

LA CANDELARIA

La Candelaria is a historic neighborhood in downtown Bogotá. The architecture of the old houses, churches and buildings has Spanish Colonial, Baroque and art deco styles. It houses several universities, libraries and museums.

In terms of development, Carrera 10 divides this neighborhood from the park. In recent past, there have been several high rise developments in this area due to progressive efforts from the government as well as private developers.

Our goal is to build on this momentum and drive change in market to our site. The junction of Carrera 10 and Calle 6, provides a great opportunity to do so.

At present, the site west of Carrera 10 around the circle is vacant public land. This presents a great opportunity to the connect development.

Fig. 55 - Vacant Public Land - La Candelaria

SAN BERNARDO

To the south of the park, across Calle 6, lies the neighborhood of San Bernardo. The northern edge along the park has a lot of vacant land as well as dilapidated buildings.

This area is part of current development efforts in the city. The area has a recent housing development as well located further south.

SAN VICTORINO

To the north of the park lies the most dense commercial district called San Victorino.

This is also one of the most expensive real estates in the city.

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Between San Vitorino and the park, lies a large parcel of undeveloped, publicly owned, commercial property that presently has a temporary market installation made of metal shipping containers.

Carrera 10

The park has a few existing structures, some of which are historic in character and image. Hence they are maintained and adaptively reused within the proposed development.

Carrera 14

In order to maximize the impact of this development through better financial returns and to drive a change in the socio-economic makeup of the region, the proposed development footprint for this phase extends beyond the existing boundary of the Tercer Milenio Park.

Calle 10

Calle 6

Fig. 56 - Extent of Development

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DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The current site is a large open public space. Hence, the new development retains a public park as its central element. Creating a system of new public spaces and parks is critical to the success of the development. The Tercer Milenio Development proposes a variety of public spaces that have different levels of activity, programming, and ecological importance.

In addition to the open space, there we designed a mixed use neighborhood that applies a modernized Law of the Indies and maintains activity during all hours of the day.

Fig. 57 - Master Plan

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SOCIAL HOUSING

HISTORIC BUILDINGS

CIVIC USES

Generating social housing in the new development is a priority. The social housing is mixed in the entire development. The block north of the new Parque Tercer Milenio is the location of the location of the women and children focused social housing. This block will also cater to the emerging entrepreneurs with affordable ground floor retail space.

There are two building left from the El Cartucho era and this plan will adaptively reuse these buildings for new civic uses. The incorporation of these historic building will help create a sense of place and understanding of what this neighborhood has gone through.

Creation of a new elementary school on the site will provide educational opportunities to all children in the neighborhood. The new development will generate a new population in the area and providing education opportunities locally is important for creating community and a sense of pride in the neighborhood.

The new school will adaptively reuse one of the two historic buildings on the site.

Furthermore, the school is located right on the new park to provide a civic presence in the community.

the neighborhood, gathering space, and programing to help create a future generation of environmental stewards.

The other civic use in the new development is the ecology center. This space adaptively reuses the second historic building from the site and reminds residents and visitors of what used to be in this location. The inclusion of a civic use in the San Francisco rain garden provides more education opportunities of Fig. 58 - Historic Building for Adaptive Reuse

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CIRCULATION

Local circulation is the main driver for design in this phase. as it is critical to connect the various under developed areas and initiate a change in the market. In order to address the issues of connectivity across the site and celebrate the impact of the Laws of the Indies, the city grid is used as the guide. In addition to that a commercial promenade is proposed to improve connectivity between the north and south portions of the site. The traffic circle in the southeaster corner of the site will also be redesigned to provide more pedestrian traffic from the Transmilenio hub.

Fig. 59 - Open Space Strategy

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COMMERCIAL PROMENADE

The commercial promenade creates a shared road for pedestrians and cars that uses one type of ground paving. Brick will be used in paving and the building materials because it is a local resource and will help generate a sense of place unique to Bogotรก.

This corridor will be active with vendors and shops.

The arcades will provide commercial and pedestrian flex space and reconnect this new development to the historic Laws of the Indies.

Fig.60 - View of the proposed Promenade

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Fig. 62- Southern entrance to the site

TRAFFIC CIRCLE REDESIGN

The new development will build up to the traffic circle, provide crosswalks, and pedestrian safe environment, and enhanced access to the Transmilenio hub. Currently, this intersection is dangerous to pedestrians and in order to connect the site to La Candelaria, safe connection at this intersection is necessary. By building up to the intersection and having storefronts on the ground floor road traffic will slow and provide an easier space for people to navigate.

Fig. 61 - View of Southern entrance to the site

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PARKING

The minimum city parking requirement was applied to the site because of its close proximity to transit and central location. Currently, there are 800 subterranean parking spaces below Tercer Milenio. Despite this, new plan provides 8,000 new space as the city is auto centric and commercial space demands parking.

DEFENSIBLE SPACES

Due to the courtyard typology chosen for the new development there will be defensible interior private spaces to the building that can be watched throughout the day.

Public spaces outside the buildings defensible space will stay safe through the amount of activity programmed and the eyes on the street. The mixed use development ensures that people will be in the new development at all hours of the day.

Fig. 63- Parking

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MIXED USES

The institutional buildings on the site house the new school and ecology center. All other buildings are classified as mixed-use developments.

The quantum of mix varies for each block based on the proposed urban design.

In order to work with the existing strata system in the city, the social and market rate housing typologies are segregated at building level.

Each block may have more than one strata but each tower just one strata. This allows the entire development to attain a healthy socioeconomic diversity while maintaining coherence with legacy systems.

The ground level is commercial use oriented more towards retail with office and residential above.

Fig. 64 - Land Use Diagram

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SAN FRANCISCO RAIN GARDEN

The historical San Francisco River path is the location of the linear park in the development. This park space is the location where most of the sites stormwater is managed through a network of green infrastructure elements. Not only is there green infrastructure to process the stormwater, but there are walking trails, and educational elements like native plant identification indicators. At the southern entrance of the park there is the Centro EcologĂ­o San Francisco. The center is built from an adaptive reuse and aims to provide community education space to grow a culture of environmental stewardship in Voto Nacional.

Fig. 65 - View of the proposed Rain Garden

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NEW PARQUE TERCER MILENIO

The new Parque Tercer Milenio is designed based on Parque 93 because it is a good example of an active public space in Bogotรก and has a simple design that is replicable. Tercer Milenio will have active edges, bright lighting, focal points. This space will be programmed with various events and activities. The surrounding mixed-use development will ensure that the park will always have eyes on it to maintain safety and order.

Fig.66 - View of the proposed new Parque Tercer Milenio

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CHILDREN’S COMMUNITY GARDEN

The Children’s Community Garden is located at the end of the commercial promenade. This public space targets creating a safe space for children to play. The park is proposed to have playgrounds, picnic areas, community gardens, educational programming about gardening and harvesting, as well as bright lighting for safety. This space aims to foster further environmental stewardship and understanding of the nature.

Fig. 67 - View of the proposed Children’s Community Garden

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LA SABANA DEVELOPMENT

This section will focus on the proposed transit oriented development around La Sabana station. Firstly, an overview will be given briefly discussing the context, history, vision and major planning moves. Then, more detailed discussion will follow-up and cover each subsection.

CONTEXT

Fig. 68 Detailed Site Plan of La Sabana Station TOD

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The city’s public transportation system consists of bus-rapid transit system (Transmilenio) and bus. There are 16 private companies who provide bus and BRT services in 13 urban zones of Bogotá. The Integrated Public Transport Bogotá System (SITP) aims to provide more access to public transit throughout the city. It also aims to meet diverse demand of public transportation in different zones by managing public transit operation and fare cost, and to reduce road accidents.

Overall, the city is making progress in regulating the local multi-modal transportation.

The success of Transmilenio not only popularizes BRT all over the world, but also encourages more people to use transit. However, the system’s capacity can’t meet the rapid population growth and increasing travel demand. The City of Bogotá has responded to this demand by creating the Bogotá Metro Plan, which calls for the construction of an elevated tramway above the BRT route.

HISTORY

Built in 1887, La Sabana station was a major freight and commuting station between Bogotá and its nearby satellite towns. It was a buzzling urban station in the early 20th century as the country moved into its peak of industrialization. However, in 1990s, as a result of the financial crisis, the station was liquidated and stayed largely underutilized till today.

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STATION UPGRADE

The first project is the La Sabana station upgrade.

This project mainly include expansion of the station, an elevated road entrance in the back, and new public space.

The station will become a multi-modal regional transit hub in its complete vision.

DEVELOPMENT VISION

We envision the areas around the station to accommodate both regional business developments and neighborhood-focus mixeduse developments.

AROUND STATION DEVELOPMENT

Areas around the station will be developed into high density office and commercial spaces to create jobs and economic opportunities that operate in the regional economy.

ESPAÑA DEVELOPMENTS

Fig. 69 - España Plaza Developments

Potential areas around Plaza España will be developed into housing and commercial spaces that serve the neighborhood and activate this historic public space.

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CONTEXT

EDUCATION Institutions: 1. College de La Presentacion

Calle 19

2. Sabana Station 1 Carrera 17

3.Sagrada Church

Calle 16

4 2

Carrera 16

Carrera 19

3

4.Technology School

TRANSPORTATION

5.Clinic

Once a busy transportation hub, the Sabana Station is underutilized without providing local commute service. There is the possibility of reactivating the rail that links to Bogotá to its growing suburbs of Fatacativa and Soacha.

6. Sabana Plaza Commercial 7.San José Church 8.Centro Comercial 9.Plaza España

Calle 13

5

Carrera 19a

6

9

Carrera 17

8 Calle 10

10

Calle 9

Calle 8a

Fig. 70 - Site of Transit Oriented development program

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10.San José Hospital 11.Existing market

11

7

There are three educational facilities within Voto Nacional that would benefit from a higher density and regional access point.

Fig. 71 - Hospital and Medical School

Fig. 72 - Sabana Station

CIVIC

Civic institutions include church and public health institutions, which attract regional visitors. San José Hospital for instance provides critical care to Colombians from throughout the region.

Fig. 73 - San Jos Church

COMMERCIAL

The Sabana Plaza mall and local retail corridors further demonstrate the potential of investing in higher density and transit improvements. There is an opportunity to drive local economic development by leveraging the already regional aspect of San Victorino’s wholesale markets.

Fig. 74 - Sabana Plaza

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EXISTING LAND USE

Despite the civic institutions and recreational area, the existing land use in our site is commercial Legend dominated.

Legend

SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

PREDIAL_UAECD_2011

<all other values> PREDIAL_UAECD_2011

DESCR_DEST <all other values> DESCR_DEST 1

The susceptibility map results from the evaluation of building condition, vacant parcel, and existing land use. Currently, most blocks that are not susceptible to change are key institutions, including shopping mall, hospital, and church.

1COMERCIO EN CENTRO COMER

Proposed Land Use Proposed Land Use COMERCIO EN EN CENTRO CORREDOR COM COMERCIO COMER COMERCIO EN PUNTUAL COMERCIO CORREDOR COM DOTACIONAL PRIVADO COMERCIO PUNTUAL DOTACIONAL PRIVADO PUBLICO DOTACIONAL

Susceptibility To Change

ESPACIO PUBLICO DOTACIONAL PUBLICO

Legend INDUSTRIAL ESPACIO PUBLICO Legend Legend LOTE DEL ESTADO PREDIAL_UAECD_2011 INDUSTRIAL Legend PREDIAL_UAECD_2011 <all other NO URBANIZ/SUELO LOTE DELvalues> ESTADO PROTEG PREDIAL_UAECD_2011 <all other values> values> PREDIAL_UAECD_2011 PARQUEADEROS DESCR_DEST <all other NO URBANIZ/SUELO PROTEG

DESCR_DEST <all other CON values> PREDIO MEJORA AJENA PARQUEADEROS DESCR_DEST DESCR_DEST 1 RECREACIONAL PRIVADO PREDIO CON MEJORA AJENA

Legend 1 COMERCIO EN CENTRO COMER RECREACIONAL PUBLICO 1 RECREACIONAL PRIVADO Legend

Legend

EN CENTRO CENTRO COMER 1 COMERCIO CORREDOR COM RESIDENTIAL RESIDENCIAL COMERCIO EN COMER RECREACIONAL PUBLICO EN CORREDOR COM EN CENTRO COMER COMERCIAL COMERCIO PUNTUAL URBANIZADO NO EDIFICADO COMERCIO CORREDOR COM RESIDENTIAL RESIDENCIAL COMERCIO PUNTUAL EN CORREDOR COM USE RESIDENTIAL-COMMERCIAL MIXED DOTACIONAL PRIVADO COMERCIAL VIAS COMERCIO PUNTUAL URBANIZADO NO EDIFICADO

DOTACIONAL PRIVADO COMERCIO PUNTUAL PUBLICO RESIDENTIAL-COMMERCIAL MIXED USE CIVIC DOTACIONAL PRIVADO VIAS INDUSTRIAL DOTACIONAL PUBLICO DOTACIONAL PRIVADO ESPACIO PUBLICO PUBLICO CIVIC

Highly Susceptible CIVICSusceptible (PUBLIC) Not

PUBLIC SPACE ESPACIO PUBLICO INDUSTRIAL DOTACIONAL PUBLICO INDUSTRIAL ESPACIO PUBLICO INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC SPACE ESPACIO PUBLICO LOTE DEL ESTADO INDUSTRIAL LOTE DEL ESTADO ESTADO PROTEG INDUSTRIAL NO URBANIZ/SUELO LOTE DEL NO URBANIZ/SUELO PROTEG LOTE DEL ESTADO PROTEG PARQUEADEROS NO URBANIZ/SUELO PARQUEADEROS NO URBANIZ/SUELO PROTEG PREDIO CON MEJORA AJENA PARQUEADEROS PREDIO CON CON MEJORA MEJORA AJENA PARQUEADEROS RECREACIONAL PRIVADO PREDIO AJENA PRIVADO PREDIO CON MEJORA AJENA RECREACIONAL PUBLICO RECREACIONAL PRIVADO

Fig. 75 - Existing land use map

RECREACIONAL PRIVADO PUBLICO RESIDENCIAL RECREACIONAL PUBLICO RESIDENCIAL NOPUBLICO RECREACIONAL URBANIZADO EDIFICADO RESIDENCIAL

Fig. 76 - Susceptibility to change map

URBANIZADO NO NO EDIFICADO EDIFICADO RESIDENCIAL VIAS URBANIZADO VIAS URBANIZADO NO EDIFICADO VIAS VIAS

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HISTORIC INTERACTION BETWEEN STATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD AGRICULTURAL-DOMINATED

Fig. 77 - 1810 Bogotá Map

Before the 1810s, the government followed the Laws of the Indies in operation of the agricultural-dominated City of Bogotá. Bogotá served as the primary municipality and regional market serving towns nearby. There was only one road connection to the west of Bogotá, in which there were vibrant agricultural activities.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Fig. 78 - 1890 Bogotá Map

Fig. 79 - 1936 Bogotá Map

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From 1890s, with the industrial revolution and the operation of Sabana Railway Western Line, the City of Bogotá began to develop an industrial zone.

The industrial zone was located north to the La Sabana Station, and south to Calle 9, which was the boundary of the City of Bogotá. Outside the boundary (south of Calle 9) is an area (part of Voto Nacional neighborhood) that provided service and a local market to this zone.

INDUSTRIES MOVED OUT ALONG WITH URBAN SPRAWL

From 1990 to 2000, three factors greatly influenced the development of Bogotá: many industries moved out of Bogotá, Sabana Railway was liquidated[d3-7], and urban sprawl grew. The industry shift and rail liquidation resulted in the vacant industrial lots nearby the station and in the industrial zone. Urban sprawl resulted in the population growth outside the former boundary of Bogotá, including the area south of Calle 9.

While there was no consistent strategy to correspond these trends, informal economy appeared in the south of Calle 9 and expanded to the north where large amounts of vacant lots are located. Although the operation of Transmilenio improved the socio-economic environment along the Calle 13 corridor, the informal economy was still active in the heart of Voto Nacional neighborhood.

Fig. 80 - Bogotá regional connection in agricultural era

Fig. 81 - Bogotá regional connection in industrial era

Fig. 82 - Bogotá regional connection from 1990

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HISTORY OF LA SABANA STATION

Fig. 83 - Sabana Station in 1930

La Sabana Station was constructed in 1887 as the inauguration of the railway between Bogotá and the city of Facatativa. In 1917, as there was an increasing demand of freight and passenger travel, the old Sabana Station was renovated into a neoclassical building. It was designed by Mariano Santamaria and built by an English engineer William Lidstone. In 1954, the structure of the building was modified through adding two floors and improving the facade.

The building was declared a national monument in 1984 for its historical and cultural significance to the city. The station was liquidated in 1991 along with the fiscal crisis of National Railway of Columbia.

REGIOTRAM PROPOSAL[d3-10] In 2009, an urban renewal project surrounding La Sabana Station was announced, which includes the RegioTram proposal (Bogotá commuter rail plan).

There are five lines proposed in RegioTram proposal, which includes: West Line from La Sabana Station to Airport El Dorado and Facatativa; South Line from La Sabana Station to Soacha; North Line from La Sabana Station to Zipaquira; Central Corridor from Scree Station to Venice; East Corridor from Codito to Portal.

The first phase of the plan is the RegionTram West Line going between Bogotá and Facatativa. It is 63km long with 19 stations, whose predicted ridership was 128 million passenger-journeys per year. The operating speed of the train is 100km/h.

TREN TURISTICO DE LA SABANA

Now the station is used as the a tourist railway from Bogotá to Zipaquira, running on heritaged stream trains. It is called “Turistren” in Spanish.

Fig. 85 - RegioTram West Line Stations Fig. 84 - Sabana Station now served as the starting point of tourist railway from Bogotá to Zipaquira

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LA SABANA DEVELOPMENT MISSION PROBLEM FACING

The decline of the station after the fall of the industrial era has left the station underutilized. This site has the opportunity to be a regional rail hub that supports growing suburbs that need access to the downtown core. The site also faces the challenge of a disconnected historic core. Any development needs to create a comprehensive system consisting of connectivity enhancements within the region and socioeconomic development to ensure continual usage of the railway.

Fig. 87 - Boundary of transit-oriented development program

MISSION

Bring in people to support the tertiary industry citywide Enhance connectivity from regional to local scale Catalyze healthy socioeconomic environment to Voto Nacional

Fig. 86 - Bogotรก regional connection proposal with travel time

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Fig. 88- Bogotรก regional proposal

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TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

This proposed transitoriented development planning program requires station upgrades and station surrounding improvements.

The goal of station upgrades are to better meet the needs of increasing passengers commuting through the station. The goal of station surrounding improvements is to improve the local economy to bolster station usage as well as integrating social fabric in Voto Nacional neighborhood.

Fig. 89 - Transit-oriented development proposal (outlined in red)

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STATION UPGRADE PROPOSAL

It is projected that the passenger flow in La Sabana Station will grow in the future, which requires the station expansion to accommodate more passengers. We aim to upgrade the station through the following interventions: 1.Station expansion to meet the need of increasing passenger flow; 2 2

2

1

2.Station entrance enhancement to provide a better identification of the station; 3.Station connectivity enhancement through multi-modal transportation hub development.

ALTERNATIVES OF METRO DE BOGOTÁ PLAN To meet the commute demand in Bogotá, Metro de Bogotá was first proposed as a subway in 1997, in which the subway station near La Sabana Station was considered. In 2008, a consortium led by SENER carried out feasibility studies. In 2014, consortium L1 presented additional studies, which involved the construction of an underground line near La Sabana Station. However, the two plans above did not implement due to financial and political reasons.

In 2016, a French company Systra was commissioned to conduct a new study to evaluate other alternatives. Systra’s proposal involves an elevated line. In the plan, not only did the Sabana subway station abandoned, but also Metro de Bogotá was degraded to tram service.

We recommend a new subway line proposed through La Sabana Station in transitoriented development approach. This is a part of multi-modal transportation hub development proposal, which includes subway, regional commuter rail, and bus rapid transit seamlessly connected near La Sabana Station.

Fig. 91 - Map of first phase plan of Metro de Bogotá for 2011-2016 Fig. 90 - Station upgrade proposal (outlined in green)

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STATION EXPANSION AND ENTRANCE IMPROVEMENT

STATION CONNECTION

Station expansion is required to accommodate potential increases in passenger flow into Bogotá. There will be a newly added station entrance accessible by vehicles through inner circulation at the back of the building, and streetscape improvements to enhance the walkability near the existing entrance in front of the building. This helps to separate pedestrians and vehicles, providing a safer environment when accessing the station.

The Sabana Station is not only a portal for people coming to Bogotá, but also a part of the neighborhood. We would like to enhance the connection between neighborhood and Sabana station through a comprehensive circulation system. This requires key projects including complete street conversion and realignment on Carrera 18.

To downtown To Facatativa and Soacha

To El Dorado International Airport

Calle 18

Avenida Ciudad de

To Monserrate

Lima

Calle 17

Calle 15

To West of Bogota

Fig. 75 - Elevated automobile entrance to La Sabana Station

Office tower on Commercial Podium

Calle 12

Avenida Calle

13

To La Candelaria

Escuela Tecnoló tuto Técnico

Calle 11

Commercial Corridor

12

Elevated inner circulation for station

14 Avenida Carrera

Road Going southeast Road Going northeast Road Going southwest Complete Street going southwest

Carrera 22

Carrera 24

Calle 8

To West of Bogota

Carrera 19

Sabana Station inner circulation Road Going northwest

Calle 9

Transversal 24C

Savannah Railway & Platform

Circulation Map

Calle 10

Railroad

12

Carrera 18

Carrera 17 To Santa Barbara

Calle 6

10

24

10 16 14 14

110

34

76

65

26

30

14 10

Fig. 92 - West-east cross section of proposed rail tracks and elevated entrance at La Sabana Station

60

15

24

15 10

50

80

To San Bernado and South of Bogota

170

10 15

24

15

55

30

Fig. 93 - Proposed circulation around the station

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TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL

Transit-oriented development is a trend that not only aims at improving the transportation system, but also “creating vibrant, livable, and sustainable communities”. It is the “creation of compact, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around high quality train systems” while bringing in potential development. We aim to improve the socio-economic condition through the following approach:

1

2

1.Regional business development surounding Sabana station; 2.Walkable transit oriented development in the north and surrounding Plaza de España

HONG KONG RAIL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT Rail property development is a kind of transit-oriented development implemented widely in rail stations all over Hong Kong.

It is the positive interaction between Hong Kong government and HMTR, in which government authorizes land development right to HMTR, and HMTR reaches land premium on “Greenfield”basis. The railways are built together with property as integrated development, with value capture from property for financing the construction and running of a new railway line. [d3-11] A 5D principle should be followed when developing near transit, which is: high development density; land use diversity; high-quality community design; distance to transit; destination accessibility [d3-12] The design model of RP development aims to create seamless connection between station and development. A railway station will connect to shopping mall and alternative transportation modes. There will be landscape podium above the railway station, and property development near the station.

2

Fig. 95 - Rail and Property Development design model Fig. 94 - TOD proposal

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REGIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

In the future, the Sabana Station will increase connections between BogotĂĄ and nearby cities, which can drive job growth, as well as stimulate regional business development around the station. We propose office towers on the site, some of which may be developed as office-housing mixed use.

OfďŹ ce tower on Commercial Podium

La Sabana Station Expanded Vocational School

Plaza de La Sabana

La Sabana Station Historic Building

Carrera 19

1

Carrera 18 Connected to subway

1

16 52 36 25 150 Fig.129724- West-east cross section through La Sabana Station

180

36

24

6 14

94

30

32

80

63

1

Fig. 96 - Regional business development proposal (outlined in green)

Fig. 98 - Rendering showing the new Sabana Plaza and TOD

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WALKABLE TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

2

The Sabana Station can bring benefits to the local neighborhood through connectivity enhancements to the city, and streetscape improvements. The future Sabana transportation hub provides comprehensive transit service including regional rail, busrapid transit, and subway. The goal of streetscape improvements is to provide more â&#x20AC;&#x153;pocket spacesâ&#x20AC;? to generate local commercial activities.

Residential tower on Commercial Podium

La Sabana Station Historic Building

2 2

La Sabana Station Expanded Sabana Railway & Platform Sabana Railway

Avenida Calle 13

6

3.5 3.5 2

9.5

9.5

9.5

1

12

12

13

12

12

1

9.5

9.5

9.5

2 3.5 3.5

Elevated Pedestrian Street

6

Subway 52

80

30

25

15

30

20

20

20

30

15

52

52

62

88

Fig. 100 - South-north cross section through Calle 13 and La Sabana Station

Fig. 99 - North-South connection through La Sabana Station

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Fig. 101 - Proposed Carrera 18 towards La Sabana Station

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225

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NEIGHBORHOOD ACTIVITIES AND ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENT

The purpose of development near Plaza de EspaĂąa is to activate the plaza through landscaping, as well as introducing recreation and farmers market program.

A new apartment building development nearby will be associated with historic facade preservation.

Neighborhood activities and environment enhancement

Fig. 103 -. Proposed Plaza EspaĂąa Shelter livability enhancement

SHELTER LIVABILITY ENHANCEMENT

The TOD will be home to the proposed homeless shelter.

The first floor of the shelter provides spaces for job creation as well as providing community markets with streetscape improvements.

This helps to enhance community identity, as well as create harmonious atmosphere in and around the shelter.

Fig. 102 - Proposed neighborhood-focused interventions

Fig. 104 - Proposed shelter with market on ground floor

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OVERARCHING LAND USE PROPOSAL

Fig. 105- South-north cross section through the whole site showing development density

Fig. 106 - Overarching land use framework

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The goal of this transit oriented development is to consider the Sabana Station as the potential core for future development in Voto Nacional. This core would be reinforced by a network of mixed use spaces which form the foundation of an array of building typologies.

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APPENDIX: BUILDING TYPOLOGY Pure regional business

Local business with housing

Housing with community retail

Housing with community retail

Regional business with housing

Social housing with community retail

Housing near plaza

Social service facilities

Fig. 107 - 3D View of proposed TOD (on the left)

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SUMMARY In sum, this plan aims to create a responsible urban renewal response for the Voto Nacional Neighborhood. Through a human-based People First Appraoch and a place-based approach, the Plan will be able to improve peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality of life and build an affordable, safe, connected, thriving, and sustainable neighborhood.

This section offers an review of the Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s six goals and many strategies to address the identified socio-economic, design, transportaion, and environmental problems, as well as a conclusion summing up the key aspects of the plan.

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SUMMARY

GOALS Housing Opportunities for People of All Incomes Empowerment of Women & Children

Economic Opportunities that Create Wealth

Safe & Human Scale Public Realm

Neighborhood & Regional Connectivity

Sustainable & Green Neighborhood The plan aims to achieve six goals: ensure well-being and health for people of all incomes, empower women and children--the

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vulnerable population in this community, build a safe and human scale public realm, promote economic development as well as

for disadvantaged people, improve connectivity on both neighborhood and regional levels, and create a sustainable and green neighborhood.

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STRATEGIES To evaluate how well these goals will be realized, we look at the strategies and the expected changes they will bring.

developments will be coupled with health services that are available at the new proposed WOMEN & CHILDREN

The second goal of empowering women and To start with, the first goal children will be met through of ensuring the well-being social housing development and health for people of all and investment in education. incomes will be met through To provide affordable and housing developments and safe housing opportunities health service programs. for women and children, the The strategies for housing plan proposes to build a total developments include building of 600 units’ women and a new shelter space for social housing dedicated to the homeless next to San women and children at the Jose Hospital, 7000 units of current Tercer-Mileno Park. To permanent public housing improve education for children at Tercer-Mileno Park, and and meet the increasing 5000 units of new market-rate educational demand, the plan housing both at Tercer and proposes a new elementary around La Sabana Station. school, a community dacare The different types of housing center, and a new high school. development ensure that A new Children’s park is also people of all income groups proposed to provide more will be served, with a focus on the more disadvantaged lower income population. Housing HOUSING

Fig. 1: New Shelter place for the homeless with retail on the first floor

Fig. 2: New public housing development at the new Tercer development

Fig. 3 : Propose daycare center at the new community center at Peace Park

Fig. 4 : Children’s Park with a community garden and children exercise infrastructures

164

5

SUMMARY

STRATEGIES

Fig. 5: Example of streetscape improvements and street redesign (with bike lane)

Fig. 6: Proposed plaza and streetscape improvement next to the upgraded La Sabana Station

165

PUBLIC REALM

ECONOMICS

The third goal of creating a safe and human scale publicrealm will be achieved by a series of strategies to redesign public space and streets: for public space, the plan proposes to reduce the size of the Tercer Mileno park, create a Peace Park at El Bronx, and a new plaza east to La Sabana Station. All public space will be programmed to increase activities and community engagement. The strategies for streets include improving streetscape, adding bike lanes, and creating green pathways that better connect the parks and public spaces in the neighborhood.

The fourth goal is to generate more economic opporutunities for the neighborhood as a whole and create wealth for the residents.This goal will be easily met with the massive job creation and Fig. 7: Example of infill development in the vacant neighborhoods, adding more local economic growth the physical more commercial uses developments will bring. It is estimated that a total of 8000 jobs will be generated.

Programs for vender system, local enterpreneurship, building rennovation, and infill development will also help residents to thrive economically.

Fig. 8: Example of historic preservation and rennovation to create commercial facade

2016 PENNDESIGN

STRATEGIES

Fig. 9: Redesign street grid to create a promenade with street vendors and commercial facades at the New Tercer development

Fig. 10: New La Sabana Station as the multi-modal transportation hub serving both local and regional population

CONNECTIVITY

ENVIRONMENT

Regarding the fifth goal of connectivity, on the neighborhood level, the plan focuses on redesigning street grids at Tercer Mileno Park and removing a bus station on Carrera 14, and on the regional level, the plan proposes upgrading la Sabana Station to be a moti-modal transportation hub integrating the proposed new subway routes and the regional commuter rail connecting Voto Nacional to two municipalities around Bogotรก.

Finally, the last goal is to create a sustainable and green neighborhood. The key strategy to achieve this goal is to build energy-efficient buildings in new developments by installing energy saving facilities in each buidling. The plan also proposes strategies to create rain gardans and a green street system that better connects parks and public spaces. Although the total acreage will be reduced, the new parks will have more suitable scale, location, and design to help use land more efficiently, and in this way contribute to creating a more sustainable environmental system.

Fig. 11 : Proposed Rain Garden at the New Tercer development

Fig. 12 : Peace Park at El Bronx as an example of the new vparks with more suitable scale, location, and design

166

5

SUMMARY

STRATEGIES TO MEET THE GOALS 600

7000 new

women/children

permanent social

housing

social housing

Daycare

Shelter

New center at Peace Park Community Center

place for the homelss

Mixed-use

5000 new

market rate

GOALS

2 Schools

and Mixed Coupled with Health Services and Community Programs

to meet the growing education demand

Income

Sexual and mental health

Clinic

Well-being & Health of People

Empowerment of Women & Children

Safe & Human Scale Public Realm Activate Public Space

Redesigned

Smaller Parks and public spaces

Increased density

Eyes on the Street

to put

167

units

with programming

Street Improvement across the neighborhood

New

Bike Lanes on selected Streets

2016 PENNDESIGN

STRATEGIES TO MEET THE GOALS

Estimated

Facade Improvement

8000 Jobs

created by the physical developments

in identified blocks

Vender Program

14300 Sqft

affordable commercial use

Infill Development

to legalize small businesses

in identified blocks

Sustainable & Green Neighborhood

Economic Opportunities that Create Wealth

Neighborhood & Regional Connectivity Bring back

new

Street Grid

Rain Garden EnergyEfficient Facilities in all new units

in Tercer-Mileno Redevelopment

Tree Planting

on streets and within communities

New

Regional Commuter Rail at La Sabana

New Parks and

Green Space in new developments

to improve neighborhood connection

Propose new

Subway

running through La Sabana Station

BRT Station Removal on Carrerar 14

168

5

SUMMARY

CONCLUSION

Fig. 13: Peace Park as the new community service hub containting a commercial civic mixed use center, a community center, and a flexible alley space with vendors on first floor and exhibition space on second floor

Fig. 14: New Tercer development featuring a promenade with street vendors and commercial use on the sides

169

Fig. 15: Proposed La Sabana plaza, office towers, and streetscape improvement next to the upgraded La Sabana Station

Perhaps the best way to sum up this plan is to think about how it will impact the residents. By year 2030, a low-income mother living in Voto-Nacional will be able to move into a new affordable housing complex in the Tercer Mileno redevelopment project and remain an active part of the community by selling small goods through the street vendering programs; Displaced residents in El Bronx and homeless people in other parts of the neighborhood will move into clean and comfortable shelters coupled with health care services and recovery programs; a small business owner will be able to run his/buisness in a newly renovated store locating in one of the more concentrated and regulated commercial corridors; A father will be able to pick up his kid at the new elementary school and pop over to the community center at Peace Park to grab an affordably priced prepared meal; Finally, an employee will be able to take the subway and get off at the upgraded Sabana Station to walk to work a block away.

Fig. 16: new shelter place with first-floor retail market

Fig. 17: new La Sabana station as the moti-modal transit hub

Fig. 18: activate plazas with vendor programs

Fig. 19: An example of streetscape improvement and adding bike lanes

2016 PENNDESIGN

CONCLUSION In summary, Responsible Urban Renewal Plan for the Voto Nacional neighborhood will help create an affordable, connected, safe, and thriving neighborhood. The plan will promote social cohesion by providing public housing and community services to people of all incomes, with a focus on women and children. The Plan will also build a connected and safe environment by upgrading the transportation system, creating human scale streets and public spaces, and increase density to put eyes on street. In addition, the plan helps create jobs and promote local and regional economic growth through physical developments. These aspects of this plan will build on this neighborhood that have gone through unsuccessful urban renewal process and ended up with various socio-economic and environmental challenges, but still have huge potential for future investment.

Fig. 20: Whole site plan

170

APPENDIX

172

APPENDIX TERCER MILENIO PRO FORMA

Development Summary SUMMARY Item Land

Concept & Building Program

Middle Market Residential

Social Social Office Housing (VIP) Housing (VIS)

Land

4,386,359

Percent of Total Sqft (per use)

50%

Saleable/Leasable Area

3,687,922

1,106,377

1,106,377

Average Unit Size (sqft)

900

452

538

4,098

2,447

2,056

4,097,691

1,229,307

1,229,307

►Number of Units Total Built Sqft

1,315,908

1,315,908

15%

15%

Market Rate Commercial

1,754,544

$0

$0

20%

80%

20%

1,475,169

Hard Costs per SQFT

$

Construction & Sale Proceeds

2.00

$

49.00

$

20%

2.00

$

28.00

$

20%

Site Preparation Costs

$

Hard Costs

$ 200,786,859

-

$

-

$

$0

245,861

8,605,151

1,092,718

273,179

2.00

$

66.00

$

4,462

2.00

41.00

$

87.00

$

20% -

$

20% -

60.00

$

20%

427.16

10,090,906

2.00

$

2,558,614

$

639,654

$

$

72,119,362

$

16,390,764

$

1,905,962

190,596

Soft Costs

$

40,157,372

$ 6,884,121

$ 10,080,320

$

28,519,929

$

14,423,872

$

3,278,153

$

$

18,441,000

$

-

$

-

$

26,553,038

$

17,702,025

$

4,425,506

$

-

Landscaping (Courtyards)

$

261,683

$

78,505

$

78,505

$

$

-

►Total Development Costs

$ 264,033,273

$ 42,699,138

$ 61,876,332

Construction Cost per home

$

64,435

$

$

Average Sales Price/Sqft

$

102

Average Sales Price

$

91,899

$

15,444

Return per home

$

27,464

$

(2,004) $

788

►Net Sales Proceeds

$ 112,538,971

$ (4,903,876) $

1,619,709

$ 199,427,157

$

-

$ 106,803,873

$ $

24,734,077

30,100 30,888 $ 120,370,925

$

97,393,349

$

3,401,202

$

10.00 10%

$ 142,599,647

-

$

10%

$ 50,401,599

$

525,165 $

Parking

17,448

8,772,718

2.00 20%

$ 34,420,604

$0

All

8,601 1,639,076 $

$

Soft Costs Percentage Development & Construction Costs

983,446

New Tercer Park

Roads

1,890

Site Preparation Costs per SQFT Landscaping (Courtyards)

Low Income Commercial

2,096,558

$ 1,050,330

$

4,248,598

$ 5,251,650

$

523,876,447

$

$

104,059,528

$

67,121,569

$

525,165 -

$ 6,827,145

$

418,693

$

708,497,553

$

111,982

$

102

$

138,230

$

26,248

$ (2,096,558) $ (6,827,145) $

321,496,576

Note: All figures converted from M2 to Sqft. All costs/prices were converted from COP to USD using Nov. 2016 exchange rates, not PPP adjusted.

DATA SOURCES • • • •

Construction Costs: Construdata.com. Cross Verified with DANE.gov.co (Índice de Costos de la Construcción de Vivienda - ICCV) Residential Market Data: Metrocuadrado.com (December 2014 Prices Used).

Office/Retail Market Study: Jones Lang LaSalle, “Office Outlook: Bogotá, Colombia End-year 2015” Public Land Value: Unidad Administrativa Especial De Catastro Distrital (UAECD): 2011. 50% appreciation in value assumed with new construction designation

2016 PENNDESIGN

Sources &/Uses / Partnership Splits SOURCES PARTNERSHIP SPLITS Total Development Costs Sources of Funding Private Equity Mezzanine Financing Construction Loan Total Sources

$

Total 708,497,553

Our plan includes two proposed new developments, phase 1 of which will be the Tercer Milenio redevelopment. This is the full pro forma for this first phase.

10% $ 15% $ 75% $ $

70,849,755 106,274,633 531,373,165 708,497,553

The summary at far left shows the eight land uses which will be incorporated into this project. We are assuming the development entity will exit from all of these uses by the end of the project, yielding sales proceeds. Some of the project uses, such as market rate residential, commercial and office, yield significant sales proceeds. These help to cross-subsidize some the other uses, inclucing social housing, low-income commercial space, road improvements, and redevelopment of Parque Tercer Milenio while still yeilding over $300mm (USD) in sales proceeds.

%

Partnership Structure Value Public Sector Commitment (Land) Private Equity Total Equity in Partnership Implied Public Sector % of Partnership Total Return from Sales Financing Costs (Interest & Fees) Net Return from Sales Private Equity Return Private Equity Return Equity Multiple Payback Duration Implied IRR

$ $ $

30,198,722 70,849,755 101,048,478 30%

$ 15% $ $

321,496,576 (106,274,632.92) 215,221,944

70% $

150,902,046 2.13 7 23%

Public Sector Return & Social Program Spending Public Sector Return 30% TOD Land Acquisition Community Center Peace Park Homeless Shelter Elementary School Net Public Sector Return

$ $ $ $ $ $ $

64,319,897.50 (35,000,000) (7,200,000) (1,300,000) (12,818,322) (8,001,576) (0)

As the sources table indicates, we assume 10% of the capital stack is private equity. We plan to split the equity return 70-30 between private and public equity based on the market value of the public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contributed land (valued at $30mm.) After deducting the financing costs for the other sources, we are still left with an attractive 23% compounded annual return for the private equity partner.

The public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pro-rata share of the sales proceeds is over $64mm, which we propose to use to aquire land for the next phase of development and to pay the capital costs for early phase social facilities: community center, Peace Park, shelter, and school.

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PRO FORMA SUMMARY Item Site Acreage Building Footprint

Concept & Building Program

Building Area Saleable/Leasable Area Average Unit Size (sqft) Number of Units Landscaping Park Space/1000 S.F. Commercial Park Space/Residential Unit Park Space

Residential Tower

Residential Townhouse

Student Housing

Social Housing (VIP)

Social Housing (VIS)

Other Commercial Uses

Office

Road Realignment 3,488 Liner Foot

104,447

14,100

32,004

87,232

91,340

44,954

654,247

29.3 923,877

1,024,490 901,551

192,024 168,021 800 210

400,048 350,042 452 774

665,543 582,350

599,898 509,913

1,096,811 877,449

2,996,624 2,525,845

953

42,300 38,070 1,300 29

0.5 477

1.0 29

0.5 105

538 1,082

2,096 2

2

1,020

1,755

2,909

Land Acquisition Costs

Development Costs

Operation Income

$ 34,402,437

Site Preparation Costs Building Construction Costs Landscaping Costs

$ 72,589,651

$ 1,903,500

$

12,758,782

$

15,984,609

$

9,019,139

$

48,372,592

$

76,943,806

$ 5,097,414 $ 237,572,078 $ 371,016

Park Construction Costs Soft Costs

$ 7,148,240 $ 15,947,578

$ $

439,269 468,554

$ $

1,575,197 2,866,796

$

3,196,922

$

1,803,828

$ $

15,297,399 12,733,998

$ $

26,323,464 20,653,454

$ 43,635,329 $ 56,315,685

Overhead and Profit ►Total Development Costs

$ 7,973,789 $ 103,659,257

$ 234,277 $ 3,045,600

$ $

1,433,398 18,634,173

$ $

1,598,461 20,779,991

$ $

901,914 11,724,881

$ $

6,366,999 82,770,988

$ $

10,326,727 134,247,452

$

25,774,151

$23-25

$

1,486,814

$ 28,157,842 $ 407,038,615

Rent / Sqft

$

18

Efficient Gross Rent Other Revenue Operating Expenses

$

2,873,159

$

11,025,359

$18-23

$

453,657

$

1,167,835

$

3,266,358

$ 39,672,669 $ 1,648,330 $ 4,887,850

Net Operating Income (annual)

$

2,419,502

$

9,857,524

$

22,507,793

$ 36,433,150

Debt Service ►Before Tax Cashflow (annual) Sale Proceeds& Value Disposition

All

Average Sales Price/Sqft ►Net Sale Proceeds Cap Rate ►Estimated Sales Value

$ 22,299,019 $ 14,134,131 $ 130- 135 $ 110,249,997

$

115

$ $

$ 4,115,367 $

8% 30,243,780

34 9,213,105

$

57

$

25,413,357

$ 148,991,827 9% $ 109,528,044 $

9% 248,677,576

$ 388,449,400

Note: All figures converted from M2 to Sqft. All costs/prices were converted from COP to USD using Nov. 2016 exchange rates, not PPP adjusted.

DATA SOURCES • Construction Costs: Construdata.com. Cross Verified with DANE.gov.co (Índice de Costos de la Construcción de Vivienda - ICCV) • Residential Market Data: Metrocuadrado.com (December 2014 Prices Used).

• Office/Retail Market Study: Jones Lang LaSalle, “Office Outlook: Bogotá, Colombia End-year 2015” • Public Land Value: Unidad Administrativa Especial De Catastro Distrital (UAECD): 2011.

2016 PENNDESIGN

SOURCES / PARTNERSHIP SPLITS Sources & Uses / Partnership Splits % Total Development Costs Sources of Funding Private Equity Mezzanine Financing Construction Loan Total Private Funding Partnership Structure Value Public Sector Commitment (Land) Private Equity Total Equity in Partnership Implied Public Sector % of Partnership

Total $ 407,038,615

10% $ 40,703,862 7% $ 26,653,355 75% $ 305,278,962 $ 372,636,178

$ 34,402,437 $ 40,703,862 $ 75,106,299 $ 0

Total Return from Sales Financing Costs (Interest & Fees) Net Return from Sales

$ 184,592,231 10% $ (40,703,862) $ 143,888,369

Private Equity Return Private Equity Return Equity Multiple Payback Duration Implied IRR

54% $ 77,980,308 1.92 7 20%

Public Sector Return & Social Program Spending Public Sector Return Endowment Net Public Sector Return

46% $ 65,908,062 $ (65,908,062) $ -

Phase 1 for our plan will be La Sabana TOD. This is the full pro forma for this first phase.

The summary at far left shows the different prototypes which will be incorporated into this project. Similar to Tercer Milenio Redevelopment, we are assuming the development entity will exit from all of these uses by the end of the project, yielding sales proceeds. Market rate residential, commercial and office, help to cross-subsidize social housing, low-income commercial space and road improvementswhile still yeilding over $180mm (USD) in sales proceeds.

As the sources table indicates, we assume 10% of the capital stack is private equity. We plan to split the equity return 54-46 between private and public equity based on the market value of the public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contributed land (valued at $35mm.) After deducting the financing costs for the other sources, we are still left with an attractive 20% compounded annual return for the private equity partner.

The public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pro-rata share of the sales proceeds is over $65mm, which can also be used to set up an endowment to generate continoua cssh flow for social programs and public realm maintenance.

CHAPTER 1 SOURCES Fig 2. Population Growth Table www.dane.gov.co

Fig. 18 - Transmilenio Queue: http://primiciadiario.com/

Fig. 35 - Sabana Sabana.Bogotá.gov.co

Figure 55: Cabrini-Green ContentTime.com

Fig 3. Bogotá’s Young Population GlassDoor.com

Fig. 19 - Transmilenio Crowding: http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/

Fig. 36 - San Victorino Wikicommons.org

Fig. 56 - Transmilenio Queue: http://primiciadiario.com/

Fig 4. Bogotá’s Growing Population MikesBlogBogotá.blogspot.com

Fig. 20 - Job Training: glassdoor.com

Fig. 37 - La Candelaria Wikicommons.org

Fig.57 - Transmilenio Crowding: http:// thecityfix.com/

Fig 5. Economic Opportunity Flickr.com statistics: http://www.dane.gov.co

Fig. 21 - Service Gap Protest : www.brookings.edu

Fig. 38 - Voto Nacional VotoCatolico.com

Fig. 60 - La Hoja Metrovivienda.gov.co

Fig. 22 - Waste Recyclers: fomin.org

Fig. 39 - El Bogotázo PortalBogotá.gov.co

Figure 62: San Bernardo Plan www.eru.gov.co

Fig. 23 - Street Vendor: http://andreslombana.net/

Fig. 41 - Closed Factory MikesBlogBogotá.blogspot.com

Figure 63: San Bernardo Plan www.eru.gov.co

Fig. 24 - Waste Recycler: asociacionrecicladoresBogotá.org

Fig. 43 - El Bronx ElTiempo.com

Figure 64: San Victorino Plan www.eru.gov.co

Fig. 25 - Flooding AgenciadeNoticias.com

Fig. 44 - El Bronx Crime ElTiempo.com

Figure 65: Tram Plan http://www.bnamericas.com/

Fig. 26 - Flooding ElUniversal.com

Fig. 45 - El Bronx Homelessness ElTiempo.com

Fig. 27 - Disconnected Systems Bogotá.gov.co

Fig. 46 - Prostitution ElTiempo.com

Fig. 29 - Bogotá’ Mejor Para Todos Bogotácomovamos.com

Fig. 47 - Prostitution Caracal Radio.com

Fig. 30 - Bogotá’ Humana Bogotá.gov.co

Fig. 51 - Crowded Streets ElEspectador.com

Fig. 31 - Bogotá’ Humana El Diario Bogotáno

Fig.52- La Hoja DeLaRaizaLaHoja.com

Fig. 32 - Bogotá’ Humana El Diario Bogotáno

Figure 53: San Bernardo Plan www.eru.gov.co

Fig. 34 - Santa Fe Wikimedia.org

Figure 54: Southwest Neighborhood Post Urban Renewal WhoseDowntown.com

Fig 6. Decrease In Uneployment GlassDoor.com statistics: http://www.dane.gov.co Fig 7. Guerilla Soldiers at Attention http://www.vozenvoz.com/ Fig 8. Displaced Family GroupoTortuga.com Fig. 9 - IDP Settlement: i0.wp.com/ episcopaldigitalnetwork.com Fig. 10 - IDP Family: http://gtkyolo.com/ Fig. 11 - IDP Woman: http://mikesBogotáblog.blogspot.com/ Fig. 12 - Peace Deal CommonDreams.org Fig. 13- Informal Settlements RevistaLiber.org Fig. 14- El Recreo Construdata.com Fig. 15- La Hoja DeLaRaizaLaHoja.com Fig. 16 - Strata Map Universidad De Los Andes

CHAPTER 2 SOURCES Fig. 1 Active cultural life on pedstrian only street, by Silvia Fang Fig. 2 Goal Diagram, by Silvia Fang Fig. 3-7 Challenge Diagrams, by Silvia Fang Fig. 8 Major barrier cause by the BRT along Carerra 14, by Wenhao Wu Fig. 9-11, 14 Opportunity Diagrams, by Silvia Fang Fig. 12 Young Population, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Sede Bogotรก http:// www.ieeeday.org/ Fig. 13 Young Population, Carrie In Bogotรก, http://carrieinBogotรก.blogspot.com/ Fig. 15 Successful streetscape corridor in Chinatown, Washington D.C. http://www. totallandscapecare.com/ Goal Background Pictures: Housing Opportunities for People of All Incomes: Photo taken by team member Empowerment of Women & Children: www. archdaily.co Neighborhood & Regional Connectivity: http://www.thousandwonders.net/Bogotรก Economic Opportunities that Create Wealth for Disadvantaged People: http://www. trekearth.com/ Safe & Human Scale Streets & Public Realm: https://torcmainstreet.wordpress.com Sustainable & Green Neighborhood: https:// urgitaipei.wordpress.com

Fig. 1 Active cultural life on pedstrian only street

CHAPTER 3 SOURCES Fig.1 - Pedestrian only street closure in Bogotá with a vibrant street festival and activities Fig.2 - Proposed Sabana Station Transit Oriented Development brings new life in an underutilized space Fig.3 - Proposed Parque de la Paz civic center and plaza provide new space for the community Fig. 4 - Proposed new human scaled Parque Tercer Milenio features a rain garden and ecological center Fig.5 - Network map of programs and services Fig.6 - Social programs that focus on improving the health and well-being of residents Fig. 7 - Plaza de la Hoja social housing project Fig. 8 - El Recreo social housing project Fig. 9 - Childcare center at Casa de la Madre y el Niños, www.la-casa.org Fig. 10 - YWCA Elm Street Centre women’s affordable housing development in Toronto, Canada, www.svn-ap.com Fig. 12 - New developments in Regent Park, www.blogto.com Fig. 13 - Caja de Compensar project: Arboleda de Chicalá, www.compensar.com Fig. 14 - Caja de Compensar project: Senderos de las Acacias, www.compensar. com Fig. 15 - Caja de Compensar project: Montearroyo nueva etapa, www.compensar. com Fig. 16 - Caja de Compensar, www. compensar.com Fig. 17 - Profamilia mobile clinic in Alto Florida, www.blog.alexandersanger.com Fig. 18 - Profamilia educators in suburb of Bogotá, www.blog.alexandersanger.com Fig. 19 - Profamilia clinic in Cartagena, www. profamilia.org Fig. 20 - City operated morgue - Proposed site of elementary school, Google Streetview

Fig. 21 - Military storage space - Proposed site of high school, Google Streetview Fig. 22 - Colegio Calasanz students, www. ccb.edu Fig. 23 -Proposed redevelopment and new developments aim to cultivate a sense of community Fig. 24 - Vendors along car free road on a Sunday afternoon in Bogotá Fig. 25 - Bogotáns playing chess on a Sunday afternoon car free day Fig. 25 - Open space of Parque Tercer Milenio Fig. 27 - Raids in El Bronx in May 2016, Resumen Latinamericano Fig. 28 - Raids in El Bronx in May 2016, Resumen Latinamericano Fig. 29 - Book festival at Parque 93, October 2016 Fig. 30 - Parque de la Paz rendering illustrates a civic center with a glass facade to represent new community openness Fig. 31 - Site plan for Parque de la Paz Fig. 32 - Parque de la Paz rendering illustrates a vibrant pedestrian corridor within the park that spills over from a lively vendor and art space Fig. 33 - Perspectival section of Parque de la Paz illustrates the proposed civic center, community center and vendor space Fig. 34 - Section of Vendor and Art Space within Parque de la Paz illustrates the flexible nature of vending and exhibition space Fig. 35- Thriving Economy programs aim to ensure that residents have access to income and wealth creation Fig. 36- New construction in downtown Bogotá Fig. 37 - Build Change brick layer training in Haiti, www.buildchange.org Fig. 38 - Vendor carts in Bogotá Fig. 39 - Vendor carts in Bogotá Fig. 40 - Art and local wares on display in Bogotá Fig. 41 - Vendor carts in Bogotá Fig. 42 - Sign: “If you need manicure/pedicure

come in” Fig. 43 - Sign: “Seamstress services” Fig. 44 - Sign: “Yambal and natural make up sold here” Fig. 45 - Sign: “Seamstress services” Fig. 46 - Sign indicating construction skills available Fig. 47 - Sign: “Seamstress services” Fig. 48 - Outreach event to entrepreneurs, www.caracol.com Fig. 49 - Susceptibility to change map Fig. 50 - Low susceptibility to change Fig. 51 - Medium susceptibility to change Fig. 52 - High susceptibility to change Fig. 53 - Rendering: Historic preservation and facade improvements Fig. 54 - Rendering: Infill development for both new residential and new retail businesses Fig. 55 - Camara de Comercio de Bogotá, www.ccb.org.co Fig. 56 - Full area site plan Fig. 57 - Rendering of proposed Plaza España improvements Fig. 58 - Integrated systems approach Fig. 59 - Parque Tercer Milenio Fig. 60 - Rendering of proposed homeless shelter Fig. 61 - Rendering of new Parque Tercer Milenio Fig. 62 - Rendering of vendor space in Parque de la Paz Fig. 63 - Model of Tercer Milenio redevelopment Fig. 64 - Streetscape improvements in Portland, Urban Land Institute Fig. 65- Connections composite map Fig.66 - Parque Tercer Milenio broken street grid Fig.67 - Reconnected grid at Parque Tercer Milenio broken street grid Fig.68 - Existing Parque Tercer Milenio Fig. 69 - Open Space composite map Fig.70 - Rendering of proposed new Parque Tercer Milenio

Fig.71 - Rendering of proposed Estación de la Sabana improvements Fig. 72- Public Private Partnerships composite map Fig.73 - Connections between phases Fig.74 - Tercer Milenio development full build diagram Fig. 75- Health & Well-Being composite map Fig. 76 - YWCA Affordable Housing Development for Women, Toronto, Canada, www.svn-ap.com Fig. 77 - Rendering of proposed homeless shelter Fig. 78 - Profamilia clinic in Cartagena, www. profamilia.org Fig. 79- Thriving Economy composite map Fig. 80 - Paloquemao market in Bogotá, www. filmingBogotá.gov Fig. 81- Environmental Systems composite map Fig. 82 - Green roof example on multi-storey residential, www.futurecapetown.org Fig. 83 - Solar panel example, www. sunpower.com Fig. 84 - Biodigester example, Owen Sound Sun Times Fig. 85 - Greywater cistern example, www. hyperallergic.com Fig. 86 - Green building systems for all new construction Fig. 87 - Network map of programs and services Fig. 88 - Financial Model for Public Private Partnership Fig. 89 - Financial Model for Tercer Milenio Redevelopment Fig. 90 - Financial Model for La Sabana TOD Fig. 91 - Proyeto B mixed use development, www.colombiainternational.co Fig. 92 - Implementation Timeline

CHAPTER 4 FIGURES AND SOURCES Fig. 1 - Plaza Bolivar CHAPTER 4 SOURCES Fig. 2 - Diagram Illustrating the Laws of

the Indies, http://cronicalibredecaracas. blogspot.com/2014/03/centro-de-caracascuadrilatero-historico.html Fig. 3 - Map of Bogotá, 1810, https:// en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1810_Bogotá_ map_by_Vicente_Talledo_y_Rivera.png Fig. 4 - Plan of Bogotá, 1852, www. davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/ RUMSEY~8~1~246215~5514984:Plano-deBogotá# Fig. 5 - Diagrams Illustrating the Laws of the Indies Fig. 6 - Historic Maps of Bogotá, 1894, 1910, 1936 and today’s aerial, www. environmentandsociety.org/exhibitions/ water-Bogotá/historical-cartography Fig. 7 - Existing Building Density of Voto Nacional, with red showing the historically developed northern half Fig. 8 - Different Types of Uses and their typologies in Voto Nacional Fig. 9 - Development Strategy In Response to the Existing Urban Fabric Fig. 10 - Renders: Images Showing Development Outcomes Fig. 11 - Plan of Plaza Bolivar, www. davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/ RUMSEY~8~1~246215~5514984:Plano-deBogotá Fig. 12 - Historic Image of Plaza Bolivar Fig. 13 - Plaza de Bolivar Fig. 14 - Green Pedestrian Corridor on Calle7 Fig. 15 - Parque de Calle 106 Fig. 16 - Community Park with Recreational Facilities Fig. 17 - Humedal El Burro Fig. 18 - Plaza de Los Mártires Fig. 19 - Lighting in Parque de La 93, https:// es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegioTram Fig. 20 - Parque 93, www.eyesoncolombia. com Fig. 21 - Community Garden Fig. 22 - Lighting in Parque de La 93, https:// es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegioTram Fig. 23 -Reading Festivals in Parque 93 Fig. 24 - Paque 93 Strategies Fig. 25 - Design Details in Paque 93, google

images Fig. 26 - Section Drawings of Existing Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Streets Fig. 27 - Street Facade Openings Fig. 28 - Retail opening v.s. chopshop opening along the streets, Google earth street view Fig. 29 - Various commercial uses spilling onto sidewalk space, Google earth street view Fig. 30 - Poor Sidewalk Condition, Google earth street view Fig. 31 - BRT infrastructure Barrier, Google earth street view Fig. 32 - Auto-chopshop Openings along Streets, Google earth street view Fig. 33 - BRT street section Fig. 34 - Historic illustration showing sample street scape Fig. 35- The 1852 Plan of Bogotá Fig. 36- BRT street, Curitiba, Brazil, www. slideshare.net Fig. 37 - Images showing the detail, and active retail use at night Fig. 38 - Intentional Street Scape with Arcades Fig. 39 - Mixed Use Typology Axon Models Fig. 40 - Worldwide Case Studies, www. nextcity.com Fig. 41 - Integrated Land Use Development, Curitiba, Brazil, Transit - Oriented Development Plan Fig. 42 - TOD in Curitiba, Brazil Fig. 43 - Mixed-Income Development Block Typologies Fig. 44 - Set Solar Panels on affordable housing, www.grist.org Fig. 45 - Urban Fabric with Courtyards Patterns within Bogotá Fig. 46 - Elm Creek Exterior Courtyard, WikiMedia commons Fig. 47 - Selected historic buildings in or near Voto Nacional, Google earth streetview Fig. 48 - Historic town of Salvador, Brazil, www.arounddeglobe.com Fig. 49 - Facade preservation and interior replacement, Pereman Center of Political Science and Economics, Philadelphia, USA, www.cleantechnica,com Fig. 50 - Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse Block Typologies

Fig. 51 - Block Typolgoies Fig. 52 - Enrique Penelosa, http://www. kienyke.com/ Fig. 53 - Context Fig. 54 -Burms prevent visibility into the park Fig. 55 - Vacant Public Land - La Candelaria Fig. 56 - Extent of Development Fig. 57 - Master Plan Fig. 58 - Historic Building for Adaptive Reuse Fig. 59 - Open Space Strategy Fig. 60 - View of the proposed Promenade Fig. 61 - View of Southern entrance to the site Fig. 62 - Southern entrance to the site Fig. 63 - Parking Fig. 64 - Land Use Diagram Fig. 65 - View of the proposed Rain Garden Fig. 66 - View of the proposed new Parque Tercer Milenio Fig. 67 - View of the proposed Children’s Community Garden Fig. 68 - Detailed Site Plan of La Sabana Station TOD Fig. 69 - España Plaza Developments Fig. 70 - Site of Transit Oriented development program Fig. 71 - Hospital and Medical School Fig. 72 - Sabana Station Fig. 73 - San Jos Church Fig. 74 - Sabana Plaza Fig. 75 - Existing land use map Fig. 76 - Susceptibility to change map Fig. 77 1810 Bogotá Map, en.m.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:1810_Bogotá_map_by_Vicente_ Talledo_y_Rivera.png Fig. 78 - 1890 Bogotá Map, www. davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/ RUMSEY~8~1~246215~5514984:Plano-deBogotá# Fig. 79 - 1936 Bogotá Map, www. environmentandsociety.org/exhibitions/ water-Bogotá/historical-cartography#map1 Fig. 80 - Sabana Station in 1930, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estación_ Sabana_1930.jpg Fig. 81 - Sabana Tourist Rail, en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Tren_Turistico_de_la_Sabana#/ media/File:Estation_de_la_Sabana.JPG Fig. 82 - RegioTram Westline stations, es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_

Cercan%C3%ADas_de_la_Sabana_de_ Bogot%C3%A1 Fig. 83 - Map of first phase plan of Metro de Bogotá for 2011-2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Metro_Bogot%C3%A1_Fase_I.png Fig. 84- Rail and Property Development design model Fig. 85 - RegioTram West Line Stations Fig. 86 - Bogotá regional connection proposal with travel time Fig. 87 - Boundary of transit-oriented development program Fig. 88- Bogotá regional proposal Fig. 89 - Transit-oriented development proposal Fig. 90 - Station upgrade proposal Fig. 91 - Map of first phase plan of Metro de Bogotá for 2011-2016 Fig. 92 - West-east cross section of proposed rail tracks and elevated entrance at La Sabana Station Fig. 93 - Proposed circulation around the station Fig. 94 - TOD proposal Fig. 95 - Rail and Property Development design model, Rail and Property Development design model, www.unescap.org/sites/ default/files/1b.4_TOD%26ValueCapture_ Hong%20Kong_HungWingTat.pdf Fig. 96 - Regional business development proposal Fig. 97 - West-east cross section through La Sabana Station Fig. 98 - Rendering showing the new Sabana Plaza and TOD Fig. 99 - North-South connection through La Sabana Station Fig. 100 - South-north cross section through Calle 13 and La Sabana Station Fig. 101 - Proposed Carrera 18 towards La Sabana Station Fig. 102 - Proposed neighborhood-focused intervention Fig. 103 -. Proposed Plaza España Fig. 104 - Proposed shelter with market on ground floor Fig. 105- South-north cross section through the whole site showing development density Fig. 106 - Overarching land use framework Fig. 107 - 3D View of proposed TOD (on the left)

CHAPTER 5 Fig. 1 - New Shelter place for the homeless with retail on the first floor Fig. 2 - New public housing development at the new Tercer development Fig. 3 - Propose daycare center at the new community center at Peace Park Fig. 4 - Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park with a community garden and children exercise infrastructures Fig. 5 - Example of streetscape improvements and street redesign (with bike lane) Fig. 6 - Proposed La Sabana plaza and streetscape improvement next to the upgraded La Sabana Station Fig. 7 - Example of infill development in the more vacant neighborhoods, adding more local commercial uses Fig. 8 - Example of historic preservation and rennovation to create commercial facade Fig. 9 - Redesign street grid to create a promenade with street vendors and commercial facades at the New Tercer development Fig. 10 - New La Sabana Station as the multimodal transportation hub serving both local and regional population Fig. 11 - Proposed Rain Garden at the New Tercer development Fig. 12 - Peace Park at El Bronx as an example of the new parks with more suitable scale, location, and design Fig. 13 - Peace Park as the new community service hub Fig. 14 - New Tercer development featuring a promenade with street vendors and commercial use on the sides Fig. 15 - Proposed La Sabana plaza, office towers, and streetscape improvement next to the upgraded La Sabana Station Fig. 16 - new shelter place with first-floor retail market Fig. 17 - new La Sabana station as the moti-

modal transit hub Fig. 18 - activate plazas with vendor programs Fig. 19 - An example of streetscape improvement and adding bike lanes Fig. 20 - Map of whole site plan