People, Process & Technology By Amal Shah Faculty of Design CEPT University
Teaching Associates Chandni Chhabra, Sachi Motiwala & Shikha Mehta
IR3609 | Monsoon Semester 2020
What ? Role in Built Environment
Practice Knowledge Techniques Resources Operation Skills Collaboration
Culture Community Context
People
Why?
Process
Technology
Relevance to Field
How ? Influence on Projects
Meaning and Value to Design Design Ecology
Association Experience Derivation Perception
Data Transfer Accuracy Optimization Communication Efficiency Control Limits Operation
Form-Morphology Materiality
Aesthetics Function Construction What else?
Ability to understand and analyse -Comprehensive overview of factors in built environment and design. -Influence of sub-factors in a design project. -Deduce Decision-making in projects. -Apply factors and sub-factors in a design process.
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People People
People in a design process People as ‘stakeholders’ in a design process Community, culture & traditions People & built environment Developing technological aids and tools Associations to technique, form & material
1. People, Process and Technology
Process Process
2. Process, Technology and People
4. People, Process and Technology
Technology
Technology as an Enabler? As a Driving Force?
3. Technology, People and Process
5.
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Technology as an Outcome?
Case Study 1 Case Study 2
Stages of a ‘Design Process’ People involved in a design process Sequencing a design process Derivational factors of a process Influence of context, culture & traditions
Technology Technology as an aid or a tool? Technology developed by people Technology as an outcome Role of technology in shaping a design process Derived from technique, form & material 3
People
Technology
Process
People
1. People, Process and Technology 4 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
People
People? ‘the members of a particular nation, community, or ethnic group.’ ‘(of a group of people) inhabit (a place)’ ‘A person (plural people or persons) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes.’ Cognitive, emotional and social aspects associated with the built environment as well as physical effort and input in the design process.
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Process
Technology
People
Process
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Process
Process? ‘a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.’ ‘the word ‘process’ implies a particular mode of thought as well as a particular technology or material method of production, to which it is inextricably linked.
Design Process? Conceptual Process, Iterative Process, Space Planning Process, Design Development Process, Communication Process, Manufacturing, Fabrication Process, Production Process, Construction Process, Assembly Process, etc 7 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Technology
Process
People
Technology
3. Technology, People and Process 8 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Technology
Technology? ‘a manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.’ Etymological understanding - ‘Techne’ : the science of craft . ‘Logia’ : the skill or art of the hand.
Technology evolves and advances based on human needs and an effort of enhancement of human lifestyle. It is affected by people, society and culture.
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Week 01
People + Process & Technology
People
‘People in a design process’ Process
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People
‘People in a design process’ Process
By the user:
For the user:
For multiple users:
Processes defined by the user to resolve functional aspects
Processes defined with the idea of user-interface
Processes defined with a focus on ease of access for a larger user-group
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People
‘People in a design process as stakeholders’ Process
A member/ group/ community/ organization who is impacted by the outcome of the project/ has an interest in the project and hence plays a role in the process. It can be from a social, ethical, economic, technical perspective with a direct or indirect influence.
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People
3D Visualizers
Community
Clients
Interior Designer
Users
Land Owner
Labourers/W orkers/ Unions
Structural Engineer
Fabricator
Draftsmen
Community
Clients
Users
Interior Designer
Project Manager
Craftspeople
Architect
Animators
Model makers
Structural Engineer
Allied Sciences Experts
Allied Industry Experts
Consultants-P erformance, Software
Manufacturer
Services Suppliers/ Consultants
Facilities Manager
Contractor
Labourers/W orkers/ Unions
Government Authorities
Accountants/ Legal /License
Vendors
Transport Managers
Structural Engineer
Manufacturer
ConsultantsLight/ Acoustic/etc.
Fabricator
Labourers/W orkers/ Unions
3D Visualizers
3D Visualizers
Process
Technology
Architect
Allied Industry Experts
Occupants & Neighbours
Craftspeople
Occupants
Users
Architect
Community
Allied Industry Experts
Contractor
ConsultantsLight/ Acoustic/etc. Specialists Design/ Engineering
Consultants-P erformance Software
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People
Process
By the user: Processes deďŹ ned by the user to resolve functional aspects
Source: Google images
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People
Process
For the user: Processes deďŹ ned with the idea of user-interface
Source: Google images
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People
Process
For multiple users: Processes deďŹ ned with a focus on ease of access for a larger user-group
Source: Google images
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Process
Stages of a ‘Design Process’ 01
Evaluation of design
Post-process: Finishing/Outcome
Pre-process: Concept
06?
05
02
Pre-process: Design
03
During: Execution
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Process
01
Pre-process: Concept
Source: Google images
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Process
02
Pre-process: Design
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Source: Google images
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Process
03
During: Execution, Production
Kit of Parts Source : Process (Borden, 2014) Source: Google images
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Process
04
During: Construction/ Assembly
Source: Google images
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Process
05
Post-process: Finishing/ Outcome
Source: Google images
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Process
Is a process always ‘defined’? Is there a specific sequence to these stages?
06?
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People
‘People involved in a design process’
Process
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
â—? Process
Interior Designer/ Design Firm: User based design process The Ideology of the designer
Image Source: The Interior Design Advocate
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
â—?
Labourers/Workers: Technique based design process
Process
Skills, Knowledge, Input of manual labour, speed, consistency of quality, precision, cost, etc
Image Source: World Construction Today
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
â—? Process
Craftsmen: Material based design process Skills and value, Knowledge, Input of manual labour, speed of production, consistency of quality, precision, type of production, material and cultural association, impact of interior detailing, cost, etc
Image Source: Google Images
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
â—? Process
People, as users, occupants, community and society are stakeholders in the design and its process.
Implications on design process
Human Centered Design Image Source: Design Society Development
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
â—? Process
Production, Manufacturing, Construction Collaborators, Workers, Skilled/ Unskilled Labourers: Can include a number of people involved in all design phases, like fabricators, contractors, industrial producers, etc.
Image Source: Google Images
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People
People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)
● Process
Interdisciplinary Collaborators Experts/People in allied fields of aeronautics, naval, field, in applied sciences of metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering, biology, etc. Including other practices may be for adding a sense of novelty in the form or material.
Image Source: Google Images
Image Courtesy: arch20, Future Systems
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People
Considerations and Decisions in the design process based on People and Technology
Process
Technology
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People
Process
Technology
Process influenced by People in terms of Culture and Context
●
Communities, Culture, Traditions and Technology
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Traditional practices, derived patterns, forms,
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Contextual Relevance and Response
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Input of manual labour and inclusion of skills
●
Aesthetics and Experience
●
Construction Technologies/Method of Construction
●
Materiality, Form and Association
●
Society and Human-centric design
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People
Communities, Culture, Traditions and Technology
â—?
The implications of certain ways of living, traditions, rituals of communities or people living in a particular area on aspects of the design process.
Process
Technology
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Source: Google images
Image Courtesy: Google Images
●
Tatami mats are a traditional Japanese form of proportioning.
●
Traditional Japanese concepts of Shōji, fusuma (sliding doors) Engawa (Japanese verandah) are due to the lifestyle of the people. Source: Google images
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People
Traditional practices, Derived patterns, Forms and Construction Methods
â—?
A response to context - immediate or on a broader scale can result in a more differentiated architecture and design that hold meaning and value in the culture and as a way of living.
Process
Technology
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Image Courtesy: Azure Magazine
Jean Marie Tijbaou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano â—? Derivation of form from culture, climate, context, materiality and technology Source: Process (Borden, 2014)
Merge of traditional and modern techniques of construction, context, culture to articulate vernacular geometry.
https://www.archdaily.com/600641/ad-classics-centre-culturel-j ean-marie-tjibaou-renzo-piano
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People
Contextual Relevance and Response â—?
Through location, Climate, local acclimated material technology the distinctiveness of Place emerges, and its sensitivities.
Process
Technology
The traditional construction practice of KathKhuni is an evolved response to the harsh climate, natural material resources, local tools and skills, seismic conditions. 38 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Image Courtesy: Google Images
People
Input of manual labour and inclusion of skills in the process â—?
Process
Integrating local workers/crafts people's skills, intuition and experience with materials in design construction methods in the design and assembly process can add a contextual root to the project.
Technology
Wa Shan Guesthouse integrates the handskills of traditional wooden craftsmen. Here, the knowledge of the craftsmen about traditional architecture is employed to create the layered roof to retain heat within the space below. 39 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Image Courtesy: Area Media
People
Materiality, Form, Association â—?
All of this relates back to the association we as the occupants form with the spaces based on its materiality, form and visual perception.
Process
Starbucks Cafe in Japan, by Kengo Kuma uses the concept of thin wood pieces weaving. Here the traditional joinery of Chidori has been improvised to accommodate four pieces in each joint. 40 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Image Courtesy: ArchDaily
People
People and Applied Technology in the Design Process
Integrated Design Process
Process
Technology
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People
‘ Integrate’ : bring (people or groups with particular characteristics or needs) into equal participation in or membership of a social group or institution.
Process
Integrated Design Practice A holistic approach to process design and Technology which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. Also known as Integrated Project Collaboration (IPC) in built environment
Technology
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/6954-integrated-practice-in-perspective-a-new-model-for-the-archit ectural-profession
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People
Process
â—?
Importance of the duration and entry point of the external collaborators/ external practices involved.
â—?
These collaborators could be manufacturers, people/experts in allied industrial disciplines like aeronautics, nautical industry for production decisions, applied sciences like chemical engineering, biology, mechanical engineering, etc.
Technology
MacLearny Curve: The concept of making decision decisions earlier in the project increases the chance for positive outcomes and the cost of changes is minimized Courtesy: Pre-fab Architecture by Ryan E Smith
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People
Palladio designed the roof of the Basilica at the Piazza dei Signori in Vicenza (1617), as an inverted ship hull and had to bring shipbuilders from Venice to construct it. Process
Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao would not have been possible without the local shipbuilding and steel industry as production collaborators and the technology to supplement it.
Technology
Image Courtesy: Google Images
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â—?
Project Process
â—?
Integrated Design Process
Construction Team 8.Structural Resolution 9.Construction Drawings 10.Construction/Assembly Process
Construction/ Production Collaborators Integration and Technology for Increase in efficiency, quality, time, optimization Factor of Novelty? Applied Technology in design process . . ?
Design Team
1. Conception 2.Design Development 3. Design Model 4.Construction Drawings, Model
External Collaborators
Design Team
Production Team
5.Pre-Production Decisions 6.Propose design changes based on structure 7.Production Drawings/Model Production Process
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1.Conception Process 2.Design Development 3.Pre-Production Decisions 4.Production Drawings/Model 5.Construction Drawings, Model 6.Production Process 7.Construction /Assembly Process
Base Image Courtesy : Matt Ostanik, Buildipedia
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People
Associated Digital and Communication Technology
â—?
Process
The requirement of stakeholders to function on multiple needs of the built environment together, lead to the development of technology to support the communication of data simultaneously.
Technology
What role would an Interior Designer play in this Integrated Design Practice? Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University
Image Courtesy: Google Images
Integrated 3D models with complete embedded design information 46 from all collaborators. Eg - BIM (Building Information Modelling), etc.
People
Conceptual Process What is the Design Idea and Why?
●
Basic need of the design problem
●
Based on Designer’s Ideology
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Based on consideration of the culture, available technology
●
Functional considerations of the community/category of users
●
Aesthetical considerations of the community/category of people
Process
Technology
Image Courtesy: Inclusive Design Toolkit People and Pre-process:
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People
Iterative /Prototype Process How can the Design Problem be solved and the design idea be taken ahead?
Process
â—?
Interior design ďŹ rm along with external collaborators like industrial collaborators, craftspeople, etc, if needed.
Technology
Image Courtesy: Daniela Design Studio People and Pre-process:
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People
Design Development
â—?
The development can be based on existing technology of resources.
â—?
The process can have increased input of collaborators and production stakeholders for better production considerations in the design process.
Process
Technology Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014)
People and Pre-process:
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People
Design For Manufacturing (DFM), Design For Assembly(DFA) as a methodology for example would incorporate collaborators for inputs on production viability, number of parts, ease of assembly & production, transport, method and manner of assembly on-site, material potential, material optimization, etc.
Process
Technology
â—?
Arup Engineers had an integral involvement in the design process of Metropol Parasol, Spain, for the connection details for optimized rapid erection on-site.
Image Courtesy: Google Images
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People
Communication Flow, Communication Process How to communicate and represent the design output for different purposes and why Process
●
The mode of representation of design data depends on the collaborators involved, and the people involved in carrying out the execution on-site or off-site in an industry/workshop.
Image Courtesy: Google Images
Technology
Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014) People and Pre-process:
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People
Pre-Production Considerations How to execute the design - Decisions on the set of people to involve for construction ●
Value, speed, efficiency, quality, cost
●
Ease of execution and ease of labour
●
Standardization
●
Impact of production process and people involved in the process on aesthetics and function of the project.
Process
Technology
Kit of Parts - Maison Tropicale by Jean prouve Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014)
People and Pre-process:
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People
Process
The Beijing National Aquatics Center is a project wherein the social context determined the technical resolution in the design and assembly process.
Technology
Image Courtesy: Google Images
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2. Process, Technology and People
What are the stages of a design process? How are different stages of Process influenced by aspects of people and of technology? What are the common sub-factors between what affects People and what affects Process? 54 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University