7. Process - PostProcesses

Week 07

People, Process & Technology

Process

Post-Process

By Amal Shah Faculty of Design CEPT University

Teaching Associates Chandni Chhabra, Sachi Motiwala & Shikha Mehta

IR3609 | Monsoon Semester 2020

Recap : Post-Processes in Design

Production/ Execution Process

Post-Processes Post-Processes

Construction / Assembly Process

Evaluation Process

Fabrication Process Manufacturing Process Production- Industrial Processes Transportation Process On-site Processes Technical/ Manual Processes- Welding, Hammering, etc Post-Occupancy Process Research Process Analytical Process

Manufacturing Processes

Moulding, Bending, 3D Printing, etc.

Welding, Grazing, Soldering, etc.

Painting, Coating, etc.

Additive

Subtractive

Forming

Sculpting

Joining

Joining

Finishing

Finishing

Cutting

CNC, Milling, etc.

By using 3rd party tools, mechanical fasteners, etc.

Abrasion, sand blasting, polishing, etc.

Shearing, punching, blanking, etc.

Production Process : Manufacturing Process The steps/ technology through which raw materials are transformed into a ďŹ nal product.

Mechanical Processes like shaping, joining, machining, shearing, casting, molding.

Metal Stretch Forming

Courtesy : Google Images.

Die-Casting of Metal

Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufacturing

Production Process : Manufacturing and Fabrication Process Processing Operations Solidification Processes - Casting, Expendable Mold Casting (Sand, Plastic, shell, plaster), Molding...

Deformation Processes - Forming, Bulk Deformation, Sheet Metal Forming, Polymer Processing...

Baha’i Temple, South America : Process of slumping glass hand-cast panel over shaped mold in a kiln for achieving design concept of quality of light filtering in.

Collaborators : Glassmakers, Industrial workers, structural & chemical engineers, manufacturers, fabricators, architects Courtesy : Google Images., Gulling, D.K. (2018). Manufacturing Architecture : An Architect’s Guide to Custom Processes, Materials and Applications. London, UK: Lawrence King Publishing

Production Process : Manufacturing and Fabrication Process Processing Operations Subtractive Processes - Turning, Drilling, Milling, etc...

Additive Processes - Rapid Prototyping - 3D printing...

Flo & Jet by ShOP Architects, Dassault : 3D Printing and Industrial Robotics with two robots using material printing, one with biodegradable bamboo.

Courtesy : Google Images

Production Process : Manufacturing & Digital Manufacturing Process The application of digital information in manufacturing elements, systems as a whole through the supply chain or through additive or subtractive manufacturing processes.

Digital manufacturing technologies link systems and processes across all areas of production to create an integrated approach to manufacturing, from design to production

Marble Curtain Installation by Jeanne Gang : Material : Stone with water-jet cutting Here, stone that is used in compression since ages has been used in tension challenging notions and stone’s structural capacity.

Materials are increasingly being used in new ways instead of their conventional applications.

Courtesy : Google Images

Production Process : Pre-fabrication

The Tamieda Building, by Shigeru Ban : ● ● ●

1400 prefabricated pieces of spruce into a giant kit of parts Seven-storeyed building with no metal joineries.

Glulam (Glue-laminated Timber) for strength and regularity in the transfer of forces.

Courtesy : Google Images

Production Process : Digital Fabrication Process & Automation

De Young Museum by Herzog de Meuron: A. Zahner Company constructed an operative flow relationship tree to manage the complexity of digital information for the fabrication of the copper skin cladding for the de Young Museum.

Digital model files were charted according to the operations performed ● Shearing, punching, perforating, and dimpling ●

Courtesy : Google Images

Timetable of the fabrication and assembly process

Production Process : Concept of Mass Production

Dymaxion House by Buckminster Fuller, 1930-1946 : Mass produced at-pack concept of housing in post war era had integrated systems ( numbers in images indicating number of components for assembly) as a prefabricated KIT. Courtesy : Google Images

After precision prefabrication in Wichita the whole house was shipped in a duralumin tube-at the time designed to ďŹ t in a small truck, DC6 aircraft. The components all weigh no more than 5 kilograms to enable construction without the need for typical construction site machinery.

Production Process : O-site Construction/Assembly Process

Norwegian Reindeer Pavilion, Snohetta Assembling wooden sections local techniques, use of 5 axis CNC milling machine - Uniteam Mirror at production facility in two parts.

Courtesy : Google Images

Transportation of structure in two parts to remote site for assembly. Onsite assembly using local techniques.

Production Stakeholders: Local woodworkers, CNC Production facility, ship-building facility, engineers, Model Makers for digital fabrication

Construction Process : Assembly Based

Pompiduo Center by Renzo Piano, : The components and connections are of a scale rarely seen in the construction industry – massive steel elements were fabricated in off-site foundries and delivered by truck to the site during the night. Which were then assembled on site.

Sendai Mediatheque by Toyo Ito, : Sheaves are built in sections and are prefabricated and pre-welded in the manufacturer’s factories Sheaves are shipped to site as single weldment to be positioned and later welded to the sandwich floor plates and other weldment sections on site.

Construction Process : On- Site process

Tama Art University Library, Tokyo

By Toyo Ito The characteristic of this space arches are made of steel plate 20 cm coated with concrete. The main materials used to construct the building have been the reinforced concrete structure, glass windows and aluminum frames. The final volume design corresponds to a structural frame formed by the intersection of arches curves.

Taichung Metropolitan Opera House, Taiwan

By Toyo Ito A mesh of steel beams lays the foundation for the three-dimensional curving walls, shaped by a smaller metal mesh and finally solidified in ‘shotcrete’, a spray-able concrete used in tunnel work. it is applied in two layers, the bulk of the structure is sprayed on with a pre-mixed batch to get the massing as accurate as possible.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, PREFABRICATION

Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology

Materials : Aluminium (all elements except structural), Steel (for Structural Elements) The malleability and ductility of aluminum allowed the creation of very light elements with an acceptable resistance

Extrusion

Stamping

Precision of each piece represents reďŹ ned componential production Courtesy : Borden, G. P. (2014). Process: material and representation in architecture. New York, NY: Routledge.

Casting

Parts in Assembly Line

CONSTRUCTION , ASSEMBLY : Transportation to Site

Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa

Max 4 m widths, 100 kg max for 2 people to carry.

On site work by local technology and workers

Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa

PREFABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

System of Assembly, Elements and Construction

Tubular Steel Construction Segmental Wall

Floor System

Courtesy : Borden, G. P. (2014). Process: material and representation in architecture. New York, NY: Routledge.

Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Sequence of Assembly Process A

C

E

G

B

D

F

H

Courtesy : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=337DvPcM7t0

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, PREFABRICATION

Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology Materials : Flex Ply & Wood (for internal framing) The fusion of Japanese and Brazilian cuisines introduced an interesting challenge in the design of the restaurant, challenge based on the search of shared singularities between two cultures, antagonistic at first sight: quiet and minimalist the Japanese, lush and bustling the Brazilian. The fusion is explored by using wood as a key material and form derivational techniques to interpret the landscapes.

Steam bending:

Bent members were pre-fabricated through steam-bending on the dyes developed specifically for the project

Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo

Forming: For seating pods,wooden members were formed and laminated off-site.

Pre-fabricated elements assembled at site

CONSTRUCTION , ASSEMBLY : Transportation to Site

Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain

“The three Ikebana elements articulate the space: The ceiling as a forest full of branches, the green facade soothing the view between interior and exterior, and the color explosion that comes with the tables.”

Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo

Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain

PREFABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

A metal grid in the ceiling is used to suspend each bent member through cables. For wall elements acting as seating, as frame is derived and attached to the existing walls of the site.

Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain

Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo

Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington

Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington

STAGGERED MASS

Mass

Structural system

Volume

Addition of outer skin

Displacement

Division into planes

Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Columns with angle transfer load to the central core which is concrete base by connecting to each other at different levels.

Which has even decreased number of columns providing column free corners.

In the first system, the platform perimeter truss, comprising a multistory profundad support gravity loads of the building. The trusses are supported by inclined columns and carefully positioned to increase opportunities counterweight, cantilevered platforms.

Load bearing system which are column and beam support gravity loads of elevated platforms and Cantilevers. And seismic structure in form of steel grid of diamond shaped system provide stability during seismic events. The belt trusses are connected with concrete shear wall.

The second system, the grid of diamond-shaped steel, the building form the exoskeleton. Steel grid provides the lateral system of the building, roof trusses interconnected platforms serves as architectural interior finish, and supports the glass covering curtain construction.

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington

Skin of the built form - unfolded

Exploded structure of the built form

Exploded view of mass and skin

The connections both structural systems fused while preventing the transfer of gravity loads steel grille. The system maintains the thin grid without ďŹ re protection, and most importantly, with the desired aesthetic.

Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology The construction details, and systematic relationship between materials and components are explored in this post process.

Pre Process : Sketch and Model with consideration of Technological system, culture, Climate and Production

Geometry : The transition in shape facilitates the collective form through the material process of its formulation.

Prototype before execution to omit any errors on site and for ďŹ nal reďŹ nement of preprocess stage

Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building Tijbou Cultural center uses a range of materials - Laminated Iroko wood, Concrete, Coral, Aluminium Casting, Glass Panels, Tree Bark and Stainless Steel.

There are several dierent types of pin connections that knit the exterior and interior members.

The assembly required skilled labour and it was a delicate process.

Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

Mass and Volume of the building and assembly construction

Anatomy Rib System : As it is a signifier as well as performative form, the bulging shape exaggerates the weight and complexity of the building’s detailing while providing a solemn simplicity to the overall composition.

Anatomy of skin/ EnclosureInfill between ribs.

Jean Marie Tijbou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building The increment of displacement of the ribs slowly increases as the system ascends upwards. Making a solid foundation in the bottom of building structure and lighter skin of the building.

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

The post process was half on the site and half of it was prefabricated.

While the wood was acquired from the local site, the steel frames were prefabricated in France.

Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

The components and the connection type

The details are an intense articulation of tectonic systems. Illustrating both the individual building component and the method of assembly, the language is expressed through hyper articulation of building components and systems.

Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building

ASSEMBLY PROCESS

The components and the connection type

The multilayer surface, illustrates the separation of functional and performative responsibility into an individuated and celebrated system. As a pin connection, the translation from the foundation of upper structural frame provides a moment of rotation.

What is the interlinkage between Production & Construction?

Spanish Expo Pavilion Column Cladding with Clay Extrusion Process Design Considerations -Dry assembly system production for construction in a new location -Use of terracotta as external material to express Spanish tradition -Unglazed ďŹ nish of terracotta with varying colour Manufacturing Considerations -Colour variation by baking at dierent temperatures -Extrusion Process integrated temporary structure -Specialised tooling in assembly line

Spanish Expo Pavilion Column Cladding with Clay Extrusion Process

Education Pavilion, Lincoln Park Zoo by Studio Gang, Chicago Bending process of Wood sheets

Design Considerations -Limited material palette -using material characteristics for form generation and development

Manufacturing Considerations -Accommodating dierent curvatures and direction in arch shape with wood bending

Process of Lamination of Douglas Fir strips Collaborators include : Architecture Studio Structural Engineering Firn Material Research Firm Prototype Creation Company Laminated Timber Manufacturer Primary & Secondary Contractors

Processes include: Material Research and Prototyping For moldsMetal Molding 3D printing Edge ďŹ nishing with routers Lamination in two directions Edge ďŹ nishing

Evaluation of a Design Process “Design can be considered as a problem solving activity in which generation of a solution in the form of a building, that will satisfy a specific program to fit a specific site for specific users to perform specific functions and activities on that site, using a process (a series of steps) to finally communicate final solution in universally accepted presentation methods” Source: A 10 STEP DESIGN PROCESS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIOS, Conference: American University in the Emirates (AUE), Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility November 13th - 15th, 2018.

But how does one begin to evaluate a design process?

But how does one begin to evaluate a design process?

The first step is to ‘READ’ a design process Understanding Context

Defining Constraints

Ideating Concepts of resolution

Executing Solutions

Experiencing Outcome

Next step is to develop a ‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Develop a framework based on the study of the context & outcome of the project.

Step 01: Listing the Design sequence Step 02: Organize

Organize the Typology of information

Analyse, Ideate

Execute

Evaluate

Develop

Design

Step03: Investigate

Step 04: Structure

Investigate the tools & concepts

Structure the Outcome on the basis of its context

Step 01: Listing the sequence

01 Conceptualisation Ideation

‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Each step of the framework must categorise the factors as following

02 Design Development

03 Developing Tectonic Systems

04 Generating Solutions

05 Executing Outcome

Step 02: Organize

‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Each step of the framework must categorise the factors as following

Constants

Variables

a series of clues, cues, signals, datum, reference points, underlying structure

the potential options, choices, or thematic elaborations within a given context

These are known as ‘Factors’

These are known as ‘Parameters’

Categorizing the factors:

Constant

Context Each stage would comprise of factors based on the sequence of the design process implemented in the project.

Each factor can be categorised as either a constant or a variable element in the design process.

For instance, The initial stage of a design process would consist of subfactors such as context, concept, constraints, etc.

Ideation

Concept

Variable

Context in this case would act as a constant information guiding the design process.

Concept & Constraints on the other hand would act as variables that will get articulated through the design process. *This will vary from project to project.

Constraints

Variable

Step 02: Investigate

‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Investigate the categorised factors to verify their role

Ideate

Design

Develop

Execute

Constant

Constant

Constant

Constant

Variable

Variable

Constant

Variable

Constant

Variable

Constant

Constant

Variable

Variables

Variable

Variable

Investigating the role: Technique

Investigate Meaning: “a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts”

For instance, Investigation can be a process of verification developed to define and identify the articulation of the factor in relation to the built.

Technique used to incorporate the information of the constant factor within the design process

Constant Factor

Impact

Impact of using a constant information to shape or derive a method of articulation of the element

Concept & Constraints on the other hand would act as variables that will get articulated through the design process.

Outcome

Reflection of the information in the outcome with the means of of tools & techniques used in a design process

Step 03: Structuring

Ideate

‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Structure the role & relationship formed between each variable.

Design

Develop

Constant

Constant Variable

Constant

Execute

Constant

Variable

Variable

Outcome “Each factor ultimately can be verified with the outcome produced as a result of its design process”

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) “ Post occupancy evaluations in architecture are absolutely vital. Not only do they help architects identify potential problems, but they also drive the architectural industry forward. These evaluations encourage architects to constantly refine their designs and embrace more efficient, innovative strategies. When you work with an architectural firm that performs the most rigorous evaluations, you’ll be much more satisfied with the end result. ” Source: HMC Architects https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-202 0-01-22/

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Design & Decision Making Process

s

In fo r

m

s

orm Inf

Post Occupancy Evaluation

Informs

Built Environment

Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/

What is Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)?

A post occupancy evaluation in architecture is the process of analyzing how functional and comfortable a building is after users have been occupying it for some time. Most ďŹ rms wait at least six months after construction before performing these evaluations, but some wait a year or longer to gather more data.

Source: Designing Buildings wiki Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/

Factors to be evaluated under Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) ●

Energy and water use

●

Waste generation

●

Air temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions

●

Sound level

●

Artificial and natural lighting levels

●

Overall aesthetics (including wall color and how comfortable the furniture is)

●

User satisfaction

●

Wayfinding

●

Workflows (especially in the case of office buildings, hospitals, or civic spaces)

Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/

Vitality of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Post occupancy evaluations in architecture are one of the most powerful tools in a firm’s arsenal. They enable architects to deliver a high-performance design while satisfying their clients’ everyday needs.

Architects use them to measure success, test design hypotheses, and share new best practices that future designers can follow.

The best architects are those who make learning a priority and who constantly sharpen their design skills. atmosphere and flow. However, these evaluations aren’t just for the architect’s benefit.

Source: Architect & Design Sustainable Design Leaders Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey Report by Julie Hiromoto

Clients can also gain a great deal from this process.

Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/