Week 07
People, Process & Technology
Process
Post-Process
By Amal Shah Faculty of Design CEPT University
Teaching Associates Chandni Chhabra, Sachi Motiwala & Shikha Mehta
IR3609 | Monsoon Semester 2020
Recap : Post-Processes in Design
Production/ Execution Process
Post-Processes Post-Processes
Construction / Assembly Process
Evaluation Process
Fabrication Process Manufacturing Process Production- Industrial Processes Transportation Process On-site Processes Technical/ Manual Processes- Welding, Hammering, etc Post-Occupancy Process Research Process Analytical Process
Manufacturing Processes
Moulding, Bending, 3D Printing, etc. Welding, Grazing, Soldering, etc. Painting, Coating, etc.
Additive
Subtractive
Forming
Sculpting
Joining
Joining
Finishing
Finishing
Cutting
CNC, Milling, etc.
By using 3rd party tools, mechanical fasteners, etc. Abrasion, sand blasting, polishing, etc. Shearing, punching, blanking, etc.
Production Process : Manufacturing Process The steps/ technology through which raw materials are transformed into a ďŹ nal product. Mechanical Processes like shaping, joining, machining, shearing, casting, molding.
Metal Stretch Forming
Courtesy : Google Images.
Die-Casting of Metal
Laminated Veneer Lumber Manufacturing
Production Process : Manufacturing and Fabrication Process Processing Operations Solidification Processes - Casting, Expendable Mold Casting (Sand, Plastic, shell, plaster), Molding... Deformation Processes - Forming, Bulk Deformation, Sheet Metal Forming, Polymer Processing...
Baha’i Temple, South America : Process of slumping glass hand-cast panel over shaped mold in a kiln for achieving design concept of quality of light filtering in. Collaborators : Glassmakers, Industrial workers, structural & chemical engineers, manufacturers, fabricators, architects Courtesy : Google Images., Gulling, D.K. (2018). Manufacturing Architecture : An Architect’s Guide to Custom Processes, Materials and Applications. London, UK: Lawrence King Publishing
Production Process : Manufacturing and Fabrication Process Processing Operations Subtractive Processes - Turning, Drilling, Milling, etc... Additive Processes - Rapid Prototyping - 3D printing...
Flo & Jet by ShOP Architects, Dassault : 3D Printing and Industrial Robotics with two robots using material printing, one with biodegradable bamboo. Courtesy : Google Images
Production Process : Manufacturing & Digital Manufacturing Process The application of digital information in manufacturing elements, systems as a whole through the supply chain or through additive or subtractive manufacturing processes. Digital manufacturing technologies link systems and processes across all areas of production to create an integrated approach to manufacturing, from design to production
Marble Curtain Installation by Jeanne Gang : Material : Stone with water-jet cutting Here, stone that is used in compression since ages has been used in tension challenging notions and stone’s structural capacity. Materials are increasingly being used in new ways instead of their conventional applications.
Courtesy : Google Images
Production Process : Pre-fabrication
The Tamieda Building, by Shigeru Ban : ● ● ●
1400 prefabricated pieces of spruce into a giant kit of parts Seven-storeyed building with no metal joineries. Glulam (Glue-laminated Timber) for strength and regularity in the transfer of forces.
Courtesy : Google Images
Production Process : Digital Fabrication Process & Automation
De Young Museum by Herzog de Meuron: A. Zahner Company constructed an operative flow relationship tree to manage the complexity of digital information for the fabrication of the copper skin cladding for the de Young Museum. Digital model files were charted according to the operations performed ● Shearing, punching, perforating, and dimpling ●
Courtesy : Google Images
Timetable of the fabrication and assembly process
Production Process : Concept of Mass Production
Dymaxion House by Buckminster Fuller, 1930-1946 : Mass produced at-pack concept of housing in post war era had integrated systems ( numbers in images indicating number of components for assembly) as a prefabricated KIT. Courtesy : Google Images
After precision prefabrication in Wichita the whole house was shipped in a duralumin tube-at the time designed to ďŹ t in a small truck, DC6 aircraft. The components all weigh no more than 5 kilograms to enable construction without the need for typical construction site machinery.
Production Process : O-site Construction/Assembly Process
Norwegian Reindeer Pavilion, Snohetta Assembling wooden sections local techniques, use of 5 axis CNC milling machine - Uniteam Mirror at production facility in two parts. Courtesy : Google Images
Transportation of structure in two parts to remote site for assembly. Onsite assembly using local techniques. Production Stakeholders: Local woodworkers, CNC Production facility, ship-building facility, engineers, Model Makers for digital fabrication
Construction Process : Assembly Based
Pompiduo Center by Renzo Piano, : The components and connections are of a scale rarely seen in the construction industry – massive steel elements were fabricated in off-site foundries and delivered by truck to the site during the night. Which were then assembled on site.
Sendai Mediatheque by Toyo Ito, : Sheaves are built in sections and are prefabricated and pre-welded in the manufacturer’s factories Sheaves are shipped to site as single weldment to be positioned and later welded to the sandwich floor plates and other weldment sections on site.
Construction Process : On- Site process
Tama Art University Library, Tokyo By Toyo Ito The characteristic of this space arches are made of steel plate 20 cm coated with concrete. The main materials used to construct the building have been the reinforced concrete structure, glass windows and aluminum frames. The final volume design corresponds to a structural frame formed by the intersection of arches curves.
Taichung Metropolitan Opera House, Taiwan By Toyo Ito A mesh of steel beams lays the foundation for the three-dimensional curving walls, shaped by a smaller metal mesh and finally solidified in ‘shotcrete’, a spray-able concrete used in tunnel work. it is applied in two layers, the bulk of the structure is sprayed on with a pre-mixed batch to get the massing as accurate as possible.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, PREFABRICATION
Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology
Materials : Aluminium (all elements except structural), Steel (for Structural Elements) The malleability and ductility of aluminum allowed the creation of very light elements with an acceptable resistance
Extrusion
Stamping
Precision of each piece represents reďŹ ned componential production Courtesy : Borden, G. P. (2014). Process: material and representation in architecture. New York, NY: Routledge.
Casting
Parts in Assembly Line
CONSTRUCTION , ASSEMBLY : Transportation to Site
Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa
Max 4 m widths, 100 kg max for 2 people to carry. On site work by local technology and workers
Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa
PREFABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
System of Assembly, Elements and Construction
Tubular Steel Construction Segmental Wall
Floor System
Courtesy : Borden, G. P. (2014). Process: material and representation in architecture. New York, NY: Routledge.
Maison Tropicale by Jean Prouve, Africa
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Sequence of Assembly Process A
C
E
G
B
D
F
H
Courtesy : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=337DvPcM7t0
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, PREFABRICATION
Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology Materials : Flex Ply & Wood (for internal framing) The fusion of Japanese and Brazilian cuisines introduced an interesting challenge in the design of the restaurant, challenge based on the search of shared singularities between two cultures, antagonistic at first sight: quiet and minimalist the Japanese, lush and bustling the Brazilian. The fusion is explored by using wood as a key material and form derivational techniques to interpret the landscapes.
Steam bending:
Bent members were pre-fabricated through steam-bending on the dyes developed specifically for the project
Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo
Forming: For seating pods,wooden members were formed and laminated off-site.
Pre-fabricated elements assembled at site
CONSTRUCTION , ASSEMBLY : Transportation to Site
Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain
“The three Ikebana elements articulate the space: The ceiling as a forest full of branches, the green facade soothing the view between interior and exterior, and the color explosion that comes with the tables.”
Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo
Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain
PREFABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
A metal grid in the ceiling is used to suspend each bent member through cables. For wall elements acting as seating, as frame is derived and attached to the existing walls of the site.
Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Ikibana Paral by El Equipo, Spain
Courtesy : El Equipo Creativo
Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington
Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington
STAGGERED MASS
Mass
Structural system
Volume
Addition of outer skin
Displacement
Division into planes
Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Columns with angle transfer load to the central core which is concrete base by connecting to each other at different levels. Which has even decreased number of columns providing column free corners.
In the first system, the platform perimeter truss, comprising a multistory profundad support gravity loads of the building. The trusses are supported by inclined columns and carefully positioned to increase opportunities counterweight, cantilevered platforms.
Load bearing system which are column and beam support gravity loads of elevated platforms and Cantilevers. And seismic structure in form of steel grid of diamond shaped system provide stability during seismic events. The belt trusses are connected with concrete shear wall.
The second system, the grid of diamond-shaped steel, the building form the exoskeleton. Steel grid provides the lateral system of the building, roof trusses interconnected platforms serves as architectural interior finish, and supports the glass covering curtain construction.
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Seattle Public Library by Rem Koolhaas, Washington
Skin of the built form - unfolded
Exploded structure of the built form
Exploded view of mass and skin
The connections both structural systems fused while preventing the transfer of gravity loads steel grille. The system maintains the thin grid without ďŹ re protection, and most importantly, with the desired aesthetic.
Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building Technique and Method of Production/ Production Technology The construction details, and systematic relationship between materials and components are explored in this post process.
Pre Process : Sketch and Model with consideration of Technological system, culture, Climate and Production
Geometry : The transition in shape facilitates the collective form through the material process of its formulation.
Prototype before execution to omit any errors on site and for ďŹ nal reďŹ nement of preprocess stage
Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building Tijbou Cultural center uses a range of materials - Laminated Iroko wood, Concrete, Coral, Aluminium Casting, Glass Panels, Tree Bark and Stainless Steel. There are several dierent types of pin connections that knit the exterior and interior members. The assembly required skilled labour and it was a delicate process.
Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
Mass and Volume of the building and assembly construction
Anatomy Rib System : As it is a signifier as well as performative form, the bulging shape exaggerates the weight and complexity of the building’s detailing while providing a solemn simplicity to the overall composition.
Anatomy of skin/ EnclosureInfill between ribs.
Jean Marie Tijbou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building The increment of displacement of the ribs slowly increases as the system ascends upwards. Making a solid foundation in the bottom of building structure and lighter skin of the building.
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
The post process was half on the site and half of it was prefabricated.
While the wood was acquired from the local site, the steel frames were prefabricated in France.
Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
The components and the connection type
The details are an intense articulation of tectonic systems. Illustrating both the individual building component and the method of assembly, the language is expressed through hyper articulation of building components and systems.
Jean Marie Tjibou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano Building
ASSEMBLY PROCESS
The components and the connection type
The multilayer surface, illustrates the separation of functional and performative responsibility into an individuated and celebrated system. As a pin connection, the translation from the foundation of upper structural frame provides a moment of rotation.
What is the interlinkage between Production & Construction?
Spanish Expo Pavilion Column Cladding with Clay Extrusion Process Design Considerations -Dry assembly system production for construction in a new location -Use of terracotta as external material to express Spanish tradition -Unglazed ďŹ nish of terracotta with varying colour Manufacturing Considerations -Colour variation by baking at dierent temperatures -Extrusion Process integrated temporary structure -Specialised tooling in assembly line
Spanish Expo Pavilion Column Cladding with Clay Extrusion Process
Education Pavilion, Lincoln Park Zoo by Studio Gang, Chicago Bending process of Wood sheets
Design Considerations -Limited material palette -using material characteristics for form generation and development
Manufacturing Considerations -Accommodating dierent curvatures and direction in arch shape with wood bending
Process of Lamination of Douglas Fir strips Collaborators include : Architecture Studio Structural Engineering Firn Material Research Firm Prototype Creation Company Laminated Timber Manufacturer Primary & Secondary Contractors
Processes include: Material Research and Prototyping For moldsMetal Molding 3D printing Edge ďŹ nishing with routers Lamination in two directions Edge ďŹ nishing
Evaluation of a Design Process “Design can be considered as a problem solving activity in which generation of a solution in the form of a building, that will satisfy a specific program to fit a specific site for specific users to perform specific functions and activities on that site, using a process (a series of steps) to finally communicate final solution in universally accepted presentation methods” Source: A 10 STEP DESIGN PROCESS FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIOS, Conference: American University in the Emirates (AUE), Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility November 13th - 15th, 2018.
But how does one begin to evaluate a design process?
But how does one begin to evaluate a design process?
The first step is to ‘READ’ a design process Understanding Context
Defining Constraints
Ideating Concepts of resolution
Executing Solutions
Experiencing Outcome
Next step is to develop a ‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Develop a framework based on the study of the context & outcome of the project. Step 01: Listing the Design sequence Step 02: Organize
Organize the Typology of information
Analyse, Ideate
Execute
Evaluate
Develop
Design
Step03: Investigate
Step 04: Structure
Investigate the tools & concepts
Structure the Outcome on the basis of its context
Step 01: Listing the sequence
01 Conceptualisation Ideation
‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Each step of the framework must categorise the factors as following
02 Design Development
03 Developing Tectonic Systems
04 Generating Solutions
05 Executing Outcome
Step 02: Organize
‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Each step of the framework must categorise the factors as following
Constants
Variables
a series of clues, cues, signals, datum, reference points, underlying structure
the potential options, choices, or thematic elaborations within a given context
These are known as ‘Factors’
These are known as ‘Parameters’
Categorizing the factors:
Constant
Context Each stage would comprise of factors based on the sequence of the design process implemented in the project. Each factor can be categorised as either a constant or a variable element in the design process.
For instance, The initial stage of a design process would consist of subfactors such as context, concept, constraints, etc.
Ideation
Concept
Variable
Context in this case would act as a constant information guiding the design process. Concept & Constraints on the other hand would act as variables that will get articulated through the design process. *This will vary from project to project.
Constraints
Variable
Step 02: Investigate
‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Investigate the categorised factors to verify their role
Ideate
Design
Develop
Execute
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Variable
Variable
Constant
Variable
Constant
Variable
Constant
Constant
Variable
Variables
Variable
Variable
Investigating the role: Technique
Investigate Meaning: “a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts”
For instance, Investigation can be a process of verification developed to define and identify the articulation of the factor in relation to the built.
Technique used to incorporate the information of the constant factor within the design process
Constant Factor
Impact
Impact of using a constant information to shape or derive a method of articulation of the element
Concept & Constraints on the other hand would act as variables that will get articulated through the design process.
Outcome
Reflection of the information in the outcome with the means of of tools & techniques used in a design process
Step 03: Structuring
Ideate
‘Framework to evaluate a Design Process’ Structure the role & relationship formed between each variable.
Design
Develop
Constant
Constant Variable
Constant
Execute
Constant
Variable
Variable
Outcome “Each factor ultimately can be verified with the outcome produced as a result of its design process”
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) “ Post occupancy evaluations in architecture are absolutely vital. Not only do they help architects identify potential problems, but they also drive the architectural industry forward. These evaluations encourage architects to constantly refine their designs and embrace more efficient, innovative strategies. When you work with an architectural firm that performs the most rigorous evaluations, you’ll be much more satisfied with the end result. ” Source: HMC Architects https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-202 0-01-22/
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Design & Decision Making Process
s
In fo r
m
s
orm Inf
Post Occupancy Evaluation
Informs
Built Environment
Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/
What is Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE)? A post occupancy evaluation in architecture is the process of analyzing how functional and comfortable a building is after users have been occupying it for some time. Most ďŹ rms wait at least six months after construction before performing these evaluations, but some wait a year or longer to gather more data.
Source: Designing Buildings wiki Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/
Factors to be evaluated under Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) ●
Energy and water use
●
Waste generation
●
Air temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions
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Sound level
●
Artificial and natural lighting levels
●
Overall aesthetics (including wall color and how comfortable the furniture is)
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User satisfaction
●
Wayfinding
●
Workflows (especially in the case of office buildings, hospitals, or civic spaces)
Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/
Vitality of Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Post occupancy evaluations in architecture are one of the most powerful tools in a firm’s arsenal. They enable architects to deliver a high-performance design while satisfying their clients’ everyday needs. Architects use them to measure success, test design hypotheses, and share new best practices that future designers can follow.
The best architects are those who make learning a priority and who constantly sharpen their design skills. atmosphere and flow. However, these evaluations aren’t just for the architect’s benefit.
Source: Architect & Design Sustainable Design Leaders Post Occupancy Evaluation Survey Report by Julie Hiromoto
Clients can also gain a great deal from this process. Source: HMC Architects | https://hmcarchitects.com/news/the-role-of-the-post-occupancy-evaluation-in-architecture-2020-01-22/