Week 02
People, Process & Technology
Process By Amal Shah Faculty of Design CEPT University
Teaching Associates Chandni Chhabra, Sachi Motiwala & Shikha Mehta
IR3609 | Monsoon Semester 2020
Types of Design Processes
Conceptual Process
Pre-Processes
Schematic Design Process
Design Development Process
Research Process Analytical Process Visualization Process Iterative Process
Space Planning Process Iterative & Visualization Process Representation Process DFA/DFM Process Space Planning Process Drawing and Model-Making Process Communication & Representation Process
Types of Design Processes
Production/ Execution Process
Post-Processes Post-Processes
Construction / Assembly Process
Evaluation Process
Fabrication Process Manufacturing Process Production- Industrial Processes Transportation Process On-site Processes Technical/ Manual Pr0cesses- Welding, Hammering, etc Post-Occupancy Process Research Process Analytical Process
UK PAVILION SHANGHAI BY HEATHERWICK STUDIO
Conceptual Considering Context, Function, Purpose
Schematic Design Materiality, Spatial Considerations
Design Development Detailing, Production Considerations, Inclusion of Collaborators and Consultants
UK PAVILION SHANGHAI BY HEATHERWICK STUDIO
Execution/ Production Off-site Industrial Pre-fabrication of components
Construction On-site Assembly of components into system by Workers and Consultants
Post-Process & Outcome Evaluation?
SERPENTINE PAVILION BY BJARKE INGELS
Conceptual Considering Context, Function, Purpose
Schematic Design Materiality, Spatial Considerations
Design Development Detailing, Production Considerations, Inclusion of Collaborators and Consultants
SERPENTINE PAVILION BY BJARKE INGELS
Execution/ Production Off-site Industrial Pre-fabrication of components
Construction On-site Assembly of components into system by Workers and Consultants
Post-Process & Outcome Evaluation?
How can we represent a design process? ‘Representation’ the description, characterization or portrayal of the design in a particular way; which makes it easy to visualize and carries significant data
Why to Represent a design process ? ● ● ●
The representation helps in thinking about the design and exploring design alternatives in a process. The representation is a means of documenting a design process. The representation serves as a guideline for the implementer/ manufacturer/ construction and, later, for those who will maintain the system.
Types of Representation Representations can have different formats, can be used to describe different aspects of the design process and can provide different lenses on the inherent design, foregrounding specific aspects: 1) Formats: these can include different types of text-based representations 2)Visualisation representations 3) Numerical Representation 4)Representations based on other forms of media (e.g. audio or video) 5)or representations can be a combination of the above.
Types of Visual Representation 1.
Planimetric
2.
Sectional
3.
Axonometric
4.
Programmatic
5.
Contextual
6.
Circulation
7.
Structural
8.
Sequential
9.
Generative
10.
Topological
11.
Euclidean Pavilion-at-kimbell-art-museum By Renzo Piano Image Source : Archdaily
Programmatic Representation The library's various programs are intuitively arranged across five platforms and four flowing "in between" planes, which together dictate the building's distinctive faceted shape.
The Seattle Public Library By Rem Koolhaas Image Source : https://oma.eu/projects
Architectural Abstraction Abstraction was adopted in design with a very formal spirit into into multiple layers but best represented by three primary tactics.
Dana Thomas House, F L Wright Source: Wasmuth Portfolio
Villa Cook 6 by Le Corbusier Source: SIAS Design Notebook
Drawing by Mies Van der Rohe Drawing by Mies Van der Rohe Barcelona Pavilion Source: BMIAA
Extended Unreality The juxtaposition of technique with extended geometric systems to introduce optical confusion is hyper-exaggerated and manifest through M.C. Escher’s work on the idea of an UNREALITY. Representation that destabilize the viewer and undermine the traditions of a codification system.
Drawing by M. C. Escher Source: google
Representation as Finality Technique is Determined by Tool The implied design decisions in a built form either formal or experimental are very much rooted from the drawing point of view . This allows the conceptual intention to be made formal . The essentialism of the design decision is determined through the representational tactics.
The Vitra Fire Station, By Zaha Hadid Source:
Representation of Process in Maison Tropicale Sectional Representation ●
The section reveals the careful calibration of the profile to respond systematically to the environment. Addressing light, heat, ventilation, and spatial flexibility, the layers of the closure each respond with the individuated response.
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While the other section highlights the structure of the builtform, showcasing three columns, slab and roof.
by Jean Prouve Source: Process (Borden, 2014)
Manufacturing Drawings Transition stage from ideation into reality ●
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Manufacturing and installing architectural or design work requires precise and thorough shop drawings.. The manufacturer follows design intent and clarifies all details before a single piece of material is used. They sometimes becomes the detailed (sequential) assembly of the parts that establish a structure or detailed specification of the design.
Detail drawing of Karuselli Fiberglass Chair (left10 Source: https://www.alvaraalto.fi/content/u ploads/2017/12/EvaEylers.pdf
Shop drawings of chair Source: google
Representation of Process by Peter Eisenman A diagram is not a thing in itself but a potential but a potential relationship among elements.
House 11-A , Formation of upper volume by Peter Eisenman Source: Diagram Diaries
House 4, Peter Eisenman
Sequencing a Design Process 01
Sequence: Dictionary
02
06
a particular order in which related things follow each other.
05
03
04
How does one design a sequence of a process? What factors aect the sequence?
There can’t be a fixed sequence for design. Each sequence is unique to factors affecting a design process.
But can there be series of ideas that respond to the evolution of design? Is this the sequence of a design process?
Factors affecting the sequence
Dependent/ Independent Contextual/ Function
Context
Design Process
Derived by
User
Material Aesthetics
Contemporary
Single user/ Multiple users Time Monolithic/ Assembled Transportation Material Efficiency
There can be multiple ways to define and sequence of a design process. Stating the factors affecting the process can render associations and impact during and post execution of the design. “Each design process is unique and derived from the intersecting wavelengths of the factors affecting its outcome”
Derive a sequence “The way I work is generally scale-less scale-lessas asan anidea. idea.I Itend tend to start start with withaametaphor metaphorororaafeeling, feeling,something somethingreally really vague. Then comes a sketch sketch of of something somethingininspace, space, some notion notion of of space, space,or ormore moreaccurately accuratelythe thenotion notionof of the intersection intersectionof ofspace spacebetween betweenit,it,it’sit’s interiority, interiority, and the relation and the relation of theofcontext the context of where of where it is. Just it is. purely Just conceptually purely conceptually and it’s and nothing it’s nothing to see yet. to see It might yet. Itjust might be a few be just lines a few or alines blotch. or Then a blotch. comes Then the comes idea of the what ideaisof it. Is it art, engineering, what is it. Is it art, engineering, or an architecture or an architecture piece? Then piece? comes the functionality, Then comes the functionality, then comes the then choice comes of scale. the choice Once you of scale. choose Once scale, youthe choose material scale, locks the in. material If it’s very locks small in. If its thread it’s very small or wire. its thread If its humongous, or wire. If itsits humongous, steel or trusses. its Then or steel comes trusses. configuration Then comes of configuration scale. Last of all ofwould scale. be structure Last of all— would actual bestructure structure as—it actual meansstructure to an architect as it today. The means to an actual architect skeleton, today.the The actual actual thing skeleton, is the last the thing. Ifthing actual you start is thewith lastthat thing. at Ifall, you you’ve start lost withthe thatbuilding. at all, You’ve lost the building. you’ve spirit, you’ve You’ve lostlost what thethe spirit, building you’ve can lost do. Atthe what thebuilding end of my canbook do. At Informal, the endthere of myisbook a very interesting Informal, there tableis of a very the hierarchy interesting oftable decision of the making hierarchy that goes of decision through making my mind. that” goes through my mind.” -Cecil Balmond, source: Build build LLC
Design process
Conceptualisation
Defining the geometry
Determining the tectonic articulation
Optimisation the resources for a specific outcome
Execution
“For any design problem there are infinite solutions, some better than others, and all having varying degrees of merit: to sift through them all could consume any designer’s lifetime. Given infinite possibilities, the design process is thus by it’s very nature an intangible search for meaning.” -Daniel Silvernail
In 1969, Charles Eames was interviewed by Madame L’Amic of the Musée des Arts Decoratifs as part of a design exhibition showing at the Louvre that year. The following excerpt exemplifies Eames’ disciplined approach to the design process: L’Amic: What is your definition of design? Eames: A plan for arranging elements in such a way as to best accomplish a particular purpose. L’Amic: What are the boundaries of design? Eames: What are the boundaries of problems? L’Amic: Does the creation of design admit constraint? Eames: Design depends largely on constraints.
Charles Eames’ conceptual diagram of the design process, displayed at the 1969 exhibition “What Is Design” at the Musée des Arts décoratifs in Paris. Source: Reflections and Insights of Daniel Silvernail Architect
L’Amic: What constraints? Eames: The sum of all constraints. Here is one of the few effective keys to the design problem: the ability of the designer to recognize as many of the constraints as possible (and) his willingness and enthusiasm for working within these constraints—the constraints of price, size, strength, balance, surface, time: each problem has its own peculiar list.
How does one see something as a constraint or a factor in a design process? How do these affect the sequence of design process? Constraint Dictionary definition:a limitation or restriction.
Factor Dictionary definition:a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result.
Source: Reflections and Insights of Daniel Silvernail Architect
Categorise the following as constraint or a factor in a design process? How do these affect the sequence of design process? Site, Context, User Conceptualisation
Defining the geometry Form, Element articulation, construction
Material, language, articulation of form, details Determining the tectonic articulation
User interface, usage, age Optimisation the resources for a specific outcome
Execution Transportation, assembly, execution, kit of parts, material information
Analysing a design process: By analysing design decisions
Source: Balmond Studio
How can we evaluate a design process? ‘Evaluate’ the making of a judgement about the value of something; assessment systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards.
What - What were the design decisions in the process? Why - Why were they taken? What was the need? How - How were they carried out ? What did they achieve?
Evaluation of a Design Process Analyse, Ideate
Execute
Evaluate
Develop
Design
Quality of the Process
Optimisation of Process
Efficiency of Process
Qualitative and Quantitative factors
Tangible and Intangible factors
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Consistency
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Resources
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Time
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Precision
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Material
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Cost
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Accuracy
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Labour
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Communication
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Communication
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Energy
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Manpower
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Quality of Sub-processes
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Value of Input v/s Output
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Energy-efficient
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Flexibility
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Constraints/Limits and their
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Productivity
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Complexity of
maximisation
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Ease of sub-processes
Integration of skills
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Production Volume
process/system ●
Finesse
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Maison de Tropicale by Jean Prouve Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014)
Design for transport and multiplicity
Streamlined process for reproducibility and repetitiveness
Determined Spatial ConďŹ guration Articulation of Geometry System of Construction
Limited Kit of parts
Optimised Response EďŹƒcient production, Reduction of cost, resource, time
How do we evaluate the Process Content & Outcome ? What was the process outcome? Did the process achieve its purpose ? Its end goal? Was the envisioned outcome really achieved?
How do we evaluate the Process Content & Outcome ? Efficiency, Optimisation, Quality, Use of resources……..What else for an Interior Design process?
Was there a Factor of NOVELTY to the process?
Novel - the quality of being new, original, or unusual. Innovation in / through the process
How do we evaluate the Process Content & Outcome ?
Aesthetics
Novelty in/of Process Technology
Geometry Interior Expression/Spatiality Performative New exploitation of Resources
Evaluation of Process Through Novelty of
Concerned with properties of space, concepts and relations between shapes, surfaces. The science of form and their Order.
Aesthetics
Geometry Interior Expression/ Spatiality
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Technology The Driving Force of the process? An Enabler? Or the Outcome?
?
Derivation Development of Attributes Typologies of geometry Form Morphology and Rationale Visual Fineness Unprecedented visuals/ articulation of process
Novelty in Process being achieved through
â—?
Application of sciences and Allied fields - by people, skills, processes, machines, concepts, knowledge, etc.
â—?
Communication/ Representation/ Data Transfer/ Integration of data
Is Technology the actual doer, a catalyst or is technology the outcome?
What is Critical Evaluation ‘To analyse/ study by breaking process down into its component parts, examining each part in detail and explaining issues and supporting with evidence’.
It also means: ● ●
Making connections (between theory and practise/data); and Seeing relationships between information.
WHY TO PERFORM A CRITICAL EVALUATION?