My Work As An English Speaker CARLA BORJA ESPINOSA ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM LEVEL 6 YACHAY TECH, ECUADOR
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MY WORK AS AN ENGLISH SPEAKER CARLA BORJA ESPINOSA
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM
YACHAY TECH LEVEL 6 005 TEACHER: ALYSSA WOLFE
JANUARY 11, 2017 IMBABURA – ECUADOR
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Table Of Contents PORTFOLIO LETTER ...............................4 RESPONSE ESSAY ..................................5 LITERARY ANALYSIS ...............................8 INTERPRETATION ESSAY .....................14 FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT ESSAY .......22 THANK YOU LETTER ............................23
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PORTFOLIO LETTER
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PORTFOLIO LETTER
Carla Borja E. Urcuquí, Imbabura January 11, 2016 Dear Portfolio Reader, My name is Carla Borja. I thank you for reading my English Language portfolio. For a student from Yachay Tech, the English program is a great opportunity since teachers are excellent and the majority of them are native English speakers. I have taken advantage of all resources and teachings during the six levels of English preparation. I can still learn a lot more but I have learned what is necessary to continue my academic career in English and I am very proud of my evolution. This portfolio is a collection of all work done during the semester which reflects my progress and makes evident the time dedicated to the subject. It consists of my best three essays and my Final Research Project. The first essay is a response to Scott Young’s paper Why Self-Educated Learners Often Come Up Short. It is titled “Importance and benefits of formal education”. I choose this topic because I agree with the principal idea of the author and I believe that formal education is better than self- education since it has benefits that allow us to learn technically and in an organized manner. The second essay is a literary analysis of the story “Araby” by James Joyce. It and the last essay of Interpretation were a challenge for me because my artistic skills are not the best. However, I liked to interpret the painting “El Levantamiento” by Diego Rivera. This painting represents the Latin American reality of the class struggle. It is about the suffering and abuse that our people have suffered. Writing this essay, I learned more about the history of our people. The last work and the most important is my Final Research Project. I say it is the most important because we worked at it progressively during the semester. It is about the benefits and need of Animal Testing. I chose this topic because I support the use of animals in experimentation for scientific advancement. However I criticize the regulation and control 5
PORTFOLIO LETTER
measures for this practice. For this reason, I think it is important for people to be informed about the benefits of animal testing but also to let them know in what conditions this practice is carried out and how it can be improved. Each of the essays I just described challenged my critical reading. When I started level six, I was very excited for my last level of English since that meant that English would be officially my second language. However, I realized that finishing all English levels, I still have much to learn and practice. For this reason, listening to science classes in English will be a challenge the next semester. Nevertheless, I have learned new vocabulary, improved my writing, speaking and ability to present in front of the class. Working collaboratively with classmates was an effective way to achieve this. When I read other’s essays and presentations, I realized mistakes from other people that at the same time were mine and this way we could correct ourselves and improve between all. Also, I would like to say that my strength as a writer is my capacity for synthesis and organization. Finally, all abilities I have now will allow me to develop as a good student in class and an excellent professional in the future. To finish I want to thank you again for reading my portfolio and give you a message. Learning English is important, especially because of the globalized world in which we live. Being able to communicate with all is important to spread knowledge. Also, I emphasize the contribution of my colleagues and my teacher Alyssa that helped me grow the most and I promise and invite the reader to keep reading, practicing and learning in order to become better English speakers. Sincerely, Carla Borja Espinosa
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RESPONSE ESSAY
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Running Head: FORMAL EDUCATION
Importance and Benefits of Formal Education Carla Borja Espinosa Yachay Tech University September 28, 2016
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FORMAL EDUCATION
Importance and Benefits of Formal Education “The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows.” (Sydney J. Harris) Education is one of the factors that most influence the advancement and progress of individuals and societies. For this reason, it is important to learn correctly and in a way that motivates us. Anxious people of knowledge can learn by themselves. Also, there are universities with an excellent academic offer. However, in this globalized and competitive world, which is better self-education or formal education? The main idea of Scott H. Young in his paper Why Self-Educated Learners Often Come Up Short is that, self-education is good at high level ideas, but deeper knowledge needs more than this. The mentioned text is effective in getting its point across and I agree with the author´s idea because of the following reasons. First, formal education offers a planned and continued study. Second, it allows acquiring advanced knowledge. Finally, it tries to keep students focused. Educational programs offer a guideline and organization when studying. The curricula in training centers are created from the need to study and by qualified people. Then, students just adhere to the education system. On the other hand, Scott suggests that self-education needs to find a curriculum early on in order to the person does not stay lost permanently. Any knowledge is learned from the grassroots and continues in the direction of specification. Therefore, having a curriculum is important to lead our learning. Now, think in the fact that not all educational models are best and they meet the cultural needs. For example, it is considered that South Korea and Finland have the most successful, but opposed educational models. “The Koreans have achieved that the country is 100 percent literate and at the forefront of international comparative tests of achievement … But students are under enormous, unrelenting pressure to perform.” (Choi, 2014,para.4). On the contrary, 9
FORMAL EDUCATION
the Finnish model is based on extracurricular choice and intrinsic motivation. It is not only rigor but also flexible. There are several educational models that can affect differently when learning. The results will depend largely on student personality. Next, Scott talks about “T” model. It consists on a representation of the structure of a person’s knowledge. The broad top of the T are the wide range of subjects he have a basic understanding and the narrow stem of the T are a select few skills he is an expert. For this few skills we need deeper knowledge of the technical details. Also, in the words of Scott, “Application cannot be an afterthought”. For example, scientific careers, medical or any career with deep knowledge will require necessarily laboratories or practices in specialized centers where a foreign student may not participate. Formal education allows us to learn technically and deeply with the help of teacher and the media as labs or internships that allow us develop our skills. Last, through formal education, students are supervised and feel pressure. Young people often leave school because they do not find motivation or a reason to encourage them to continue. Teachers, classmates and parents can fulfill this role. Teachers are experienced and can help youth to get inspired and orient themselves in their career. In addition, “Formal education has grades, assignments, attendance requirements and all sorts of external incentives to keep you focused” (Young, 2010,para.21). This is an important fact because according to Scott, discipline matters are why most self-education attempts fail. Till H. Grob, who is psychologist, defends self-education. He says that university does not bring him closer to his goal of become the boss personal therapist, so he took his education by his own hands. Grob emphasizes that we have to work hard and to learn from the best if we want to become really good at something. Both authors have the same idea of what are the qualities to be successful in learning, but they show us two different ways to do.
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FORMAL EDUCATION
I stress that the best is formal education. However, it may happen that fitting the system does not allow us to meet our objectives. We can find many obstacles on the road, as inspiring or unethical teachers, or adverse life situations that test us. The personality of a person and his persistence in studying is what will achieve that he reaches success as a professional. In conclusion, education is the main driving force for the development of society. We have to study seriously and choose the best way to be constantly learning. Formal education and self-education complement each other to achieve successful learning. However, formal education is more important because it has benefits that allow us to learn technically and in an organized manner.
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FORMAL EDUCATION
References
Choi, A. (2014, September 4). IDEAS.TED.COM. Retrieved September 28, 2016, from What the best education systems are doing right: http://ideas.ted.com/what-the-best-education-systemsare-doing-right/ Grob, T. (2014, October 20 ). Forget university? 4 steps to design your own education . Retrieved September 2016, from TEDx : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUnpSYMNEhY Young, S. (2010, February ). Scott H. Young . Retrieved September 28, 2016, from Why Self-Educated Learners Often Come Up Short: https://www.scotthyoung.com/blog/2010/02/24/selfeducation-failings/
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LITERARY ANALYSIS
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Running Head: LITERARY ANALYSIS
Carla Borja E. L6-005 Literary Analysis Essay Octubre, 2016 Araby” The story “Araby” by James Joyce is about a boy living in North Richmond Street who falls in love with his playmate Mangan’s sister. Silence, darkness and symbols of poverty are described in the setting. These suggest N/Pro about the nature of the boy’s world and the mood of the story. Thus, the setting is essential to express several themes and the changing mood. First, the place where the boy lives is described as silent and dark. He lives on a dead-end street and his house is even related with dead. The author use imagery like “violet sky”, “silent street”, “dark muddy lanes” or “dark odorous stabler” to describe details which help to stablish the initial solemn and stale atmosphere. This scenario coincides with the desolate end of the story. Then, the tone suddenly changes with the description of Mangan’s sister. The mood becomes optimistic. In this case, the setting is important to highlight the figure of the girl. She represents hope for him and his escape from his reality. In this way the author contrasts two themes: darkness-isolation and hope-love. Finally when the boy arrives at Araby and he cannot get a gift for his love, the mood once again becomes dark. The blind street described initially is now appropriate to the limited options of the boy. The boy highlights his mood and attitude with the final words of the story: “Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger”. The feelings that invade him are closely related with all details of the setting. 14
LITERARY ANALYSIS
In conclusion, the settings of the story are highly appropriate for the limited options of the boy and for the mood and themes described in the story. Imagery is used by the author in order to establish the correct environment and also to contrast and highlight important situations.
References Joyce, J. (1914). Araby. Retrieved from The Dubliners .
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INTERPRETATION ESSAY
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Running Head: INTERPRETATION ESSAY
Borja, Merchán, Romero, Sánchez L6-005 Interpretation Essay November, 2016
“El Levantamiento”
The 23 of December of 1931 the retrospective of Diego Rivera is inaugurated in the Museum of Modern Art. It brings together 149 pieces and five portable Mexican-themed murals among them, El Levantamiento. It is made of fresh on reinforced concrete in a galvanized steel structure (188 x 239 cm). In the mural we can observe a woman with her baby loaded to the hip and a worker defending of the attack of a uniformed soldier. Behind, there is a mutinous crowd clashing with other soldiers who subject the demonstrators. The place is uncertain, although the tone of the skin of the characters implies that the scene is developed in Mexico or in another country of Latin America. The confrontation represented here is a powerful universal symbol of the class struggle.
About the author, Diego Rivera was born on December 8, 1886, in Guanajuato, Mexico. (Bio, 2014) His passion for art emerged early on. He start as a Cubist painter in Europe (NGA, 2002), but the changes on the world in that period of time would change the subject and style of his art. Diego Rivera was inspired by the political ideals of the Mexican
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INTERPRETATION ESSAY
Revolution and also the revolution of Russia, Rivera managed to make art that mirror the lives of the workers and native peoples of Mexico. He went to a trip to Italy and he developed an interest in making murals. He fined inspiration in the Renaissance frescos there. When he returned to Mexico, Rivera starts to express his artistic ideas about the situation of Mexico. He received funding from the government to create a series of murals about the country's people and its history on the walls of public buildings (Bio, 2014).
Known for numerous casual romantic or sexual relationship with women, Rivera married fellow artist Frida Kahlo in 1929 but they decided to divorce in 1939 (Bio, 2014).While they always had a stormy relationship, In the late 1930s, Rivera went through a slow period, in terms of work. He had no major mural commissions around this time so he devoted himself to painting other works. Finally he died of heart failure on November 24, 1957, in Mexico City, Mexico. (Bio, 2014)
Now, we have to consider the historical context to understand better the piece of art. During nineteens Mexico was experiencing a great armed conflict. According the history the problem began from 1876 when the Oaxacan general Porfirio DĂaz took the power of the country but in the form of dictatorship. The problem remained for 34 years, in which, to discontent grows in the people. The crisis in the United States made the people leave this country and both, Americans and Latinos, showed dissatisfaction (Moma, 2016).
Although, Mexico had experienced economic growth and social stability. These achievements had high economic and social costs, which, regrettably, paid the less socially stable strata and those who opposed the Diaz Regime. During the first decade of the twentieth century various crisis erupted (Gonzales, 2016). There is currently no agreement on when
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INTERPRETATION ESSAY
these revolutionary problems ended, but there are those who claim that the process lasted until the 1940s. After all the corruption and the dismissal of other leaders that did not change the situation, Mexico was destabilized, there were a lot of chaos, even when there were not so much strikes in the Mexico streets, this crisis affects men, women, and children. Even when the lowest social stratum was the most affected, the feeling of discontent was big in the Mexican people.
Returning to the work, “El Levantamiento� has as protagonist a woman, who tries to reassure the conflict between soldiers and civilian workers. Also, it is similar to the work known as the Intervention of the Sabine Women of Jacques-Louis David, who worked after the French Revolution. Additionally, it was published in 1799 in the Museum of Louvre. However, the work of Jacques reflects classic mythology, where women were most at risk in confronting conflicts in the hope of stopping it. In contrast, in Rivera's work, it reflects a modern woman who is willing to fight for her family and herself (Schnapper A. & Serullaz A., 1992).
The couple painted as protagonists have modern clothes compared to the other people that are around them. The man wears overalls and a cap characteristic of the workers. On the other hand, the woman is represented in the fashion of the twenties and thirties using short hair, earrings, knee-length dress and high-heeled shoes. It is for this reason that for some artists of the left, it seemed to them pleasant the representation of Marxism in this work.
The red flags and the closed fist that rise above the crowd are universal symbols of the resistance of the workers. The artist worked actively in the Communist Party of Mexico, so this had a great influence in the inspiration of his works. After his trip to the USSR during six
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INTERPRETATION ESSAY
months, he used more and more elements such as red stars, urban factories, sickle and hammer, with which he seeks to represent the class revolution on an international scale. This mural also recalls the militancy of “soldaderas�, women who fought in the Mexican Revolution and who became icons thanks to the popular photographs of the time (mediaproject , 2011).
In conclusion, most of the thematic of the works of Diego Rivera are influenced by the interest of the artist in Marxist and communist politics and above all by general discontent of the time. In the work El Levantamiento, Rivera represents the class struggle and tries to illustrate a part of Mexican history. Also, he highlights the role of women during the Mexican Revolution.
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INTERPRETATION ESSAY
References Bio.
(2014).
Diego
Rivera
Biography
[online]
Available
at:
http://biography.jrank.org/pages/3436/Rivera-Diego-1886-1957-Artist-Began-DrawingToddler.html [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016] Gonzales, A. (2016). Revolución Mexicana. [online] Historiacultural.com. Available at: http://www.historiacultural.com/2010/12/revolucion-mexicana.html [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016]. mediaproject . (2011). Diego Rivera: Murals for The Museum of Modern Art. Obtenido de 1F mediaproject:
Dynamic
International
ART
Network
in
English:
http://www.1fmediaproject.net/2011/11/13/diego-rivera-murals-for-the-museum-ofmodern-art-reunites-for-the-first-time-murals-the-artist-made-for-his-1931-momaexhibition/ Moma.org. (2016). El levantamiento | Diego Rivera: Murales para El Museo de Arte Moderno.
[online]
Available
at:
https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2011/rivera/es/content/mural/uprising/detai l.php [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016]. Nga.gov. (2002) The Cubist Paintings of Diego Rivera Memory, Politics, Place [online] Available at: http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/features/slideshows/diego-rivera.html Schnapper A., Serullaz A. (1992). Jacques-Louis David 1748-1825. Réunion des Musées Nationaux (RMN) (15 février 1992) http://biography.jrank.org/pages/3436/Rivera-Diego1886-1957-Artist-Began-Drawing-Toddler.html [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016]
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FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT ESSAY
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Running Head: ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
Benefits and need of Animal Testing Carla Borja Espinosa Yachay Tech University Level 6 005 December 6, 2016
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
Abstract Animal testing has led to cures that save human lives and even animal life. For the moment, this practice is necessary until new technologies and techniques are developed and can replace the use of animals completely. This research mentions three reasons that justify animal experimentation. First, there are diseases that can only be studied in living organisms due to the complexity of the living system. Second, animals also have benefited of animal testing with vaccines, medicines and others. Finally, at present there are methods that replace use of animals such us cell cultures, computer simulations or synthetic fabric, but these are not enough for complex processes. In legal terms, there is much work to be done. Politics and regulation of animal experimentation are inaccurate and insufficient. For these reasons, animal testing becomes a controversial and criticized topic. Thus, the ethics and morality of scientists become vitally important when undertaking research using animals. In conclusion, using animals for experimentation is justified when that there is no other option and when the benefits outweigh the costs. Policies should be promoted to regulate this activity and avoid the unnecessary suffering of an animal.
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
Benefits and need of Animal Testing Is experimentation with animals really necessary? As the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals RSPCA (2007) noted, “animal testing is one of the traditional approaches to studying how human and animal bodies work and for testing medicines and chemicals� (para.1). This issue is one of the most controversial in the bioethical debate. However, it has been and will continue to be necessary in science for the now since it has led to real cures that save human lives. Nevertheless, with the advancement of techniques and technology, it is possible to reduce the need to use animals in laboratories. First, some diseases and health problems involve processes that can only be studied in living organisms. A fact sheet from California Biomedical Research Association (CBRA) (n.d.) argues that the living system is extremely complex. Therefore this makes it impossible to explore, explain, or predict how diseases will advance or the effects of possible treatments without observing directly the whole living system of an animal. Consider especially that, great scientific advances have been achieved with the use of animals. For example, animal testing has helped to develop vaccines, such as against polio, tuberculosis, meningitis and, recently, the human papillomavirus (HPV). Also, the study of human cancer in mice and HIV in primates has made great strides (California Biomedical Research Association [CBRA], n.d.). Second, the benefits of animal experimentation are not just for humans. Also veterinary research has depended on the use of experimental animals. Methods that are used to prevent and treat human diseases also have improved animal lives. A specific example is the preservation of nearly extinct species such as the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil due to new reproductive techniques being applied to endangered species (CBRA, n.d.). In addition, more than 80 medicines and vaccines developed for
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
humans are used to treat animals and most of the drugs used in veterinary medicine are the same as those used for human patients (CBRA, n.d.). That is, animal experimentation advances not only in medicine for humans but also in veterinary medicine. Third, at present there is no other alternative method to detect how a substance will react in a complex organism. According to CBRA (n.d.), researchers use non-animal models for research when it is possible. Computer-simulated and cell-cultures have been able to reduce the number of animals used. Also, most US medical schools have replaced the use of live animals in physiology, pharmacology, and surgical training with non-animal training methods: from direct observation of surgery on human patients to patient simulators, use of donated cadavers , sophisticated computer programs, dolls or special models for learning. In general, tests that do not use animals are generally cheaper, faster and more accurate than those using animals. However, animal testing is a necessity in other cases. As an example, blindness cannot be studied in bacteria and it is not possible to study the effects of high blood pressure in tissue cultures (CBRA , n.d.). Now, ethics and morality play a very important role in the path and ultimate goal of animal experimentation. The issue of animal rights remains a philosophical discussion and has not focused on specific policies. Therefore, animal testing is governed by ethical questions and the policies that regulate this practice are few and nonspecific. Spain has one of the highest standards of animal welfare in the world. Animal experimentation can only be carried out in Spain when there are no alternatives (Infrafrontier , 2013). Also, there are ethical committees that ensure that possible benefits far outweigh the possible suffering that may befall animals. We must consider that animals are beings capable of experiencing pain, suffering or anguish in various ways. For this reason, it is important to work hard on matters of politics and regulation
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
in order to change the lives of laboratory animals and not let industries with economic interests decide the rules. Hence, ethics and morality make possible that animal experimentation to be directed for strictly necessary purposes and not by personal interest or vanity of men. As an example, the arrival of “Little Nicky”, a kitten cloned to duplicate a Dallas woman's deceased pet was sold by Genetic Savings & Clone, the playfully named company catering to particularly devoted pet owners (Pacelle, 2005). Wayne Pacelle, in his article “Is animal cloning ethical?” claims: “with millions of healthy and adoptable cats and dogs being killed each year for lack of suitable homes, it's a little frivolous to be cloning departed pets”. Also, she mentions the risks of cloning animals in food industry. Pacelle said that, like pet cloning, the cloning of farm animals is unnecessary due to existing overproduction and it could pose serious threats of food security. For cases like these, it is indispensable to design research proposals within ethical standards and welfare promotion. By contrast, Siegel (2005) emphasizes that the first successful cloned dog, announced on August 3 of 2005, is an important piece of animal research. He thinks that stem cell research can be used to explore human disease and applied to veterinarian medicine. Also, Zoloth, a professor of medical humanities, bioethics and religion at Northwestern University said: “This sort of work (cloning animals) is a necessary first step to creating human stem cell lines and using them." These are the two sides of an activity that is managed without control. It is possible to conclude that the ultimate goal of animal experimentation depends to a large extent on the morals and ethics of researchers. If this is driven by economic motivations, we can expect anything and the consequences to be detrimental to ourselves.
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
Contrasting the idea that animal experimentation is necessary, there are people who find this practice unnecessary and often unhelpful since the results of it cannot be transferred to humans with total confidence. Doctors against Animal Experiments Germany (2008) believe that it is not possible to predict whether a human will react identically or differently based on the results of experiments conducted on animals. In Germany alone, as many as 58 000 deaths are estimated to be the result of drug side effects. This happens because artificially induced symptoms in animals do not take into account the origins of disorders. As an example, tens of thousands of cancer mice have been cured, but all the treatments failed in humans (Doctors Against Animal Experiments, 2008). Thus, results of studies using animals become misleading and irrelevant. To avoid this, it should find that the benefits of an investigation must be higher than the costs. That is to say, the benefits must justify the potential damage that the animals experience. Consequently, experiments considered more trivial, like test of substances for cosmetics, military experiments, etc., are usually the main objective of the critics. Biomedical experiments, on the other hand, are not usually questioned equally given the benefits they can bring to humans (CBRA, n.d.). However, any form of experimentation with animals is based on an unfair budget: no equal consideration of their interests. Animals acted purely on instinct while human beings use rational thought (RSPCA, 2007). This distinction provides a 'suitable' criterion to decide over animal life. In other words, we consider animals inferior, so that they have no the same rights and can be used as resources for our benefit. The philosophical community, animal organizations and the general population try to change this way of thinking and end this practice. They justify that animals have rights and it is our responsibility to watch over their welfare.
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
It is true that animal experimentation is frequently a cruel and unnecessary practice. In this case, formulating policies that effectively control the use of laboratory animals is the responsibility of governments and organization. It should be taken into account which species are used, on what purpose the research is carried out and that animals live in the best possible conditions. There should also be an emphasis on developing new forms of research that do not include animals. For this, financing and dissemination of information is necessary. Scientists need to reflect ethically to complement their training and philosophers instead should support their arguments and be informed about the animals and their practices of use. In conclusion, research with animals makes progress easier and far less time consuming for certain cases, especially in biomedicine. However, the lack of regulation has allowed animals to be harmed unnecessarily and for non-medical purposes. Therefore, it has causing criticism to increase and transparency is required. The regulation by governments or institutions has been neglected, but this is a fundamental step that must be taken if we do not want to have environmental consequences and for the health of the same human beings. Finally, for the time being, the alternatives to this practice have not been developed with effective results for complex investigations. In contrast, humanity's progress is also defined by understanding humanity from an ethical point of view. Our ethics and morals must prevail in order to lead to innovations that allow us to stop using animals for experimentation. For the moment, animals should be used only when there are no other options, to seek that the benefits outweigh the preserves and minimize the suffering of the animal.
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ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
References CBRA . (n.d.). Why Are Animals Necessary in Biomedical Research? Retrieved November 2016, from California Biomedical Research Association : http://www.ca-biomed.org/csbr/pdf/fs-whynecessary.pdf Doctors Against Animal Experiments. (2008). Why animal experiments are not necessary. Retrieved November 2016, from Doctors Against Animal Experiments Germany: https://www.aerzte-gegen-tierversuche.de/agten/index.php/resources/general/46-why-animal-experiments-are-notnecessary Infrafrontier . (2013, July 27 ). EU and national regulations for animal experimentation. Retrieved November 2016, from Infrafrontier: mouse disease models : https://www.infrafrontier.eu/procedures/animal-welfare-and-ethics/euand-national-regulations-animal-experimentation Pacelle, W. (2005, January Friday). Is animal cloning ethical? Retrieved from SFGATE: http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Is-animal-cloningethical-2737093.php Roy, R. (2005, August 3). First Cloned Dog Raises Issues of Science, Ethics and Policy. Retrieved from Live Science . RSPCA. (2007 ). Are animal experiments necessary and can they be justified? Retrieved November 2016, from https://www.rspca.org.uk/in/adviceandwelfare/laboratory/areanimalexperiments necessary
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ADITIONAL MATERIALS
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ADITIONAL MATERIALS
Challenge “Ttower of chopsticks and marshmallows” (Group 1)
Challenge “Ttower of chopsticks and marshmallows” (Group 2)
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ADITIONAL MATERIALS
Class L6-005 2016-2017
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ADITIONAL MATERIALS
Thank you! I hope that you like my portfolio and thank you for your time reading it. If you have any questions or concerns email me at carla.borja@yachaytech.edu.ec.
Best regards, Carla Borja E.
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ADITIONAL MATERIALS
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