Dannyjerez portfolio

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Marlon Danny Jerez Masaquiza Yachay Tech University December 11, 2016

Dear Reader: First of all, my name is Danny. Welcome to my English Language Portfolio. This portfolio is a compilation of the most relevant works that I have done during the level six in the English Language Program at Yachay Tech. Most of the materials of this portfolio are writing assignments that are part of my progress as English Language user. My portfolio consists of four essays, a research essay and some photos of my experiences with classmates. Moreover, this letter will give you a little information about me. I am very enthusiastic to present my work as part of my progress and improvement in English Language Program. In addition, I expect you will see my effort and progress, although I have to still work on writing and speaking at the high level. When I was a child, I never had in mind that I will learn all the things that I know today. Furthermore, I have learned the new language, which is English. The first time that I heard the English language was when I was ten years old. My cousins who traveled taught me some “cool� words until he returns to the US, so I learned as much as possible. The last day he gave me a book of grammar. This book helped me to understand some difficult grammar. I was very interested in learning English. In high school, there was an English program but it did not satisfy my expectations. Therefore, I had to learn by myself by listening to music and watching movies. However, I was not learning in the right way, so I finished the high school with the lowest level in the English language.

When I decided to study at Yachay Tech, I knew that I would learn the English language. Also I was sure that I could improve my English skills. If you compare the first essay with the last one you can see some improvements at least with grammar and structures of sentences. Remember, practice makes you the master, which means, if we work hard and every day, we can improve our works. Well, the most important things that I have got English classes are two; one of them is my responsibility with assignments and the other is the importance of the English classes. At the beginning, I did not pay attention to class but with the first essay, I understood that I have to take care of suggestions by my teacher. Also, I had many absences because I used to procrastinate at night. Furthermore, I lost information about how to write a different kind of essays, for instance, the response essay was the first, and this was difficult for me. Therefore, I had to commitment myself to learn to write better essays. As an English language user, I consider that the English language is an important tool because it can help me at university in order to understand research papers. Also, it will be useful for after the university, for example in my profession because I want to work in other countries. Furthermore, I will keep learning new things and new languages, and I think that I can improve my vocabulary during classes, which are in English. Finally, I want to say thank you for taking part of your time to read my portfolio. I hope you will enjoy this work. Learning a new language is a very exciting experience. As a student, I think we have to give the same importance to another subject because is something that you are going to use the entire life. Sincerely,

Danny Jerez

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Running head: LANGUAGE AND THINKING WAY

Languages influence the way people think Danny Marlon Jerez Masaquiza Yachay Tech University October 02, 2016

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Languages Influence The Way People Think The way of thinking is influenced by language. People around the world think the language they speak does not influence the way of thinking or the way of seeing the world. Boroditsky, author of the article “How does our language shape the way we think�, says that languages influence the way people notice things around them (Boroditsky,2009). Furthermore, Boroditsky investigated about usage of language in order to describe things, for instance, how society represents a men and women, and how society express their art. The research argues that languages affect the way of thinking and the way of seeing the world, too, those facts are determined by how people use the language, how complex is the grammar of this language, etc. Language is an intrinsic characteristic of humans, which means it is an important part of thoughts, memories, knowledge, etc. Therefore, language can influence the way people think. For example, in my experience as Spanish speaker, I have heard English speakers who were talking about an action, and they have different way to express this action than Spanish speakers. English speakers use different grammar structure, for instance, a sentence that describes someone or something. They will write first the adjective then the noun, instated of noun the adjectives as well as Spanish speakers. So, English speakers focus on the qualities of the object, and Spanish speakers focus only on the noun instated of its characteristics. Therefore, language usage is determined by some factors such us, grammar structure, terms used to describe things and how those factors affects the social interactions. Language needs some skills of their speakers. One of those is the right use of grammar required by language. Spanish speakers have different rules of their language than English speakers. It implies that English speakers and Spanish speakers have different thoughts for the same thing. Furthermore, Turkish speakers use the verb of a statement to talk about how they

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acquire this information, in contrast with English speakers who just notice the actions. Those facts mean that Turkish and English speakers use different grammar structure, in order to make an understandable sentence. This kind of variation on grammar structure might influence on which aspects Turkish, English and Spanish speakers are focusing; for example, they would be focusing on the actions, and the qualities. At this point of view, it seems that language has an important role in the speaker’s thoughts. Moreover, we could think that people gather more information about an action but they just tell us what we want to know. So, language influences what information is going to be gathered, what are the more relevant aspects and how much information will be communicate. Around the world, people use the variety of art expression, colors and even symbols to express what they are thinking. At a certain level, it depends on the usage of language. For example, Spanish speakers usually relate dark and hard colors to masculine gender than others, which can represent that with other colors. Art expressions in some cases are the personification of death, peace, encourages, justice, etc. According to Borodistky, Russians often represent the death as a woman and the German speakers like to represent death as a man (Boroditsky, 2009). The appreciation of woman or man like a death might comes from the culture because Spanish speaker can related to death as a strong thing, and at the same time like a weak and delicate thing. These factors affect the way people think, so it influence in social interactions. Languages can influence in social interactions. The way to communicate with each other can change, then it depends on with who are talking. According to Steven Pinker people usually use different language to interact with others (Pinker, 2007). For instance, I can use a quirky language to talk with my friends, which is different that I use to talk with my family or my teachers at university. Language from this point of view change a lot, and introducing in some

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cases new vocabulary. In my opinion for these reasons languages is constantly changing, and introducing new ways to communicate and to interact with others. In conclusion, language can influence the way people think. Language needs some skills from speakers in order to give the understandable information about something. These skills can be the ability to understand grammar structures which at certain point limit how much information we gather from things or what characteristics we notice. Another important thing is the personification of abstract things like death, which personification change among culture and other languages speakers. Indeed, all these factors influence the way people think, and therefore social interactions.

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Boroditsky, L. (2009, May 6). How does our language shape the way we think? Retrieved from: https://www.edge.org/conversation/how-does-our-language-shape-the-way-we-think. Pinker, S. (2007, September). Steven Pinker: What our language habits reveal [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_language_and_thought

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Running head: ART AND ITS INTERPRETATION

Interpretation of O Fortuna Alex Daniel Jammett Cobeña Marlon Danny Jerez Masaquiza Kevin Raúl Landázuri Cortez Yachay Tech University November 16, 2016

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Interpretation of O Fortuna Music is the universal language of the world. O Fortuna is an ancient song, which is part of collection called “Carmina Burana”. This song was writing a lot time ago, and is referring to the fortune, making some comparison with life, and complains about the author life. As the poem was dedicated to the fortune and how it works on life, the song is called O Fortuna. “Carmina Burana” is a collection of Latin profane poems creates at ends of the 13th century. The majority of those songs are blasphemous, and sometimes they are obscene. This collection was written in several languages such as Medieval Latin, ancient German, French and English. The collection was commissioned by a bishop or by a rich person. It was composed in a monastery in Benediktbeuern where it remained until its discovery in 1803 and published in 1847 with the name of “Carmina Burana”. In the case of O Fortuna was written in Medieval Latin by a priest. In 1937, a German musician, Carl Orff, recreated the original manuscript, between them the song O Fortuna. O Fortuna is a song inspired by tradition and costumes of the 13th century. Orff’s rearrangement was presented with soloists, choir and orchestra. This song is dedicated to Fortune, who is a Roman goddess of luck. The Orff’s version opens with a strong sound of drums and trumpets, then the choir drops quickly into a whisper. Furthermore, it is building slowly with drums, while choir begin to sing. The song has a lot of different sounds. The sounds are intense, trying to catch the attention in the first second. It starts with a lot of percussion instruments. Those instruments and their sounds give the impact that the music need. The poem was written in signal of call the attention to the people and this is why the music has to produce the same impact. The song is played in an orchestra, because a single person cannot express it. All the orchestra is important because those variations in tone are the key to this art. Other instruments

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used were violin, flutes, etc., harmonic instruments in general. Those instruments were used to make the listener enter into a relaxed mode, it means people feel the music inside them. After the song finishes with the harmonic part, it came again with strong sounds. The impact of this art is only achieved when they do in the way that they are doing, it means only a orchestra can create this impact. The song sounds such a horror song and it is not too far from reality. According to the poem was dedicated to how the fortune manages author’s life (Dorricot & Allan, 1990), it involves to the people who listen in the same situation, making them to remember all the things that happened in their life. According to the letter, they are not the happiest one. The song is played like this because they try to represent the time in which the song was written. It is sung in Latin to preserve the original meaning of the poem and to be sure that there is no mistake in translation. With respect to the interpretation, we have wondered what is the message that the creator tried to transmit; to consider this question we need to return to the past, specifically at 13th century when the wars took place (Wikipedia, 2014). Is necessary to consider the lyrics of the poem and next the sounds that accompany the poem. Concerning to the lyrics, the poem express a frustration with life, because there was not stability in the world, the days were gray and the feelings make people behave differently. “Hateful Life” says the author to express his feelings and criterion about the things happened at this time; there isn’t a certain explanation for this words, one reason is because we don’t know nothing about the author, another reason is because the origin of the poem could be different because of the group of poems called “Carmina Burana”. In spite of we do not know with precision the correct events, we can assume some topics that probably the author could

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represent through the poem. The innumerable amount of wars, the injustice imparted by politicians, religion versus science, and so on. These points could be an incentive to write a poem that shows a frustration with life. Finally, in 1936 the poem joined with very good sounds and this new classical music started to be one of the most important symphonies around the world. When we hear this music, we can feel the perfect link between the lyrics and sound. O Fortuna, is today used in horror movies or clips where the effects show tension and desperate feelings.

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5 References

Dorricott, I. J., & Allan, B. C. (1990). In Tune With Music (Vol. 3). Roseville, New South Wales: McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Limited. Retrieved May 9, 2014 Wikipedia. (2014). O Fortuna. Retrieved November 14, 2016, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Fortuna

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Running head: CULTURE AND MORALITY OF PEOPLE

Culture influence in ethics and morality of people Marlon Danny Jerez Masaquiza Yachay Tech University November 22, 2016

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Culture influences in ethics and morality of people The culture of society influences the people mind. A person who grew up in a society or family has a different culture than others, for instance, Ecuadorian culture is different than Chinese culture. In fact, people grow up with a culture and their actions are defined by their culture. So, culture can influence in the morality of people because morality is a set of rules or norms, and ethic is how you can act with those rules. The culture of people can influence the morality, and it can change the ethics of people. The morality of people depends on the culture of those people. Morality is a set of rules or norms that each people have. Those rules are established by the culture of family or society, so people grow up with these rules. Therefore, the morality that people have around the world will be different because every country has its own culture. So, we can say that morality of an Italian person is different of an American person. Depending on the culture, the actions of people could change. The power of the culture can change the ethics of people. The way people do actions could be affected by the culture. First of all, people’s actions are correct if they are acting with morality. The culture of people will guide them to the correct or incorrect choice. For example, if a person always put the rubbish in the trash can, it is correct to everyone who has this culture, but it is not correct for someone who first sorted the rubbish in order to recycle. So, in this case, the first person should change his ethic, influenced by the culture of the other one. Therefore, the interchanges of culture not only change ethic, also it could change part of morality. Furthermore, culture is not the unique factor that can influence in the ethic and morality. Language can influence the way people think about morality and ethic in their native language. According to a study published in the journal Cognition, reacting a certain problem in

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a foreign language rather than a native language led participants to place greater weight on outcomes and less weight on intentions in making moral judgments (Sedivy, 2016) that mean using a non-native language makes people think more deeply using their emotions. At this point, emotions are determining which action is correct or incorrect. The ethics of people or even the morality will not be determined by emotions or feelings because emotions are not a strong reason to determine which action is correct or incorrect. Summarizing, our culture influence what we think about ethic and morality. Depending on the culture, people’s ethic can change, and it could change the morality, not all the rules but part of those. Morality and ethics are something intrinsic in each person that can change according to the culture of family or society.

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References Sedivy, J. (2016). How Morality Changes in a Foreign Language. Retrieved December 03, 2016, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-morality-changes-in-a-foreignlanguage/

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Running head: LANGUAGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR

Language Influences on People’s Behavior Marlon Danny Jerez Masaquiza Yachay Tech University December 06, 2016

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Abstract Language is an important human ability. Language lets people share information, interact with others and communicate. There are many ways to communicate such as through symbols, gestures or body motions. According to many pieces of research, the way people think is influenced by language. Therefore, this essay will demonstrate and prove that there are many ways that languages influence in people’s mind, which means, inside the brain. Some of those ways are the people’s perspective of the world and the way people think about actions or events. Furthermore, this essay will discuss the influence of culture as a factor that affects the way people think.

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Language Influences in People’s Behavior Language is an exclusively human ability to express thoughts and emotions. Language lets people interact with others by sharing information and expressing ideas. Language is not only speaking or talking, it is also related to symbols, body movements or motions, and gestures. If those aspects are excluded from the definition of language, people are denying the language of the deaf population. Thus language is a specific human capacity to express ideas, thoughts, experiences, and in general to communicate and interact with others. Languages around the world share some characteristics, for example, all language should have grammar rules and organization of words in order to understand better. Furthermore, language plays an important role in human life, and then it can influence in people’s mind and make changes there. Human’s interaction with others would change according to how the language is used by this person. For instances, English speakers will think differently than Spanish speakers. People’s behavior depends on many factors; one of these factors is language. Language influences people’s perspective of the world, the way they think, and it can affect the learning process.

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Language has influenced people’s perspective of the world. The perspective of the world is related to how people see the world or what is the people’s interpretation of the world. The perspective could change if people think differently. A research shows that fluent GermanEnglish bilinguals categorize motion events according to the grammar of the languages in which they operate (Athanasopoulos et al., 2015). According them, German speakers will tend to describe the action but also the goal; for instance, they would say, “Charlie reads for his exam”. English speakers might describe the same event as “Charlie is reading” which means German speakers and English speakers have a different perspective of the world because one of them is focusing on the action and the goals of that actions, and the others are focusing only on the actions (Athanasopoulos et al., 2015). Therefore, the language that people speak actually can affect the way they think (Boroditsky, 2015. All these reasons mean that people’s perspective of the world might change according to the language that people are speaking. Language changes the people’s perception of the world; therefore it could affect the people’s mind because of language influence in their behavior and feelings. If the language affects the people’s mind, it will influence in the brain. The brain can be affected by many factors: one of them is language. Language influences people’s minds, which means it influences the way people think. People who speak two different languages use different words to express their ideas, thoughts or emotions than other who speaks only one language. Also, people who speak different language notice some different aspects of the world; furthermore language influences how people describe an action. For example, English speakers pay attention to the characteristic of the nouns and what people are doing and Spanish speaker, they pay attention only to the actions (Sedivy, 2016).

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Every language has some rules; these rules are the grammar required by each language. Boroditsky (2015) finds that there are many verbs tenses and many ways to use those tenses in each language. Also, her research shows that English speakers always mark the tense of the verb. In Indonesia, people do not need to alter the verb to mark tense. In Russia, people alter the verb to mark tense and gender. In Turkey, people must include in the verb how they acquired this information (Boroditsky, 2015). Furthermore, grammar structure would allow people think more about action. For instance, Turkish people must think a little bit more because they have to include the information in the verb than English speakers (Boroditsky, 2015). Also, Russians should pay attention to the gender of a noun to include that in the verb. The grammar of each language influences the way people think because some languages need more information to make sure that the idea is understandable than others. Moreover, language also can influence the learning process.

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Learning is a way to acquire knowledge or to improve and reinforce existing knowledge. During the life, humans learn at every time and everything that they are able and everything that they are interested. The limitations of learning could be affected by some factors; one of them is the language. Speaking is the main way to express ideas; and it is important in the learning processes. In fact, learning in a different language is more difficult than in the native language. According to Eifring and Theil (2015), children from East Asia are better at mathematics than children from Western countries. They said that the main factor is the way that numbers are constructed in the languages of these two areas. In fact, the name of a number in Chinese, Japanese and Korean is just the decomposition in base ten. For example, seventeen is “ten - seven” and eleven is “ten - one” (Eifring & Theil, 2015). All these facts mean that numerals East Asia are more systematically transparent than numerals in English, Spanish, and other European languages. Now going back to learning processes, the representation of numbers of each language will make hard to understand mathematics or algebra if a child from East Asia goes to European school to learn something new about mathematics. According to Pinker (2007), people usually use different expressions to interact with others. He also said that people’s language have suffered changes according to with whom they are interacting. Interaction is important to learning and understanding something because interacting helps people to share information or ideas. However, this interactions and way people think could be influenced by many other factors such as society and culture.

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Culture is a principal characteristic of a group of people with the capability to change people’s behavior. The culture in which an individual is involved might affect the way he thinks. Furthermore, culture is not the only factor can affect the way people think; also there are customs, religion, and social interactions. Chukie (2015) was talking about the links that exist between language and social interactions. He also talks about some barriers that appear when we want to communicate with people from other countries who speak other languages. Therefore, social interactions will influence more in people’s minds than languages. For example, a man who wants to interact with a woman from other social group needs to change his behavior to be accepted in this social group. Furthermore, the man’s way thinking will change if his behavior changes. However, language is something intrinsic for humans. Boroditsky (2015) in her research mentions that there is a way to prove that culture is not an influence aspect. Therefore, they taught a new language and new ways to talk. The results were as expected, and people were not only using new expression but also a new way to think about the expression of time and space (Boroditsky, 2015). By doing this experiment, research proves that language affects people mind. These studies show that the languages influenced the people’s mind because the studies were made without interaction of cultural aspects.

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To sum up, the way people think will be affected by the language people speak. Languages influence people’s behavior and their perspective of the world. The perspective of the world depends on each person, but also depends on other factors such as language. People’s perspective is changing constantly because people’s thinking is different around the world. Furthermore, people’s thinking is influenced by language, for instance, German and English speakers have different ways to describe events, and this has happened due to language influences. Those facts allow concluding that languages also influence the way people think. Also, languages influence on people’s brain for example, English speakers think differently than Spanish speakers because they describe first the characteristics of noun and then the actions, therefore English speakers have to think different than other language speakers. Another way to prove the influence of language on the way people think is by its effects in the learning process. To demonstrate, the representation of numbers in East Asia countries and European are different, so if a person travels to China to obtain a degree in engineering, the career might be hard. So, the learning process is influenced by language in many ways. All those facts led to say that language is a factor that influences the way people think, the perspective of the world and it affects the learning process.

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References Athanasopoulos, P., Bylund, E., Montero-Melis, G., Damjanovic, L., Schartner, A., Kibbe, A.,‌Thierry, G. (2015). Two Languages, Two Minds: Flexible Cognitive Processing Driven by Language of Operation. Psychological Science, 26(4), 518-526. doi:10.1177/0956797614567509 Boroditsky, L. (2009, May 6). How does our language shape the way we think? Retrieved from: https://www.edge.org/conversation/how-does-our-language-shape-the-way-we-think. Eifring, Halvor and Rolf Theil. "Linguistics For Students Of Asian And African Languages Web. 4 Dec. 2016. Pinker, S. (2007, September). Steven Pinker: What our language habits reveal [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_language_and_thought Sedivy, J. (2016). How Morality Changes in a Foreign Language. Retrieved December 03, 2016, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-morality-changes-in-a-foreignlanguage/ TEDx Talks. (2015, May 4). Charles Chukie: Bond or barrier, language and social identity [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_wEl20i03k

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