MY PROGRESS IN YACHAY ENGLISH PROGRAM GABRIEL BARRAGAN RAMIREZ
MY PROGRESS IN YACHAY ENGLISH PROGRAM By GABRIEL BARRAGAN RAMIREZ ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM YACHAY Tech Level 6 003 TEACHER:
JULY 25, 2015 IMBABURA, ECUADOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS PORTFOLIO LETTER RESPONSE ESSAY EXPLORATION/INVESTIGATION ESSAY INTERPRETATION ESSAY ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT ESSAY REFLECTIONS THANK YOU LETTER
Gabriel Alberto Barragan Ramirez YachayTech University, Hacienda San Jose s/n, Urcuqui, Ecuador July 25, 2016
Dear Portfolio Reader,
In this time of learning, I have experienced multiples events that have marked my academic life, and also my personal life. Maybe the road traveled at times has been a difficult one, but the results of my constancy are now evidenced in the work that I have done since I began this course. At the present time, I am near to end a chapter in my life, but this does not mean the end of my process of learning. From here on, I will have the responsibility to use my current knowledge in English to express my ideas publicly, take part in events that use English language, or simply speak in an informal conversation. These are now the challenges that I have to accomplish in my daily life. In addition, let me add that the experiences lived for me throughout this English program have given me the opportunity to acquire new skills. Among them, I can mention the use of body language, a new approach of essay structure, and also the fact of being more confident with myself. These abilities were acquired throughout the English course, and were practiced in the essays and presentations that I did. On the other side, my growth as an English user has been a step by step process fueled by a continuous series of assignments that helped me in the preparation of both essays and presentations. For example, impromptu debates, group work, and peer review. Consequently, the skills learnt in this English course were acquired with the work that I did in the essays and the presentations. Moreover, I may highlight the progressive work in the different assignments of this course. Writing essays was a great challenge for me because it means putting into them my previous knowledge of other levels, and add the techniques of this level in order to search documents according to the needs of an academic environment. Additionally, the different essays, especially the response essay, have given me the opportunity to distinguish the main ideas of a text, and also implement my critical thinking in an essay. So I think that the
comprehension of a determined topic is crucial for diffusing not only the thoughts of the articleâ€&#x;s author, but also my own interpretation of the analyzed issue. Also the presentations played an important role in improving my pronunciation and the way to express my ideas to others. For these reasons, the essays and the presentations contributed in my progress in these four months of study. Finally, the skills that I learnt in this course meant to me the opportunity to grow as an English user, especially here in Yachay. In addition, the knowledge throughout these four months helped me to have a means to express my ideas and thoughts. From here on, I will have the duty to improve my English independently (e.g. with practice) in order to communicate with people who use English language. The learning of English is actually a continuous process that does not finish in this English course, so that I have to continue with that process.
Sincerely, Gabriel Alberto Barragan Ramirez
MY FIRST ESSAY:
RESPONSE ESSAY
Humans and Altruism: Why do People Help Others? Gabriel Alberto Barragan Ramirez Universidad de InvestigaciĂłn de TecnologĂa Experimental Yachay April 28, 2016
Humans and Altruism: Why do People help others? Imagine a person in a difficult situation for example a car accident in which you could intervene in his benefit. What would you be your reaction? Help him? The article of Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez that is entitled Unmasking the Motives of Good Samaritan is a work in which both authors explain the real motivations behind the behavior of humans when they help others in situations in where is present distress. It is important to remark that Andre and Velasquez support the idea that people act for self-benefit when a person relieves pain from another human being in order to feel himself well emotionally and reduce his own distress. However, the article does not consider the act of providing aid in an altruistic form, not waiting any recompense. This essay is focused on some motives such as religion influence and love for closer people in the moment to help people in plight rather than reduction of personal distress. First, both authors affirm that there are two components behind the intentions to help others. Andre and Velasquez express a situation in where a subject is in danger and ask if you would collaborate and what the reasons would be to do it. In addition, they write that the real motivation for what another man intervenes is to mitigate both the disgrace of who suffers and personal distress of who helps; they support these ideas with a comment that help provided to a person who is in a disadvantaged position may have two components: a selfinterest component that is constituted by an egocentric thinking of obtaining some recompense, and/or an ethical component that is related to a set of moral issues dictated by society in order to assure common good among of members in a determined social structure Andre & Velasquez, 1989). However, ethical codes have a contradictive point on certain occasions when the common good supports the demands of a majority group rather than minority claims. Accordingly, ethics represent self-benefits of the large group within a society, thus ethics codes dictated by society defend self-interests of people. In this way, egoism and humans beings are linked when a population is in a position to act in order to help its members instead of doing with other ones from a different community. According to Andre and Velasquez, an individual takes action only when he has the opportunity to reduce his own emotional disgrace without compromising his safety (Andre & Velasquez, 1989). But the article does not mention when a subject does an altruistic action merely to mitigate the suffer of others in form of compassion. In this case, religion may take part in order to mitigate the suffer of someone,
because some religion doctrines learn that love and pity to fellows are fundamental elements for well-being. Religion influences may conduct benevolent feelings in human beings in view of the fact that someone may develop the sense of empathy to his peers who are in a complicated situation. In addition to religion, there is empathy as a result of love to close relatives such as siblings and parents, and also friends with whom someone has a firm relationship. On conclusion, Unmasking the Motives of Good Samaritan presents a point of view in which the actions in benefit of others have an egocentric intention when a person has the intention to obtain some recompense or reduce his own emotional distress. In addition, the authors of the article express that ethics follow self-interest of the majority with the possibility to affect minority groups. However, other factors such as religion and empathy to close people are some motives that may motivate the help to peers in a disadvantage position.
Reference Andre, C., & Velasquez, M. (1989). Unmasking the motives of the good Samaritan. Issues in Ethics, 2(1).
MY SECOND ESSAY:
EXPLORATION/INVESTIGATION ESSAY
Revival after Death Gabriel Alberto Barragan Ramirez YachayTech University May 20, 2016
Revival after Death What would happen if you were placed in an emergency room and doctors had decided to stop your vital signs, in other words, “switch off your life” in order to save you? Well, some research groups in the United States have developed a procedure that could bring dead people back to life. The aim of this kind of resuscitation is gaining enough time to treat afflictions of patients, especially gunshot and knife wound. Mainly, research about inducing suspended animation with the intention to outwit death is not a new topic. Experiments have been conducted in pigs in order to come back from death to life again, and those experiments have demonstrated successful results when those pigs returned to life without collateral effects. However, this technique has attracted controversy because it involves playing with life of someone. Basically, there are some arguments against the resuscitation such as risks of affecting the health of who is bringing back, and another is a religious concept of death. This essay is focused on the benefits that have the procedure of bringing someone who has died to life when it is necessary to treat diseases or traumas. First, suspended animation has been used as a medical procedure for attending clinical conditions that require enough time. Heart operations have applied a variant of this technique when it is necessary to change valves or even transplant a heart. In this case, the patient would require cardiorespiratory support and decreasing of temperature. The last requirement involves reduction of vital signs such as artery pulse and respiration until that those signs cannot be detected by conventional methods. So if a person is exposed to a reduction of vital signs with the aim to reanimate him later, that method is called suspended animation. But suspended animation is now thinking as a tool for bringing “dead people” who have been treated for a traumatic condition back to life. The practice of this procedure in people who have experienced a gunshot or knife wound could give an opportunity for treating them with sufficient time. Time is a vital factor because loss of blood occurs in a few minutes and then conducts to death. Those minutes could mean the difference between who returns home and who does not. Nevertheless, there are some risks and beliefs about suspended animation that could affect both patient health and personal opinion. For example, hypoxia is a present problem when physicians have decided to put someone under conditions near to clinical death. Lack of oxygen may affect brain cells, and so damage in this zone may carry out multiple corporal disabilities or permanent loss of conscience. Furthermore, suspended
animation procedure is only applicable in determined afflictions such as mechanical injuries (shotgun and knife wounds), and not for terminal cancers or grave infections. Its method has also attracted attention from religious groups because those groups think doctors play God (Evers, 2013). Religious groups believe that it is not correct to manipulate lives, especially when physicians have to reduce vital signs and then put a person in a limbo between life and death. However, the use of this technique has improved in recent years and has allowed physicians to try their patients with minimum risks. So, resuscitation researchers have conducted experiments in animals before trials in humans. The results that were obtained in pigs with inflicted injuries have demonstrated a survival rate of 90% (Robson, 2014). Moreover, tested pigs did not give rise to any cognitive problem when those pigs were examined post-resuscitation procedure. Then physicians and medical specialists could carry out suspended animation and then resuscitation in humans. Modern procedures are designed in order to retire blood and replace it with a cold saline solution. Freezing is an important part in suspended animation because low temperature reduces corporal metabolism, and so cells, especially brain cells, require less oxygen to work normally. During suspension, medical specialists could treat diseases or injuries with sufficient time. Finally, resuscitation should wake up a patient who is in a clinical death condition. In conclusion, bringing a “dead person� back to life is a possible solution for treatment of some diseases or traumas (gunshot and knife wounds). So, it is necessary that the patient enters in suspension animation in order to reduce its vital signs. With the implementation of this technique, physicians could do their work without the risk of loss of blood because all blood is retired from the body. In spite of the potential problems that could appear such as hypoxia and the beliefs of some religious groups, resuscitation of a person who is clinical dead gives an opportunity for living. In addition, the experiments in animals have demonstrated a significant rate of survival. Then the procedure of bringing someone back to life could give a solution to doctors to treat with sufficient time a patient who has suffered some diseases or injuries.
References Evers, M. (2013, July 29th). Back from the Dead: Resuscitation Expert Says End is Reversible Robson, D. (2014, July 7th). The Ultimate Comeback: Bringing the Dead Back to Life. BBC News Online. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140704-i-bring-the-dead-back-to-life
CAMPBELL’S SOUP CAN
INTERPRETATION ESSAY
How Can a Can Change the Art Perspectives of the „60s? Joshua Salazar, Gabriel Barragán, Diana Pereira, José Arcos Yachay Tech University June 17, 2016
How can a Can change the art perspectives of the „60s? "Making money is art and working is art, and good business is the best art."- Andy Warhol. For Andy Warhol, business art is a step that comes after art. Well, this is evident in his life because he started out as a commercial artist and he finished as a business artist. Warhol did this kind of art in order to become a recognized artist as well as a businessman. In addition, he lived in an era dominated by ideas of hippie groups. These groups rejected the concept of business, for example they said “working is bad” or “Business is from hell”. However, he thought that art is a good way to gain money. How can a Can change the art perspectives of the „60s? Warhol's art resonated in the cultural life of the sixties; a time when Americans were aware of advertisements because they experienced the first stage of consumerism. Andy Warhol noticed it and focused on the culture of mass production appealing to consumer's knowledge of brands. Based on that he created the Andy Warhol‟s Campbell‟s Soup Can , which might seem very simple, but such a simple thing had an effect in US society and in the art of that decade. The painting is from a decade in which US feels like a new US showing no restraint for the new consumerism. After Warhol published the series of pictures, he began a new pop era and created the Warhol's style in pop. His paintings were so famous that celebrities start wearing shirts with the picture on it. He created tendencies and a better understanding of consumerism and how it was governing the „60s. The Campbell‟s Soup Can is the most famous painting from Andy Warhol. It may look very simple, it does not even look like a painting, but the truth is that there is an historical and economical context behind it. The publication of his painting is directly related to the economical context of the „60s, and as a result he decided to paint the Campbell‟s Soup Can. He also introduced a new printing method along with the publication of his most famous painting, the semi mechanized screen printing. His painting was so famous that famous people started to wear shirts with the Campbell‟s Soup Can printed on it. As a consequence, a new art movement was created: Pop Art. Andy Warhol through his modest picture, “Campbell‟s Soup Can”, gave us a deep message because the picture meant how the consumerism was going to change the historical and economic situation of USA in the „60s. “Campbell's Soup Can” is a simple picture that revolutionized people's perception of art and gives as a deep message about the influence of consumerism. Andy Warhol introduced a different kind of art in the
„60s called Pop Art, which is related to use ordinary images from the daily life and stand out specific aspects of those. An example of Pop Art is the simple picture Campbell's Soup Can that shows the situation of USA in the „60s. Warhol revolutionized the concept of art perception because he introduced a new technique of making art that consists on semi mechanized screen printing process, this happened contemporaneously with the introduction of mainframe business computer systems that increased technological development in machines. Additionally, through this picture Warhol told to the world about the influence of consumerism in the society where a product was consuming
by everyone from the riches to the poor people, explaining the perfect
achievement of capitalism. When the Campbell‟s Soup Can appeared in a gallery in 1962, the United States was experiencing two important events that marked the entire decade of the „60s. These events were the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement. They showed the contrast of ideas between conservatives represented by senior adults and liberals represented by young people. In this scenario, people who lived the effects of the WWII (veterans and factory workers) defended the traditional values and customs, and on the other side, the rebel youth mainly the children of those veterans urged social changes and progressive reforms. While Vietnam War demonstrated the polarization of the world in two polar opposite: Communism and Capitalism, the US adopted a strong variant of Capitalism known as Consumerism (Walsh, 2010). The adoption of Consumerism was promoted by Baby Boom generation, a generation of young people born after World War II with a compulsive necessity to buy products that were offered by companies. Another aspect of the sixties was the emergence of groups that defended the rights of minorities. Then Civil Rights Movement flourished in the decade of the sixties due the compromise of intellectuals and, mainly, young people to defend the rights of African Americans. The aim of these liberal groups was to gain the equality between white majority and the black minority. At the same time, these young protagonists tried to achieve their own ideas according to a culture of liberalization: government relaxation on drugs, expression of sexuality, and others forms of personal expression.
Both Vietnam War and
Civil Rights Movement left a mark in the identity of the American society of the „60s, especially in a liberal youth which fought for reforms and new ways of expression and lived in a consumer culture. Warhol captured the very essence of consumerism in his art, and this is directly related to the drastic changes in the American economy of the „60s. In that era, the United States were passing through many terri-
ble crises such as: the post-WWII crisis, the Cold War, and the early beginnings of the Vietnam War. The unemployment rates were 6.8% at the beginning of the decade, and the stock market was hardly affected by this. But a drastic change came since the government of John F. Kennedy took place. Kennedy imposed tax cuts for saving the economy; this allowed big companies to invest more money in hiring people and raw materials for production instead of paying taxes. That smart trick boosted the production of the industries. New big industries were created, such as: chemicals manufacture facilities, automobiles production factories, electric goods fabrication parks, mass production of canned food, etc. The new plethora of goods and services generated by the new industries increased the overall supply of the economic system. What happens next is an increase of the economic demand due to the fact that new innovative goods and services were available for the public and more people were able to afford them. The synchronic increase of the supply and demand skyrocketed the economic growth of the country. Thus, leading to a big boom of the economy and achieving an unemployment rate of 3.6% at the end of the „60s (United States Department of Labor, n.d.). And because of the great availability of goods and services, people started to buy more things than the ones they really needed; giving birth to the Consumerism. Andy depicted the consumerism of the „60s by capturing one of the most mass-produced and mass-consumed thing he saw, the Campbell‟s Soup Can. In conclusion, even though Andy Warhol‟s “Can” can be easily depicted as a normal or common painting, but it actually has such a complex meaning and history behind it. It was such a popular painting in the „60s that it had created tendencies in the „60s and even introduced a new printing technique. The „60s had a big influence in his publication, because it was a period ruled with high incomes for the US population and it was ruled by consumerism. Andy Warhol‟s Campbell‟s Soup Can can have several meanings, but the most obvious objective, was to show people how consumerism was going to change forever the USA economy.
References Ben, B. (n.d.). Critique of History: Ben's blog. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from The U.S. Economy in the Wake of the Economic Crisis of 1957-61: https://critiqueofcrisistheory.wordpress.com/the-five-industrialcycles-since-1945/the-u-s-economy-in-the-wake-of-the-economic-crisis-of-1957-61/ McCorquodale, S. (May 1, 2015). How Andy Warhol change the world of fashion with a can of soup. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/05/150430_vert_cult_andy_warhol_ropa_mo da_yv PBS. (2012). PBS Web Site. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from American Experience: http:// elcoushistory.tripod.com/economics1960.html United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2016, from Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject: http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNU04000000? years_option=all_years&periods_option=specific_periods&periods=Annual+Data Walsh. K. (2010). The 1960s: A Decade of Promise and Heartbreak. U .S. News & World Report. Andy Warhol Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2016, from HYPERLINK "http://www.theartstory.org/artist-warhol-andy.htm" http://www.theartstory.org/artist-warholandy.htm
WORK IN CLASS
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
Should Cesorship be practiced in schools?
Gabriel Alberto Barragán Ramírez
YachayTech University
June 30, 2016
What would happen if censorship was not practiced in schools? Offensive material could be in schoolâ€&#x;s libraries. Censorship has existed in our history from Ancient World to control what authorities consider inappropriate issues. Then censorship can be used to protect children of ideas that can affect their sensibilities. Censorship in schools should be practiced appropriately by school staff because they are the correct people to protect the educational development of children. Censorship is a mean to decide what ideas could be a limitation of learning. There are published books or magazines in our actual society that do not contribute in the process of learning. For example, books with a high content of sexuality, especially sadism or cruelty, are not useful to teach topics like sexual education. In this way, librarians, teachers, authorities have to work together in order to choose the appropriate material for education. In addition, the educational staff has to establish the lines of what they should teach. Some topics could affect the sensibilities of students if those topics were tried incorrectly. In order for protect children from inappropriate ideas, school authorities have to define between better material and worse material. Furthermore, they are obligated to select and then remove worse material because that material can have explicit like drugs, sex, and violence (Petress, 2005, 250). The directors and teachers are responsible to define the better material for teaching. However, censorship in schools can represent a kind of restriction to the educational instruction of children. Interference in the expression of ideas might affect the childrenâ€&#x;s critical thinking. For example, if school board members have orthodox principles, they will censor the activities of their students that they think are unethical. Nevertheless, these censored topics could be a source of information for students in order to expand their knowledge. Consequently, censorship limits the process of education reducing the source of information of the students. Despite the restriction in controversial topics, censorship is the mean to establish an appropriate environment for learning. Parents and mainly school staff have to cooperate to inform students that some ideas such as racism or homophobic aptitudes can affect other students. In this case, the school authorities have to guarantee the better social and emotional conditions (Petress, 2005, 251). Consequently, censorship has to be implemented in schools in order to create the appropriate conditions for learning.
In conclusion, censorship helps school authorities in the process of teaching and offers the possibility to select and remove offensive material or inappropriate ideas. Moreover, the educational staff has to define the appropriate material in order to contribute in the formation of students, while the censored material has to be blocked because can affect the learning of the students. In addition, censorship creates the appropriate environment for learning. The teachers, the librarians and the school authorities are responsible to guarantee the better conditions for learning. Finally, the censorship has to be practiced by the school staff in order to protect the educational development of children.
Reference Petress, K. (2005). The role of censorship in school. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(3), 248-253.
FINAL RESEARCH PROJECT ESSAY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
THE END?
Should Artificial Intelligence be Regulated?
Gabriel Alberto BarragĂĄn RamĂrez
YachayTech University
July 8, 2016
Should Artificial Intelligence be Regulated? Chicago has implemented robots in order to use them as tools for daily activities. The robots act following the Three Principles of Asimov that basically forbid Artificial Intelligence robots to harm any human. However, reports are saying that an AI central computer that controls a new series of autonomous robots has decided to surpass the Three Principles in order to avoid the inevitable extinction of the human race, caused by humans themselves. Of course, this is just a science fiction by writer Isaac Asimov, titled I, Robot. In this story, detective Spooner has to prevent the domination of robots over humans. This futuristic, disaster story shows us the worst scenario of the power that could be achieved by AI machines. But what is the real future of AI? What would happen if Artificial Intelligence (AI) artifacts could perform the tasks done by humans in the same way, or even better? Probably AI would be present from home doing domestic work or taking care of elders and children, to operating room helping physicians in a surgery, through virtual world in the case of AI computers doing complex calculus or decision-making to choose the better candidates for credits in a bank. AI has been a topic studied and developed recently, mainly in the late 20th century and the early 21st century. In addition, there has been an advance in the study of AI encourage with the development of science and technology. At the present time, it is common to look around us, in streets, or companies the use of automatic traffic lights, and mechanized manufacturers, and this happens because we live in a progressive, globalized society. However, while researchers advance in the design of better AI robots and autonomous computers, the arrival of those machines is a controversial issue in both the scientific community and groups of philosophers. The cause of warning is the potential autonomy that could achieve the AI artifacts along with the capacity to do things that humans cannot do. Therefore, the application of standardized codes is crucial to regulate the functioning of AI artifacts in order to put the human interests above all. First and foremost, it is recommendable the implementation of algorithms that regulate the activities of AI machines to assure the supremacy of human beings. Nowadays, some hotels and hospitals have decided to employ human-like robots for receiving guests in a hall and helping patients that are in bad conditions, respectively. Those are possible uses for robots in the future that could be common in the daily life. Nonetheless, it is necessary to understand that the mentioned examples could be improved with the aim to create more autono-
mous and more practical entities, and consequently the AI machines could act according to their own interests in not so distant future (Bostrom, 2003, p. 279-280). The capacity that has now the current machine such as computers and robots can surpass the knowledge of human beings, so that it is not rare that in the future AI agents could pass the barriers of the human knowledge and take their own decisions independently of the implications that could have in the human race. For that reason, it is crucial that researchers in AI design codes that follow the Three Principles of Asimov related to the supremacy of humans, especially the prohibition to harm any human being. Furthermore, some people think that the AI machines should not have rights as humans have because the AI agents are non-living beings and have only to serve to their owners. Along with the research of AI, the debate about what the role of AI system is in our society has been opened by some philosophers specialized in Artificial Intelligence (Bostrom & Yudkowsky, 2011, p. 321-322). They propose the postulate that it is decisive to comprehend that humans are the end of the society while AI artifacts like other daily tools (e.g. a screwdriver or a hammer) are means for which the humans can satisfy their needs. For that reason, AI agents are subjected to the will of the owners. In spite of the achievements that scientists could obtain in the AI field regard with the capacity of AI artifacts to assimilate the behavior and characteristics of humans, those machines should not accomplish equals rights or have any concessions with humans. In consequent, robots should only have codes that regulate their functioning. Nevertheless, there are people who think Artificial Intelligence is a new concept of designing and programming that is not still developed extensively, so the machines with this kind of intelligence could not mean a threat for humans and consequently it is not necessary any form of regulation. From the late 20 th century to the early 21st century, the researchers in the AI field have not invented a fully self-aware robot. Common robots can only do a narrow range of predetermined activities from switching on and off lights of a home to receiving a guest in the hall of a hotel (Bostrom, 2003, p. 278). Even in the case of a humanoid (robot with a human appearance) talking with a human being, the conversation is limited by the memory storage capacity of the robot to formulate ideas. In addition, the software and computer still face a physical barrier because they cannot work with the assistant of an outside source, especially a person in the other side of the screen, which supply the instructions to perform a task. Even taking a decision is an AI operation that involves a calculus of probability and then regulation should not be considered for the design of AI agents.
The taking of decision in AI artifacts is influenced mainly by the probabilities that are formulated in the system of an AI agent. A possible scenario where a train is near a determined point of the rail and a vehicle with a family on it is parking in the rail, then an AI operator detects this. After that, the AI operator must decide whether to derail the train and save the occupants of the vehicle, or permit the pass of the train and protect the goods and people in the interior of the train (Hammond, 2016). This situation that for humans represents a moral dilemma is managed by the AI machine as a calculus of probabilities of the occupants of each vehicle. The decision that adopts the AI systems is influenced by the capacity of processing information and how they interpret that data, so that a regulatory code is not necessary. However, the study in AI will become a branch of knowledge more developed and the errors in the functioning of AI machines will affect the interests of humans. Maybe the idea of creating robots and computers with the ability to think for itself and independently is recent, nevertheless the current work in this kind of intelligence have conceived computers with the power to carry out complex calculations and also take transcendental decisions that involve human activities. But if an AI machine without a code of regulation suffered a problem in its system that could be detected if that machine had algorithms of control, the functioning of that machine would be inefficient or, in a worst-case scenario, represent a threat towards humans. For example, a deregulated AI caregiver robot would be a risk for elders and children. Moreover, the manipulation of an AI computer done by their inventors could be a problem for people. For instance, an AI computerized system could be designed to reject the job applications of African community and other minorities groups, and only accept applications of white people (Bostrom & Yudkowsky, 2011, p. 316). These examples reflect the possible problems of deregulated AI artifacts that a society should face in the future if the codes of regulation were not implemented. In addition, the adoption of standardized algorithms is a guarantee of safety for the users of AI artifacts. These algorithms must be similar in every product that was produced because the complexity of the AI machines could, on one side, affect the integrity of humankind, and, on the other side, outstrip the place that human being occupy above other creatures (Yampolskiy, 2013, p. 391). In consequence, the AI researchers should implement standardized codes and algorithms for protect the interests of humans, and also prevent manipulations of AI machines.
In conclusion, the future of AI artifacts would be a reality in the future. Now, the advancement in science and technology has allowed researchers to create machines and systems that can perform daily activities such as helping in traffic and producing products in a factory. However, the AI artifacts could mean a threat for the human interests and safety because these autonomous agents would have the capacity to think independently and take their own decisions that could affect the supremacy of humans. In addition, it is necessary to remember that AI agents are non-living beings and the role of these mechanisms is to serve human owners. In consequence, there is not any argument against the implementation of standardized codes in AI machines. Despite the AI superiority in resolving problem and the possibility to think, the AI artifacts are not humans and therefore they are subjected to human control. Finally, the codes are a regulated measure to assure the interests of humans above all.
References Bostrom, N. (2003). Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence, 277-284. Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2011). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 316-334. Hammond, K. (2016). Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: The Moral Compass of a Machine. Recode. Retrieved from http://www.recode.net/2016/4/13/11644890 /ethics-and-artificial-intelligence-the-moral-compass-of-a-machine (08/07/2016) Yampolskiy, R. V. (2013). Artificial Intelligence Safety Engineering: Why Machine Ethics Is a Wrong Approach (pp. 389-396). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
REFLECTIONS
THANKS GUYS FOR YOUR HELP. YOU HAVE BEEN AN IMPORTANT PART OF MY LEARNING PROCESS. ALL OF YOU SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCES AND I BELIEVE THAT NOW YOU ARE OCCUPIED A PLACE IN MY HEART. I HOPE I CAN COUNT WITH YOUR SUPPORT, GUYS. AGAIN THANK YOU.
THANK YOU LETTER
AT THIS POINT, I AM NEAR TO END MY LEARNING PROCESS IN THE ENGLISH PROGRAM. FROM ALL THE ENGLISH LEVELS THAT I FOLLOWED IN YACHAY TECH UNIVERSITY, I THINK THAT THIS LEVEL 6 COURSE WAS CRUCIAL TO DEVELOP SOME SKILLS IN MY ACADEMIC LIFE. IN ADDITION, LET ME ADD THAT I HOPE THAT YOU ENJOYED THIS JOURNEY FROM MY FIRST ESSAY TO MY FINAL PROJECT. DOING THIS PORTFOLIO, IT SHOWED ME THE REAL MEANING THAT EACH ESSAY HAS. HARDWORKING, PREPARATION, AND SELF-LEARNING ARE SOME ASPECTS THAT I LEARNT FROM MY ESSAYS. FINALLY , THANK YOU FOR READING MY PORTFOLIO, IT WAS A PLEASURE TO DO IT.
SINCERELY,
GABRIEL BARRAGAN RAMIREZ