Experiences in the Biofortification of Sweetpotato in Peru
International Potato Center INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Introduction Annual Sweetpotato Production (FAO 2009): about 132 Mio t 15 Mio t Africa 2 Mio t South & Central America 3 Mio t South & West Asia 112 Mio t East Asia & The Pacific Origin of sweetpotato Central America and Pacific coast of South America – today is grown in 117 countries Used for: Food (roots / leaf) & Food Industry Animal Feed Starch Industry => cheapest sources of energy + quality Research & Development Extreme large genetic diversity, but extremely under-researched and under-used Genetically Sweetpotato is a highly heterozygous – it is a hybrid crop = a clone hybrid INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Sweetpotato Targeting - Groupings by Sweetpotato Priority Ratings, Livelihood and Number of People Consumption in Peru 28 g per day per person Around Lima about 50 g per day & person Is this sufficient to get impact on health by sweetpotato consumption ??
ICAR-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Our Medium Term Plan (MTP) Priority: Sweetpotato populations and clones with superior agronomic, nutritional and end-use quality characteristics 1) Orange fleshed sweetpotato (camote para consumo) – populations and clones (OFSP) for healthy food consumption (dietary fiber, protein, vitamins and minerals) – including food processing 2) White fleshed sweetpotato (camote para industria) – populations and clones for industrial use – including bio-ethanol (interest from Brazil) 3) Purple fleshed sweetpotato (los camotes morados) new market in Japan and North America – juice, snacks, etc. – anti cancer compounds (All dual purpose => leaves for animal feed INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Priority: The OFSP potato => yield, nutritional quality and use
Why: Extreme Vit. A, Fe & Zn deficiency in the staple food supply – reason high intakes of white staples 125,000,000 children Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) 33 to 66% of the world population Fe & Zn deficiency A child 0 - 8 years RDI needs 4.8 mg pro-vitamin A per day A child 0 - 8 years RDI needs 10 mg Fe & 4. 5 mg Zn per day RDI = Recommended Daily Intake
INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Biofortification Step 1 (Germplasm) A) Target A child 0 - 8 years RDI needs 4.8 mg pro-vitamin A per day A child 0 - 8 years RDI needs 10 mg Fe & 4. 5 mg Zn per day
B) Literature 12 mg pro-vitamin A / 100g fresh
C) Evaluation of Sweetpotato Germplasm 0 mg – 15 mg pro-vitamin A / 100g fresh storage roots OFSP medium Fe & Zn concentrations
0.3 mg – 1.0 mg Fe and 0.15 – 0.6 mg Zn / 100g fresh roots (Leaves have 5 times more Fe and Zn than roots)
=> however, only 150 OFSP germplasm clones available in world germplasm collections INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
OFSP storage roots have 7.5 to 15 mg / 100g β-carotene on fresh matter basis !!! 30 to 70g camote - A piece per day can provide the need per day !!! When you have rice don’t forget the sweetpotato (un dicho en China)
WG 2010
Description of sweetpotato for yield and quality on the basis of 1148 CIP genebank clones evaluated at 3 environments Mean
Min
Max
16.2
0.3
54.0
Upper Biomass (t ha )
22.0
0.5
65.5
Dry matter (%)
35.0
15.9
48.5
Starch (% FM†)
20.0
4.9
33.3
Sucrose (% FM†)
2.8
0
7.4
Total sugar (% FM†)
4.7
0.6
10.1
b-carotene (ppm FM†)
10.8
0
154‡
Calcium (ppm FM †)
429
76
1110
Iron (ppm FM †)
5.6
2.7
10.0‡‡
Zinc (ppm FM†)
3.4
1.2
6.3‡‡‡
-1
Yield (t ha ) -1
fresh matter basis, ‡ up to 250 ppm, ‡‡ up to 15 pmm and ‡‡‡up to 9 ppm occasionally observed in clones from breeding population after 2 cycles of recurrent selection †
CIP Sweetpotato Germplasma Quality
WG – 2010
Biofortification Step 2 (Important Varieties) Base Lines in successful varieties
Jewel Resisto Jonathan Santo Amaro Xushu18 Tanzania
YLD (t / ha)
DM (%)
ppm DM β-carot. Fe
23.9
27.7
296
23.7
13.1
26.8
27.3
533
29.9
18.4
14.7
29.2
158
28.2
16.2
16.3 30.5
31.7 31.2
0 0
23.3
13.7
11.6
33.5
0
25.2 22.5
14.1 13.5
Zn
Note on poor on-farm conditions you have about 30% less β-carotene, iron, and zinc
Jonathan 100g fresh roots: β-carotene: 4.6 mg, iron: 0.82 mg, zinc: 0.47 mg Child 1 – 3 years needs: β-carotene: 4.8 mg, iron: 5 mg, zinc: 4 mg
Conclusion: Sweetpotato – OFSP - has value to invest for biofortification. Investments are: A) Breeding and B) Activities to reach end-users / consumers INIA-CIP AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Step 3 Objectives & Population Development Objectives: Yield, Resistance, dry matter, vitamin A, Fe & Zn The key is: Rapid Population Development (with farmers) I.
!! Many parents !! – go for best family makes
II. NIRS - Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy III. !! Fast - Accelerated breeding scheme !! i.e. sweetpotato one 1 cycle per population in 2 years and 2 populations [IV. In the future exploiting heterosis in sweetpotato breeding => Hybrid breeding schemes]
CIP Sweetpotato Breeding Methods & Techniques
WG – 2010
NIRS (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) Total carotenoids
120
N IR S - v alu e (m g / 10 0 g d w )
NIRS-value (mg/100g dw)
140
100 80 60 40
R = 0.95
20 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
LAB-value (mg/100g dw)
120
140
120
B-carotenoid
100 80 60 40 20
R = 0.92
0 0
50
100
LAB - value (mg / 100 g dw)
Sweetpotato dried roots: Protein, starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose, total carotenoids, b-carotene, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, Mg Sweetpotato fresh roots: Protein, starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose, total carotenoids, b-carotene, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, Mg
CIP is conducts the NIRS calibration development for Harvest Plus across all HP crops CIP Plant Quality
CIP 2010
Harvest Plus NIRS Research at CIP Beans Zn
CIP-NIRS Research
2 NIRS-value (ppm dw)
Cassava dried roots: Protein, total carotenoids, b-carotene & Fe Beans milled: Protein, Fe & Zn Beans undestroyed: Protein, Fe & Zn Maize milled: Total carotenoids, b-carotene, luteine, zeaxanthine, Fe & Zn Rice milled: Fe, Zn Rice undestroyed: Fe, Zn Wheat: Fe & Zn Millet: unknown
Maize b-carotne
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
LAB-value (ppm dw)
Cassava Fe
WG – 2010
2
OFSP Population Development – 2005 to 2009 2 Populations 2 Recurrent Cycles & 1 Hybrid population Populations:
Jewel (PJ) 2 x 5000 genotypes = 2 x 15,000 plots ZapalloSPK (PZ) 2 x 5000 genotypes = 2 x 15,000 plots Hybrid (PH) 1 x 6000 genotypes = 24,000 plots
Phase I clones
Phase II clones
PJ1 (2005)
PJ2 (2007)
PJ3 PH1(2009)
PZ1 (2006)
PZ2 (2008)
PJ II 100g fresh storage root mean: PZ II 100g fresh storage root mean: Child 1 – 3 years needs per day:
PZ3
β-carotene: 10.2 mg, iron: 0.64 mg, zinc: 0.38 mg β-carotene: 7.9 mg, iron: 0.56 mg, zinc: 0.34 mg β-carotene: 4.8 mg, iron: 5 mg, zinc: 4 mg
AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2009
Link Population Development with Variety Development at NARS (INIA) = test 250 good genotypes in 2 steps at many locations
This was very successful with INIA in case of sweetpotato AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Link Population Development with Variety Development at NARS (INIA) = test 250 good genotypes in 2 steps at many locations YLD (t / ha)
DM (%)
Starch Suc (% DM) (% DM) β-carot.
INIA (check)
17.4
26.4
43.7
16.8
PJ05.212 PZ06.22 PZ06.33 PZ06.77 PZ06.85
23.9 27.7 35.8 36.5 30.8
26.9 25.5 31.4 19.8 23.9
43.1 45.4 55.0 25.9 39.8
23.0 14.9 14.2 31.5 27.4
Fe
ppm DM Zn
Ca
Mg
532
18.4
10.3
2672
944
356 420 147 740 525
20.7 17.4 17.3 23.4 20.2
12.7 10.4 10.3 15.2 13.0
2566 2541 2212 3687 2730
1160 934 1002 1300 1036
Note:
% RDI (consumption 50g) for clone PZ06.77
All clones are from recurrent
Pro-vitamin A:
%RDI = 154%
Fe:
%RDI =
selection cycle 1 population Jewel or Zapallo
5% (or 10%)
(with a consumption of 200g %RDI = 20% (or 40%)
AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Product Development INIA => An intermediate product
CIP - IIAM – INIA Sweetpotato
WG 2010
CIP Field days in suburbs Lima 2006 – 2009 => 2012 linked with the”Comedores Populares”, the “Municipalidad de Carabayllo” Image of sweetpotato “No solo para …”
AgroSalud Sweetpotato Breeding
WG 2010
Thank-you for your Attention
CIP Sweetpotato
CIP 2010