Exploring Evolution- AISM by peter hennigar

E IDENCE F E L I N

DISCOVER THE DIFFERENT EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION ITH OUR RESEARCH

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HELPS S IN ERPRE HEIR E OL IONAR CHAIN.

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DIFFEREN IA ION BE EEN MONOCO S AND DICO S

For e ample, in the roots of a dicot the vascular tissue is arranged creating an X shape. On the other hand, in the roots of a monocot, the vascular tissue is arranged creating a ring shape.

The same goes for the stems. n dicot stems the vascular bundles are organi ed creating a ring. While in monocot stems the vascular bundles are randoml scattered.

n monocot leaves the vascular tissue creates parallel veins, hile in dicot leaves the vascular tissue creates branched out veins (Georgia Tech Biological Sciences).

NON- ASC PLAN S

LAR

ORK CI ED Lambe , H. and Ba ham, . Jame Alan (2021, Feb a 12). Pho o n he i . Enc clopedia B i annica. .b i annica.com/ cience/pho o n he i . Fa

ino, J. (2020, A g 27). Biolog 101: Unicell la . M l icell la . Dail Science Jo nal. .dail ciencejo nal.com/ ha a e- he-diffe ence -be een- nicell la - -m l icell la /.

Be kele . (n.d.). Monoco

Dico . Monoco

. Dico . cmp.be kele .ed /glo a /glo 8/monoco dico .h ml

Nakano, M. (2020, Feb a 13). Plan Mo pholog Flo e and F i . Red Seal Land cape Ho ic l i Iden if Plan and Plan Req i emen F2 12. kp .p e book .p b/plan -iden ifica ion/chap e /plan -mo pholog -flo e -and-f i /. Biological Science , G. T. (n.d.). Plan De elopmen I: Ti e diffe en ia ion and f nc ion. O gani mal Biolog . o gani malbio.bio ci.ga ech.ed /g o h-and- ep od c ion/plan -de elopmen -i- i e-diffe en ia ion-andf nc ion/#: : e =Va c la %20 i e%20 an po %20 a e %2C%20mine al , c al%20 ppo %20in. L ca , W. J., G oo e , A., Lich enbe ge , R., F a, K., Yada , S.-R., Hela i a, Y., He, X.-Q., F k da, H., Kang, J., B ad , S. M., Pa ick, J. W., Spe , J., Yo hida, A., L pe -Mill n, A.-F., G ak, M. A., & Kach oo, P. (2013, Ap il 10). The Plan Va c la S em: E ol ion, De elopmen and F nc ion . Wile Online Lib a . h p ://onlinelib a . ile .com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jipb.12041 K o nick, S., & E. Indoe, K. (n.d.). Gene al B oph e Info ma ion. h p :// ci eb.n bg.o g/ cience2/hcol/b o/b ogen.h ml#: : e =The%20 o d%20b oph e%20 efe %20 o,almo %20 e e he e%20in%20 he%20 o ld. Nakano, M. (2020, Feb a 13). Plan Mo pholog Flo e and F i . Red Seal Land cape Ho ic l i Iden if Plan and Plan Req i emen F2 12. h p ://kp .p e book .p b/plan -iden ifica ion/chap e /plan -mo pholog -flo e -andf i /. Biological Science , G. T. (n.d.). Plan De elopmen I: Ti e diffe en ia ion and f nc ion. O gani mal Biolog . h p ://o gani malbio.bio ci.ga ech.ed /g o h-and- ep od c ion/plan -de elopmen -i- i e-diffe en ia ion-andf nc ion/#: : e =Va c la %20 i e%20 an po %20 a e %2C%20mine al , c al%20 ppo %20in%20 he%20 em. L ca , W. J., G oo e , A., Lich enbe ge , R., F a, K., Yada , S.-R., Hela i a, Y., He, X.-Q., F k da, H., Kang, J., B ad , S. M., Pa ick, J. W., Spe , J., Yo hida, A., L pe -Mill n, A.-F., G ak, M. A., & Kach oo, P. (2013, Ap il 10). The Plan Va c la S em: E ol ion, De elopmen and F nc ion . Wile Online Lib a . h p ://onlinelib a . ile .com/doi/10.1111/jipb.12041.f Va c la Plan . (2021, Ma ch 6). Re ie ed Ma 29, 2021, f om h p ://bio.lib e e

.o g/@go/page/6639

BY AP

HOW DO ANIMAL WITH DIFFERENT ANCESTORS COME TO HAVE SIMILAR ANATOMIES?

PI aba (Garoch) - Image of a B

erfl

L I N FLIGH

BY AP

On No ember 1 , 1996, in Berkle Uni er i , California, John R. H chin on e plored he idea ha look a e ol ion of fligh o an er ho and h i e ol ed. I i in ere ing o look a ho e en ho gh differen organi m come from differen ance or he ill de elop imilar ana omie , ch a ing and fin . He did hi b looking a differen pecie , heir origin and e ol ion, a ell a comparing and ob er ing heir ana omie . Looking a differen pecie and comparing heir ana omie i called Compara i e ana om . The proce in hich organi m ha do no ha e imilar or he ame ance r de elop imilar rai and charac eri ic i called Con ergen E ol ion. Which i a b opic o compara i e ana om . An e ample of con ergen e ol ion o ld be he imilari ie be een he ing of bird , ba , p ero a r and in ec . S r c re or ana omie ha are he re l of con ergen e ol ion are called analogo r c re or homopla ie (ScienceDail ).

To properl look a h fligh e ol ed e ha e o look a ho i e ol ed and in order o do ha e ha e o look a he origin of fligh . According o Ma he Will (2020), he fir organi m o fl ere in ec , b in ec ing didn e ol e from arm , nlike bird and ba , cien i are ill n re of heir origin or ho he acq ired heir ing . The ance or of he modern fl ing organi m eren able o fl . A e plained b Ma he Will (2020), he e organi m e ol ed from a gro p of dino a r called herepod , he e incl de he T-re , and maller and fa er animal , ho ho ha he had fea her b heir arm ere oo eak and mall o allo hem o fl . A ome poin he e animal de eloped he abili o fl , here are ario idea a o h , one for e ample co ld be ha ing o ld ha e helped he animal o r n fa er and in rn help ca ch pre (Will , 2020). John R. H n chin on looked a he r c re and e ol ion of he p ero a rian fligh (p ero a r ), a ian fligh (bird ), and chirop eran fligh (ba ). The fir er ebra e o be able o fl ere he p ero a r . P ero a r are ho gh o be deri ed from a bipedal, c r orial archo a r in he la e ria ic period (H n chin on, 1996), hi mean ha p ero a r are ho gh o be from an ance or ha alked on o fee , ran and a from a pecific famil of organi m in he la ria ic period. According o H n chin on, he p ero a r ing a ppor ed b a long fo r h finger , he had o her r c re adap ed o fligh ch a a keeled ern m, an e en ion of he ern m hich r n a iall along he midline of he ern m and e end o ard, perpendic lar o he plane of he rib ( ikipedia). In ead of fea her , he p ero a r had membrane , al ered kinlike r c re , ha ere ing ppor ing fiber . The al o ha e a niq e bone called p eroid, hich i n al beca e ne bone are rare o e ol e. Earl p ero a r had a long ail o help for balance b ne er one didn hich indica e he ere more fle ible hile fl ing.

Pi ba (mrgan o) - Image of P ero a r

Wikipedia (Toon ) - Image of a bird kele on i h a keeled ern m higligh ed.

The mo di er e gro p of fl er o e ol e are he bird , Bird ha e e en i e di er i in pecie a ell a fligh adap a ion. The c rren heor i ha bird had a common ance or i h dromaeo a rid dino a r , he mall dino a r men ioned in he 3rd paragraph, hich are a mall o medi m i ed famil of fea hered and carni oro , heropod dino a r ( ikipedia). A e plained b John H nc hin on (1996), he Archaeop er ( he earlie kno n bird), he Dromaeo a r , and ne er bird ch a inorni , are pecie e ho ld con ider hen alking abo he origin of fligh . Bird ha e imilar ing r c re a p ero a r , b nlike hem heir ing are ppor ed b longer radi and lna, he bone in he forearm, and al ered ri bone . Bird ha e a r c re imilar o Dromaeo a r , a f ed collar bone called f rc la hich er e a ppor hen fl ing. Bird phalange (hand finger bone and fee oe bone ) ho red c ion and merging o form he ing. Bird ho increa e in abili o fl hro gho heir e ol ion, Archaeop er ere le able fl er b eren m ch of lider , La er bird ch a inorni ho ed impro emen in fligh adap a ion compared o heir ance or hich make hem be er fl er and oda e ha e more able pecie ch a he h mmingbird and falcon . Ba are he econd mo di er e gro p of mammal and are he onl mammal o e ol e from po ered fligh . D e o ho ba look, he are mo likel o be compared o ra and mice, b he are more alike o h man han i ma be ho gh o (Harri 2001). According o Tom Harri (2001), a ba ha a fle ible ing r c re, i kind of re emble he h man hand, he ha e a hin kin membrane ( ligh l imilar o he p ero a r) called po agi m, hich e end be een he hand and bod , and goe be een each finger. Ba can mo e heir ing like a h man can heir hand, po i ioning i o form differen hape and angle q ickl , hich allo hem o fl ea ier han o her animal . John R. H chin on e plained ha heir origin i ill ome ha of a m er a he fo il record of ba are minimal, da a gge ha he ance or o ld ha e been noc rnal, in ec i oro (feed off in ec ), arboreal (li e in ree ) and glider . Earlier ba had long ail and primi i e fligh charac eri ic b ere mainl imilar o he modern ba . The ba ing i ppor ed b he arm and q i e long finger hich ppor he par here hr i prod ced. The ha e a ne bone called he calcar ha ppor he membrane from he heel. Ba are agile fl er i h in ere ing adap a ion , grea e ample of con ergen e ol ion. Wikipedia(Emil Willo gb ) - Image of a dremaeo a rid

Wikipedia (L. Sha mal)- Bird Wing

Ba are he econd mo di er e gro p of mammal and are he onl mammal o e ol e from po ered fligh . D e o ho ba look, he are mo likel o be compared o ra and mice, b he are more alike o h man han i ma be ho gh o (Harri 2001). According o Tom Harri (2001), a ba ha a fle ible ing r c re, i kind of re emble he h man hand, he ha e a hin kin membrane ( ligh l imilar o he p ero a r) called po agi m, hich e end be een he hand and bod , and goe be een each finger. Ba can mo e heir ing like a h man can heir hand, po i ioning i o form differen hape and angle q ickl , hich allo hem o fl ea ier han o her animal . John R. H chin on e plained ha heir origin i ill ome ha of a m er a he fo il record of ba are minimal, da a gge ha he ance or o ld ha e been noc rnal, in ec i oro (feed off in ec ), arboreal (li e in ree ) and glider . Earlier ba had long ail and primi i e fligh charac eri ic b ere mainl imilar o he modern ba . The ba ing i ppor ed b he arm and q i e long finger hich ppor he par here hr i prod ced. The ha e a ne bone called he calcar ha ppor he membrane from he heel. Ba are agile fl er i h in ere ing adap a ion , grea e ample of con ergen e ol ion. Con ergen e ol ion i imilar o b differen from he phenomena of e ol ionar rela and parallel e ol ion. E ol ionar rela i abo ho pecie de elop imilar rai hro gho heir e ol ion in imilar habi a or eco em b no a he ame ime. Parallel e ol ion i hen o differen pecie de elop a he ame ime in he ame habi a or eco em and recei e imilar rai (ScienceDail ). There i al o Di ergen e ol ion, here organi m i h imilar ance or e ol e and de elop differen charac eri ic crea ing ne pecie , i o ld be in ere ing o look a ho m ch difference in organi m i o ld ake for he organi m o become a ne pecie .

Pi aba (jochem ) - Image of a Ba

R. H chin on, J., & Smi h, D. (1996, Jan ar Fligh :

11). Ver ebra e

The E ol ion Of Fligh (a.k.a. Ho To Wing I ). Berkele Uni er i . h p :// cmp.berkele .ed / er ebra e /fligh /e ol e.h ml#: : e =Wh %20 ing %20 Will , Ma he . C rio Kid : Ho Did Some Animal E ol e Wing o Fl ? The Con ersa ion, 22 Oc . 2020, hecon er a ion.com/c rio -kid -ho -did- ome-animal e ol e- ing - o-fl -148496. Acce ed 1 J ne 2021. h p :// .ho ff ork .com/abo -a hor.h m. Ho Work. Ho S ffWorks, J ne 2001, animal .ho ff ork .com/mammal /ba 1.h m. Acce ed 1 J ne 2021.

Con ergen E ol ion. ScienceDail , 2019, . ciencedail .com/ erm /con ergen _e ol ion.h m. Acce ed 1 J ne 2021. "Wikipedia Con rib or . Keel (Bird Ana om ). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Fo nda ion, 16 Mar. 2021, en. ikipedia.org/ iki/Keel_(bird_ana om ). Acce ed 1 J ne 2021. Wikipedia Con rib or . Dromaeo a ridae. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Fo nda ion, 16 Ma 2021, en. ikipedia.org/ iki/Dromaeo a ridae. Acce ed 1 J ne 2021.

R b ( 2021)

TABLE OF

Contents

01 02 0 0 0

Adapting to new environments Flightless birds did not require their wings as much as the used to as the adapted to different temperatures and settings All Birds that we have toda belong to the Struthioniformes order which is a collection of species that share several characteristics Some of them can fl while others are unable to do so The majorit of flightless birds belong to a smaller group known as ratites which includes the rhea ostrich cassowar and emu Author date There are also ratites that are extinct for example the moa and the elephant bird There are extinct ratites as well such as the moa and the elephant bird The kiwi and penguins are flightless as well although the are not ratites Man of the birds we have now developed from familiar species during the dinosaur era and the stone age and man of them lost their abilit to fl in the process of evolution According to Britannica school some birds lost the power of flight because the adapted to new environmental circumstances where the did not need their wings as defence mechanisms

igh be i e e ed

Some of the biggest differences between flightless and fl ing birds are the larger wing bones of birds that can fl as well as the absence of a keel on their breastbone The keel maintains the muscles that allow the wings to move Birds that do not fl have more feathers than those that do fl

The impact of the asteroid that was believed to have hit earth about sixt five million ears ago wiped out a large amount of species which included almost all of the dinosaur species although one group of dinosaurs did manage to survive In the modern da we know them as what we call birds Scientists discovered a fossil of a bird called Archaeopter x this is similar to the birds we have toda but also looked quite a lot like a dinosaur because it had feathers wings and a snout The h pothesis that dinosaurs evolved into birds has been circling discussion since the th centur

(Pi aba )

a d he fligh le bi d de el ed f m bi d ha c ld fl . Scie i belie e ha fligh le bi d l hei ca aci fl a a e l f ada i g e e i me al i a i i hich he l ge eeded hei i g ec hem el e . Scie i a d e ea che ha e f d hi i f ma i b f il a d b ha he al ead k ab e l i . F il la ed a big a i he fi di g a d he h he i f fligh le bi d beca e he e e able fi d f il f a di a b eed hich had ma imila i ie he bi d e ha e da .

(Pi aba )

Scien i and he h po he i of fligh le bird

Work cited "F igh e 2021. ch

bi d." B i a ica Sch , E c c dia B i a ica, 19 Feb. .eb.c . k/ e e /i e edia e/a ic e/f igh e -bi d/439848. Acce ed 21 Ma . 2021.

"INSTANTLY FOUND THAT IT LOOKED SIMILAR TO THE REPTILES OF THE TIME"

HOMA HENR H "THE DINOSAUR THAT IS THOUGHT TO BE THE ORIGIN OF BIRDS DUE TO ITS SIMILARITIES TO LATER BIRD SPECIES."

HE ARCHAEOP ER

JUNE 2021

Matthew

The Rep ilian Ance o of Bi d

Bi d J a ic Bl dli e

N Y T 30.07.2020

homas Henr Hu le , kno n for advocating Charles Dar in s theor of evolution, discovered that there

as an evolutionar

relationship bet een birds and reptiles - more specificall , the dinosaurs, in 1868. During 1860 the fossili ed feather that he used as found in German

here

people made man assumptions of hat the rest of the bird looked like, but Hu le instantl found that it looked similar to the reptiles of the time, so he compared it to various other reptilian organisms of the era here he found the similarities bet een the t o. The birds evolved from the meat eating portion of dinosaurs, the theropods - small ones,

ithout

the beaks et.

THE REPTILIAN ANCESTOR OF BIRDS / JUNE 2021 2

A T 16.03.2019

he ancient bird feather found in German , as a feather of the dinosaur species - the Archaeopter , the dinosaur that is thought to be the origin of birds due to its similarities to later bird species. Around 150 million ears ago, the Archaeopter lived in hat is no southern German and Portugal, during a time hen Europe as an archipelago of islands in a shallo arm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is no . The largest species of Archaeopter ma gro to around 0.5 m in length, similar in si e to a Eurasian magpie, ith the greatest individuals possibl reaching the si e of a raven. Archaeopter had more in common ith other small Meso oic dinosaurs than ith contemporar birds, despite their small stature, broad ings, and speculated capacit to fl or glide. The shared the follo ing characteristics ith dromaeosaurids and troodontids in particular, Ja s ith sharp teeth, three cla ed fingers, a long bon tail, h pere tensible second toes ("killing cla "), feathers ( hich also indicate arm-bloodedness), and skeletal characteristics.

THE REPTILIAN ANCESTOR OF BIRDS / JUNE 2021 3

Archaeopter

is commonl referred to as the most

G a a 07.02.2009

basic bird in modern paleontolog . It is assumed to be a close relative of the genuine ancestor of contemporar birds, rather than a direct ancestor. Archaeopter

as, nonetheless, frequentl adopted

as a model for the genuine ancestral bird. This has been done b a number of authors. Lo e (1935) and Thulborn (1984) argued that Archaeopter

asn't the

earliest bird. The claimed that Archaeopter

as no

more closel connected to birds than other dinosaurs. Kur anov (1987) proposed that Avimimus as more probable than Archaeopter

to be the progenitor of all

birds. Man maniraptoran lineages are particularl birdlike, according to Barsbold (1983) and Z eers and Van den Berge (1997), impl ing that diverse species of birds derived from distinct dinosaur ancestors.

B the Earl Cretaceous, birds had evolved into a variet of ta a ith different morpholog and ecolog . The Jehol Biota of northern China has recovered hundreds of almost complete and completel articulated skeletons dating bet een roughl 130.7 and 120 million ears ago (Stephen L.Brusatte, 2015), demonstrating this diversit . Follo ing Archaeopter , the are the earliest unquestionabl avian fossils, accounting for over half of the entire orld variet of Meso oic bird species, ith members of ever major earl avian group present. Despite being ver diversified for its period, this ancient avifauna demonstrated less ecological variet than present assemblages, hich is not surprising. There are small arborealists, semi aquatic species, and bigger generalists, but e isting ecomorphs like huge aerial foragers and aquatic specialists are missing.

THE REPTILIAN ANCESTOR OF BIRDS / JUNE 2021 4

C .R

. (2021, M 24, 2021,

10). Origin of birds. :// . /2T 3

, L. H. ( . .). Wh are birds the onl surviving dinosaurs? N M .R M 24, 2021, :// . /3 UM

H H

, L. (2020, S 30). First Fossil Feather Ever Found Belonged to This Dinosaur. T N T . :// . . /2020/09/30/ / .

G ://

N N .

M H

. (2009, F M L . / /2009/ -

7). A .T G /07/ .

. -

, D. (2019, M 16). Powerful X-ra reveals archaeopter x feather s hidden colors. L A T . :// . . / / -2013- -13- - - -20130612. . (2021, M 8). A :// . /3 UN H

THE REPTILIAN ANCESTOR OF BIRDS / JUNE 2021 5

HE F EC B

I D

E IDENCE AND E PLORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IN ROD C ION Page

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HA ARE FO Page

POSSIBL THE OLDEST FOSSILS IN THE ORLD HA E BEEN FO ND

Paragraph

HE FORM?

Page

HO GE

IL ?

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DID HE FO IL O HI PLACE?

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CONCLUSION

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IC E

EFE E CE

EVOLUTION

J ne 2021

A ificia Se ec i

A 3 age fea O

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he E

k n he a ificial elec i n f a

f he Me ica a l

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The Failing Evolution of Axolotls: Wild and Lab-raised

EVOLUTION NOW

PUNNETT SQUARES

Citations: Voss, S. R., *, & Shaffer, H. B., . (2000). Evolutionary genetics of metamorphic failure using wildcaught vs. laboratory axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Evolutionary Genetics of Metamorphic Failure Using Wildcaught vs. Laboratory Axolotls (Ambystoma Mexicanum), 1-7. O’Neil, D. (2012). Basic Principles of Genetics: Probability of nheritance. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm.

O'Neil, D. (2012). P nne 3.gif. Probability of nheritance. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm.

O'Neil, D. (2012). Glo ar of Term . Basic Principles of Genetics: Glossary of Terms. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/glossary.htm#heterozygous.

What Makes an Axolotl So Super?: Museum of Science, Boston. (2021). Retrieved June 9, 2021, from https://www.mos.org/mos-at-home/pulsar/what-makesan-axolotl-so-super

by Antonio

n his si th edition of the seminal book ritten b Charles Dar in (1872) he proposed Giraffe e olution to the orld. Recentl a strange fossil has been disco ered from the past related to giraffes. t has Ph sical features more related to a ga elle or ebra and it li ed 50 million ears ago. t li ed in sub Saharan Africa and had a much smaller neck around 2 feet tall compared to toda s 8 feet tall neck giraffes.

Giraffes are the orld s tallest mammals (R. Black, 2021)The are uniquel adapted to reach egetation inaccessible to other herbi ores.The feed 16 to 20 hours a da , but ma onl consume about 30 kilograms (about 30 pounds) of foliage during that time. These t o-ton mammals can sur i e on as little as se en kilograms (15 pounds) of foliage per da . While these bro sers di erse diets ha e been reported to contain up to 93 different plant species, acacia trees ha e been found to be their fa orite food source.Giraffes drink ater hen it is a ailable, but the don t need to drink ater on a dail basis, hich allo s them to sur i e in areas ith scarce ater. (da incilearning, 2019)

Something that is er important to kno about the giraffe is it s earl presence in the orld. As a freelance science journalist Sid Perkins states that A distant relati e of toda s giraffes as a bit of an odd creature: t as about the si e of a bull moose, but it had a long neck that could stretch both up to eat tree lea es and do n to eat grass. (Sid Perkins No 24 2015 Pg1) Although the modern da giraffe e see toda has an e en longer neck, it is around 8 feet tall in length. Another thing is that in terms of ph sical features it is er similar to the kudu, another sub Saharan African animal despite the appearances of the kudu onl forming about half a through the e olution to the modern da giraffe. The animal's former stage as found due to fossili ed neck bones recentl disco ered hich started this re elation. Some other important things Perkins mentions are that.

The team s anal ses of bones from all three animals bolster that notion and not just because the neck bones are of a length bet een the giraffe s and the okapi s. For e ample, ridges and other features that are prominent on the okapi s neck bones and missing entirel on the giraffe s are t picall present but smaller on Samotherium. (Sid Perkins No 24 2015 Pg1) This sho s that the Giraffe's former stages do relate a lot to other t pes of sub Saharan animals hich could possibl e en meant that the giraffe started to e ol e from a different t pe of animal and it just ent on to e ol e ith a bigger neck and bod . Although it is just a theor and there is no real e idence pointing to this actuall happening.

Something that is also e tremel ama ing about this animal is that the are like other animals that ha e had impressi el long necks that li ed around 60 million ears ago, such as the Brontosaurus and all Sauropod dinosaurs. This impressi el long neck let s little giraffoids stretch its neck to grab the lo est of those high lea es and, through e ertion, de elop a longer neck that it ould then pass on to its offspring almost acting like muscle memor that is passed on. (R.Black, 2021) Something also shocking about these animals is that e en though their necks can be 8 feet tall and eigh 600lb. (2.4384m and 272.155kg)

Something interesting is that, giraffes are usuall kno n for their e tremel long necks but Little do people kno that their legs are also a huge part of hat makes them hat the are. Their legs can be used as defence mechanisms that can kill predators attacking such as lions as their legs are so strong that the could bench press 1 full ton of eight (1000kg). The reason for them needing long legs ocampaning it s long neck is it s slo pace of 60 km or hour compared to a lion's 80 km per hour. Sho ing that lions completel out pace giraffes and so the need a a to protect themsel es. E en though the are kno n to be such elegant creatures that seem er peaceful. The can kill a lion and easil kill a human ith those long po erful legs. n fact the giraffe stands around 19 feet tall and that is not just because of its e tremel long neck the can go up to 8 feet, it is also due to the e tremel po erful and long legs.

When the histor of the giraffe started 50 million ears ago, the animal that as once similar to the antelope, e ol ed into the largest mammal in the orld. This is due to the fact that the neck e ol ed forcefull as the ould tr to reach higher places for food. This means that the e ol ed anatomicall . That is h the ha e the same amount of ertebrae as humans because the ould forcefull stretch their neck and not build an entirel ne one ith a hole redo of their neck. Another interesting fact that is agreed-upon b most scientists is that the first thing that starts to gro in the e olution of the dress is their cranium.Still ha e not been able to pinpoint e actl here it occurred in the cranium, but the do kno that the lengthening occurred in the span of about a short 15 million ears.(Barbara K. Kenned , 2016) This is one of the ama ing aspects of these ama ing animals, and it is possibl hat ga e them their abilit toda to be elegant and e tremel dangerous.

All and all these creatures are a huge help to scientists all o er the orld, as the ha e left so much information about anatom and e olution. On top of that there s such interesting creatures, and their st le of life is er comple et it s ama ing to atch. From the neck in hich the do to find meat, hitting each other ith their necks to assert dominance o er each other And the re incredibl strong legs to protect themsel es from predators, also to help them support their massi e frame of 19 feet.

Bibliograph Sid PerkinsNo . 24, 2015. Odd Creature Was Ancient Ancestor of Toda 's Giraffes. Science,9 Dec.2017, .sciencemag.org/ne s/2015/11/odd-creatureas-ancient-ancestor-toda -s-giraffes?rss=1.

Black, R. (2021, Ma 4). Ho Giraffes Became Winners b a Neck. Science. https:// .nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ho giraffes-became- inners-b -a-neck.

da incilearning. (2019, No ember 19). Ho Did Giraffes E ol e? M steries of E olution. YouTube. https:// . outube.com/ atch? =t N-3q9TR3Q

VideoGo to ideo Ho did the giraffe get its long neck?Ho did the giraffe get its long neck? Clues no are re ealed b ne genome sequencing. For the first time, et al. Ho Did the Giraffe Get ts Long Neck? Penn State Uni ersit , 17 Ma 2016, ne s.psu.edu/stor /410769/2016/05/17/research/ho did-giraffe-get-its-long-neck.

L on , C. (2015, No ember 1). Ho Giraffes E ol ed Such a Large Neck. This Vie Of Life. https://this ie oflife.com/ho giraffes-e ol ed-such-a-large-neck/.

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Di e ge e l i i he a ecie f he a e a ce igi li a d e d i diffe e e i e , he ecie ill a cha gi g i diffe e a acc di g he e i e he e. Whe he e ecie de el diffe e fea e a d ha e diffe e fea e f each he af e he ha e e a a ed ha i called di e ge e l i . Di e ge e l i ha a l d i h a al elec i beca e he e diffe e fea e a e f ed f a al e i e . O ce he ecie li i diffe e e i e hei fea e c ld a cha ge, f e a le he e a e diffe e f d ce i each e i e ea i g hei h fea e c ld cha ge acc di g h he ld ea ha ce ai f d. I de ha e a ecie de el diffe e fea e , a e d c i e ba ie ha e a a ei 2 eg i hi he la i . The diffe e ge e ha c l he a i a ec fa ga i ' abili i ea d e d ce i c ea e dec ea e i f e e c a ge e fl i e ic ed (BD edi , 2017).

The ce he e ecie a e d ci g i hei di i c e i e , he ill a de el i g h ical fea e ha ill hel he i e i he e e i e . Th e ga i ha a e b d c ai he e h ical fea e ill babl die fa e hich ea he ca e d ce a ea i g he h ical fea e ha hel ha ecie i e ill be ed i a . Di e ge e l al e likel bec e ecia i hich i he f a i f e ecie ha de el ed i he c e l i . Thi ld ha e if a ecie e a a ed a d he de el ed ch diffe e fea e ha beca e c le el e a a e ecie i h hei di i c a f d i g hi g . The e a e a ecia i i cl di g all a ic a d a a a ic hich ha e he he e a a i f a ecie ha beca e f a ge l gical ba ie ch a a i e ai .The he e i al a ic a d a a a ecia i hich ake lace i he a e ge l gical a ea (BD edi , 2017).

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The e a e a e a le h i g hi ce f di e ge e l i i h e ide ce. S a i g ff i h e f he fa e a le, Cha le Da i ' Fi che . He di c e ed ha he a e bi d f he a e a ce igi had li h gh a al a diffe e i la d called he Gala ag i la d . Th gh i e he e i di id al g a ed cha gi g a d ada i g hei e a a e e i e . Each bi d g de el ed diffe e fea e a d ai ha ld hel he i e ha ecific i la d. F l ki g a he diffe e beak he bi d ha e e e a a ed he eali ed e diffe e ce . The fi che ha a e f i ada ed a -like beak hile he fi che ha a e i ec had a i g beak . The fi che ha fed eed a d de el ed la ge c hi g beak hile he cac ea e de el ed l g a beak (BD edi , 2017).The cha ge i he beak i e a d ha e ha e ed beca e f a al elec i a d he f d he had ea he diffe e i la d i e. Af e Da i di c e ed hi e ide ce he ca e i h he idea f di e ge e l i . Af e a hile Da i decided bli h a b k he he fe l i hich a i e a d bli hed i 1859. Hi he a ed ha all ecie f ga i a i e a d de el h gh a al elec i f all i he i ed a ia i ha i c ea e he i di id al' abili c e e, i ea d e d ce. The 4 ai i ha Da i a ed e e a ia i , i he i a ce, elec i a d i e( i e i f Ka a a al hi , 2014). Tha he i ha f ed he idea f a al elec i a de l i .

A C IC AND KI FO A he e c e a le f di e ge e l i i he ki a d a c ic f . B h he e a i al ca e f he a e a ce igi e e a a ed hich he led e fea e a d ai . The e e a a e a i al he beca e hei ecie d e he a f cha ge ha cc ed h gh a al elec i . Thi ld be called ecia i beca e he ca e f he a e a ce b he f ed hei ecie h gh ada i g a d de el i g i hei ecific e i e . Each f he e f e ha e de el ed hei a f ha dli g hi g a d f c i i g. S a i g ff i h he ki f hich i a i e We e N h A e ica b he ha ada ed de e ed a ea . The ki f ha a d c l a i i h da k e fg e a d la ge ea hich hel i e e e ce b d hea (A i alia, 2020). Ki f e al ha e a black i a he e d f hei ail.Thei c l a ge f ell i h all he a g e , a d he back i all da ke ha he e f he b d hile he bell a d i e ea a e all he ligh e a f he f (A i alia, 2020). The al ha e di i c da k a d hei e. The ale la i f ki f e a e ge e all bigge ha fe ale he i c e i e (A i alia, 2020). The a c ic f , h e e , li e i he c le e

i e ea he . The a c ic f ha ada ed c ld lace a d li e i he a c ic da bi e f he N he He i he e (Li Ca i , 2018) . Be ada ed c ld ea he , i ha hic f hich i hi e i he i e a d a b c l i he e . The a c ic f ha all d b d ha e ha i i i e hea l E e h gh he a c ic f i e ed e e ea he c di i he i c e i e ,i ill d e ' hibe a e (Li Ca i , 2018). The e f e e e e a a ed a d beca e c le el diffe e ecie d e a al elec i a d i e hich ca ha e a diffe e ecie acc di g he ge l gical a e f he habi a . Did k ha he e i al ch a hi g a c e ge e l i ? De di e ge e l i , c e ge e l i i he ecie ha ha e igi a ed f c le el diffe e a ce igi de el i ila fea a d cha ac e i ic ch a i g c e .

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References Baraniuk, C. 2015, May 18 . Ea h The o of hino and ho

he conq e ed he o ld. BBC.

http: www.bbc.com earth story 20150518 the epic history of rhinos Deho ning hino . Save The Rhino. 2018, December 21 . https: www.savetherhino.org thorny issues de horning #: :text It 20is 20known 20that 20rhinos,for 20water 20and 20breaking 20branches. Geggel, L. 2019, March 31 . Do Elephant Tusks or Rhino Horns Ever Grow Back? LiveScience. https: www.livescience.com 65117 do elephant tusks or rhino horns regrow.html. Earth Touch News Andy Jeffrey Andy Jeffrey is a nature loving nerd with a penchant for Star Wars and fast cars. A self proclaimed Indiana Jones wannabe right down to the irrationa. 2018, March 26 . He e a line p of p ehi o ic bea he hino famil

f om

ee. Earth Touch News Network. https: www.earthtouchnews.com natural world evolution heres a

line up of prehistoric beasts from the rhino family tree .

Orden, A. C. V.,

Daniel, J. C. 2011, February 15 . S

e and Compo i ion of Rhinoce o Ho n MRS Online P oceeding Lib a

OPL . Cambridge Core. https: www.cambridge.org core journals mrs online proceedings library archive article abs structure and composition of rhinoceros horn 21C26C982633841FB8F2DF7EC92C1363. Bradford, A. 2018, March 20 . Fac Abo Rhino . LiveScience. https: www.livescience.com 27439 rhinos.html. Now!, S. P. 2019, April 15 . Do Rhino Ho n and Elephan T k G o Back stoppoachingnow. https: www.stoppoaching now.org post do rhino horns and elephant tusks grow back. Salazar, B. 2018, May 1 . 10 Things That Will Change When Rhinos Go Extinct. mom.com. https: mom.com momlife 248636 things will change when rhinos go extinct. Image by a href "https: pixabay.com users alexas fotos 686414 ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 5064134" Hier und jetzt endet leider meine Reise auf Pixabay aber a from a href "https: pixabay.com ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 5064134" Pixabay a Image by a href "https: pixabay.com users el ham 3744000 ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 4488975" Hamish Weir a from a href "https: pixabay.com ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 4488975" Pixabay a Image by a href "https: pixabay.com users nel botha nz 1267169 ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 5023912" Nel Botha a from a href "https: pixabay.com ?utm source link attribution amp;utm medium referral amp;utm campaign image amp;utm content 5023912" Pixabay a dmitrchel mail.ru https: commons.wikimedia.org wiki File:Elasmotherium cauc1DB.jpg

ACCORDING TO O R DNA, AND SCIENTISTS, E HA E 98.8% OF SIMILARITIES ITH CHIMPAN EES.

By Camille

• JUNE 2021 • CAMILLE •

PAGE 2

HAT IS IT? Molecular evidence can be used to analyze amino acid sequences, genomes, chromosomes, RNA, and DNA, and even more. According to Mukhopadhyay, S. (2016), “around the late 70s evolutionary studies of Homo sapiens started taking a new shape as molecular studies constantly shedding new lights of understanding the normal functions as well as the abnormalities or differences to better explain the cause of diseases or variations among the ethnic groups”. Molecular evidence nowadays is collected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to detect certain genes and to collect it to analyze it. This is often used as this is an easier way to identify evolution using DNA and genomes. The genomes, or all the DNA sequences of all the genes of an organism, have been determined for many different organisms. The comparison of genomes provides new information about the relationships among species and how evolution occurs.

CREDITS: K RNOS

CREDITS: COLIN00B

CREDITS:

For a long time, scientists have analyzed similarities and differences between humans and chimpanzees by their behavior, form, comparative anatomy, fossils, etc... but we re going to analyze this using molecular evidence. According to Mukhopadhyay, S. (2016), “A Few years after Human Genome Project (HGP) was completed in 2003, the genome of chimpanzee, orang-utan, gorillas, and bonobos was sequenced. From these genome studies, it has been found that humans differ only in 1.2% genes with both chimpanzees”. Molecular evidence shows that we, humans, have 46 chromosomes in our whole body but chimpanzees have 48. If we re supposed to be related, how come we are missing chromosomes? Scientists have proven that this missing chromosome is actually 2 chromosomes that joined together on each end. Meaning that we got this from our human ancestors and formed our chromosome “2”.

JAMES DE MERS

The proof as to how we know that they did join together is the fusion between the chromosomes. If they were to join together we would see centromeres (including a vestigial centromere), we would see telomeres (including a vestigial telomere), which we do, showing proof of this evolution. This means that over time, eventually, the human ancestors developed this and passed it along to us, and that probably these ancestors were closer to chimpanzees than we are now and they would be coming from the same ancestor. Thanks to this discovery and it s meaning now scientists can relate animals together and thread a relation between them, starting to draw an evolutionary tree. PAGE 3

PAGE 4

By this theory, scientists can now analyze any differences and similarities between living animals, even DNA that somehow managed to stay through fossils of dinosaurs. Fun fact: DNA was found in a fossil dinosaur and then compared with nowadays animals to find the most relatable one and to try to draw an image of where to categorize dinosaurs. After analyzing the DNA the animal with the biggest similarities was the chicken. Now thanks to this scientists have started to develop an evolutionary tree between them.

CREDITS: GEOLOG

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June 8, 2021

L A e ome re o rce for animal fan

IMAGE B COCOPARISIENNE FROM PI ABA

IMAGE B

IKIIMAGES FROM PI ABA

There are millions of species of animals in the orld, and most have e es. Ho ever, the vision these animals have and the a the see can differ greatl from animal to animal, because of natural selection. These differences in vision probabl started ith random mutations thousands of ears ago, but because the helped the animal ith the mutation in some a (eg. to distinguish good food from bad, or to decide hich mate is best based on its colours), the animal as more likel to survive and reproduce, and therefore the mutation as passed on, and became more common. GRAC ANA WAKELY C E

Section 1 - The E e: Page 3 - Parts of an E e Page 4 - Evolution of the E e Section 2 - T pes of Light: Page 5 - Polarised and Ultraviolet Page 6 - The Whole Spectrum Page 7 - Light We Can See & More Resources

ISION MAGA INE

IMAGE B L M3N FROM PI ABA

A V EW NTO THE D FFERENT ELEMENTS OF THE MAMM L AN E E The iris tightens and loosens around the pupil to

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change the si e of it, thus controlling ho

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, P

, 2020).

The cornea is the outermost la er of the mammal e e, a la er of translucent tissue covering the e eball

hich bends light to help focus it as it

comes through. The cornea also protects the e e from un anted debri, such as dirt and bacteria (Van der Pou

Kraan, 2020; Cleveland Clinic, 2020). The

second la er is the sclera,

hich is the

hite part of

the e e. The sclera is covered in blood vessels that help further protect the inner parts of the e e. As ell as the sclera, there is a part of the e e called the iris,

hich is the ring of coloured membrane

that surrounds the pupil. The pupil is a hole in the center of the iris, and is ho

ISION MAGA INE

light is allo ed to enter the e e (Van der Pou Kraan, 2020; Cleveland Clinic, 2020). Once light

, .(

much

light enters the e e.

enters the e e, it passes through the lens,

hich,

ith the cornea, helps focus it to get a clearer image of

hat the e e is seeing. Then the light

passes through the vitreous humor, transparent gel-like substance that sits bet een the lens and the retina (Van der Pou

Kraan, 2020). The retina

is composed of rod and cone cells,

hich are t o

t pes of light-sensitive cells that process the light that has come through the vitreous humor. The then send the information do n the optic nerve to the brain,

hich tells ou

hat ou re seeing.

Other animals e es ma var slightl , but the all include a retina process

ith light sensitive cells to

hat the see, and an optic nerve to send

the information to some part of the bod , the

ould process it.

here

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The evolution of the e e started

ith a small

group of light sensitive cells called an e espot. An e espot could tell the difference bet een light and dark, but could not distinguish an shapes or tell the vie er der Pou

hat

as going on around it (Van

Kraan, 2020). Eventuall , the e espot

connected to a retina that helped it better process the information. Then there

ere t o

possible paths it could take, depending on ho the finished e e

ould

ork. Either it started to

deepen into a cup shape,

ith tissue forming

over the top to create something similar to a pinhole camera, after ards developing a lens to make the image sharper; or the e espot cells bulged out and formed a dome shape, ould also

hich

ork as an e e. Both of these options

ork to let the vie er see more clearl because the both involve a

a for the e e to take in

more information from around it, rather than just above it as an e espot

ould (Sch ab, 2017). The

first is similar to that of a human, mammal or fish e e, and the second similar to the e e of man insects, including mosquitoes and flies. From a simple e espot, to a complete and comple e e, this e traordinar evolutionar process

ould

onl take around 364,000 ears, on the assumption that the e e 0.005% per generation,

ould onl improve hich is not a fast

evolutionar rate at all (Sch ab, 2017; Van der Pou

Kraan, 2020). Even

ithout a faster

evolutionar rate, this is alread a surprisingl small amount of time, if ou consider that the orld could have been around for over 3 billion ears! This just goes to sho

ama ingl fast

evolution reall can be.

ISION MAGA INE

POLARISED AND LTRA IOLET LIGHT

IMAGE B JENNIE Ultraviolet light

Polarised Light

ISION MAGA INE

ILE FROM PI ABA

IMAGE B KE IN MC LO GHLIN FROM PI ABA

THE WHOLE SPECTRUM T A Ma I

a S

Wa U

a P ac c L

e hi

f e e igh , he eac ck a i ha a ai f ha c d e be he e a i e e e e e (A e b gh, 2021). N ca i a e each e e i de e de f he he i a a di ec i , b i a ha 12 ki d f igh ece ( igh e i i e ce i he e i a), hich i a i c ai ah a 4 ki d . Each igh ece ha a di ec i k he h i b ai , he h i i ab e e cei e c fa e ha a he ki d f a i a (A e b gh, 2021). Thi ea i ca ee a d ide if hi g fa fa e ha e e e ca . Be ide hi , beca e f he a ki d f igh ece he h i e e ha e, i ca ee a a f he e ec ag e ic ec ha e ca , i c di g a i e igh a d a i ed igh . I e hi i i f a e ha he i i e a a ecie . F e a e, i e a ki g i a i ed igh i b d ig a e ia a e ha c d he i e d ce, a di e he a e igh i ai c e he e a ce i b a d a ff i a (A e b gh, 2021). Thi he he ge hi i h he b igh e ai a a i e, a d he ef e e d ce, g i ga d e g he i g he a i f hi ecie .

ISION MAGA INE

LIGHT E CAN SEE

More Reso rces Ma f he e a e i hi a ic e f he a a i a e igh a e f a Ne f i h e e ed b Da id A e b gh a d ca ed Life I C .I i f f a a i g fac ab h a i a ee diffe e c b a h he ii e a i c i a diffe e a a df a diffe e hi g . If e j ed hi a ic e I d high ec e d a chi g i a i i e i e e i ga di f a i e. A he g ea ce f i f a i ab a i a i Na i a Ge g a hic, hich ha a f c edib e a d a ied a ic e ab e e hi g f h i gbi d i i ha e ig a i , f h e i e e ed i e ha j a i a i i .

ISION MAGA INE

REFERENCES

B R be a Lan

SCIENTISTS SUGGEST THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN BRAINCASE HAS PERFECTED OUR LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ABILITIES

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Comparison of Modern H man and Neander hal sk lls from he Cle eland M se m of Na ral His or . (n.d.). [Pho ograph]. Ph s Org. h ps: ph s.org ne s 19-1 -flin -flake- ool-par iall -birch.h ml

Scien is s ha e in rod ced a heor abo he de elopmen of he h man braincase hro gho his or , s ar ing from Neander hals, hich co ld be he ca se of he e ol ion in modern h mans’ lang age acq isi ion abili ies. Repor s ha e e plored he “Glob lari a ion phase” heor [ G P a a , P5 & and I A , P ], s gges ing ha i co ld be he reason for h man e ol ion of speech, a m s er ha s ill hasn’ been sol ed.

S dies and anal sis ha e sho n ha he ol me and shape of he braincase of Neander hals and Modern H mans is er similar in neona es and he sk ll s r c re is almos iden ical, e cep for minor differences G P a a , P5 & Al ho gh, i has been repor ed b an increasing n mber of scien is s ha he sk ll of a modern h man ad l presen s major in ernal brain reorgani a ion doc men ed n il adolescence, and he fossils of a Neander hal ad l do no . This e ol ion in h mans has allo ed he de elopmen of cogni i e abili ies in he brain (G n P. a al., P9).

This e ol ion process has been named “Glob lari a ion”, a heor ha represen s he gro h of he braincase of modern h mans ha akes place n il adolescence. Glob lari a ion is sed o sho and represen he dras ic changes and de elopmen s in he sk ll s r c re ha happen af er bir h in modern h mans; his e plains h sk ll fossils of Neander hals res l ed so m ch less comple and ma ra ed han hose of modern h mans.

E e a f ec a Nea de a a d H [Ill s ra ion]. (n.d.). Science Direc . h ps:

a d e d ca f a Sa e e ae .sciencedirec .com science ar icle pii S 96 98 1

1 8 #fig1

The “Glob lari a ion phase” is a process of de elopmen al changes ha s ar ed aking place in h mans (homo sapiens) af er he spli from Neander hals and Deniso ans, his allo ed f re genera ions o ha e a more glob lar braincase in comparison o he elonga ed endocas s of o r ances ors (Ir r n A., P1). As men ioned before, Glob lari a ion happens from o h n il adolescence and ca ses gro h and changes in he braincase o enable comple lang age acq isi ion abili ies in h mans. The modern h mans’ crani m enables he embedding of high-freq enc oscilla ions across dis an brain regions and he be er nders anding of lang age and acq isi ion of s n a (Ir r n A., P ). In Glob lari a ion he halam s, a small s r c re in he crani m ha orks o send signals o he brain, akes a cen ral posi ion allo ing i o reg la e cor ical ac i i and sor o concep al s r c res o charac eri e lang age (Ir r n A., P ).

V a a ee a Nea de a a d H

f e Sa e

e fa

P, U. P. (n.d.). H man E ol ion Of The Sk ll And Te Wi h Da ing. A s ralopi hec s, Homo Erec s. Neander halensis, Homo Sapiens. His orical Ill s ra ions. Dar ins Theor . [Ill s ra ion]. Sh erS ock. h ps: .sh ers ock.com imageec or h man-e ol ion-sk ll- e -da ing-a s ralopi hec s-1 556 146

D a b a ca e

f a Nea de

Earl brain shape comparison. (n.d.). [Ill s ra ion]. Fron iers. h ps: .fron iersin.org ar icles 1 . 89 fps g. 14. 8 f ll

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Scien is s also de eloped he “Prosodic boo s rapping” h po hesis, connec ed o he glob lari a ion heor , hich foc ses on he idea ha modern babies de elop a brain s r c re o allo hem o recei e signals o iden if h man lang age, based on rh hm and pa erns in so nd. This abili is possibl a res l of ances ral lang age e pressions, like lip smacking sed o ‘speak’ (Ir r n A., P1 ). If bo h of hese heories are correc , i o ld signif ha he Prosodic boo s rapping h po hesis allo s neona es o charac eri e lang age since bir h and ha he Glob lari a ion phase de elops he braincase o impro e heir abili o acq ire lang age and iden if s n a . This hole e ol ion process ha akes place in modern h mans is ha allo s he de elopmen of o r crani m o enable lang age acq isi ion.

Diversit is hat leads us to evolution. Foc sing on ho lang age acq isi ion capaci ies in modern h mans is connec ed o Glob lari a ion, e can see he res l s of anal sis and e perimen s scien is s ha e cond c ed o s d he differences be een he braincase of Neader hals and modern h mans o nders and ho hese affec each species's abili o charac eri e lang age. A s d done on “La Ferrassie Neander hal” (Anna Barne , P 9) sho ed ha he h oid bone in Neander hals had a more an erior posi ion o ha from a modern h man reference sample; his difference has been considered as a fac or ha nega i el impac ed he ong e, nabelling i o mo e properl and s ccessf ll in Neander hal ad l s (Anna Barne , P 9). The e ol ion of he crani m in modern h mans also impro ed o r species’ abili o emi er high freq encies hen opening he ja , hich res l m ch s ronger han hose released from a Neander hal sample (Anna Barne , P ).

A s d done in 1 pro ed ha in he Neander hal braincase he dis ance of he h oid bone, a bone si a ed in he neck hich f nc ion is o hold p he ong e and allo ja mo emen , from he margin of he oral ac i i is grea er of 1- cm from ha in modern h mans. This means ha in Neander hals he crani m is m ch for ard from he back par of he s allo ing passage (pos erior phar ngeal), and his limi s heir phar ngeal ar ic la ion. In easier erms i o ld signif he posi ion of he bone made i harder for o r ances ors o alk and prod ce speech (Anna Barne , P 9).

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ead a d

Enc clopædia Bri annica. (n.d.). Bon frame ork of he h man head and neck. [Ill s ra ion]. Bri annica. h ps: .bri annica.com science neck-ana om

Beca se o r ances ors sed o comm nica e hro gh high pi ch ones and lip smacking, modern h mans no se hese hen speaking o neona es o allo hem o recogni e lang age soon af er bir h (Ir r n A., P1 ). This sho s ho lang age acq isi ion abili ies in h mans ha e drama icall e ol ed as he braincase has oo, b also ho ances ral a s of comm nica ing ha e become he Addi ionall , scien is s ha e base o modern h mans’ capaci ies anal sed ha he firs lang age of lang age charac eri a ion recogni ion elemen s neona es charac eri e af er bir h, s ch as lip smacking, co ld ha e been ances ar lang age e pressions ha ha e been carried o hro gh ime as an ini ial s ep o charac eri e lang age (Ir r n A., P1 ). I has been Nea de a c ea a a a e f e s gges ed ha hese lang age e pressions sed o be linked o ocal o p o prod ce speech-like erances hro gho h man his or , and ha as he de elopmen of he braincase impro ed h man’s abili ies o aq isi e lang age hese remained essen ial in o r species na re o s ar prod cing speech and recogni ing s n a . Nea de a c ca [Ill s ra ion]. (n.d.-b). CGTN. h ps: ne s.cg n.com ne s 44d7a4d 4597a6

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Boeck , Cedric. “The ‘Glob lari a ion H po hesis’ of he Lang age-Read Brain as a De elopmen al Frame for Prosodic Boo s rapping Theories of Lang age Acq isi ion.” Fron iers, J l 15, h ps: .fron iersin.org ar icle 1 . 89 fps g. 15. 1817 f l l. Logo, h ps: ro alsocie p blishing.org ac ion cookieAbsen . Accessed 6 Apr. 1. P, U. P. ( 1, J ne 4). H man E ol ion Of The Sk ll And Te Wi h Da ing. A s ralopi hec s, Homo Erec s. Neander halensis, Homo Sapiens. His orical Ill s ra ions. Dar ins Theor . [Ill s ra ion]. H ps: W .Sh ers ock.Com ImageVec or H man-E ol ion-Sk ll-Te -Da ing-A s ralopi hec s1 556 146. h ps: .sh ers ock.com imageec or h man-e ol ion-sk ll- e -da ing-a s ralopi hec s1 556 146 panelPhilippG n 1§SimonNe ba er1§Br noMa reille JeanJacq esH blin1, A hor. “Brain De elopmen af er Bir h Differs be een Neander hals and Modern H mans.” C rren Biolog , h ps: .sciencedirec .com science ar icle pii S 96 98 1 1 8 . Accessed 6 Apr. 1.

@Pi aba

by Wadana

@Pi aba

As stated by one of the lead authors of the study published in the journal nature climate change, Professor Graeme Hays. Due to climate change the temperatures are rising. Since female sea turtles are made in high temperatures, in about 100 years or more sea turtles might go extinct because they can not reproduce asexually.

@Pi aba

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin is the one who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection. As stated by Desmond (2021) Charles Darwin(His full name is Charles Robert Darwin) was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury,England and died on April 19, 1882, in Downe, Kent. Charles Darwin was an english naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. (Desmond, 2021, p.2)Darwin was very religious but shocked religious Victorian society by suggesting that animals and humans shared a common ancestry.He put together his theory in private, in 1837 39, after he returned from a voyage around the world aboard, but until about two decades (20 years) later, he finally made his theory public in On the Origin of Species (1859), this is or/and was a book that has really influenced modern Western society and thoughts. .

Climate change Climate change is a change in the usual weather in a specific place. Research done by Jacskon (2021) shows that climate change occurs when for example there is a change in the amount of rain in a certain place or it could be the change in the normal temperature of a place for more than a month. But most importantly it's the change in the Earths climate, this could be the change in the earths temperature or it could be the change in the places it rains for example. Climate therefore is very different from weather. Weather can change in just a few hours while on the other hand climate change takes place in hunderd of years. Since the 1900s climate change has been monitored by networks of sensors in space, land surface and both on and below the oceans surface. Climate change could be triggered by a lot of factors that operate for a long time. Volcanic activities, human activities, greenhouse gasses, solar activities and tectonic activities. Because of all these activities the temperature of earth is increasing which means the climates of many places are getting hotter. .

Sea turtles are big and air breathing reptiles that live in seas all over the world. According to Zug (2021) When the male sperm is inside the female body, the female body stores it until the eggs are ovulated in the spring. Then the egg becomes an embryo and divides itself into smaller cells. When the female is ready to give birth, the turtle then digs an egg chamber where it will lay the eggs when it is ready. The mother departs after laying the eggs and leaves the babies to survive on their own. Their gender depends on the temperature of the place their mother lays the eggs.

@Pi aba

The d ra ion of egg inc ba ion and pregnanc empera re dependan . Thi impl mean ha he gender of he ea r le depend on he empera re of he place i i being inc ba ed and he mo her bod empera re. Thi i all beca e he e rep ile are ec o hermic. Ec o herm, an o-called cold-blooded animal ha i , an animal ho e reg la ion of bod empera re depend on e ernal o rce , ch a nligh or a hea ed rock rface. (Bri annica, 2019, p. 1). Thi mean ha heir bod empera re depend on he empera re of heir rro nding . Female are prod ced a high empera re hile male are prod ced a lo er empera re .

@Pi aba

The temperature rises due to climate change could kill off the population of sea turtles because the sands are getting hotter and causing more females to be born. The ratio of males to females is balanced but even if the temperature increases by 2 degrees, it could make exclusively more females than males. Darker beaches absorb more heat and make more female turtles. This change could be beneficial for some time but in about 100 years there will be so many females and not so many males which means sea turtles will go extinct since they cannot reproduce asexually. Asexually means reproduction without the fusion of reproductive cells. Eventually sea turtle populations will migrate to cooler beaches but humans can also help by moving nests from darker beaches to lighter ones. It will not affect the mother because she will leave after laying the eggs and never come back again.

Scientists still haven't figured out why sea turtles and a few other animals like crocodiles genders depend on the temperature. Scientists think this happens so that the baby can fit its environment but this theory has not been confirmed. If the world unfortunately ends up losing all sea turtles. Scientists might be able to bring them back by modifying DNAs according to the article Can Genetic Engineering Bring Back Extinct Animals by the National Geographic.

Bibliography: Desmond, A. J. (2021, April 15). Charles Darwin. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin Zug, G. R. and Dowling, . Herndon G. (2021, February 11). Reptile. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/animal/reptile Vincent , J. (2014, May 21). Climate change is creating more female sea turtles than males and it. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/climate-changecreating-more-female-sea-turtles-males-and-it-could-end-species-9407618.html . Jackson, S. T. (2021, April 27). Climate change. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-change

Mirghe , 2020

ILL CON IN ED INB EEDING OF CAP I E ANIMAL LEAD O HEI E INC ION? By: Marta

Scientists have run different experiments in order to find whether inbreeding can lead animals to extinction. (Inbreeding is when 2 closely related (same ancestor for around 5 generations) species have offspring). Investigations have looked at wild animals but also at captive animals to see if there were differences arising from human manipulation. As inbreeding is one of the causes of animal extinction it is critical to understand what is the situation and take action to ensure continued animal life. As well as informing people about this and finding other ways to increase population numbers of species going extinct in a way that allows the species to live for longer while still having genetic diversity.

Godfre , 2018

b eedi g c e i h ge e ic i k hich i e ca e a i c ea e he e i ci babi i f e a i a . Bij af he De a e f Ge e ic , U i e i fG i ge , a d c eag e ha e e e i e e he he i b eedi g affec he e i c i i k fa a ai f f ie , G i ge `83 (G83). The e eak f he e e a i b ed f ie ha e a ig ifica highe h - e babi i fe i c i ha he i d i b ed ai . The fi di g gge ha e i c i babi i i c ea e i h i c ea i g i b eedi g e e . The e a e ide ce ha he a i a e e i b ed he f ie ff i g g ai ch a bei g ab e d ce ff i g a d died. Acc di g he a h : A ead af e e ge e a i f f - ib a i g, 20% f he i i ia i e fai ed d ce ff i g, hi e f fi e a d e e ge e a i f f - ib a i g 18 f 30 i e (60%) had bec e e i c bef e eachi g he fi a ge e a i . (Bij a e a . 2000)

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Wo k Ci ed Willo ghb , J. R., , J. A., Lac , R. C., Do le, J. M., & DeWood , J. A. (2017). nbreeding and elec ion hape genomic di er i in cap i e pop la ion : mplica ion for he con er a ion of endangered pecie . PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0175996. h p ://doi.org/10.1371/jo nrnal.pone.0175995 Bijl ma, B ndgaard, & Boerema. (2000). Doe inbreeding affec he e inc ion ri k of mall pop la ion ?: predic ion from Dro ophila. Jo rnal of E ol ionar Biolog , 13(3), 502 514. h p ://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00177. Bo ker-Wrigh , Gemma. (2008). Lo of gene ic di er i i h cap i e breeding and rein rod c ion: a ca e d on pa eke/bro n eal (An a chloro i ). h p ://core.ac. k/do nload/pdf/41337055.pdf Knief, U., Hemmrich-S ani ak, G., Wi ig, M., Franke, A., Griffi h, S. C., Kempenaer , B., & For meier, W. (2015). Q an if ing reali ed inbreeding in ild and cap i e animal pop la ion . Heredi , 114(4), 397 403. h p ://doi.org/10.1038/hd .2014.116 Li, Xin

(2014) nbreeding depre ion in cap i e animal pop la ion . Depar men of Beha io ral Ecolog , U rech Uni er i . h p ://d pace.librar . .nl/bi ream/handle/1874/297491/ nbreeding%20depre ion%20i n%20cap i e%20animal%20pop la ion %20eind er ie.doc ? eq ence=2 Mirghe , Ale andra. (2020, J l 28). [Pic re of a monke in a cage]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /rcqV CMP3E Godfre , Wa ne. (2018, Oc ober 15). pic re of Meerka a he ildlife park in Donca er UK [Pho oraph]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /UQ3dU93jqWA Gokor an, Elmira. (2016, Ma 4). [Pic re of monke arm]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /mVPpRr9K0jk A f der Heide, Kira. (2017, Sep ember 6). [Whi cocka oo in cage]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /PL oQ FQK84 Mar in , Br no. (2017, Oc ober 10). [Pic re of 2 Red parro in a cage]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /CLBS ABkLhA Raja e, Jame . (2018, J ne 26). [Pic re of monke in cage]. Un pla h. h p :// n pla h.com/pho o /DOf5q34D5i

By Belicia

is the h man heart is similar to ape heart? The heart's basic structure varies widely between species. In mammals, the heart is divided into four sections: a left and right atrium, a left and right ventricle, and a right and left ventricle. The majority of a heart's muscle contracts and relaxes, letting blood circulate to and from the lungs and throughout the body through blood vessels(S S

a , 2020). The heart remodels

according to 2 main forces which are pressure and volume. Major physical changes happened to the human heart when their way of living shifted from hunting to farming in modern life.

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These hearts are better to do activities that require endurance Some of the changes that heart went through were for e ample apes originall have hearts that have thicker and stiffer walls since the have brief but intense e ertion from activities that the do such as climbing or fighting On the other hand humans will perform more activities that require endurance such as walking or running These need more blood to be pumped to deliver fuel to the muscles so the have longer thinner and more fle ible walled hearts (Ma ach e Ge e al H i al,2019) Researchers also found that people who train specificall for endurance sports have hearts with larger longer and more elastic left ventricles which is the part of the heart that pumps the blood out to the bod

Those features and others make the heart better able to cope with pumping higher volumes of blood over longer periods of time On the other hand inactive people even at a relativel oung age have hearts that appear more ape like that are better suited to manage with short bursts of high activit (Ma ach e Ge e al H i al,2019) This shows how the concept of natural selection is applied to the idea of evolution Humans also have some features including the heart that evolved according to what the do most and how it helps them live

Ho the h man heart is similar to the fish heart

The heart of terrestrial vertebrates originated from the heart of primaeval ancient fish according to researchers at the Ma Pla ck I i e f Hea a d L g Re ea ch i Bad Na hei (2018). Interestingl the ebrafish which does not have a split heart assisted the researchers in reaching this conclusion Primitive fish have the beginnings of a four chambered heart however unlike mammalian and birds four chambered hearts the chambers are placed sequentiall The four chambers of an adult fish are organi ed in an S shape with the other two chambers resting above the first two The possibilit for more effective o gen distribution throughout the bod was seen with the use of a double circulator s stem Areed It is noticeable that mammals and fish both have four chambered hearts adding to the evidence that the could have a relationship

One of the most vital preconditions for the development of the terrestrial vertebrates throughout evolution was the formation of two halves of the circulator s stem Aquatic ancestors have alwa s had a single blood circulation s stem in the mammal organism however there are two completel separate s stems the s stemic and the pulmonar s stem (MPI HLR, 2018) Blood is supplied to the bod through s stemic circulation while wasted blood is pumped into the lungs for o genation through pulmonar circulation Researchers found that ou could even see how human hearts have evolved from primitive fish hearts through the genes The concluded that there are alread genetic differences within the fish atrium which are also found in the mammal heart A e ie f ge e ha a e c cial he e ie f he lef a i f he h a hea a e al ac i e l he lef ide f he a i i eb afi h S e Rei cha e (2018) a .

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A N E IN A LIFE IME DI ERY F A F UR LE ED NAKE F IL DEEPEN HE RLD UNDER ANDIN F HE E LU I N F NAKE . In 2015, David Martill from the University of Portsmouth discovered the fossil record of the four legged snake while on a field trip with students in Germany. This 113 million year old fossil is the first four legged snake that any scientist has ever seen. The fossil was stuck in unusual rock, with the distinctive characteristics of the Brazilian Crato Formation, a fossil site that dates to the early Cretaceous period (Yong, 2015); this revealed to the scientists that the fossil was from Brazil.

Through recovered fossils, we are able to trace back through snakes evolutionary history to understand how they have evolved and how their body structures have changed over time.

The two groups that diverged from amniotes, as stated by Biology LibreTexts, were labeled as synapsids and sauropsids. Synapsids were amniotes that eventually gave rise to mammals (LibreTexts, 2021). Sauropsids, however, were amniotes that The history of reptiles is a long and evolved into dinosaurs, birds and developed one, beginning hundreds reptiles. Both groups were identified of millions of years ago. According to through their skull shapes; their Biology LibreTexts, about 320 million skulls had different forms so they years ago, early amniotes had were easily distinguishable. diverged into two groups (2021). Amniotes are four limbed animals on Synapsids were originally more Earth, which includes reptiles, birds, successful than sauropsids; they and mammals. These four limbed were the most common therefore creatures have been grouped and the most dominant vertebrates on are called Tetrapods. This four land. During the Permian mass legged snake fossil has revealed to extinction, about 245 years ago, us that snakes have evolved from most synapsids became extinct and tetrapods. sauropsids took over. This was called the Triassic takeover.

Biology LibreTexts also explains that, Some of the earliest reptiles to diverge were ancestors of turtles. The first turtle-like reptiles are thought to have evolved about 250 million years ago. Ancestral crocodilians evolved at least 220 million years ago (2021). Tuataras, large lizard-like reptiles, may have diverged from squamates (snakes and lizards) not long after that (LibreTexts, 2021). About 150 million years ago, lizards and snakes were separated into different categories; they were distinguishable and their evolution and development was becoming more and more different. The diagram is a phylogenetic tree which means that it is based on physical traits of living and fossil reptiles. It is important to note that reptile evolution is in an area of intense research which means it is constantly being revised and adapted according to new discoveries about reptiles. In 2015, a rare discovery led to further knowledge of the evolution of reptiles, specifically snakes. A fossil of a four legged snake was found in Brazil, and kept in Germany for a couple years before being determined by a professor at the University of Portsmouth as a snake. While on a field trip with some students at the Museum Solnhofen, Germany, a museum well known for its fossils, David Martil, a professor at the University of Portsmouth, identified it. He recognized it as a snake through its very advanced snake features (Webb, 2015) like its flexible spine and jaw and its hooked teeth. He recounted it saying, "It was pretty unambiguously a snake. It's just got little arms and little legs" (Webb, 2015). BBC News reported that several other fossil snakes have been found with hind limbs, but the new find is estimated to be a direct ancestor of modern snakes (2015). This fossil has proven to be an ancestor of the modern snakes, revealing the dramatic change and development of the snakes we know today. Dr Nick Longrich from the University of Bath examined it and was surprised to discover that they were far from being "vestigial" evolutionary leftovers, dangling uselessly (Webb, 2015). Vestigial structures are residual parts inherited from an ancestor that have no function. BBC continued saying that Its delicate arms and legs were not used for walking, but probably helped the creature to grab its prey (Webb, 2015). As time passed, the need for the arms and legs changed and, instead of abandoning them entirely, the snakes started to use them to catch prey. This was not the only realization that occurred when examining its body structure. It was also seen that it was adapted to burrowing, not swimming, strengthening the idea that snakes evolved on land (Webb, 2015). The fossil has proven that snakes have always been a land animal. National Geographic confirmed this saying that snakes evolved from burrowing lizards, which stretched their bodies and lost their limbs to better wheedle their way through the ground… It [the fossil] has no adaptations for swimming, like a flattened tail, and plenty of adaptations for burrowing, like a short snout. It swam through earth, not water (2015). This fossil allows humans to deepen their understanding of snakes as we know them. Snakes today have evolved and found new ways of catching their prey. The four legged snake used its arms and legs to grasp its prey while the modern snake use a constricting strategy to kill its prey. We can compare and analyze fossils to our modern animals, in this case snakes, to inform ourselves of the forever evolving world we live in.

All animals have gone through developments and evolutionary courses, which have led to the modern animals we know today. As mentioned before, animals originated and were categorized into two groups: synapsids and sauropsids. The groups became distinguishable through their skulls, specifically the openings in their skulls. Synapsids have an extra hole, used to reduce skull weight and provide an attachment point for jaw muscles. Sauropsids began with no holes in their skull, then developed one pair, with each hole behind the eyes. (Anissimov, n.d.) By analyzing and comparing the skull shapes and components, experts were able to understand that the two groups have a different amount of holes in their skulls to fit their body lifestyle and their needs.

Above is a raccoon skull (synapsid skull) in comparison with a green turtle skull (sauropsida skull). In the raccoon skull, the jaw bone can be seen hooking into a large hole. This is the extra hole, used to… provide an attachment point for jaw muscles (Anissimov, n.d.). In regards to the green turtle skull, however, there is not that extra hole, rather it has the two holes just behind where the eyes would be sitting if it were alive. These fossils allow us to track back animal evolution to better understand how their bones and organs have evolved to fit their lifestyle and body structure. Fossils are a visible record of changes in diversity of life. They show us that life on Earth has not always looked the way it does now.

Works cited 12 19 Reptile Evolution (2016 October 7) Biology LibreTexts https //bio libretexts org/Bookshelves/Introductory and General Biology/B ook 3A Introductory Biology (CK12)/12 3A Vertebrates/12 19 3A Reptile Evolution Webb J (2015 July 24) Four-legged snake ancestor “dug burrows BBC News BBC News https //www bbc com/news/science-environment33621491# text A 20113 2Dmillion 2Dyear 2D direct 20ancestor 20o f 20modern 20snakes Yong E (2015 July 23) A Fossil Snake With Four Legs Science National Geographic https //www nationalgeographic com/science/article/a-fossilsnake-with-four-legs What are the Differences Between Synapsids and Sauropsids? (2012 April) Info Bloom https //www infobloom com/what-are-the-differencesbetween-synapsids-and-sauropsids htm Flickr (2021 June 4) Flickr Raccoon Dog Skull | Skull of a Raccoon Dog (Tanuki) | Onyx Stewart | Flickr https //www flickr com/photos/34774990@N08/3444203611 File Caretta carettaZZ jpg - Wikimedia Commons (2006 December 19) Wikimedia org https //commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Caretta carettaZZ jpg

C ATE C ANGE S CAUS NG AN NCREASE N FE A E TURT ES DUE TO R S NG SAND TE PERATURES

Sea le image. (2018, A il 15). [Pho og a h]. n ag am.Com. h :// .in ag am.com/ /Bhkfm8 n8 W/? agged= ea le&e ik=dj0 JnU9OWZXYTJ0d09XTjNXRHV cW R FPT0 NjNjTWJ0elQmcD0 Jm49amY3UDdMQT c SnNKaDRBWkM alZWd Z0PUFBQUFBR0NfSUJN

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Edi o , A. S. (2018, Feb a ). A g een ea le (Chelonia m da ) [Pho og a h]. ://W .Acce cience.Com/Con en /En i onmen al-Se -De e mina ion-of-G een-Sea-T le -Affec ed-b Clima e-Change/BR0129171. h :// .acce cience.com/media/BR/media/BR0129171FG0010.j g

SEA TURT E B

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ISOLDE

Clif on, K. (n.d.). Yo ng lea he back ea le [Pho og a h]. H ://W .Biologicaldi e i .O g/S ecie /Re ile /Lea he back_ ea_ le/Na al_hi o .H ml. :// .biologicaldi e i .o g/a e /img/ ecie / e ile /lea he back- eale-bab -b -Ken-Clif onFlick .j g

T E EFFECT OF C ATE C ANGE ON SEA TURT ES

Maine, T. (n.d.). Sea le i h la ic bag [Pho og a h]. WWF. ://c402277. l.cf1. ackcdn.com/ ho o /17519/image / o _f ll_ id h/Medi m_WW260730.j g?1563396025

GENDER D SBA ANCE N T E SEA TURT E POPU AT ON

Ogle , J. (2019, Oc obe 22). Clima e change i ca ing an almo female le o la ion [Pho og a h]. Ad oca e.Com. h :// .ad oca e.com/commen a /2019/10/22/clima e-change-c ea ing-almo -all-femalele- o la ion

PAST SEA TURT E ADAPTAT ONS

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ANCIEN ELEPHAN ANCE OR CO LD HA E LI ED IN A ER BY JULIANA CORRAL

Pi aba .com, Bab African elephant in the

ater

ANCIEN ELEPHAN ANCE OR CO LD HA E LI ED IN A ER The histor of the largest living land animal traces back to beginnings in deep

ater. Chemical signs

preserved in fossil teeth have suggested that ancient relatives of elephants could be linked to an aquatic ancestor. Ne Universit have anal

fossil discoveries found in Eg pt s Fa um region, from O ford and Ston Brook ed diets in ancient elephant ancestors leading to ne

information on the

evolution of elephants.

EOCENE MAMMAL For man

ears scientists and researchers believed that elephants al a s had this kind of lifest le and that the

had evolved from full terrestrial ancestors. Ho ever ne

fossil discoveries have led people to rethink the behavior

and lifest le of ancient elephant relatives. The Moeritherium

as an ancient amphibious relative of modern elephants. It lived around 37 million ears ago in

Eg pt during the Eocene Epoch. It gra ed on plants and river s amps and closel resembled the lifest le of a hippo (Briggs, 2008)(Hand erk, 2008). The Moeritherium fossils aquatic ecos stem. Ho ever, it environment or it had just been

as difficult for scientists to tell

ere found in rock containing evidence of an hether the animal had actuall lived in that

ashed up after its death. (Hand erk, 2008).

Courtes of the American Museum of Natural Histor , Ne

York. Ancient elephant ancestor

Moeritherium, that lived 37 million ears ago.

The Moeritherium mammal didn't actuall resemble modern elephants. It

as much smaller in si e about 29 to 42

inches tall at the shoulder, about as large as a tapir (Britanica, 2018). The Moeritherium feet had flat-hoofed toes. It

ere fairl

ide and

as likel that the Moeritherium lacked a trunk ho ever it did have openings located on

the upper side of the skull. At most, it had a short fle ible proboscis much like the tapirs. The skull of the Moeritherium

as long, and its e es

ere ver far for ard. The upper and lo er incisors represented the earl

development of the elephant tusk. Man , including the gomphotheres, had upper and lo er pairs of tusks, hereas others had tusks onl in the lo er ja

(Britanica, 2018). This evidence can give us a look into the relative

of elephants and the features that the had to compare to the modern elephants. It sho s us the evolution that the have gone through over a long period of time.

HE FO

IL EE H M

Recentl scientists have discovered ancient fossil teeth from the Moeritherium. Using the teeth, Ale ander Liu from O ford universit

as able to look into the carbon atoms and tooth enamel to

Moeritherium s diet, as

ell as looking into the evidence from the local

discover can sho

the Moeritherium animal

ork out the

ater it originated from. This

as once aquatic, b looking into the diet and lifest les

that the elephant ancestor had. Using the fossil teeth Ale ander Liu compared the variations and patterns in the isotopes

ith the

terrestrial animals that lived during that same period. B investigating these patterns he found that not onl did the fossil teeth match up to the Moeritherium, but that its diet had been ver similar to those of aquatic animals eating fresh ater vegetation in rivers and s amps. Finall , determining the elephant ancestor that lived 37 million ears ago (Moeritherium)

FROM

as most likel semi-aquatic.

A ER O LAND

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ater for land. According to Briggs one theor is

as a cooling event at the end of the Eocene,

here

temperatures cooled considerabl that dried up s amps and rivers, forcing the animals out onto the land (2008). William Sanders of the Universit of Michigan's Museum of Paleontolog found the evidence of the Moeritherium being aquatic, convincing. He states that "Paleontologists have thought for nearl a centur that Moeritheriums

ere at least semi-

aquatic, hippo- or sea co -like in their overall adaptations and life a s." Ho ever, he elephant ancestors

as skeptical about the idea that

ere full aquatic. He argued that the

creatures lived much before the modern elephants appeared about seven million ears ago. Sanders commented that if elephants

ere once aquatic, 20 million ears ago of terrestrial

evolution

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traces toda . Which could mean

that the little evidence is not et enough to make out if the elephant ancestor

as aquatic (2008).

Ale ander Liu from O ford Universit suggests that this elephant ancestor ma not have been full aquatic since the lacked major features such as a flipper stream-lined bod (Briggs 2008). He concludes that there's little real evidence et to suggest elephants had lived in if

ater,

e've got an a ful lot of pieces in the pu

e could find one more e ample of an aquatic or semi-aquatic elephant that

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elephants left

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DNA E IDENCE LEADING O NE DI CO ERIE ON ELEPHAN RELA I E

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orld, ne

DNA evidence recovered

from ancient animals has added additional chapters into elephant evolution. Farther along the evolutionar chain a closer relative of elephants

as the mammoth. DNA

e tracted from mammoth molars unearthed in the 1970s from the permafrost in northeast Siberia. This DNA

as able to be e tracted from the teeth because cold permafrost helps

protect genetic information from rapidl falling apart (Erin Garcia 2021). This ne has helped us sho

information

the linage of the mammoth, it suggests that Krestovka and Ad cha

belonged to t o different mammoth species instead of one. Previousl researchers believed that there

as onl one t pe of mammoth called the steppe mammoth that lived in Siberia 1

million ears ago (Erin Garcia 2021). Ne

discoveries have furthered our kno ledge of ancient elephant ancestors that ma have

lived during the ice age. DNA evidence helps us find ne

species that ma not have been

discovered before. It means that researchers have found animals that roamed around since 420,000 ears ago these different mammoths led to ne elephant species that

e all kno .

ones and then to the modern

BIBLIOGRAPH

Temming, M. (2021, Februar 17). The oldest animal DNA ever recovered reveals mammoths evolution. Retrieved March 6, 2021, from https://

.sciencene s.org/article/oldest-animal-dna-

ever-recovered-mammoth-evolution WRITTEN BY Paul E. Pieris Derani agala Director, N. (n.d.). Proboscidean mammal. Retrieved March 6, 2021, from https://

.britannica.com/animal/proboscidean

Ancient Elephant Ancestor Lived in Water, Stud Finds. (2008, April 14). Retrieved March 6, 2021, from https://

.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/elephant-

ancestor-evolution- ater BBC NEWS Science/Nature Elephant had aquatic ancestor. (2021, June 3). Retrieved March 6, 2021, from http://ne s.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7347284.stm

JUNE 2021

The E olutionar Version

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The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

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THE STOR OF NAT RAL SELECTI ON

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ORKS CITED

MILLION YEAR OLD FISH THOUGHT TO BE EXTINCT WAS FOUND ALIVE OFF THE COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA By Silvio

C e aca

ce He de

(2019)

Lead On decembe 22, 1938, Ca ain Hend ik G en and Ma j ie C ena -La ime ca gh he fi li e c elacan h ff he c a f Ea L nd n, S h Af ica. The c elacan h i a ehi ic fi h ha a h gh ha e g ne e inc i h he din a , b in 1938, i a f nd e m ch ali e in he a e f he Chal mna Ri e , ( hich i n called he T l mn a i e ). Wiki edia c n ib . (2 21, Ma 28).

WIKIMEDIA COMMONS CONTRIBUTORS (2 21)

Hi THE COELACANTH DATES BACK TO 42 MILLION YEARS AGO. THIS FISH WAS THOUGHT TO HAVE GONE EXTINCT AROUND 66 MILLION YEARS AGO. BUT IN 1938 IT WAS REDISCOVERED AND SINCE THEN, THERE HAVE BEEN AT LEAST 334 REPORTS OF COELACANTH CAPTURE. COELACANTHS ARE ORIGINALLY FROM THE COMOROS ISLANDS WHICH ARE LOCATED BETWEEN THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR. THIS SPECIES LIVES IN DEEP WATERS, BETWEEN 1 TO 5 METERS DEEP, THEY WEIGH AROUND 9 KILOS AND CAN GROW TO BE 6 5. (TODSICO, E., 2 21)

T dd H ffman (2

The c elacan h i f en efe ed a a li ing f il af il fi h beca e i i he nl e inc ecie ha ha been edi c e ed. I i al me ime called he f -legged fi h beca e he can hel nde and he an i i n f m life in a e n land. The e e h gh be he ance f e a d ( hich i e e animal i h f limb ) b a ecen anal i ha e ealed ha l ngfi h a e ac all m e cl el ela ed e a d han he c elacan h.

Jaffaci

2 19

The c e aca h i c e a e da ge ed ecie a d he be ee be ge i g e Thi i beca e f a e h d f fi hi g i g gi e Gi e a e a ge e h e ha a e ca i he a e he a fi h i h gh i he head ca a h gh a d he he fi h ie bac i gi ge c i he e Thi eh di ed f ha h i g a d i he ea h he ha a d c e aca h ai a e de e i g ff he c a f ea af ica

Niel Ba n

n 2 15

W Wiki edia c n ib . (2 In Wikipedia, The Free Enc 12: 8, J ne 4, 2 21, f m h ://en. iki edia. g/ i le=C elacan h& ldid=1

ci ed 21, Ma 28). C elacan h. clopedia. Re ie ed /inde . h ? 25593 73

T d ic , E. (2 21, Ma 19). Extinct Fish Species That Existed Over 42 Million Years Ago Found Alive in the Indian Ocean. PEOPLE.c m. h :// e le.c m/ e /fi h- ecie - eda e din a -f nd-ali e-indian- cean/. M , J. (2 21, Ma 22). H ge 42 -milli n- ea ld fi h ecie edi c e ed in Indian Ocean. F Ne . h :// .f ne .c m/ cience/ ee-i 42 -milli n- ea - ld-fi h- ecie - edi c e edin-indian- cean. Walke , S. M., &am ; B k , C. (2 18, N embe ). C elacan h. Smi h nian Ocean. h :// cean. i.ed / cean-life/fi h/c elacan h

Yah

I age

! (2 15, Ma 6). FWC Fi h and Wildlife Re ea ch In i h :// .flick .c m/ h /m f c/.

.C elacan h ff P m la n he K aZ l -Na al S hC a Af ica, n 22 N embe 2 19. (2 19, N embe 22). [Ph Wikimedia C mm n . h ://c mm n . ikimedia. g/ iki/File:C elacan h_ ff_P _ he_K aZ l Na al_S h_C a ,_S h_Af ica,_ n_22_N embe _2

e. Flick .

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C elacan h in J h ://c mm P

K ai b P f D N man Ali Khalaf J l 2 19. (2 19, l 3). [Ph g a h]. Wikimedia C mm n . n . ikimedia. g/ iki/File:C elacan h_in_K ai _b _ f_D _N man_Ali_Khalaf_J l _2 19.j g

C elacan h in J h ://c mm P

K ai b P f D N man Ali Khalaf J l 2 19. (2 19, l 3). [Ph g a h]. Wikimedia C mm n . n . ikimedia. g/ iki/File:C elacan h_in_K ai _b _ f_D _N man_Ali_Khalaf_J l _2 19.j g

ffed C elacan h a ETH Uni e i , Z ich. (2 7, J ne 14). [Ph g a h]. Flick . h :// .flick .c m/ h / dd ick/875285129

3.5 BILLI - EA - LD F CA E HE LIFE F HE GA I M EA

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bi d of a adi e HO DID THE BIRDS OF PARADISE GET THEIR COLO R

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His dance moves may appear unpredictable, but they are carefully choreographed to convince a female that he is the best mate.Most Birds of Paradise produce loud, harsh vocali ations. Some species produce unique sounds. One sound of males of the Blue Bird of Paradise has been described as resembling an "electric motor humming." Another sound of males of the King of Saxony Bird of Paradise has been

The male works hard to impress, tirelessly refining his moves until a female is suitably enthralled. After all, she is the one in control. With their dramatic appearance, it's easy to understand why birds of paradise were mistaken for mythical creatures by early explorers.

Birds use their feathers for three basic purposes: flight, protection from the elements, and displays. Male birds of paradise add to their brilliant colors with specially modified feathers that flutterBirds of Paradise range in length from 16 cm [Wilson's Bird of Paradise, Cicinnurus (Diphyllodes) respublica] to 125 cm [male Ribbon-tailed Astrapia, Astrapia mayeri].

The colors of the birds of paradise are used to attract possible mates. Colors and patterns help birds identify their own species. Colors can help birds hide from predators by camouflaging them. ... Colors are used to attract attention when trying to distract predators, snakes, hawks, and owls. The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. The majority of species are found in Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia . The family has 42 species in 15 genera Birds are attracted to the color red, according to a Chicago oo authority. Birds protect their nests by flashing red and use the color to attract mates. Adding a touch of red to your feeder will attract more birds, though some seedeating birds prefer blue or silver feeders. He named genus, Strelit ia, after Queen Charlotte who was the Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelit .Weight: Weight varies depending on species, from approximately 50 grams or 1.8 o (King bird of paradise) to 448 grams or 15.8 o (Curl-crested Manucode). Plumage: The majority of birds of paradise are sexual dimorphic. Males have brightly colored and elaborate plumage while the females' plumage is more drab.

The Birds of Paradise are a family of 38 species of birds in and near New Guinea that are famous for their spectacular plumages. Some common names of birds in this family include Manucodes, Paradigallas, Astrapias, Parotias, Riflebirds, Sicklebills, Paradise Crow, and Birds of Paradise.

The 45 species of birds of paradise include tiny, starling si ed birds and big, crow si ed birds; birds in vivid blues, greens, and reds; birds with head plumes, tail plumes, back plumes, chest plumes, and no plumes; mountain birds and swamp birds; branch dancers, pole dancers, ballerina dancers. The Birds of Paradise Project is the first to capture all 39 in stills and video. Catch a glimpse of every one of them here.

Most Birds of Paradise eat both insects and fruit, but especially fruit. Birds of paradise are important dispersers of fruit seeds. They are more agile and acrobatic than other birds and that allows them to eat more types of fruit. Also, their guts are less destructive to seeds than those of other animals, and they travel further than other fruit-eating birds, so that they're more likely to disperse seeds away from the parent plant. A number of fruit trees are thought to be entirely reliant on Birds of Paradise for seed-dispersal. Birds of Paradise have a wide variety of breeding systems. Some species, especially those whose males have spectacular plumage, form leks large groups of males that display together to females. Females observe the displays, and mate with one male (often the same one or two males are selected by the majority of females). Nest building, incubation, and feeding of young are accomplished entirely by the female. n other species, particularly those where males and females look practically alike, males and females pair up, and both participate in incubation and rearing of the young . Still, in other species, males' only job in reproduction is to display to females and mate with them.

. Https://Www.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/Birds/Facts/ Birds-of-Paradise. Birds of Paradise, National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/birds-ofparadise. Https://Www.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/Birds/ Facts/Birds-of-Paradise. Birds of Paradise, National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/bird s-of-paradise. Https://Www.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/Birds/Facts/Bird s-of-Paradise. Birds of Paradise, National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/birds-ofparadise.

Https://Www.nationalgeographic.com/Animals/Birds/Facts/ Birds-of-Paradise. Birds of Paradise, National Geographic, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/birds-ofparadise.

SCIENCE

NE PECTED ANIMALS THAT ENCO NTERED CON ERGENT E OL TION In the d 1 00s Br t sh b olog st R chard Owen was the f rst person to dent fy the d ss lar t es between an als w th body features that are shaped correspond ngly, and body structures that only have al ke ot ves. For centur es convergent evolut on has kept sc ent sts fasc nated because t s frequently thought to show a clear d splay of the potent al power of natural select on. By Joy

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Qu ck fun fact Did you know that Charles Darwin was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln? And that he waited 20 years before releasing his theory of evolution to the public.

Refe e ce Classstaff, M. (2020, November 9). Convergent Evolution Explained With Examples - 2021. MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/convergent-evolutionexplained#quiz-0.

Wood, C. (2019, November 1). What s Convergent Evolution? LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/convergentevolution.html#:~:text=Convergent%20evolution%20is%20when%20different%20 organisms%20independently%20evolve%20similar%20traits.&amp;text=Biologist s%20call%20this%20process%20%E2%80%94%20when,a%20common%20ances tor%20%E2%80%94%20convergent%20evolution. of Encyclop dia Britannica, T. editors. (n.d.). Comparative anatomy . Encyclop dia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/comparativeanatomy. Leary, C. (n.d.). 8 Uncanny Examples of Convergent Evolution. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/uncanny-examples-convergent-evolution-4869742. What is convergent evolution? May we include a fossil to describe convergent evolution?: Socratic. Socratic.org. (2016, November 17). https://socratic.org/questions/582d635611ef6b13ecb11fab. mage #1 Britannica, E. (2010). Skeletons of humans and gorillas compared. Encyclop dia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy/imagesvideos#/media/1/129617/47971. mage #2 Britannica, E. (2010). Homologies of er ebra e forelimbs. Encyclop dia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy/imagesvideos#/media/1/129617/47971. mage #3 Pemberton, C. (2009). Con ergen E ol ion. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/craigpemberton/3790813865.

E IDENCE SHO S S THAT PREHISTORIC ANIMALS HA E DECREASED IN SI E D E TO NAT RE FACTORS

Charles Darwin believed in natural selection and evolution. As he states in his book, “O he O g f S ec e ”, he believed that animals changed over time and are all connected by ancestors. This book was written in the 1850s and published on the 24th of November 1859 after approximately 30 years of research. (National Geographic Society, 2019) This theory took place all over the world when evidence regarding evolution was first gathered. This theory is important since it leads us to understand and interpret the evolutionary chain with higher detail. It can help us interpret our present day environment better and how past environments used to be. (Kindt.J, Latty.T, 2018) In this essay, I will be focusing on the fact that animals got smaller over time, why this happened, how this affects animals in the present and contradictions to my topic. ia ama on

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We can also take a look at cockroaches which during the Paleozoic Era were as big as a house cat, as Ken Than noted, this is because ancient bugs benefited from a surplus of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. (Ask Smithsonian, 2015) In fact, these large animals that lived on Earth during the Pleistocene Epoch and that became extinct by the Quaternary extinction event, have a scientific name, “Pleistocene Megafauna”. Pleistocene Megafauna were affected by their size since they were slower to adapt to constantly changing conditions. Scientific evidence shows that there are many factors that lead to the decrease of these animals. (Amanda Ellis, 2020)

Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by taking into consideration natural selection. Natural selection is the process of how species have evolved due to environmental changes. It shows us how different species adapt to different environments. This is a fascinating theory since it shows that over time, several species have had similar features that evolved into being specialized for different systems and functions, depending on changes to the environment. (National Geographic Society, 2019) The giant ground sloth is a great example of the theory that animals have decreased in size over time. Megatherium is an extinct species that is related to sloths, only that they could weigh up to eight tons. One of the largest mammals to ever exist; Megatherium americanum actually means “great beast from America”. This species was discovered in Argentina, 1787 by Manuel Torres. This creature is estimated to be 7252,48 kg heavier than the sloths we see nowadays. (Ask Smithsonian, 2015)

Fossils show that some dinosaurs had hollow bones filled with air, this meant they had higher oxygen levels in the atmosphere, which tends to be a trend within dinosaurs of larger size. It also meant that their body was hollowed out by air, bones weren’t as heavy as if they were solid, since they weigh less because of the air this meant they could support a very long body. Today birds have hollow bones, this is why they weigh so little, this and because they are small. Some dinosaurs (and birds nowadays) also have what is called “pneumatized bones” ; these are bones colonized by air sacs, this type of bones enabled dinosaurs to be lighter. This structure of bones enables birds to fly. Dinosaurs could survive with less oxygen levels, since they developed an efficient breathing system. Their respiratory system is better than most humans and animals we find today. A fun fact is that birds, just like dinosaurs also have an incredibly better respiratory system, this leads scientists to think birds are ancestors of some dinosaurs. Big prehistoric animals were able to eat a lot of food, since they had the ability to swallow big quantities of food without chewing it. This meant they ate more and therefore got bigger and bigger until extinction. And since forests covered most of the earth’s surface they had more plants (food) to eat. This also meant the oxygen levels of the atmosphere were way higher. On the other hand, there are theories that contradict my topic. For example, Bernhard Rensch invented Cope’s rule; this was named after Paleontologist Edward Cope, who recognized it. This theory states that animals will get larger over time. Which contradicts my idea. It states that, for example, horses have gotten 10 times heavier since about sixty million years ago. Scientists believed in this theory for a long time, but nowadays there are signs most animals got smaller.

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've decided to do m article on fossils because it was alwa m favorite topic in science and was alwa s interested in it. When it comes to the subject of fossils was alwa s engaged no matter what and writing this article allowed me to learn so much more about them.

Have you ever wondered why fossils, unlike rocks and sand, do not erode? Because that has always been a question 've been curious about. Gravel, sand, and mud bury live and dead creatures and plants, resulting in fossils. As time passes, additional information comes, and the sediments at the bottom of the pile turn into rock. The name fossil comes from the Latin term fossilis, which means "dug up." The majority sedimentary and metamorphic are where fossils are found. (they also can be changed by fire and pressure) (National Geographic Fossil)

Fossils can be made in a lot of different ways like: Mold or mpression, Cast, mprint, Permineralization, and Trace. When a plant or animal dies entirely but leaves behind an impression of itself, similar to a hollow mold, a mold or impression fossil is formed. t does not occur in a variety of ways, but in most cases there is enough air ability to make the organic material to actually destroy. Cast fossils are the most well-known, they are used to create the amazing dinosaur skeletons on display in museums. (Fossils, Rocks, n.d.)

TRACE FOSS LS ARE TYP CALLY FOOTPR NTS LEFT BY AN MALS AS THEY MOVE ACROSS D RT. LATER, THE MATER AL HARDENS AS SED MENTARY ROCK. PALEONTOLOG STS TRACE FOSS LS BECAUSE THEY CAN LEARN HOW AN MALS MOVED BY STUDY NG THE R FOOTPR NTS, WH CH PROV DES VALUABLE NFORMAT ON ABOUT THE HEALTH AND EVEN L FE OF THE SPEC ES YEARS AGO. THE SPEC ES S KNOWN AS A SEA MONSTER. THE EARL ER THEORY THAT SUCH SEA CREATURES, DESP TE BE NG REPT LES, LAY EGGS HAS BEEN CANCELED BY TH S F ND. BUT TH S FOSS L REFERS TO L VE-BEAR NG OF THESE YOUNG, WH CH WOULD HAVE OCCURRED ON LAND.

As o can see from the photos abo e....

Minerals deposit into the mold left by rotting organic material to generate cast fossils, which are threedimensional copies of the plant or animal's hard structures. Mold and impression fossils are found in silt and clay, although imprint fossils only leave a two-dimensional imprint. These fossils are sometimes discovered on exposed rock surfaces or when the layers of the rock are broken, revealing the fossil within. Each portion of the creature is replaced by minerals in permineralization, or petrified, fossils, leaving a stone copy of the organism. This technique is often used to preserve bones, teeth, and even woody plants. (Fossils, Rocks, n.d.)

The three most impressive dinosaur bones: 1.A Fossilised Fight: Discovered in Mongolia in 1971, this Velociraptor and Protoceratops will remain forever mid-fight. The Velociraptor, a carnivore, was found with his claw locked to his prey s carotid artery. While the Protoceratops, a herbivore, wrapped his biting jaw around the Velociraptor s arm. t is believed they were fossilised by a falling land mass which covered and killed them both, while they were locked in a battle for their lives.. 2.Meet Sue - the largest, best preserved, and most complete Trex ever to be discovered. She is 40.5 feet long and stands 13 feet tall when measured at her hip. She was discovered in South Dakota by Sue Hendrickson in 1990. Before Sue s discovery, palaeontologists had only ever discovered up to 60% complete fossils of T-rexes. Whereas 90% of Sue s phenomenal fossil frame was found, an incredible advancement in the understanding and study of this mighty species. 3.Sea Monster Having Babies: Lastly, an impressive fossil in which we can see a mother giving birth to her 3 children. n fact, she s already given birth to one, one is on its way out and the third is yet to be born. The mother was an chthyosaur; though technically not a dinosaur, the species is known as a monster of the sea and lived in the Mesozoic era, 252 to 66 million years ago. This discovery challenges the previous theory that such sea creatures, despite being reptiles, laid eggs. nstead this fossil suggests the livebearing of these young, which would have taken place on land - a baffling revelation to science. . - Ca a iki (a confusing discovery for scientists)

WORKS C TED "FOSS LS, ROCKS, AND T ME: ROCKS AND LAYERS." PUBS.USGS.GOV/G P/FOSS LS/ROCKS-LAYERS.HTML. NAT ONAL GEOGRAPH C SOC ETY. "EROS ON." NAT ONAL GEOGRAPH C SOC ETY, 9 OCT. 2012, WWW.NAT ONALGEOGRAPH C.ORG/ENCYCLOPED A/EROS ON/. "PRE/POST TEST KEY." UN VERS TY OF CAL FORN A MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY, UCMP.BERKELEY.EDU/EDUCAT ON/EXPLORAT ONS/TOURS/FOSS L/GU DE/TESTKEY.HT ML. "THE WORLD'S FOSS LS ARE GO NG EXT NCT DR DAVE HONE." THE GUARD AN, 9 MAY 2017, WWW.THEGUARD AN.COM/SC ENCE/LOSTWORLDS/2013/JAN/12/D NOSAURS-FOSS LS. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/SEARCH/FOOTPR NTS%20FOSS LS%20/. "5 MOST MPRESS VE D NOSAUR FOSS LS EVER FOUND." CATAW K , WWW.CATAW K .COM/STOR ES/5079-5-MOST- MPRESS VE-D NOSAUR-FOSS LS-EVERFOUND. ACCESSED 8 JUNE 2021. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-1202985/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-165001/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-219665/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-220139/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-321695/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/SEARCH/FOOTPR NTS%20FOSS LS%20/. "ATTENT ON REQU RED!" ATTENT ON REQU RED! CLOUDFLARE, P XABAY.COM/ MAGES/ D-61988/.

By Sophia

M opic i abo ho h man and animal li ed among each o her, fair and nfair o each o her. A gro p ha p ome in e iga ion in o hi opic a ; Na ional Geographic. The recorded di er off he coa of Y ca an Penin la and fo nd he olde h man in he America , along i h he h man fo il and m l iple o her pecie of preda or ha ere aro nd he fo il. A li le in igh , m opic i rro nded b fo il , fo il are remain of a decea ed organi m ha ha been pre er ed hro gh edimen ed one. We re foc ing on Ice age fo il and ha he can ell abo ho h man and animal in he ice age li ed along ide each o her, hro gh e ol ion and e inc ion. Fo il abo he ice age are all o er he orld. Ba ed on m re earch, ar icle ha I read, fo il ere fo nd in he America and in E rope a ell. A ere he fo il , he organi m are bo nd o ha e li ed here. Animal and h man had, in heor , li ed in he America for a long ime, hen h man migra ed in o e rope. I hink ha m opic i impor an beca e e ge ed ca ed on opic ha e migh or migh no ha e been in ere ed in earlier in o r li e or ill are, and e can ge a be er nder anding of opic ha are idel kno n. Fo il go hro gh a long and pick proce , he organi m die , of co r e, hen i ge co ered and compre ed in edimen , b , hi proce ill onl f nc ion i h he righ condi ion , hich incl de empera re, acidi , and pre re.

13,000 ear ago, a deep ell in he ca e became he la ref ge for ildlife in ha i no he Y ca an Penin la. I ell-pre er ed bone , fro en nder a er for man ear , are one of he fir concl i e e idence oda . Since Panama joined he o con inen , ho he ice age megafa na ha e mi ed and mo ed be een Nor h and So h America. Animal kele on al o pro ide a more de ailed pic re of he range orld crea ed b Na a, hich i he olde and mo comple e h man kele on in hi or . In he dep h of Ho o Negro, paleon ologi and ca e di er fo nd he remain of aber- oo hed ca , ild boar , co gar , apir , and elephan -like mammal called gomfo er. In ome place in nder a er ca e , he e en

hardened ancien bear

i h a la er of calci e.

On he ea coa of he Y ca an Penin la, here i a ca e kno n a Negro Ca e (black hole). The ca e i de cribed a "a ell-pre er ed ndergro nd realm of la e Plei ocene fo il " b cien i . In an nder a er ca e in Me ico, common-era h man and animal fo il ere recen l nco ered. . Re earcher ha e nco ered an ancien gra e ard con aining he remain of long-e inc h man and animal pecie . Gian bear , olf dog , aberca , lo h , mo n ain lion , i or g m , and o her prehi oric pecie are among he remnan . The hor -faced bear (Arc o heri m ingei) and he olf-like pecie (Pro oc on roglod e ) ma ha e fallen in o he ca e and died, and hen he ca e became likel flooded, according o he e fo il di co ered in he Ho o. The hi orical pecie , on he o her hand, ere far from heir home. Di er nco ered he remain of o ancien h man in 2007, one of hem a a eenage girl ho li ed appro ima el 13,000 ear ago. The ancien h man kele on are ho gh o be among he earlie e er nco ered in he We ern Hemi phere. The more recen di co er of ancien crea re fo il gge ha o r forefa her once coe i ed i h ferocio mon er . The di co er of he e fo il al o ho he Grea American Bio ic In erchange (GABI), hich occ rred ro ghl 2.5 o 3 million ear ago hen he nor hern and o hern American con inen ere one. Animal from bo h region ere able o cro o er and e le in o heir ne habi a a a re l of he merger. I a d ring hi period ha he de cendan of he h ge bear and olf-like mon er cro ed in o modern-da Me ico.

Imageb <ahref="h p ://pi aba .com/ er /piro4d-2707530/? m_ o rce=link-a rib ion&amp; m_medi m=referral &amp; m_campaign=image&amp; m_con en =2467166">PIRO4D</a> from <a href="h p ://pi aba .com/? m_ o rce=link-a rib ion&amp; m_medi m=referral&amp; m_campaign=image&amp ; m_con en =2467166">Pi aba </a> Leopard & polar bear in ic mo n ain

Chiq ih i e Ca e i an hi orical eb eb i e online in Zaca eca , Me ico, hi i e ra han 2,740 me er abo e ea le el. For more han e en ear . Ciprian Ardelean of he Uni er i of Zaca eca ha been o er eeing e ca a ion on he eb eb i e online. Nearl 2,000 one gear and por ion genera ed beca e of heir ad en ere di co ered. Ice hee ha e been a heir ma im m ol me from 26,000 and 19,000 ear ago.

Bibliograph G S

, M. (2021, M

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3). Ice Age P eda .

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P R L I A , D . 02 J 2021.

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Ag Ma Ha e Bee Q c e . (2018). Y T be.

By Alen

HE HIS OR

hu org s re beco g vest ges d soo the w ll d s ppe r

L ad The h man bod ha organ oon o di appear. The are called e ige , he are organ ha ed o belong o common ance or hich no are remnan . The ere di co ered b Rober Wieder heim & JeanBap i e Lamarck in he earl 1800 and he la e 1800 aro nd France and German . A h man e ol e e ige ar coming and di appearing.

B d (a

d )

The human appendix and the tailbone, they are both very common vestigial organs, they both have absolutely no use in our human body, they are remnants from common ancestors. The more us humans evolve the more useless and useful organs will come and go. Soon the human appendix and the tailbone will leave the human body. The human appendix is a vestigial organ located next to the intestines. This vestigial organ was used a long time ago by our herbivorous ancestors and back then it was used to help the food digestion, specifically herbivorous food such as the bark of a tree. Now this organ serves no purpose and is officially the organ that serves the least purpose in the whole human body, however the reason why this organ hasn t yet left our body is because natural selection prevented it.

B d (Ta b

)

The tailbone also known as coccyx is a remnant from when we had tails. t belongs to our common ancestors and as we evolved the tails we lost our tails. What we know is called the tailbone and that is the leftover of the tails we used to have. Obviously, humans no longer have visible external tails, because our current version of humans do not need tails to live in trees as earlier human ancestors did. Nonetheless, humans still have this certain tailbone/coccyx in their skeleton. nitially the tailbone after the tail grew off it served no purpose but now it serves as an anchor for muscles, it wasn t its original purpose that s why it is considered a vestigial organ.

B d P ca S

Plica semilunaris is a small tissue located inside of the human eye, this vestigial organ is thought to be a remnant/leftover nictitating membranes found in birds, reptiles and amphibians. The membranes keep their eyes moist and offer protection enabling them to maintain visibility while their eyes are still open. Unlike our upper and lower eyelids, these move horizontally rather than vertically across the eyeball, hence the position of this vestigial remnant in the human eye.

B d E

c a c

Extrinsic ear muscles are an old muscle that were used in animals to detect danger or search for prey. The are vestiges that are soon to disappear because they have been organs used for a long time and now only very few people can move these ear muscles

B d W d Wisdom teeth have been around for more than 30,000 years and they are still hanging around after all this time. Wisdom teeth have absolutely no purpose, they just sit inside our mouths and once we are about 18-25 we have them removed and it is extremely painful. Our jaws have shrunk over time, so we no longer have room for wisdom teeth in our jawbone. Soon wisdom teeth will be out of our human body.

/Ta

Vestigial structures are organs that used to be used from old common ancestors. t s called a remnant, it s like a leftover of what it was before or a disappearing organ. A good example is the human appendix. The appendix is an organ sitting inside the body just at the end of the large intestine and all it does is it sits and does absolutely nothing. As people evolved some organs have stopped being used and became useless to the body. The more we evolve the organs will start disappearing. Another person that had basically discovered and studied vestigial structures was the one and only Charles Darwin. He was a geologist and biologist. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. Robert Wiedersheim discovered almost 86 different vestigial organs in the late 1800 s. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck also discovered the existence of remnant organs from old common ancestors but he had no evidence, and this was in the early 1800 s.

Scoville, H. (2020, January 14). Vestigial Structures . ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/aboutvestigial-structures-1224771. Bionity. (n.d.). Robert Wiedersheim. https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Robert_Wie dersheim.html. Oxford, S. (2016, March 24). Vestigial organs. Science Oxford. https://scienceoxford.com/vestigial-organs/. Corfield, J. (2018, February 7). Appendicitis. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/appendicitis Cheriyedath, S. (2019, February 26). Why do humans have an Appendix? News. https://www.newsmedical.net/health/Why-do-Humans-have-anAppendix.aspx Fairview. (2019). Tailbone (Coccyx) Fracture. Fairview. https://www.fairview.org/sitecore/content/Fairview/H ome/PatientEducation/Articles/English/t/a/i/l/b/Tailbone_Coccyx_F racture_85285. Spinney, L. (2008, May 14). Vestigial organs: Remnants of evolution. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826562100-vestigial-organs-remnants-of-evolution/.