Words into Action Delegate Publication for The Fortieth Annual Meeting of The Board of Governors of the Asian Development Bank Kyoto, Japan 4th to 7th May 2007 ãWords into Actionã ã·ãªãŒãº 第40åã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡å¹Žæ¬¡ç·äŒ åœç«äº¬éœåœéäŒé€šã2007幎5æ4æ¥ã7æ¥ åå è é åžåºçç© Published by Faircount Ltd åºç ãã§ã¢ã«ãŠã³ã瀟 European Headquarters 5 Ella Mews, Hampstead London NW3 2NH United Kingdom Tel: + 44 (0)20 7428 7000 Fax: +44 (0)20 7117 3338 email: publisher@faircount.co.uk
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Foreword
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It is over forty years since Takeshi Watanabe, the Asian Development Bankâs first President, addressed its founding countriesâ representatives, dignitaries, and bankers at the inaugural meeting in Tokyo. Amongst the many laudable intentions in his speech was this thought: âThe lesser developed countries want, above all, progress which they can hold in their hands - progress which fills their stomachs, then clothes their bodies, and shelters their young.â
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That life has improved for many in Asia over the intervening years and that some of the aspirations of Watanabe and his colleagues have, in some measure, been realised is not doubted. Today, official figures suggest that just under one-third of the regionâs population lives in poverty, life expectancy has increased to 65 years, and 70 percent of the adults are literate. The financial crisis of the late nineties not only slowed down the pace of poverty reduction, but also resulted in a considerable increase in the number of the âofficiallyâ poor. Subsequent growth in many of the regionâs economies - in some, spectacular growth in the last decade - recovered lost ground. Yet, depending on whose estimates you accept, up to two-thirds of the worldâs poor - those living on less than a dollar a day - still live in Asia. Some human tragedies, such as the tsunamis and earthquakes that have destroyed lives, livelihoods, and communities, will always be beyond our control. Conversely, the alleviation of most deprivation, poverty, and much human suffering is within the grasp of the world community - providing the will is there. How best to direct the resources at our disposal to improve living conditions - environmental, financial, and social - is something that, rightly, continues to exercise the minds of politicians, economists, ecologists, and many others. Money alone, although of central importance, has never been an entire answer, as many issues are clearly too complex to be capable of resolution through the simple application of funds. This publication sets out to debate some of the fundamentals of the ways in which the great institution that is the ADB operates, recounts recent events that may throw light on those operations, airs the opinions of those experienced in working in relevant areas, and asks whether the bankâs raison dâêtre is as clear as it may once have been. All of this is presented in the sincere hope that those attending the bankâs fortieth annual meeting may find it of use in their deliberations, helping turn words into positive actions that will demonstrate that the ADB, properly used, can be the huge force for good that its supporters believe it to be.
ãã®40幎ã®éãã¢ãžã¢ã®å€ãã®äººã ã«ãšã£ãŠç掻ãæ¹åã ãã枡蟺æ°ãšãã®ååéã®å€¢ãããçšåºŠå¶ã£ããšããããšã¯ åŠå®ã§ããªããå ¬åŒçµ±èšã«ããã°ãã¢ãžã¢å šäœã§è²§å°å±€ãšãª ã£ãŠããã®ã¯å šäººå£ã®3åã®1匱ã§ãããæšå®å¯¿åœã65æ³ãŸ ã§äžããã ããã«èªã¿æžãã®ã§ãã倧人ã70%ã§ããã 1990幎代ã®éèå±æ©ã«ããã貧å°å¯Ÿçã®ã¹ããŒããèœã¡ã ã ãã§ãªãã ãæ£åŒãªã貧å°è ã®æ°ãèããå¢ããããã®åŸãåœ å°æ¹å ã®ããã€ãã®åœã ã«ãããçµæžæé·ãç¹ã«ãã10幎㫠ãããæ°ã¶åœã«ãããæ¥æé·ã倱å°ãå埩ããã ãããã ã© ã®çµ±èšãéžã¶ã®ãã«ãããããçŸåšã§ãã1æ¥1ãã«ä»¥äžã§ç 掻ããŠããäžç貧å°è 人å£ã®3åã®2ããã¢ãžã¢ã«ããã åœã奪ãåããç掻ãã³ãã¥ããã£ãç Žå£ãã接波ãå°é㪠ã©ã人éã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®åã°ãªããã®ã¯ãã€ãŸã§ãããã äžæ¹ããã®ææããããã°ã窮ä¹ã貧å°ãèŠé£ã®å€§éšåãå ãããããšãäžçã³ãã¥ããã£ã®æã«ããå®çŸå¯èœã§ããã ç°å¢ãéèã瀟äŒãªã©ã®ç掻æ¡ä»¶ãæ¹åããããã«ãæã ã æã£ãŠããè³æºãæãå¹çè¯ãé©çšããæ¹æ³ã¯ãåœç¶ã®ããš ãªããæ¿æ²»å®¶ãçµæžåŠè ãçæ åŠè ãªã©ã®éã§åžžã«äº€ããã ãŠããè°è«ã§ãããè³éã¯éåžžã«éèŠã§ããããè³éãäžã ãã ãã§ã¯è§£æ±ºã§ããªãåé¡ãããããããããšã¯æãã㧠ãããããã ãã§ã¯çãã«ãªããªãã ãã®åºçç©ã§ã¯ãADBãšããç«æŽŸãªçµç¹ã®è¡åã®åºç€ãè ãçŽãç®çã§ããã®è¡åãæµ®ã圫ãã«ããæè¿ã®åºæ¥äºãèª ãã該åœåéã§è±å¯ãªå®åçµéšã®ããæ¹ã ã®æèŠãè¿°ã¹ã ãšåæã«ãADBèªäœã®ååšçç±ã以åãšåæ§ã«æããã§ãã ãã©ãããšãã質åãæãããããADBã®æ¯æŽè ã¯ADBãå ãä¿é²ããè«å€§ãªå¢åã§ãããšä¿¡ããŠãããã䜿ãæ¹æ¬¡ç¬¬ã§ ã¯ç¢ºãã«ãã®ãšããã§ããã ããã«èšèŒãããŠããããšã第 40å幎次ç·äŒã«åå ãããæ¹ã ã«ãšã£ãŠææ矩ãªè³æãšãª ããèšèãè¡åã«ç§»ãããšã«ããããããç«èšŒãããããšãæ ã ã®èª å¿èª æã®æå³ã§ããã
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Over the past two decades, China’s economic growth continued at over 9%, reaching 10% in 2006, and robust growth in China’s economy is expected to continue. In 2006, China’s GDP amounted to 21,000 billion renminbi and it became the third largest trading country in the world, with GDP per capita close to $2,000 US. The fundamental change in the economic environment has driven the transformation of people’s attitudes, both towards living and investment. Meanwhile, it has provided enormous opportunities for the development of its domestic commercial banks. The total value of domestic commercial banks has attained 40,000 billion renminbi, while the total assets of CCB as at the end of June 2006 exceeded 5,000 billion renminbi. CCB’s business is growing rapidly and this momentum is expected to be maintained in the coming years. Dynamic growth CCB’s leading position in many core areas of activity in the first half of 2006 - total new loans and deposits, new infrastructure financings, new residential mortgages, the issue of new credit cards, and the underwriting of short-term financial notes - made it the most profitable bank, with the best asset quality, of the ‘big four’. CCB believes that it will benefit most from the new opportunities, because it has been well prepared and has a strong foundation.
That firm foundation will allow a dynamic expansion programme. China̢۪s banking industry is maturing and new opportunities are open for those banks that are prepared to meet the challenges of a more complex banking market. Domestically, CCB has a huge banking network and experience in traditional banking services. There are non-traditional areas with enormous growth potential, however, such as wealth management, credit card services, and other fee based services. Growth in the home territories will not be so much geographic - though it is certain that new branches will open - as it will be a growth in the type and quality of financial services CCB is able to offer. The bank has, for example, established an investment banking department, and CCB-Principal Asset Management Company Ltd. represents an important step toward its integrated business model. CCB will continue to explore such opportunities, whether in investment banking, insurance, asset management, or other financial services. The bank has strengthened its fee-based income through a greater presence in investment banking and leasing. It has also expanded its financial services to individuals, small and medium sized enterprises, boosted its fee and commission based services and introduced new financial services and products. Consumer banking is now the
fastest growing area of CCB̢۪s business, and it has a competitive edge and maintains a comprehensive customer base in corporate and personal loans. The bank also enjoys traditional advantages in infrastructure loans, home mortgages and project auditing, and its risk and financial management are among the most advanced in China. The financial restructuring and IPO project has consolidated CCB̢۪s capital position for sustainable long term development. Growth with firm risk management Amongst Chinese banks, CCB is also the leader in risk control, being the first to adopt the independent credit auditor system, implement the economic capital budget & economic value added management method, and set up the risk and return mechanism, with economic capital as the central tenet in reaching a balance between risk and return. CCB very much believes in the importance of constructing firm risk management in order to balance its dynamic growth. Technologically advanced Underpinning the bank̢۪s day to day operations, and the needs of its expansion, is its major investment in the best information technology. A major innovation is the operational customer relationship and integrated product service system (OCRMIPSS), which was successfully launched in 2006. The system has allowed face to face sales activities to be streamlined, including a product based automated dealing system with direct foreign exchange transaction processing for both retail and commercial accounts. The facility made CCB the first4
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CCB is currently implementing an ERP financial software package, which when completed will allow the general ledger and financial information for disclosure to be managed centrally. In addition, the first phase of a data warehouse and management information system will be completed shortly, which will help to improve information sharing throughout the bank and enhance its operational management capability. All of this would represent a huge technological investment for any of the world̢۪s major banks. Given that CCB is only just moving into the international arena, it signals a massive commitment to improving services and to resourcing its expansion plans.
The international perspective Industry observers are right to suggest that listed banks with adequate capital resources will, once they have assessed the feasibility of cross-industry mergers and acquisitions, develop new product lines, increase their business scope, and exploit new markets through overseas expansion, for, just as overseas competitors are viewing the huge potential of the Chinese market with relish, CCB has put in place plans for major international expansion. Internationally, CCB has formulated an expansion strategy and will align its overseas development with the needs of its customers in their international operations. The plan is to take firm, gradual steps, carefully evaluating the risks and opportunities in each market. Hong Kong is an important foothold and, recently, CCB purchased Bank of America (Asia), which now serves as the foundation for further international expansion through mergers and acquisitions, branch establishments, and other strategies. This will allow CCB to build an international advantage over its Chinese counterparts. The road ahead The consensus view amongst experts is that there is likely to be a macroeconomic tightening in the second half of 2007, with the Central Bank applying rate increases, issuance of notes and increases in reserve ratio requirements. Credit growth and capital utilization of banks will be restricted and, coupled with increasing foreign exchange reserves, excess liquidity will be exacerbated. With the opening up of markets and the competition that it will generate, CCB seems well placed to take advantage of the experience it has already gained in areas such as the best practices of its international counterparts in the areas of payment and settlement, information technology, foreign exchange management, and personal banking. In July 2006, CCB was ranked the first among all mainland Chinese banks and 11th worldwide in The Banker’s “Top 1000 World Banks� listing and the “most profitable bank in Asia� on Asiaweek’s list of “Top 300 Asian Banks�. g
Website: www.ccb.com Service hotline: 95533 Email: pr.zh@ccb.com
06 Foreword åºæ 12 Introduction äžæã®æ³ïŒ 32 Programme of events ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«
JTB Photo Communications, Inc. / Alamy
Contents ç®æ¬¡
22 36 48 54
Kurodaâs path é»ç°ç·è£ã®æ©ã¿ Inside the ADBâs comfort zone å¿«é©ãªç°å¢ããæããããªãADB The high cost of urban growth éœåžæ¡å€§ã®ä»£äŸ¡ ADB on the move å€åããäžçãè¿œãã€ã¥ããADB
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ADB in the spotlight ADB
64 68 70 74
âWomenomicsâ could rescue Japanâs men 女æ§çµæžãæ¥æ¬ã®ç·éãæã The kawaii face of Japan Inc Japan Inc.ã®ã«ã¯ã€ã€è¡šæ Abe puts the clocks back æèšãæ»ãå®åç·ç Japanâs economy: the roar of a mouse æ¥æ¬çµæž â ããºããå ãã
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Japan æ¥æ¬
80 Mobius, restless guru of emerging markets ã¢ããŠã¹ â å®æ¯ãªãæ°èåœåžå Žã®ã«ãªã¹ã 86 Hong Kong, Chinaâs stock market of choice äžåœäŒæ¥ã®äžå Žã¯éŠæž¯ã«è»é ãäžãã
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Focus on finance éè
90 96 104 110 120 124
Chinese aid wins support äžåœã®æŽå©ã«è³æ China: socialist market economy äžåœ â 瀟äŒäž»çŸ©åžå Žçµæž Indiaâs SEZs court controversy è³åŠäž¡è«ã枊巻ãã€ã³ãã®SEZ India: living in several centuries at once ã€ã³ã â æ¡å€§ãã貧å¯ã®å·® Making the road as smooth as silk for the CARâs äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã®æ°ãããçµ¹ã®éã Thailandâs military manoeuvres inhibit investors ã¿ã€è»éšã®è¡åãæè³ãæå¶
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Regional overviews å°å
132 Flying the flag for private enterprise æ°éäŒæ¥ã®ããã®ææ¯ã圹ãšãªã 138 Sixt sense will be missing from Kyoto 京éœç·äŒã«ã·ã¯ã¹ãã»ã»ã³ã¹ãæ¬ ãã 142 An affable storm blowing across the world ç©ãããªåµãäžçãå¹ãã¬ãã
10
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The corporate perspective äŒæ¥
ADB in the spotlight
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äžæã®æ³ïŒ
A time for reflection Kyoto is an appropriate venue for the 40th annual meeting of the Asian Development Bank. The special reason, of course, is that this was where the much heralded, much abused and much ignored protocol on climate change was signed 10 years ago, so Kyoto draws attention to the brave promises as well as the dashed hopes and contradictions of the attempts to create a better world. In this and the following articles Kevin Rafferty reviews the issues facing Asia, and the ADB in its forties.
B
y the time that the delegates arrive the famous cherry blossoms will have long blown far away, blooming early this year because of the unpredictable world weather patterns. It is a pity that they cannot be captured and handed to each delegate, even to each politician or business executive who has pretensions to become a president, prime minister or CEO as a lesson in the fragile life of this planet. Individually, the cherry blossoms are as beautiful and delicate and individual as a snowflake. Together, they have a dazzling intensity so their pink becomes brighter than the most shining white, but they die or get thrown to the winds within days. Even after the blossoms have gone, Kyoto also has its own special charms and lessons. If the delegates to the meeting can escape the concrete cocoons of the conference centre and their hotels, they will find a treasured place of culture and religion and history and politics and economics that should cause them to reflect on the issues that they have come to discuss. It was the most gracious of the Japanese capital cities, as you can still see from the temples and shrines, of which Kyoto has more than a tourist can take in during a hundred visits. It was a city of politics: tread carefully on the aptly named ânightingale floorâ in Nijo Castle and listen to the sweet chirping noise you make, even if you go on tiptoes, and reflect that this was the sound of death, because it
12
told the guardian of the castle that there was an intruder within; and you can feel the chill of old Japanese technology. It was also, and still is, a city of contemplation that offers hundreds of places to reflect on the cycle of life, something that might be useful for ADB and government officials as they ponder the Sisyphean task of economic development â or even for the well paid bankers who contemplate what they have done to earn their vast salaries and where they can possibly spend the money. Possibly the most famous place for contemplation is the Ryoanji temple and its famous rock garden consisting of 15 stones and some moss set amongst gravel, of which it is only possible to see 14 stones at any one time. Only when you die and go to Heaven, it is said, will you be able to see all 15 stones at the same time. But there are other temples: Genkoan, also a Zen temple, is quieter with two windows side by side. One is square, the window of trouble, a symbolic expression of human life that echoes Buddhist sayings about the four pains of mankind â shou-roubyou-shi: birth, aging, disease and death or the strong hardship of life â shiku-haku. The other window is, very unusually, round and called the window of spiritual awakening, and reflecting, though there is no glass in it, the spirit of Zen Buddhism. It suggests that in life it is better to aim for a rounded shape than to be aggressive and have angles that create
京éœã¯ã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã®ç¬¬40å幎 次ç·äŒã®å ŽãšããŠæé©ãªå°ã§ãããåŸã«æè¿ ã»æ¯èã»ç¡èŠã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ããã®æ°åå€å è°å®æžã10幎åã«ç· çµãããã®ããã®å° ã§ãã£ãããã§ããããã以æ¥ã京éœã¯ãã è¯ãäžçãäœãããšããè©Šã¿ã®å€§èãªçŽæ ãšåæã«ãã®ççŸãšæã¡ç ãããæåŸ ã象 城ããããã«ãªã£ãã ãã®äžã§ã¯ã±ãŽã£ã³ã»ã© ãã¡ã㣠ïŒKevin RaffertyïŒæ°ãã¢ãžã¢ãš40æ³ ã«ãªã£ãADBãçŽé¢ããŠããè«žåé¡ãæ€èš ããã 幎次ç·äŒã®åå è ãéãŸãé ã«ã¯ãæåãªæ¡ã¯ãšã£ ãã«æ£ã£ãŠããã«éããªããäžçã®æ°åã®äºæž¬ã§ã ãªãå€åã«ãããä»å¹Žã¯å¹³å¹Žããæ©ãå²ããã®ã§ã ããå°çã®è«žããæããã·ã³ãã«ãšããŠã ãã®åã ãã ã£ããããŠåå è å šå¡ãããä»åŸå€§çµ±é ãéŠçžãæé« çµå¶è²¬ä»»è ã«ãªãããšèããŠãããã¹ãŠã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ã äŒç€Ÿå¹¹éšã«æž¡ãããšãã§ããªãã®ã¯ãŸããšã«æ®å¿µã§ ãããåå¥ã®æ¡ã®è±ã¯ããããéªçãšåãããã«çŸã ããããªã±ãŒãã§ããããŠããŒã¯ã§ããããŸãšãŸããšãšã ãã®ãã³ã¯ã®åŒ·çãªç©ããã§ããããçœè²ããå§å ããã»ã©ã§ããããæ°æ¥ã®éã«èœã¡ãŠããŸããã颚㫠å¹ã£é£ã°ãããŠããŸãã®ã§ããã æ¡ãæ£ã£ãåŸã§ãã京éœã«ã¯ç¬èªã®é åãšæèšãã ããç·äŒã®åå è ãåœéäŒé€šãããã«ãšããã³ã³ã¯ ãªãŒãã®ã³ã¯ãŒã³ããæãåºãããšãã§ããã°ãæ ã£ãŠããè°é¡ãåèãããæåãå®æãæŽå²ãæ¿æ²»ã çµæžåŠãªã©ã®å®åº«ã«åºäŒãããšãã§ããã芳å 客ã 100å蚪ããŠãåããããªãã»ã©ã®å¯ºé¢ãããäº¬éœ ã¯ããã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®æŽä»£ã®éŠéœã®äžã§ãã£ãšãåªé 㪠éœã§ãã£ãããããŠæ¿æ²»ã®è¡ã§ããã£ããäºæ¡åã® ããããã匵ãã®å»äžãã«ãã£ãšã€ãŸå ãä¹ããŠçã é³¥ã®å£°ãèããŠãããå®ã¯ãããåäž»ã«æ²è ã®ååš ãç¥ãããæ»ã®é³ã§ãã£ãããšãç¥ããšãæã®æ¥æ¬ã® æè¡ã«ä»ã§ãèçããã£ãšããããšã ããã äžæ¹ã京éœã¯æããåœã®èŒªã«ã€ããŠãã£ãããšèãã« èœãå ŽæãäœçŸãæäŸããçæ ®ã®å Žã§ããããçµæž éçºãšãããã·ãŒã·ã¥ãã¹ã®å²©ã«ãå¹æµã§ãããã㪠骚ã®æããä»äºãææ¡ããã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã åæ¿åºã®å®åéããŸãå·šé¡ã®çµŠäžããããããã«èª åãäœãããã®ãããããŠãã®ãéãäžäœã©ã®ãã ã«æŽ»çšãããããã®ãã§æ©ãé«çµŠåãã®éè¡å¡éã« ã¯å¿ èŠãªå Žæã§ããããå€åã ãçæ ®ã®å Žã ãšããŠæã æåãªã®ã¯ãçœç ã®äžã«çœ®ãããèãš15åã®ç³ãã ãªãéŸå®å¯ºã®ç³åºã§ããããäžåºŠã«èŠçã«å ¥ãç³ã¯ 14åã ããªã®ã§ã15åããã¹ãŠåæã«èŠããããã« ãªãã®ã¯æ»åŸãæä»ããŠãããšããè¬ããããã ç¡è«ãã»ãã«ãèŠã䟡å€ã®ããã寺ãããããããã éŸå®å¯ºãšåããçŠ å¯ºã§ãããªããããéããªæºå 庵 ã«ã¯ã䞊ãã 2ã€ã®çªããããçªã®1ã€ã¯åè§ããè¿·ã ã®çªãã§ãããçèç æ»ãšåèŠå «èŠãšããä»æã®æã ã象城ããŠããã ãã1ã€ã¯çããäžžããæãã®çªã ã§ã ããã¬ã©ã¹ã¯å ¥ã£ãŠããªããåå°çã«çŠ ã®åçãæ ããŠããã人çã§èŠåŽã®åºãšãªãæ»æçãªè§ãäœãã ãã¯ãäžžã圢ããšã£ãã»ãããããšç€ºåããŠããã ãã® ã寺ã§ã¯ãæ¿æ²»å®¶ãå®åãéè¡å¡ãªã©ãèªåéã®ä»äº ã®å æé¢ä¿ãèªèãã ããå·éã«ã ããææ ®æ·±ããªãã ããªèª²é¡ãåããŠãããç·äŒã®åå è ãã¡ããã©å¿ èŠ ãšããŠãããã®ãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã 京éœã¯æçµçã«æ¥æ¬ã®éœãšããé¡ãè²ã£ãã ãããã ããã§ãæŠåŸã§ã¯å»ºç¯ãšããåã®è®è¡ãå ããªã㣠ããå€ãã®èšªå客ãå°çããã³ã³ã¯ãªãŒãã®å±±ãäº¬éœ é§ ãå«ãè©è«å®¶ã¯å€ãããããããã åæ¥ãç¥ã£ãŠ ããç¢ã®ãããªãã®ã«éããªãããã£ãšèš±ããªãã® ã¯ãæºå 庵ã蚪ããããšããªãã£ãã§ãããéœåžèš ç»å®¶éããäŒçµ±å»ºç¯ã®äžã«è³ãç«ã€å·šå€§ãªæªç©ã建 ãŠã倧路å°è·¯ãé»æ±ãšé»ç·ã§é£Ÿããããã«éãçæ¿ã å ããããŸãã«ç©ããããªã³ãä»ããããšã§ããã ã© ãããšã£ãŠããäŒçµ±æåã®éãã§åªé ãªã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãèŠ ã圢ãéãå«ã³ãªãã蚎ããŠãããç±³åœã¯æŠæäžã æ¥ æ¬ã®åéœåžãçŠç€«ã®å±±ãšåãã空襲å°çãæå³çã« 4
Introduction
troubles. This temple suggests contemplation of all the things that would make a politician, bureaucrat or banker calmer, more thoughtful, and more aware of the consequences of their work, precisely what people attending the annual meeting need. Ultimately Kyoto yielded the title of capital of Japan. That did not stop it from being a target for vandalism in the form of post-war architecture. Many critics hate the concrete pile of the railway station, which is the way that most people will arrive, but the railway station is just a monument to commerce. What is unforgivable is the way that the Japanese planners, obviously never having been to Genko-an, built monstrosities that dwarfed the traditional architecture, festooned the streets with poles and wires and then added ugly signs and lit them with glaring neon, all expressions of form and spirit that screamed the opposite of the quiet grace and style of the traditional culture. The Americans claimed to have deliberately spared Kyoto the agony of the bombing and firebombing that devastated other Japanese cities during the war. The modern Japanese took their revenge on their own people in the unplanned plug-ugliness of modern Kyoto, which can only be celebrated as an appropriate monument to the notoriously corrupt construction industry, a warning example as to what happens when powerful bureaucrats and greedy politicians get together with unscrupulous businessmen. Kyoto is thus Japan at its best and worst. The Asia to which the bank members belong is like Kyoto, the best and most gracious in the world and the ugliest, most squalid. There is so much variety that it is hard to generalise and give a single characteristic that all the members share, except being part of Asia. In population, they range from the billion plus of China and India to the minnow states of a few thousand people each adrift in the Pacific Ocean. In religion, they run from the austere Muslim countries like Afghanistan and modern Pakistan to those with Sufi traditions and places like Indonesia where influences of animism, Buddhism and
colonial Christianity have mixed and softened the fierce unrepenting face of the religion you see in West Asia thatâs Islam alone. But Asia also embraces Buddhist Thailand and Sri Lanka; India, where Hinduism lives with secularism; the Catholic Philippines; Korea, where Buddhism, evangelical Christianity and modern materialism meet, not to speak of China and the clash of Communism and capitalism and Vietnam - Viet Nam, as the ADB calls it - which is also developing a taste for prosperity within a stern socialist framework.
© FRILET / Rex features
The Genko-an temple suggests contemplation of all the things that would make a politician, bureaucrat or banker calmer and more thoughtful
Nauru is an object lesson in mismanagement, both of the environment and of the economy.
In resources, Brunei and Malaysia float on oil and gas, whereas Korea and Bangladesh have only their people to provide their energy. Ranked by income and economic development, Asia ranges from Brunei, Hong Kong and Singapore, where incomes are about $30,000 and which are at a more advanced level than most of members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos and Nepal, which have considerable populations and low income. Why Hong Kong and Singapore, and indeed South Korea, which is a member of the OECD, are listed as âdeveloping member countriesâ of the ADB can only be attributed to laziness in not bothering to upgrade them or the reluctance of these members to shoulder the aid of helping their fellow developing members. In terms of speed of economic development, China and India are on a rapid growth track that is as fast as Korea and the other Asian tiger economies achieved, whereas Thailand is beginning to stall as political argument swirls around; Afghanistan and Cambodia are suffering the effects of war, and Bangladesh has struggled to an average income of $440 as it tries to cope with poor resources and a rapidly growing population. A few of the countries, notably low-lying ones like Bangladesh, the Maldives and the Pacific members, are already on the receiving end of the effects of global warming. But all of the ADB members have reason to worry about the consequences of environmental degradation, particular as their faster growth begins to take its toll of fragile structures. In size, the members of the bank range from China, the biggest success story the world has seen, with 1.3 billion people and a per capita income that has risen from about $200 twenty years ago to $1,290 according to the ADB figures or $7,600 according to the Central Intelligence Agency calculating on purchasing power parity figures. At the other extreme there is Nauru, which according to the ADBâs basic statistics has a total land area of 0.0 in thousands of square kilometres. It is actually a 21 square
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WiA Delegate Publication
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ADB in the spotlight
kilometre speck of land in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, with 13,287 people (according to the CIA), 300 kilometres from the nearest neighbour, with zero arable land, zero crops and 90 percent unemployment. It is the only country in the world not to have an official capital city. Nauru has its own special significance in the annals of modern economic development. For a very brief while it was the richest country in the world in terms of per capita income, more than $35,000 as phosphate prices soared like the birds that had originally deposited the prized mineral there. Nauru is also interesting because it is an object lesson in mismanagement, both of the environment and of the economy. The landscape today is as rocky and cratered as the moon because of the way the mineral was gouged out. The government employed most of the people, who got fat eating junk food and doing nothing, so that Nauru had the worldâs highest incidence of diabetes. The earnings from phosphates were saved for a rainy day and included investment in the so-called âBirdshit Houseâ, Nauruâs 50 storey flagship building in Melbourne. The money, at one stage more than $1 billion was then wasted through extravagant spending and poor investment in a national airline and Nauru has had to resort to unusual measures to stay afloat financially, so to speak. For a while Nauru became a tax haven until obvious money-laundering activities led to concerted international pressure that successfully shut it down. More recently, Nauru has got aid and small sums of money from Australia for being an offshore detention centre for processing asylum seekers trying to get to Australia. Asia, of course, has plenty of economic success stories. China is one. India is another. And it is impossible not to feel the contrasting excitement between the two giants. China is more efficient and straightforward. Sitting in Beijing, perhaps in that Starbucks inside the Forbidden City, you can only marvel at what has been achieved. From a country that was as cut off from the world as the
emperor in the Forbidden City, China has become the star of the emerging world with years of double digit growth, higher than the fabled Asian tigers achieved, and the rapid growth continues to roar ahead. The latest ambition is that China is planning to build passenger aircraft to take on Boeing and Airbus, and you can be sure that this will be a dogfight that the World Trade Organisation will be called on to adjudicate before long. China now feels confident to flex its muscles internationally, sending billions of dollars in aid abroad and calling for renegotiation of international contracts that were struck before the recent surge in markets. Even Starbucks, which helped to pay for renovations to the Forbidden City, is being told by aggressively confident young Chinese that its presence in the old city is âunChineseâ and it should get out.
© Getty Images
From a country that was as cut off from the world as the emperor in the Forbidden City, China has become the star of the emerging world
Sign of the times: Starbucks in the Forbidden City. Young Chinese have called it âUnChineseâ.
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ã³ã«ãã50é建ãŠã®ïœ¢ç®ç建ç©ïœ£ïŒé称ïŒé³¥ç³ã®å®¶ïŒãª ã©ã«æè³ããããäžæçã«10åç±³ãã«ããäžåã£ã ãéã¯ããã®åŸã®ãããããªæµªè²»ãšåœå¶èªç©ºäŒç€Ÿãš ããããããªæè³ã«ããè²»ãããã ããŠã«ã¯çµæžçã« æ²ãŸãªãããã«ç°åžžãªæªçœ®ãåããããåŸãªããªã£ ãã ãã°ããã¿ãã¯ã¹ã»ãã€ãŽã³ãšãªã£ãããæãã㪠ãããŒãã³ããªã³ã°æŽ»åã«å¯Ÿããåœéçãªå§åãæ ãã£ãããã«ééããã ããæè¿ã ããŠã«ã¯ãªãŒã¹ãã© ãªã¢ãžã®ç§»æ°ãåžæããŠããé£æ°ã®æ²åãå容æãš ããŠããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ããæ¯æŽãšå ããªè³éããã㣠ãŠããã èšããŸã§ããªããã¢ãžã¢ã«ã¯çµæžãæåããäŸããã ããããããã®1ã€ã¯äžåœããã1ã€ã¯ã€ã³ãããã®2〠ã®å€§åœã®ã³ã³ãã©ã¹ããèŠãŠãå€ãã®äººã¯é¢å¿ããã« ã¯ããããªãã§ããããäžåœã¯ããåçŽã§å¹çãé« ããå京ã«ãããšãã°çŽ«çŠåå ã®ãã®ã¹ã¿ãŒããã¯ã¹ ã«åº§ã£ãŠãããšãå倧ãªå®çžŸã«é©åããã°ããã§ã ãã玫çŠåå ã®çåžãšåæ§ã«åãã®äžçããéé¢ã ããŠããäžåœã¯ãåã®ãã¢ãžã¢ã®èãçµæžãããé«ã 2æ¡æé·ãäœå¹Žãéããæ°èäžçã®ã¹ã¿ãŒãšãªã£ãŠã ãããã®æ¥æé·ã¯ä»ãå é ãèµ°ã£ãŠãããäžåœã®ææ° ã®éæã¯ãBoeing瀟ãAirbus瀟ãšç«¶äºããæ 客æ©ã çç£ããèšç»ã§ããããããè¿ããã¡ã«äžç貿ææ©é¢ ïŒWTOïŒWorld Trade OrganisationïŒãè£å®ãè¿«ã ãã空äžæŠã«ãªãã«éããªããäžåœã¯æ¢ã«åœéèå° ã§å®åãè¡äœ¿ããèªä¿¡ãä»ããæµ·å€ã«äœååãã«ã ã®æ¯æŽãéã£ãããæè¿ã®åžå Žé«éš°ã®åã«ç· çµãã ãåœéå¥çŽã®å亀æžãåŒã³ããããããŠãããçŽ«çŠ åã®ä¿®åŸ©ã«è³éæŽå©ããStarbucks瀟ã§ãã èªä¿¡ã®ã ãŸãã«æ»æçã«ãªã£ãè¥ãäžåœäººã«ã ãæ§åžè¡ã«ãã ãååšããéäžåœçããªã®ã§åž°ãã ãšèšãããŠããã äžæ¹ã€ã³ãã§ã¯ãäžåœã®èšæ¶ãç°è²ã«èããã»ã©ã
In India, the scene is more colourful, like äžè¯é¡ãèŠããããã«ãã£ãšé®®ãããªç°å¢ã§ããã a kaleidoscope being shaken vividly, so that ã€ã³ãã« ã ããäŒ è©± ã¯ å² åŠãæ¿ æ²»ãçµ æž åŠ ãªã©ã the memories of China begin to seem grey. 倧èã«ããã¯ã¹ããŠãããå€æ¹é¢ã«æž¡ããäŸãã°ãèš Conversations in India will be more wide- ç»å§å¡äŒã®å¯å§å¡é·ã¢ã³ããã¯ã»ã·ã³ã»ã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢ ranging, confidently mixing philosophy, ïŒMontek Singh AhluwaliaïŒæ°ãšã®è©±ã¯ãåèãé«ã èèãããããåæã«è«ç Žããããšããéã³å¿ãããã politics and economics. Talking to Montek ãŸãã§ãªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒãã»ãŠããªã³èšè«äŒã«ãããã Singh Ahluwalia, the deputy chairman of the ã£ããŒããèŽããŠããããã§ããããã®åé¢ãåæ°ã¯ planning commission, for example, is a bit like åªç§ãªçµæžåŠè ã§ãããªãããããªãŒã®å¿«é©ãªç°å¢ listening to a debate at the Oxford Union Society: ãšåããããåœã®ä»åŸã®çµæžã«åœ±é¿ãäžããç°èçº sophisticated, full of erudite knowledge, but ã®æ±ãæ¿æ²»ã¯ãšããããèªåã®ç©ºèª¿ä»ãäºåæãšèªå playful, point-scoring, so that you do wonder è»ããåºãŠãæ®éã®ã€ã³ã人ã®æ®éã®ç掻ã«ããã how many times the brilliant economist has åãšåããšæããèŠãŠãæããŠãå ±æããããšã¯æãã ãŠäœåºŠããã®ããšèããã»ã©ã§ããã stepped outside his air conditioned office and car to see, smell, feel and share the heat and ãã èšã£ãŠããã ãã§ã¯ãªããäžåœã§ããã€ã³ã㧠ããçµæžãã©ã¯ã«ãåãæ®ããããŸãã¯éãéãã人 dust of the real life of real Indians, let alone the ã ãã©ãããããããã«æ¥æé·ã«äŒŽãæ±æã®å¢å ã« grubby small town and rural politics that shape ã©ã察åŠããããšããæ·±å»ãªåé¡ããããäžåœã§ã¯ the economic future as much as what happens å ±ç£å ã®æ¯é ã«ããã決æããã»ã¹ãããç°¡åã§ã in air conditioned Delhi. ãããã€ã³ãã§ã¯å šåœã»å·ã»å°åã®åã¬ãã«ã«ææ決 This is not an idle point. Both in China and å®è ã®å±€ãååšãããããããã°ã«ãŒãã®äžã§ããã in India there are real problems as to how to ãŠå±€ã®éã§ç¡éã®æ°äž»çèšè«ã«åå ã§ãããšããã cope with the people left behind or left out of ãšã倧ãã«æ¥œããã§ããã以åäžåœã®é«çŽéèå®å ã§ãã£ãããŸãä»åŸãããããããªããšããADBå¯ the economic miracle, just as there are about ç·è£ãéç«çŸ€ïŒJin LiqunïŒæ°ã«ãããšãäžåœã§ã¯å ±ç£ how to tackle the mounting pollution that å ãäŸç¶ãšåãæã£ãŠããã«ãããããããäžè«ãš is coming with the rapid growth. In China èšè«ã«è³ãåŸããå¿ èŠããããäžåœã®éŠçžãæž©å®¶å® decisions are more straightforward, given ïŒWen JiabaoïŒæ°ã3æã®å šåœäººæ°ä»£è¡šå€§äŒã§è¬æŒ the dominance of the Communist Party, ãããšãã«ãã®ãã€ã³ãã«è§Šãããæž©æ°ãèªãããã whereas in India there are layers of decision ã«ãäž¡åœã§è²§å¯ã®å·®ãæ¡å€§ãã€ã€ãããšããçµè«ã« makers at national, state and local level, ãªãã all rejoicing in their ability to take part in ADBã®ã¢ãžã¢å ã®å çåœã«ã¯ãè»äºæ¿æš©ããã«ãã free-ranging democratic debate both among ãæ¹åãããã£ã³ããŒããããçŽ60幎åã«ãã«ããšã themselves and between the various layers. ãŠç¬ç«ãããšãã«ã¯æ³åãã§ããªãã£ãããšã§ãã ããåœæ¿æš©ã倩ã®éªé¬Œã®ããã«éåœæ¿çã«ä¹ãåºã Jin Liqun, the ADB vice president who was ãããã«ãã¢ãžã¢ã§æãè³æºãæã£ããå°æ¥ãææèŠ and will again be a high ranking Chinese ãããåœã®1ã€ãã®ãè ãšãããåŸé²åœãšãªããåœè©² finance official, cautions that although the å°åã®ç¹çãå ±æã§ããªãã£ãã Communist Party holds sway in China, it still ãŸãã倧éžã®å察åŽã«ã¯å çåœã§ã¯ãªããäž»èŠå ç has to heed public opinion and debate. The åœããšãŠãæ°ã«ããŠããåæé®®ãããããã®ã芪æ㪠point was also made by Chinese premier ãæå°è ããšæ°äººã®ãšãªãŒããé€ãã°ãè¿ä»£çµæžã®å© Wen Jiabao in his address to the National çãå ±æã§ããåæ鮮人ã¯ããªãã Peopleâs Congress in March. The bottom line äžèšã®éã«ã¯ã以åãœé£ã匷èŠããŠãããããªå°æ¹ is, as Wen admitted, that income disparity is ååäœå¶ãä»åºŠã¯èªçºçã«äœãäžããããšãã§ãã ã°ãæããæªæ¥ããŸãéãå¯èœæ§ã®ããã·ã«ã¯ããŒã 4 increasing in both countries.
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äžã®åœã ãªã©ããã©ãšãã£ã«å¯ãã æ§ã ãªåœãããã ãŸãæ¿æ²»ççŽäºãè»éã«ããæ¿æš©å¥ªåãæ¥ã«æ°äž» 䞻矩ãå»æ¢ããæµ·å€æè³å®¶ãäžå®ã«ãªãã«é£ããŠçµ æžæé·ã®å€±éãåŒãèµ·ãããã¿ã€ãããã
Engagement is the answer, says Chris Patten, if Burmaâs âpariahâ status is to be resolved. Here, Chinaâs Army Chief Liang Guanglie meets Burmaâs General Than Shwe.
Asian members of the bank also include Burma â or Myanmar as the military junta renamed it â which has failed to share in the rising prosperity of the region because the regime has closed its doors and turned one of the best-endowed and promising countries in Asia into a pariah and backward land, a perverse achievement that it would not have been possible to imagine when Burma gained independence almost 60 years ago. At the other side of the continent there is North Korea, not a member of the bank, but very much a preoccupation of the major members of the bank, whose Dear Leader and the few of the elite are the only North Koreans to share in the modern economy. In between there is such a rich variety of countries, from those on the Silk Road, which may be on the brink of re-opening an exciting future for themselves, if they can learn to work together and achieve by voluntary means the sort of regional cooperation that the Soviet Union enforced on them. There is also Thailand where political disputes and a military takeover have abruptly put an end to democracy and also led to the stalling of economic growth as foreign investors get nervous.
One of the ï¬aws of the ADB is that it is not a political organisation and it cannot handle politics It points to one of the flaws of the ADB: that it is not a political organisation and it cannot handle politics. Rajat Nag, the managing director general and major domo of the bankâs development effort, politely declined to discuss Burma and equally politely said that the bank believed that such conversations should be held in private behind closed doors. All one can say is that such conversations, if any, have not resulted in any success that can be seen by the naked eye. Experienced politicians like Chris Patten, former governor of Hong Kong, EU commissioner, chairman of the Conservative 16
Party and minister for development, gave the answer â engagement between the rulers of Burma and the neighbours, just as engagement is the answer in North Korea. That means China and Thailand, which both have heavy investment in the country. It is a huge failure of Chinaâs leadership that Beijing can present itself as a friend of the developing world and prop up such a corrupt regime. It is an indictment of Thailandâs nascent democracy that a few generals and politically connected businessmen have been able to enjoy the fruits of deals with Burma at the price of continuing misery for the masses of Burma. It is a surprise that squeaky clean Singapore, which correctly shuns corruption like the plague it is, allows its companies to do good business with the regime in Burma. Clearly, the ADB has not been able to use its influence even to bring about constructive engagement with Burma. The ADB is not a political body, but the problem is that there appears to be no pan-Asian political forum where shape and direction can be given to political and economic matters concerning the region and individual countries. APEC or the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation looks like the nearest institution, but APEC has a number of flaws compared even to the ADB. It does not include the countries of the Indian subcontinent or central Asia; it does include Latin American countries whose natural political and trade directions are to the north; it does not include European members; it has been dominated, especially in the years of George W Bush, by US attitudes; and APEC is more about the annual summits, rather than an ongoing political and economic dialogue, as for example the European Community or even Asean have. It would be a step forward in relevance for the Asian Development Bank if, at these annual meetings, trade ministers could be included as well as finance ministers and central bank chiefs. Trade is a central part of the development story, and, as with the World Bank and the IMF, these annual meetings have suffered by being narrowly focussed - when the main work of the bank
ããã§ADBã¯æ¿æ²»çãªçµç¹ã§ã¯ãªããããæ¿æ²»ã« 察å¿ã§ããªããšããïŒã€ã®çæãæããã«ãªãã ADBã®äºåç·é·ã§ããéçºæ¥åãæ åœããã©ãžã£ãŒ ãã»ãã°ïŒRajat NagïŒæ°ã¯ãäžå¯§ã«ããã£ã³ããŒã®è©±é¡ ãæããåããäžå¯§ã«éè¡ã®æèŠã§ã¯ãã®ãããªäŒè©± ã¯ãã©ã€ããŒãã«ãå¯å®€ã§è¡ã£ãã»ããè¯ããšè¿°ã¹ ãããã®ãããªå¯å®€ã§ã®äŒè©±ãè¡ããããšããŠãã裞 çŒã§èŠãããããªçµæã¯çãã§ããªããšãããã㪠ããéŠæž¯ç·ç£ã欧å·é£åå§å¡äŒå§å¡ãä¿å®å å¹¹äºé·ã éçºå€§è£ãªã©ã®è·æŽãèªãçµéšè±å¯ãªæ¿æ²»å®¶ã ã¯ãªã¹ ã»ãããã³ïŒChris PattenïŒæ°ãèšãããã«ã ãã£ã³ã㌠ã§ããåæé®®ã§ããçã¯åœè©²åœã®æ¯é è ãšåãã®åœã ãšã®ç©æ¥µçãªä¿ããåãã§ãããã€ãŸãã ãã®å Žå㯠ãã®åœã«ããªãã®æè³ãè¡ã£ãŠããäžåœãšã¿ã€ã«ãª ããäžåœæ¿åºãçºå±éäžè«žåœã®åã§ããããã«æ¯è ããªããããã®ãããªè æããæ¿æš©ãæ¯æŽããã®ã¯ã ãªãŒããŒéã®å€§ããªå€±æã§ãããããŸãã ãã£ã³ã㌠ã®åœæ°ãäŸç¶ãšèŠããã§ããéã«ãæ°äººã®å°è»ãšã³ ãã®ããå人éããã£ã³ããŒãšã®ååŒããå€å€§ã®å© çãåŸãŠããããšã¯ã ã¿ã€ã§çãŸãã€ã€ããæ°äž»äž»çŸ© ã®å³ããæ¹å€ã§ããã ãŸãæ¿æ²»ã®è æãåœç¶ããã¹ã ã®ããã«é¿ããªããæž å»æœçœã貫ãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã§ ãããåœå ã®äŒæ¥ã«ãã£ã³ããŒæ¿æš©ãšã®çŸå³ããååŒ ãèš±ããŠããã®ã¯é©ãã¹ãããšã§ãããADBããã£ã³ ããŒãšã®ç©æ¥µçãªä¿ããåããä¿ãããã«åãçºæ® ããããšãã§ããŠããªãã®ã¯æããã§ããã ADBã¯æ¿æ²»çãªæ©é¢ã§ã¯ãªãããåé¡ã¯å šã¢ãžã¢ã 察象ãšããŠãåã ã®åœãšå°åå šäœã«é¢ä¿ããæ¿æ²»ç ã»çµæžçäºé ã®ããæ¹ãæ¹åæ§ã決ãããããªæ¿æ²» çãã©ãŒã©ã ããªãããã§ãããæãè¿ãã®ã¯ã¢ãž ã¢å€ªå¹³æŽçµæžååïŒAPECïŒAsia Paciï¬c Economic CooperationïŒã§ãããããAPECã¯ADBãšæ¯èŒããŠã ããã€ãã®çæããããAPECã¯ã€ã³ãäºå€§éžãäžå€® ã¢ãžã¢è«žåœãå«ãŸãªããæ¿æ²»ã貿æã®èªç¶ãªæ¹åã åãåããŠããå米諞åœã¯å«ã¿ã欧å·ã®å çåœãå« ãŸãªããç¹ã«ãžã§ãŒãžã»Wã»ããã·ã¥ ïŒGeorge W. BushïŒ æ¿æš©ã®éã¯ç±³åœã®èãæ¹ã«æ¯é ãããŠããŠããã ãã ãŠæ¬§å·å ±åäœãASEANïŒæ±åã¢ãžã¢è«žåœé£åïŒãè¡ã ç¶ç¶çãªæ¿æ²»çã»çµæžç察話ãšãããããããã幎次 éŠè³äŒè°ã«éç¹ããããŠãããšãã£ãåé¡ãããã ADBã®å¹Žæ¬¡ç·äŒã«éè倧è£ãäžå€®éè¡ç·è£ã«å ã ãŠã貿æ倧è£ãå«ãããšãã§ããã°ãåœéè¡ã®ååš æ矩ãé²æ©ããã§ãããã貿æã¯éçºã®äžã®äžå¿ çãªéšåã§ãããäžçéè¡ãšåœéé貚åºéïŒIMFïŒ International Monetary FundïŒ ãçµéšããŠãããã ã«ãéè¡ã®äž»ãªä»äºã貿æãäžè¬çãªéçºãå«ã㧠ããã«ããããããã幎次ç·äŒã®çŠç¹ãçãããã ãã«æãããããšããããæ£çŽãªãšãããADBã®ç·äŒ ã¯ãããã¹ãã®å Žãšãªã£ãŠããŠãããããã¢ãžã¢ã®äž æ žå°åã§ãäžè¬å€§è¡ã«ã¯èå³ã湧ããªãããç·äŒã® çŠç¹ããã£ãšåºãæããããšã«ãããç·äŒã®ååšæ矩 ãäŒããããå€ãã®äžè¬äººã®é¢å¿ãåŒã¶å¯èœæ§ãã ãã ãŸãADBã®æ¬æ¥ã§ããçµæžéçºã®æ¥åžžçãªèª²é¡ã§ ããäžæ§ã«ããçµæãåºãŠãããšããããªããããã ããååãä»ããããããã¬ãã¢ã éçºç®æšããèã ãŠã¿ããã ãããã¯äžã æãããã8ã€ã®ç®æšã§ããã éåžžã«æ確ãªãã®ïŒæ®éçåçæè²ã®éæïŒã ããäž è¬çãªãã®ïŒæ¥µåºŠã®è²§å°ãšé£¢é€ã®æ²æ» ïŒãææ§ããã ãã®ïŒç°å¢ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§ã®ç¢ºä¿ïŒããããŠæåŸã«ã㟠ãã«ãæå³ã®ãªãæå·çãªè¡šçŸãªã®ã§ä¿¡å¿å®¶ã¶ã£ãŠ ããã倢æ³ã§ãããšããèšãæ§ããªããã®ïŒéçºã® ããã®ã°ããŒãã«ã»ããŒãããŒã·ããã®æšé²ïŒ ãå«ãã å¯äžç¹å®ããç®æšã§ããæè²ã¯ãæ¥æé·äžã®åœã 㧠ã¯éæããŠããããããã€ãã®äž»èŠãªåœã ã§ã¯ãŸã é ãããã§ãããæ°å¹Žåã«èªçæ»æããå³æã®å°çè¡ ãã ãšå®£åããŠããã¿ãªãã³ã女åçåŸã®ããåŠæ ¡ã« èªçãããæããã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã¯ããŠãããã€ã³ã ã§ãããå°æ¹ã§ã¯æåž«ãåºå€ãããããšã¯è³é£ã®æ㧠ããã 貧å°ã®æ²æ» ãšãªããšãäžåœãã¯ãããšããæ¥æé·åœã§ ã¯ç¢ºãã«1æ¥1ãã«ä»¥äžã§ç掻ããŠãã人ã®æ°ãåç ã«æžã£ãã ãããã1æ¥2ãã«ä»¥äžã§ç掻ããŠãã人ã®
4
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ADB in the spotlight
includes trade and general development. Widening the focus of the meeting might also add relevance and general interest since, frankly, there is not much general public interest even in the Asian heartland in the talking shop that an ADB annual meeting has become. Even when it comes to the bread and butter issues of economic development that are the bankâs staple fare, the record is mixed. Take the grandly entitled Millennium Development Goals. These are an elusive bunch of eight targets that include some highly specific targets, such as âachieve universal primary educationâ, some more generalized ones, such as âeradicate extreme poverty and hungerâ, others too vague, for example, âensure environmental sustainabilityâ and the last so mushy and meaningless that it can only be termed pious or wishful thinking, âdevelop a global partnership for development.â Educational goals, the only specific target, have been achieved in the rapidly growing countries, but still look elusive in some key countries. Leave aside Afghanistan, where the Taliban have resorted to sending suicide bombers â something that a few years ago was condemned as an instant sentence to hell â to blow up schools attended by girls, even in India it is difficult to get teachers to turn up for work in rural areas. In terms of defeating poverty, the fast growing countries, particularly China, have shown rapid reductions in the number of people living on $1 a day or less. But reducing the numbers on $2 a day or less is proving to be more intractable. Rapid economic growth - the magic number varies by country but is of the order of 7 percent plus - is essential if countries are to combat poverty. The experience of China and India is that rapid growth also increases disparities and gives the rich more opportunities, so it is important that even a rapidly growing country can tilt the playing field to ensure that the poor can begin to compete and climb towards prosperity. In a lively democracy like Indiaâs any government that lets the poor feel they are being left behind risks being swept from power; in China even premier Wen Jiabao admitted feeling the pressure from widening disparities.
After 40 years of the Asian Development Bank and more than 60 years of the World Bank and IMF, there is growing recognition that the cause of bringing economic development is more complicated than highly paid international bureaucrats pretend and some of the factors are precisely political with a small p. A couple of years ago, on his way to Madras (or Chennai) in southern India for a seminar on water, the ADB expert said that as far as water is concerned â24/7 is the only wayâ, meaning a constant supply round the clock is the most efficient way of delivering the precious commodity, though he did stress that one of the vital things was getting the pricing right, so that the user paid and ensured efficient use of supplies. When we got there, we found that the local people had to go out into the streets every day taking buckets and pots and pans to collect water from tankers.
© Neil Cooper / Panos Pictures
It would be a step forward in relevance for the ADB if, at these annual meetings, trade ministers could be included as well as finance ministers and central bank chiefs
People have to go out into the streets every day with buckets, pots and pans to collect water in Madras. âA 24/7 supply is the only wayâ, says the ADBâs expert.
18
æ°ãæžããããšã¯ããå°é£ãªåé¡ã§ããã貧å°ãšéã ããã«å¿ é ãªã®ã¯æ¥æ¿ãªçµæžæé·ã§ãããå ·äœç㪠æ°åã¯åœã«ãã£ãŠãŸã¡ãŸã¡ã§ããããå¡ã7%以äžãš èããŠãããããäžåœãšã€ã³ãã®çµéšã瀺ãããã«ãæ¥ æé·ã§ã¯è²§å¯ã®å·®ãæ¡å€§ããå¯è£å±€ã«ã¯ããã«ãã ããã®æ©äŒãäžããããã®ãããæ¥æé·åœã§ããè²§å° å±€ãå ¬å¹³ã«ç«¶äºãè£çŠãžã®éãç»ãã¯ãããããšã ã§ããããã«ãå俵ãåŸãããå¿ èŠããããã€ã³ãã®ã ãã«æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã掻çºã«åããŠããåœã§ã¯ã貧å°å±€ã åãæ®ãããŠãããšæãããããããªæ¿åºã¯ããã«æš© åããè¿œãããå±éºæ§ããããäžåœã§ã¯ãéŠçžã®æž©å®¶ å®æ°ã§ããæ¡å€§ãã€ã€ãã貧å¯ã®å·®ããå§åãæã ãŠãããšèªããã ã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ãã§ããŠ40幎ãäžçéè¡ãšIMFãã§ã ãŠ60幎äœãã®ä»æ¥ã§ã¯ãçµæžéçºãæšé²ãã䜿åœã¯ é«çµŠåãã®åœéå®åãã¡ãèšãã»ã©åçŽãªåé¡ã§ã¯ ãªãããã¯ãæ¿æ²»çãªåŽé¢ãç¡èŠã§ããªããšããèªè ãåºããã€ã€ããã2ïœ3幎åã«ãæ°Žã«é¢ããã»ãã㌠ã®ããã«ã€ã³ãåéšã®ãã§ã³ãã€ïŒæ§ããã©ã¹ïŒã«å ãã£ãŠããããADBå°é家ã¯ãæ°Žã«é¢ããŠã¯24/7ã ããªãããã€ãŸãäžæ¥äžã®å®å®äŸçµŠããã®é«äŸ¡ãªç©è³ ãäŸçµŠããæãå¹ççãªæ¹æ³ã§ãããšèšã£ãããå æã«ãŠãŒã¶ããã®æ¯æã«ããå¹ççãªäŸçµŠãä¿èšŒã ããããã«ããã®äŸ¡æ Œèšå®ãéèŠã§ããããšã匷調 ããã ããããçŸå°ã«çããŠã¿ããšãäœæ°ã¯æ¯æ¥ãã± ããéãæã£ãŠè¡ã®ã¿ã³ã«ãŒããæ°Žãããã£ãŠããã ããã§ããç§éã¯ãã³ã¬ããŒã«ããã¯ã©ãããŒã§ãã åããã¯1æ¥ããã«ããããªãããã ãšå¬ãããã«èªã 人ããããã€ã³ãåéšå ã®åºãå°åã«ãããæ°Žã®äŸ 絊ãé·ãéãæ¿æ²»çãªäºãã®ããã«äžæããããŸã ã¯åæ¢ãããŠãããäŸã®ADBå°é家ã®æèŠã¯æ£ç¢ºã ã£ãã®ãããããªãããããæå³ã§ã¯è«æ ããã㊠ãããæ¿æ²»å®¶ããã£ãããããŸã§ã¯ãADBãã¯ããã第 3è ã«ã§ããããšã¯ã»ãšãã©ãªãã£ããç¡è«ãåé¡ã¯ ADBã®åãã«ãããããããã®åœäºè ãè³¢ããªãããš ãå¯èœãã©ããã§ãã£ãã
Some of the people said happily, âWeâre better off than Bangalore. They only get deliveries every other day.â Water supplies across huge areas of south India have long been disrupted è¯ã家ã建ãŠãåã«è¯ãåºç€ãå¿ èŠã§ãããšããã® ã¯è¿ä»£ã®å€§çºèŠã§ã¯ãªãããããšåæ§ã«ãçµæžæ¿ç or even suspended because of political ã«ã匷ãåºç€ããªããã°ãè³éã®ç¡é§é£ãã«ãªãã disputes. The ADB expert may have been ãããäœå¹Žãåã«ãªãããåŸã§å°æ¹Ÿäžå€®éè¡ã®ç·è£ correct, but in a sense what he was arguing ã«ãªã£ãADBã®åœ¹å¡ãè¬æ£®äžïŒSamuel Shieh/HsiehïŒ was irrelevant: until the politicians could get æ°ã¯ãã©ã®çµæžéçºããã°ã©ã ããããžã§ã¯ãã§ãã their act together, there was little the ADB æãéèŠãªã®ã¯ãã·ãŒã±ã³ã¹ããå³ã¡ç©äºã®é çªãæ£ or anyone else could do. The question, of ãã決ããçµæžãšãã家ã®åºç€ãæ£ããäœãããšã§ã course, was whether the ADB might be able ããšäž»åŒµããã éŠæž¯ã§èšŒåžå ç©å§å¡äŒã®å§å¡é·ãå€ããŠãããçŸåš to help knock heads together. It is certainly not a recent breakthrough ã¯ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ãšäžåœã®å€§åŠã§ææãšãªã£ãŠããæ²èæ¶ ïŒAndrew ShengïŒæ°ã¯2007幎ãã¢ãžã¢é貚å±æ©ã in knowledge that you have to have good ãã¡ããã©10åšå¹Žã§ããããšãææãããæ²æ°ã«ãã foundations before you can build a good ãšã ãè¯ããã¥ãŒã¹ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®çµæžã¯ããããå±æ©ã house. In the same way, economic policies ã確å®ã«å埩ãããŸãæé·ããããã«ãªã£ãã ãã§ã¯ need a strong base, or money can easily be ãªããæ§ã ãªåœ¢ã§ãã匟åçã«ãªã£ãããšã§ããäŒæ¥çµ± wasted. Many years ago, an ADB director æ²»ã®æ¹åãç£ç£ã®åŒ·åã財æ¿ç¶æ ããã³åœéåæ¯ã® called Samuel Shieh (sometimes written å¥å šåããããŠåŒåœéã®å¢å ãšãã£ãåŽé¢ããã¹ãŠ Hsieh), who went on to be head of Taiwanâs è¯ããªããŸããã貧å°å±€ã¯æ®ã£ãŠããŸãããå šäœãšã㊠ã¯è²§å°ãå°ãªããªããŸããã central bank, argued that the most important ãã¢ãžã¢ã®æªãçãåççãªèãæ¹ãå®å šã« part of any economic development ãã ãã ãšããå¿ åãå ãããæ² programme or project was âsequencingâ æ¶ããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã æ°ã¯ããã«ã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããæ©äŒãšåé¡ã«é¢ãããã - getting things in the right order, building ã€ãã®è«æãæžããŠãããäž»ã«éèãåºè³ã®ããã« proper foundations for the economic house. å°ãéè¡ã«é ŒããšããäŒçµ±çãªããæ¹ãé¢ããè³æ¬ Andrew Sheng, who was Hong Kongâs åžå Žãããåºãããæ·±ãããããšããè©Šã¿ã«çŠç¹ãçµ securities regulator and is now a university ã£ãŠãããããã®æ¹å€çãªã³ã¡ã³ãã¯ãã£ãšåºãéçº professor in Malaysia and China, notes that é åã«ãããŠãéèŠãªæå³ãæã£ãŠããã 2007 is also the tenth anniversary of the æ²æ°ã¯æ¿æ²»çµæžåŠãšããé åã®éèŠæ§ãææããåœ Asian financial crisis. He says that the good ééèæ©é¢ããããèæ ®ããªãã£ãããšããã€ãæ¹ ãäžããããå¶åºŠçæ çµã¿ãåæãšãã news is that âThe Asian economies have å€ããŠããã definitely recovered from the crisis and ããšã«ãããæ¿æ²»çµæžåŠãæ¢åŸæš©çãå®åçæ°æ§ãè æ ãªã©ãçæç解決ã®ãªãé·æåé¡ãšããåä»ãªåé have regained not only their growth, but ã«è¶³ãèžã¿å ¥ããããšãªãæ¿çãçå®ããããšã㧠also shown greater resilience in many ways. ããŸãããçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å®ç§ã§ããŸããè©äŸ¡ããã The improvements include better corporate ãå®è·µçã«ã¯æ¬ ç¹ã ããã®çè«ãšããããã«è£ä»ã governance, stronger supervision, healthier ããã綺éºãªæ¿çã«éäžããæ¹ãã¯ããã«æ¥œã§ã fiscal and balance of payments positions, ãâŠçµéšçã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ããããªã·ãŒã匷調ãã and higher reserves. Overall poverty has ãããããã®ããªã·ãŒãå·è¡ããããã«å¿ èŠãªå¶åºŠ come down, although there still remains a çæ çµã¿ãã€ãŸãäŒèšãæ³åŸãå¹çã®è¯ãåžæ³å¶åºŠã å®åäœå¶ãã§ããŠãããšããããšã倧èã«ã ãŸãåçŽ 4 large number of poor.â
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ADB in the spotlight
Andrew Sheng: The Asian economies have definitely recovered from the crisis.
But Sheng cautions that, âAsian bad habits and parochial thinking have not completely gone away.â He has also been doing a series of research papers into the Asian opportunities and problems. Although his principal focus is finance and the attempt to widen and deepen capital markets to get away from the traditional heavy reliance on banks for finance, his critical comments have a relevance across wider areas of development. He points to the importance of the area of political economy and comments sharply that the international financial institutions failed to take it into account. âBy assuming away the institutional framework as given, policies could be formulated without getting into the messy area of political economy, vested interests, bureaucratic inertia, corruption and other long-haul issues that had no easy short-term solutions. It was so much easier to focus on elegant policies, supported by universally acclaimed theories that were logically impeccable but practically flawed... The emphasis on policy, using empirical models of behaviour, made bold and simplistic assumptions that the institutional framework of accounting, law and efficient judiciary and bureaucracy were in place for the policies to be effected. As we all know, in many emerging markets, the quality of the property rights infrastructure was in many ways defective, and policies that worked in market economies were in many instances ineffective when applied in emerging markets.â Shengâs argument is that institutional change is tough because âthere are usually too many vested interests and conflicting view on the outcomes of change. Change managers understand that a first priority of institutional change is ownership or the creation of the common understanding of issues, common language of reform and at least sufficient acceptance of the tradeoffs of change. This involves game theory, a greater grasp of local conditions and values, and is so much more interrelated and complex than providing macroeconomic policy advice.â 20
He cites an APEC study about capital markets that found almost 30 different regulatory and systemic impediments to cross-border investment in Asian capital markets, ranging from technical matters, discriminatory treatment of foreigners, difficulties of market access, quality of infrastructure, illiquidity of markets, lack of supporting institutions, laws, regulations, supervision and standardisation and so on. There are important implications in Shengâs work that the ADB could profitably study. One simple point involves corruption, which has become a focus for places like the World Bank. Sheng notes that âfocussing on corruption is looking at the symptoms rather than the roots of the institutional barriers to growth.â Kyoto, of course, is highly evocative and symbolic because of the protocol, and the fact that the US, the worldâs largest emitter of carbon dioxide, has not ratified it. It is impossible to escape the widespread feeling that the Kyoto meeting has come two years too early, that the world is marking time until the end of the eight do-nothing years of the George W Bush presidency. When Bush has gone and the US can be persuaded to be practical and realistic and engage the rest of the world rather than making lofty statements as if it is owner of the world, then it may be possible to make progress on issues of climate change. China and India will not come in until there is a change of heart in Washington.
Perhaps Kurodaâs greatest contribution to Japan and the bank could be in preparing the two for a non-Japanese successor. Kyoto would be an ideal place to sow those seeds But Kyoto is also important because it is in Japan and because Japan, as many officials from ADB developing countries see it âownsâ the bank by virtue of always nominating the president without challenge. But perhaps it is time for the Japanese officials to take some time off from their wall to wall meetings and go to contemplate at Ryoanji, or maybe better still at Genko-an. Japan is the host of the meeting and is Asiaâs original and great development success story, as seen in the Meiji era and, again, after the Second World War. But Japan, and particularly the finance ministry in Kasumigaseki, needs to think whether Japan is too stuck in its own way of doing things to see clearly that Asia is not just Japan and that Japanese lessons need to be adapted and put into new contexts. Haruhiko Kuroda is one of the most distinguished people to have ever headed the ADB. He is intelligent, intellectual, international in outlook. He has a broad vision of the needs for Asia to come together and use its combined strengths and skills. Perhaps his greatest contribution to Japan and the bank could be in preparing the two for a nonJapanese successor. Kyoto would be an ideal place to sow those seeds. g
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ADB in the spotlight
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Kurodaâs path As ADBâs president entered his third year in office, he discussed the past, the present, and his hopes for the future with WiAâs Kevin Rafferty
H
aruhiko Kuroda is the very best of persons to be President of the Asian Development Bank: articulate, bright, experienced in the highways and the byways of international financial affairs, well versed in development issues, knowledgeable about the byzantine connections between bureaucracy and politics and with a veritable spiderâs web network of contacts spinning out from Japan to the US and Europe. But then again, he may also be the very worst of persons to be the president of such a bank, since he is a back room player, trained to be self-effacing rather than a leader, preferring consensus and eschewing controversy. Like his predecessors, Kuroda comes to the job from Japanâs ministry of finance (MoF). He is without doubt the most distinguished of them in terms of his past career and international outlook. It would certainly be a mistake to see the top Japanese bureaucrats as peas from the same pod, and indeed under the common grey exterior of consensus that Japanese officialdom loves, there are often deep passions and sometimes petty personal hatreds. But, like the archetypal high-flying bureaucrat, Kuroda is a law graduate of the elite Tokyo University, whose career of almost 40 years with the government was spent in the ministry of finance, most of it within the grim fortress building in Kasumigaseki in the centre of Tokyo. However, Kuroda managed to escape from the Japanese confines, first to Oxford to do a graduate degree in economics, where he studied under Nobel laureate John Hicks among others. Hicks, by this 22
time, was coming to the end of his career and was not an impressive lecturer, but in the warmer environment of a tutorial, he had wisdom, practical common sense and a superb network of contacts. Kuroda recalled that, â[Hicks] was so famous he could attract not only economics professors, but also practitioners - central bank governors, bankers, industrialists, and politicians - to his seminars. Graduate students would sit and discuss with the guest speaker, and, at the end of the seminar, he sort of summed up - a very short summary. Quite interesting. It was the interaction of theory and reality, of policy and the theoretical.â
It would certainly be a mistake to see the top Japanese bureaucrats as peas from the same pod
é»ç°ç·è£ãåç·è£ãšåæ§æ¥æ¬ã®å€§èµçåºèº« ã§ãããæŽä»£ã®äžã§ãé»ç°ç·è£ã®çµæŽãšåœ éæ§ãçªåºããŠããããšã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã æ¥æ¬ã®é«çŽå®åãå šãŠåäžç·äžã§è«ãã ã®ã¯ç¢ºãã«ééã£ãŠãããæ¥æ¬äººã奜ãè¡š é¢äžã®ç°è²æ±ºçã®äžã«ã¯ãæ¿ããæ ç±ãã ãã£ãŠããããšãå€ããããããªå人çæã ã¿ãé ãããŠããããšãããã ããããå žå çãªãšãªãŒãå®åãšåæ§ãé»ç°ç·è£ãæé« åŠåºæ±äº¬å€§åŠæ³åŠéšãåæ¥ãã40幎è¿ãã« åã¶å®åç掻ã®å€§åã倧èµçããããŠãã® ã»ãšãã©ãæ±äº¬éœå¿éã¶é¢ã«ããæãèŠå¡ ã®ãããªãã«ã®äžã§éãããã äžæ¹ã é»ç°ç·è£ã¯æ¥æ¬ãšããçãäžçããé£ ã³åºããæåã¯çµæžåŠã®ä¿®å£«å·ãåããã ã«ãªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒã倧åŠã«çåŠãã ããŒãã« çµæžåŠè³åè³è ãžã§ã³ïœ¥ããã¯ã¹ææã®äžã§ åŠãã ã ããã¯ã¹ææã¯åœæãã§ã«å幎éè¿ ã§ãã£ãã 圌ã®è¬çŸ©ã¯èãå¿ãã®ãããã®ã§ ã¯ãªãã£ããã ãã芪ãã¿ã®ããåå¥æå°ã§ ã¯ãç¥æµãçŸå®çãªã³ã¢ã³ã»ã³ã¹ããããŠæ 矀ã®äººèãåŠçéãšå ±æããŠãããé»ç°ç· è£ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«åæ³ããŠããã ã[ããã¯ã¹æ æã¯ïŒœ 倧å€æåã ã£ãããã çµæžåŠã®ææã ãã§ãªããäžå€®éè¡ã®ç·è£ãéè¡å®¶ãå®æ¥å®¶ã æ¿æ²»å®¶ãªã©ã®å®å家ãã»ãããŒã«ããŠãã㟠ããã倧åŠé¢çãã²ã¹ãã¹ããŒã«ãŒãšèã亀 ããŠæèŠäº€æããã»ãããŒã®æåŸã«ã¯ãã㯠ã¹ææãããçãç·æ¬ãè¿°ã¹ããã®ã§ãã 㪠ããªãé¢çœãã»ãããŒã§ãããçè«ãšçŸå®ã çè«ãšæ¿çã®ãããåãã§ãããã
The experience of being able to discuss çè«ãšçŸå®ãåèŽããæãæã«ãã£ãŠã¯è¡ with top players what happened when theory çªããå Žåã«ã©ã®ããã«ãªãããšããããš met, and sometimes clashed with, practice ã«ã€ããŠäžæµã®äººãšæèŠäº€æã§ããäœéš taught Kuroda that, as he put it, âalthough ãããé»ç°ç·è£ã¯ãæ¬äººã®èšèãåããã° economic theory may provide some insight, ãçµæžåŠã®çè«ã¯ããããããšã«æŽå¯ãæ some framework, good policies may require çµã¿ãã§ãããã®ã§ã¯ãããã åªããæ¿çã something that goes beyond just economic è¡ãã«ã¯ã åãªãçµæžåŠã®çè«ãåæãè¶ã theory or analysis - some practical judgement, ãäœããããçš®ã®çŸå®çãªå€æãè¯èãå¿ some good sense.â ãšããããšãåŠãã ã Kuroda also got international experience èŠãªã®ã§ã¯ãªããã at the IMF in the turbulent mid-1970s after ãŸãã第ïŒæ¬¡ç³æ²¹ã·ã§ãã¯ãšãã¬ããã³ã»ãŠã the first oil shock and collapse of the ãºåºå®çžå Žäœå¶åŽ©å£åŸã§éšç¶ãšããŠãã Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange 1970幎代äžé ã«ãé»ç°ç·è£ã¯IMFã§åœéçµ 4 rates. Although he was the assistant to
Rice is cooked for the Peurade village community while they are rebuilding houses destroyed by the Tsunami. The Japanese Government donated US$ 500 million.
Japanâs executive director at the IMF, and therefore safely still within the Japanese system, he said, âReally, I learned how an international institution can be managed and can function.â In the 1990s Kuroda was the MoFâs point man for the multilateral development banks before becoming director general of the international finance bureau (now called the international bureau) under the âcharismaticâ Eisuke Sakakibara who was international vice minister and nicknamed âMr Yenâ for his outspoken statements on the currency. Kuroda then took over from Sakakibara and served a record four years as international vice minister and thus Japanâs chief financial âbarbarian tamerâ. In some ways he lived all his time under the shadow of the flamboyant Sakakibara. Whereas Sakakibara was often outspoken and could sometimes be abrupt and even rude and seemed to love being controversial, Kuroda was always considerate, smiling, polite and careful to the point of bookishness in his responses. Unlike Sakakibara, he went out of his way not to spark speculation about the yen. After stepping down from the vice ministerâs job, Kuroda moved a stoneâs throw away to the prime ministerâs office to be Junichiro Koizumiâs economic adviser. He also had a professorship at Hitotsubashi University. Then he was tapped to take over from Tadao Chino, also a former international vice minister, at the ADB. The move was controversial. Although Chino had served six years as president of the development bank, he had not finished a full term of his own. He was not sick or in ill - health, as far as anyone knows. Bank insiders said that it was simply that Japanâs MoF had decided that it was time to change, so it was time to change. Chino was regarded as a disappointment by many bank insiders, not least because he appeared indecisive and was certainly camera shy and did not relish the public platform. But he was at the helm when the bank made the major change in its strategy to focus on poverty reduction as its priority, and he was personally responsible for persuading Robert Bestani to go to Manila to
rejuvenate the ADBâs private sector effort. On the other hand, some of Kurodaâs friends feared that going to Manila would be a backwater for a man with such global interests. In office so far, he has been kept busy. When he took up the office, Asia was suffering the repercussions of the tsunami and a devastating earthquake then hit Pakistan, showing how vulnerable many of the countries are even in the middle of the greatest economic success story the world has ever seen. Kuroda certainly travels and networks constantly. According to the ADB website, Kuroda made several âstate visitsâ to countries, although in his own speeches he more modestly described them as âofficial visitsâ. He has averaged more than 45 speeches a year. As an example of a man in almost perpetual motion, in the first two months of this year (2007), he went to Cebu to meet the heads of government from Asean plus five other neighbouring countries (Australia, China, India, New Zealand, South Korea). Then he was in Davos for the World Economic Forum, visited the UK to deliver a lecture at Cambridge University before he jetted back to touch down in Manila for two days before flying to Vietnam.
éšãç©ãã§ãããIMFã§ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®çäºã®å© æãåããŠããããã«æ¥æ¬ãšããçµç¹ã® äžã§å®ãããŠããããé»ç°ç·è£ã¯ãå®éã«ã ã©ã®ããã«ããã°åœéæ©é¢ã管çãæ©èœã ããããšãã§ããã®ããåŠã³ãŸããã ãšèªã£ ãŠããã 1990幎代ã«ã¯ã倧èµçã®å€åœééçºéè¡ æ åœã®çªå£ãšãªãããã®åŸãæ¯ã«è¡£çã㪠ãé貚çºèšãã ããã¹ã¿ãŒåãã®ç°åããšã£ ããã«ãªã¹ãã財åå®æŠåè±è³æ°ã®äžã§åœ ééèå±ïŒçŸåœéå±ïŒã®å±é·ãåããã ãã®åŸãæŠå財åå®ã®åŸãåŒãç¶ãã§è²¡ åå®ãšãªãã4幎éãã®èšé²çãªæéãæ¥æ¬ ã®è²¡åæ åœã®ããããšããŠè²¡åãšãã ãéè® äººãã䜿ãããªããŠãããããæå³ã§ã¯ãé» ç°ç·è£ã¯è¯ãããªæŠåæ°ã®é»åã«åŸ¹ã㊠ãããæŠåæ°ã«ã¯ãæã«ãã£ãŠã¯ç¡ææ³ã©ã ããç¡ç€ŒãšãåãããããªãååçŽå ¥ãª çºèšãå€ããè«äºã奜ãã§ãããããªãšãã ããã£ãããé»ç°ç·è£ã¯åžžã«æãããã«æº¢ ããç¬é¡ã絶ãããã瀌åæ£ããããªãã〠å èŠãããªããªãããã«æ°ãã€ããŠå¯Ÿå¿ã ãŠãããæŠåæ°ãšã¯ç°ãªãããããŠåã«é¢ã ãæ¶æž¬ãèªçºããããšã¯ããªãã£ãã 財åå®ã®è·ãèŸããåŸãç®ãšéŒ»ã®å ã«ãã ç·çåºã§å°æ³çŽäžéå é£çµæžè£äœå®ã«å°±ä»» ããã ãŸããäžæ©å€§åŠã®ææã«ã就任ããã ãã®åŸã財åå®ãåããçµéšãæã€åéå¿ ç·å ADBç·è£ã®åŸä»»å°±ä»»ãæ蚺ãããã
When Kuroda took up office Asia was suffering the repercussions of the tsunami and a devastating earthquake then hit Pakistan
ãã®äº€æ¿åã«ã¯è³åŠäž¡è«ããã£ããåéå ç·è£ã¯6幎éADBç·è£ã®å°äœã«ãã£ãã ä»»æåã°ã§ãã£ããç æ°ã§ãäœèª¿ã厩ãã ããã§ããªãããšã¯åšç¥ã®äºå®ã§ãã£ãã ADBå éšã§ã¯ã æ¥æ¬ã®è²¡åçã亀æ¿ã®ææ ã§ãããšå€æãããã代ããã ãã®ããšãš èšãããŠããã
What he has achieved is more difficult to say. One member of the ADB staff commented wryly, âThe president, whoâs that? We never see him. He sits somewhere between the eighth floor (the management floor) and heaven.â In this, Kuroda is unlike James Wolfensohn at the World Bank, who held regular âtown hallâ meetings at which he answered questions from staff and would frequently surprise them by sitting next to them in the cafeteria.
John Hicks.
ç¹ã«ãåªæäžæã§å šãã®ã«ã¡ã©å«ãã®ãã ã«è¡šã«åºããããªãããšããã ãåéå ç·è£ ã¯æåŸ ã¯ããã ãšããèŠæ¹ã倧å¢ãå ã㊠ããã ããããADBã®ã貧å°åæžãæåªå ã« ããŠéäžçã«è²§å°åæžã«åãçµãã ãšãã 倧ããªæŠç¥è»¢æã®èµåãã¯åéå ç·è£ã è¡ã£ãŠãããADBã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã«å¯Ÿããå ãçµã¿ã掻æ§åããããã«ãããŒãã»ãã¹ ã¿ãïŒRobert BestaniïŒæ°ã説åŸããŠããã© ã«æããããšã®å人çãªè²¬ä»»ããã£ãã
Photo courtesy of the Oxford Mail
© Hes Mundt / OnAsia.com
Kurodaâs path
ãã®äžæ¹ã§ãé»ç°ç·è£ã®å人ããã¯ããã ã ãäžçã«ç®ãåããŠãã人ç©ãããã© ã«è¡ããšããã®ã¯æµããéã§ã¯ãªããã ãš æžå¿µãããã就任以æ¥ãé»ç°ç·è£ã¯å€å¿ãª æ¥ã ãéã£ãŠããã就任åœåã ã¢ãžã¢ã¯æŽ¥æ³¢ ãšããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å€§å°éã®äœæ³¢ã被ã£ãŠã ãããããŠãæå²ä»¥æ¥ã®çµæžçæåã®åªäž ã«ãããªãããå€ãã®åœããã®åŒ±ããé²å ããŠããã é»ç°ç·è£ã¯å®æçã«èŠå¯ã«åºããã人èã äœã£ãŠããã ã¹ããŒãã®äžã§ã¯è¬éã㊠ãå ¬ åŒèšªåã ãšè¡šçŸãããŠããããADBã®ããŒã ããŒãžã«ãããšãé»ç°ç·è£ã¯äœåºŠãè«žåœã ã 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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ADB in the spotlight
Interviewed in Tokyo, Kuroda was himself quick to don a typical self-effacing Japanese mask. âI have only been at the bank for two years,â he began by saying, before launching into a series of achievements laden with abstract terms, heavy on strategies, action plans, and dialogues. âI think we have made a few changes,â Kuroda continued. âFirst, we introduced a new medium term strategy, a regional cooperation and integration strategy, a new public communications strategy, new anticorruption and governance action plans. Those policies, strategies and action plans, they direct our activities in developing member countries, lending and non-lending activities as well as policy dialogue and so on and so forth. âIt is necessary to adjust our policies and strategies to address changing needs of developing member countries in Asia, but also it is necessary to make our intervention, our policies, our operations more efficient and effective. The whole range of policies, strategies and action plans have been reviewed or improved or newly introduced.â Kuroda had something more specific to boast about when he outlined the second category, finance and lending operations. âWe have introduced a number of financial products vis-Ã -vis developing member countries. We introduced what we call multi(which he pronounced the American way, as âmulteyeâ) tranche financial facility, under which the ADB commits itself to provide multi-year project or programme loans to secure our involvement in those countries. We also introduced non-sovereign lending to provinces and municipalities without sovereign guarantees. We introduced a number of credit enhancement products as well. âAs a financial institution, as a bank, we diversified, we introduced a number of new financial products so as to make our financial assistance more convenient, more efficient, more effective for developing economies. So policies have been reviewed and changed and our financial instruments have been improved.â Kurodaâs third achievement, he said, was to strengthen the internal structures of the bank: âOf course, in order to influence those
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new policies, strategies and action plans and also to provide new financial products to our developing member countries, our internal structure has to be changed, so we reorganised twice our internal structure and introduced a new human resource strategy and staff performance assessment system and internal reports.â He summed up: âSo, policies and strategies, new financial products, internal structure of change, human resources strategies, all these are of course interrelated and all will have impact on our activities in the medium to long run, not just in one year. But already in the last couple of years, particularly last year, we have made significant progress over our financial operations as well as normal lending operations - some meaningful progress has been made, although this is only the start.â
Some of Kurodaâs friends feared that going to Manila would be a backwater
åœè³ãšããŠèšªåã ããŠãããé»ç°ç·è£ã幎é ã«è¡ãã¹ããŒãã¯å¹³å45å以äžã§ããã ãã£ãšããŠããããšã®ãªã人ç©ã®èŠæ¬ãé» ç°ç·è£ã§ãããä»å¹ŽïŒ2007幎ïŒã«å ¥ã£ãŠãã åãã®ïŒã¶æã®éã«ãã»ã島ã§ASEANè«žåœ åã³ãã®ä»è¿é£ïŒã¶åœïŒãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãäž åœãã€ã³ãããã¥ãŒãžãŒã©ã³ããéåœïŒã®æ¿åº éŠè³ãšäŒè«ããŠããããã®åŸãããã¹ã§è¡ ãããäžççµæžãã©ãŒã©ã ã«åºåžããè±åœ ã®ã±ã³ããªããžå€§åŠã§ã®è¬çŸ©ã®åŸã ãšã㌠è¿ãã§ããã©ã«2æ¥éæ»åšããã ãã§ãã ãã ã«é£ãã§ããã ãã®ä»äºæ¯ãã¯ãšãŠãå£ã§ã¯èšãè¡šã㪠ããADBã®ããè·å¡ã¯é¡ãããããŠã ãç· è£ïŒèª°ã®ããšïŒè·å¡ã¯èª°ãç·è£ãèŠãããš ããããŸãããç·è£ã¯8éïŒåœ¹å¡å°çšéïŒ ãš å€©åœã®éã®ã©ããã«ããŸããã ãšã³ã¡ã³ã ããŠããããã®ç¹ã§ã¯ãå®æçã«ãã¿ãŠã³ ããŒã«ã ããŒãã£ã³ã°ãéããŠè·å¡ãã㮠質åã«çããã«ãã§ããªã¢ã§é£ã«åº§ã£ãŠè· å¡ãé©ãããããšãçãããªãäžçéè¡ ã®ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãŠã©ã«ãã§ã³ãœã³ïŒJames WolfensohnïŒç·è£ãšé»ç°ç·è£ã¯éãã æ±äº¬ã§ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒãåããæã«ã¯ãçºé³ ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«é¢šã§ããæ§ãããªå žåçæ¥æ¬äºº ã®é¡ã«ãªã£ãŠããã ã ADBã«æ¥ãŠãããŸã 2幎ã§ãã ãšå眮ããããŠãããæœè±¡çãªå èªãéæã«äœ¿ããæŠç¥ãè¡åèšç»ã察話ã éèŠããäžé£ã®æ¥çžŸã«ã€ããŠã®è©±ã«å ¥ã£ ãã
This language is very Japanese in style, full of words that donât mean much. However, they echo what Kuroda said to his staff in early 2006: âAs we move forward, we must continue to increase our focus and prioritise our efforts to achieve real results on the ground, within a more efficient and solid institutional framework. ãADBã§ã¯ããã€ãã®å€é©ãè¡ããããš For that, 2006 is the year of consolidation æããŸãããŸããæ°ããäžææŠç¥ãå°ååå in terms of staffing and budget. Incremental ã»çµ±åæŠç¥ãæ°ããæ å ±å ¬éæŠç¥ãæ°ãã ã resource requirements in 2006 will have to æ±è·é²æ¢ã»çµ±æ²»è¡åèšç»ãå°å ¥ããŸããã be met exclusively from currently available ãããæ¿çãæŠç¥ãè¡åèšç»ã¯ãéçºéäž resources within the approved budget å çåœã«å¯ŸããADBã®äºæ¥ãèè³æŽ»åãè envelope. This presents an enormous è³ä»¥å€ã®æŽ»åãæ¿çåè°ãªã©ã®æéãšãªã challenge for ADB that can only be met by ãã®ã§ããADBã®æ¿çãæŠç¥ãã¢ãžã¢ã®é being more selective, more productive and çºéäžå çåœã®ããŒãºã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ã more efficient in all endeavours.â ãããã«èª¿æŽããããšãå¿ èŠã§ãã ãããã I tried to change tack to elicit something more personal by asking how Kuroda had ããã ãã§ãªããADBã«ããä»å ¥ãADBã®æ¿ changed the ADB and how the bank had çãæ¥åã®å¹çãå¹æãäžããããšãå¿ changed him. Pushing this button would have èŠã§ããæ¿çãæŠç¥ãè¡åèšç»å šè¬ã«ã€ã brought a string of specific achievements ãŠãèŠçŽããæ¹åããŸãã¯æ°èŠå°å ¥ãè¡ã from any Western chief executive, and if it ããŠããŸãã had been Wolfensohn at the World Bank, he would probably have quickly come close to 2ã€ãã®ããŒãã§ããéèã»èè³æ¥åã®èª¬ tears as he recalled seeing African children æã«ãªããšãé»ç°ç·è£ã®è©±ã¯ç±ã垯ã³ãŠå · ãADBã§ã¯éçºéäžå çåœ trekking barefoot to school or the gratitude äœçã«ãªã£ãã of a Brazil slum dweller tasting communal ã«å¯Ÿããæ°ã ã®éèååãå°å ¥ããŸããã safe tap water for the first time. ãããããã«ãã»ãã©ã³ã·ã¥éèãã¡ã·ãªã But, no, Kuroda continued deadpan: âI ã£ã®å°å ¥ã§ãã ããã¯ãADBèªãã確å®ã«ã think it will take probably several years. ã®åœã«é¢äžããããã«ãè€æ°å¹Žã®ãããžã§ã¯ I have only been there for two years. ãã»ããŒã³ãŸãã¯ããã°ã©ã ã»ããŒã³ã®æäŸ Probably several more years are required ãçŽæãããã®ã§ãããŸããå·ãå°æ¹èªæ²» before all necessary changes and reforms are achieved, not only in the bank but also äœåãã«æ¿åºä¿èšŒã®ãããªãéãœããªã³ in the field. Because we are a development èè³ãå°å ¥ããŸããã ãã®ä»ãæ°ã ã®ä¿¡çš bank because our work is in the field and è£åŒ·ååã®å°å ¥ãè¡ããŸããã not in Manila.â ãADBã¯éèæ©é¢ãšããŠãéè¡ãšããŠãå€è§ But what difference do you hope to åãé²ããéèæ¯æŽãéçºéäžåœã«ãšã£ãŠ make? Kuroda added: âAsian economies are growing quite fast. It is good. But they have ãã£ãšèº«è¿ã§å¹çãè¯ããæå¹ãªãã®ã«ã 4
ADB in the spotlight
ãããã«æ°ã ã®æ°ããéèååãå°å ¥ã㟠ããããã®ãããæ¿çã®èŠçŽããå€æŽãéè ååã®æ¹åãè¡ãããŸããã
© Marc Schlossman / Panos Pictures
é»ç°ç·è£ã®3çªç®ã®æ¥çžŸã§ããADBã®å éš æ§é ã®åŒ·åã«ã€ããŠã¯ã ãããããæ°ããæ¿ çãæŠç¥ãè¡åèšç»ã«åœ±é¿ãäžãããšãšã ã«éçºéäžå çåœã«æ°ããéèååãæ äŸããã«ã¯ãADBã®å éšæ§é ã®å€é©ãå¿ èŠ ã§ããããã§ãADBã§ã¯2åã«ããã£ãŠå éš æ§é ã®åç·šãè¡ããæ°ãã人äºæŠç¥ãšè·å¡ è©äŸ¡å¶åºŠãå éšå ±åæžãå°å ¥ããŸããã ãšèª ã£ãŠããã
Kuroda: The Philippine economy is recovering and improving.
a number of challenges. One of them is still remaining poverty. So many Asian people are still living in poverty with 600 million people living on less than one dollar per day. We have to reduce poverty substantially. That is the most important. âSecondly in recent years, although economies are growing quite fast, income inequality is also rising. For thousands of poor people, their living standards are improving and many of them are getting out of absolute poverty, but the income of rich people is rising much faster, so the income disparity is widening and this income inequality is becoming a big issue. Income inequality must be squarely addressed and reduced.
In recent years, although economies are growing quite fast, income inequality is also rising âThirdly, the environment. Environmental degradation is very serious, particularly in the fast growing countries. Fast growth is necessary but it is not sufficient, particularly with respect to the environment. Environmental improvement and protection is a third vital issue.â Kuroda added that he was looking forward to the 40th annual meeting of the ADB in Kyoto, not so much to look back in nostalgia, but to grasp the challenges facing Asia and the bank. âThe Kyoto annual meeting is very important, hopefully
historical, because it is the 40th annual meeting,â he said. âOn the one hand in the last 40 years Asian countries have achieved great progress, substantial growth and development, poverty reduction. But on the other hand, as I have said, they face so many challenges, further poverty reduction, reducing income inequality, protecting the environment and even more than that. So I hope that at the 40th anniversary annual meeting in Kyoto, the governors will discuss in a forward-looking manner the future of Asia, the future role of ADB, rather than look back. The long term outlook, long term directions, long term prospects of Asian economies, that should be the agenda.â But the world is changing rapidly and some critics say that the ADB is unnecessary since the world is awash with trillions of dollars of investible funds. And doesnât Kuroda feel uncomfortable sitting in Manila in the heart of a country that should be among the most prosperous in Asia, but with slums and exports of hundreds of thousands of its people that offer a constant reproach to the development bank? Kuroda responded that the Philippines is beginning to pick up: âThe Philippine economy has greatly improved. The inflation rate is now 5-6 percent, growth is 5 to 6 percent, the fiscal deficit is only 1.5 per cent of GDP, the current account surplus is 4-5 percent of GDP. The macroeconomic conditions have greatly improved in the last several years, and also I understand that foreign direct investment inflow to the Philippines has improved. So the Philippine economy is recovering and improving.â
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ADB in the spotlight
He then pointed out that, âThe ADB role is different from on the one hand bilateral aid agencies and on the other hand private banks and investors, because we are a multilateral donor, and that means we serve developing countries but from a politically neutral and forward looking (point of view). We aim at making a developing impact rather than profit. Of course, as a bank, we have to be financially sound, but profit is not our objective. Our objective is economic development assistance. As a bank, of course, we have to maintain triple A status. We have to maintain sound financial basis. But our objective is not sound financial basis.â
I found that although the ADB started decentralisation very much later than the World Bank, it has made significant progress towards it What then did he think of the massive billion dollar loan that Chinaâs premier Wen Jiabao made to the Philippines this year, bigger, arranged faster and at lower interest rates than ever the ADB could manage? Kuroda let the barb go whizzing by: âI think that many developing countries that have bilateral trade, investment and foreign aid relationships, seek good relationships with partners, OECD countries and so on. It is quite natural. Every country should carefully study offers made by bilateral donors.â I tried again to get Kuroda to reveal himself and outline the difference he had made. He replied: âAs I said we have made good progress over the last few years.
That progress itself is based on the good ã©ã®ããã«å€ãããã®ã§ããïŒã ãš institutional mechanisms, on the support of ããããã ã㢠66 member countries, based on our good ã®è³ªåã«é»ç°ç·è£ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«çããã and close relationships with our developing ãžã¢ã®çµæžã¯æ¥æé·ããŠããŸããããã¯è¯ ããããããã€ãåé¡ããã㟠member countriesâ governments, all of them ãããšã§ãã built on the last 40 years. I may have had ãã ãã®äžã€ããä»ã§ã貧å°ãç¶ããŠãããš a small portion, but the basic structure ããããšã§ãã ã¢ãžã¢ã§ã¯å€ãã®äººãä»ã§ã and foundation have been laid down for 貧å°ã«ãããã6å人ã1æ¥1ãã«æªæºã§æ®ã 40 years.â ããŠããŸãã貧å°ãå€§å¹ ã«æžãããªããã° Again I asked how the bank had ãªããŸããã ãããæéèŠäºé ã§ãã changed Kuroda: âI found many things quite interesting and some surprising. Before ã第äºã«ãè¿å¹Žãçµæžãæ¥æé·ãéããŠã coming to Manila, I thought that ADB is not ãŸããããããšå¹³è¡ããŠæåŸæ Œå·®ãåºã㣠much decentralised because after all the ADB ãŠããŸãã貧å°å±€ã§ã¯å€§å¢ã®ç掻氎æºãæ¹ is in Asia, and the major clients are in Asia, åããããã®å€ãã絶察ç貧å°ããè±åŽã unlike the World Bank. The World Bank is ã€ã€ãããŸãããå¯è£å±€ã®æåŸã¯ããã㯠in Washington, and the major clients are in Africa, Asia, so far away, so naturally the ããã«äžåãéãã§å¢ããŠãããæåŸæ Œå·® World Bank has decentralised very much. ã®æ¡å€§ã倧ããªåé¡ãšãªã£ãŠããŸããæåŸ I thought that the regional banks had not æ Œå·®ã«ã¯ãã£ãããšå¯Ÿå¿ããŠè§£æ¶ããªãã decentralised very much. But I found that ã°ãªããŸããã although the ADB started decentralisation very much later than the World Bank, it ã第äžã¯ç°å¢ã§ããç°å¢ã®æªåã¯ãç¹ã«æ¥ has made significant progress towards æé·ãéããŠããè«žåœã§ã¯å€§å€æ·±å»ã§ãã decentralisation, with offices in all major æ¥æé·ã¯å¿ èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããç¹ã«ç°å¢ã«ã€ borrowing countries and with substantial ããŠèšãã°æºè¶³ã®ãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸã ããç°å¢ã®æ¹åãšä¿è·ã3çªç®ã®äžå¯æ¬ äº delegation of responsibilities.â Kuroda was also quick to duck the é ã§ãã hot question of whether Japan should automatically appoint the president of é» ç° ç· è£ ã¯ æ ããã æ ã åº ã«æµžãã ã the Asian Development Bank. After all, if ã§ã¯ãªããã¢ãžã¢ãšADBãçŽé¢ããŠãã課 ã京éœã§éå¬ããã the global financial architecture is being é¡ãææ¡ããããã«ã rehabilitated and rewired, shouldnât the ADBã®ç¬¬40å幎次ç·äŒã楜ãã¿ã«ããŠã ADBâs CEO be the best person for the job ãŸãã ãšä»ãå ããã ã京éœã§éå¬ããã幎 and not a Japanese MoF pensioner? Any 次ç·äŒã¯40åç®ã§ããã倧å€éèŠã§ãæŽå² hope that Kuroda, sitting safely in the ã®ç¯ç®ãšãªãç·äŒã§ãã ãã®40幎éã§ã¢ãž presidentâs suite, would be able to advise ã¢è«žåœã¯å€§ããªåé²ãç®èŠããæé·ãšçº on his successor, were dashed.â This is an ãããç³ãäž issue to be discussed and decided by our å±ã貧å°åæžãå®çŸããŸããã ããããã«ããã®äžæ¹ã§ããããªã貧å°å shareholders, not me,â he replied. But he did defend the bank against the æžãæåŸæ Œå·®ã®è§£æ¶ãç°å¢ä¿è·ããã®ä»å€ charge that it is Japan-dominated: âI donât ãã®èª²é¡ã«ãçŽé¢ããŠããŸããããã§ãäº¬éœ think that Japan has such a dominant ã§éå¬ããã第40åç·äŒã§ã¯ãéå»ãæ¯ã è¿ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãååãã«ã¢ãžã¢ã®æªæ¥ã ADBã®ä»åŸã®åœ¹å²ã«ã€ããŠç·åã§è©±ãå ã£ãŠæ¬²ãããšæã£ãŠããŸããè°é¡ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ çµæžã®é·æå±æãé·æã®æ¹åæ§ãé·æäºæž¬ ãšãªãã¯ãã§ãã
© Peter Charlesworth / OnAsia.com
ããããäžçã¯æ¥éã«å€åããŠããã ãäžç ã«ã¯æ°å ãã«ãšããè±å¯ãªæè³è³éãã ãã®ã ããADBã¯å¿ èŠãªãã ãšããå³ãã èŠæ¹ããããã¢ãžã¢ææ°ã®è±ããªåœã§ãã ã¯ããªã®ã«ã ã¹ã©ã ããããåžžã«ADBãéé£ ããŠãã倧å¢ã®äººã ã茞åºããŠããåœã®äž å¿å°ããã©ã«ããé»ç°ç·è£ã¯å± å¿å°ãæª ããªãã®ã ãããïŒ
The Philippines should be among the most prosperous countries in Asia.
28
é»ç°ç·è£ã¯ã ããã£ãªãã³ã¯äžåãå§ããŠã ãŸãã ãšããããã§æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãã ãã㣠ãªãã³ã®çµæžã¯å€§å¹ ã«æ¹åãããŸãããçŸ åšã€ã³ãã¬ã¯5ïœ6 %ãæé·çã5ïœ6ïŒ ã財 æ¿èµ€åã¯GDPã®ããã1.5%ãçµåžžé»å㯠GDPã®4ïœ5%ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãããã¯ãçµæž ã®ç¶æ ããã®æ°å¹Žã§å€§å¹ ã«æ¹åããŸããã ãŸãã ãã£ãªãã³ãžã®æµ·å€çŽæ¥æè³ãå¢ã㊠ãããšç解ããŠããŸããã€ãŸãã ãã£ãªãã³çµ æžã¯å埩ã»æ¹ååºèª¿ã«ãããšããããšã§ãã 4
ADB in the spotlight
© Jenny Matthews / Panos Pictures
ãããŠã次ã®ããã«ææããã ã ADBã®åœ¹å² ã¯ãäºåœéæ¯æŽæ©é¢ã®åœ¹å²ãšããæ°ééè¡ ãæè³å®¶ã®åœ¹å²ãšãéããŸãããªããªãã°ã ADBã¯å€åœéäŸäžæ©é¢ãã€ãŸãéçºéäžåœ ã®ããã®æ¥åã¯è¡ããŸããæ¿æ²»çã«ã¯äž ç«ã§ååã ïŒã®èŠç¹ïŒã ããã§ããADBã¯ãå© çãäžããããšã§ã¯ãªããéçºã«åœ±é¿ãäžã ãããšãç®æããŠããŸãããã¡ãããéè¡ãšã ãŠè²¡æ¿çã«å¥å šã§ãªããã°ãªããŸãããã å©çãç®çã§ã¯ãããŸãããADBã®ç®ç㯠çµæžçºå±ã®æ¯æŽãããããšã«ãããŸããéè¡ ãšããŠã ããªãã«Aãç¶æããªããã°ãªã㪠ãããšã¯èšããŸã§ããããŸããã財ååºç€ã¯ å¥å šã«ä¿ããªããã°ãªããŸããã ããããå¥ å šãªè²¡ååºç€ãç®çã§ã¯ãããŸããã
Many Asian people are still living in poverty with 600 million surviving on less than one dollar per day.
influence over the ADB. Certainly, the US and Japan are the largest shareholders, each of them holds 16 percent of shares and the third largest is China with 6 percent, then India with slightly less than 6 percent. Japan has only 16 percent and there is no dominant shareholder. âWe have 840 or 830 professional staff, and among the professional staff, Japan and the US have the largest share, but compared with their shareholding they are far less. At senior levels, they are fewer. We have so many international staff, from the US, Canada, Europe. We have four vice presidents, one is from America, one from China, one from Laos PDR and one from Germany. So staff representation, particularly at senior level, is particularly diversified.â As he rushed for the lift for his next appointment, Kuroda also parried questions about an Asian Monetary Fund or the creation of a pan-Asian currency - which he was closely involved with when he was in the MoF. Such matters, he said, were âfor the IMF.â One long-time observer of the multilateral development banks, who has worked with the World Bank, the IMF and the Asian Development Bank, said that, âKuroda at least speaks better English than his predecessors.â, adding that he was not trying to damn him with the faintest of praise. âBut there is a real problem with the Japanese, particularly in the international organisations. They still behave like Japanese and not as internationalists.â Such failure to adopt international attitudes may make for greater harmony in dealing with Japan, but a development bank for half the world, as the ADB boasted that it is, surely needs someone who can understand and articulate and lead the needs of the half of the world outside Japan. g 30
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äžçéè¡ãIMFãã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ã«å€åãã çµéšãæã¡å€åœééçºéè¡ãé·å¹ŽèŠ³å¯ã ããã§åã³é»ç°ç·è£ã®æ¬é³ãèããç·è£ã ãŠãããã人ç©ã¯ã ã å°ãªããšããé»ç°ç·è£ ãããããå€åã«ã€ããŠæŠèŠã説æããŠã ã®è±èªåã¯æŽä»£ç·è£ããé«ããç®èã§èšã£ ããããšãè©Šã¿ããç·è£ã®çãã¯æ¬¡ã®ãšãã ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã ãšè¿°ã¹ã次ã®ãã ã§ãã£ãã ãå çšç³ãäžããããã«ã ãã®æ°å¹Ž ã«èªã£ãã ãããããç¹ã«åœéçµç¹ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬ ã§ADBã¯å€§ããåé²ããŸããããã®åé²ã㮠人ã«ã¯æ¬åœã«å°ã£ããšããããããŸãããã ãã®ã¯ãå¶åºŠããã£ããããŠãããããå ç ã¯ãåœé人ãšããŠã§ã¯ãªããããŸã§æ¥æ¬äººãš 66ãµåœã®æ¯æŽããã£ãããããããŠéçºé ããŠæ¯ãèããšããããšã§ãã äžå çåœã®æ¿åºãšã®å¯æ¥ãã€è¯å¥œãªé¢ä¿ 確ãã«ãåœé人ã®èãæ¹ã身ã«ä»ããªãã» ããã£ãããã§ããããã®ãããã40幎ã ãããæ¥æ¬ãšã®äº€æžã¯åããã«é²ãããã ããŠç¯ãäžããŠãããã®ã§ããç§ããã®ãã ããªãã ããããADBãèªãæšæŠããŠããã äžç¿Œãæ ã£ããããããŸããããåºæ¬ãšãªã ã®ããäžçã®ååã®ããã®éçºéè¡ãã§ã ä»çµã¿ãåºç€ã¯40幎ãããŠç¯ãäžããã ããªãã°ãæ¥æ¬ä»¥å€ã®äžçã®ååã®ããŒãº ããã®ã§ãã ãç解ããã¯ã£ãããšäŒãã ãªãŒããã人ç©ã ããã§åã³ADBã«ãã£ãŠé»ç°ç·è£ãã©ã®ã å¿ èŠã§ããããšã¯ç¢ºå®ã§ãããâ ãã«å€ãã£ããå°ãããšããã次ã®ãããªç ããè¿ã£ãŠããã ãå€ãã®èå³æ·±ãããšãäž ã«ã¯é©ããããªããšãçºèŠããŸãããããã© ã«æ¥ãåã¯ãæè©®ADBã¯äžçéè¡ãšã¯é㣠ãŠã¢ãžã¢ã«ããäž»ãªäŸäžå ã¯ã¢ãžã¢è«žåœãª ã®ã ãããããã»ã©åæš©åã¯ãããŠããªã ã ãããšèããŠããŸãããäžçéè¡ã¯ã¯ã·ã³ ãã³ã«ãããäž»ãªäŸäžå ã¯é ãé¢ããã¢ã㪠ã«ãã¢ãžã¢ã®è«žåœã§ãã®ã§ãåœç¶åæš©ã¯å€§ å€é²ãã§ããŸããå°åéè¡ã¯ããã»ã©åæš© ãé²ãã§ããªããšèããŠããããã§ããã 㟠ãã ãã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ã®ç·è£ã¯æ¥æ¬ãæ°æ§ ã§æåãã¹ããã ãšããããã©ã質åãã㟠ããããããŠããŸã£ããæçµçã«ãäžçã®é èæ§é ã®åŸ©æ§ãšé¢ä¿ã®åæ§ç¯ãé²ããã㊠ããã®ã§ããã°ããããè¡ãæé©ä»»è ã¯æ¥ æ¬ã®è²¡åçãå®å¹Žéè·ãã人ç©ã§ã¯ãªãã ADBã®æé«è²¬ä»»è ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã ãããïŒç· è£å®€ã«ã©ã£ãããšåº§ã£ãŠããé»ç°ç·è£ãåŸ
Programme of events ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã« THURSDAY, 3 MAY
FRIDAY, 4 MAY
SATURDAY, 5 MAY
8:30 - 6:00 Registration
8:00 - 6:00 Registration Opening of ADB Offices and other meeting services
7:30 - 7:00 Registration
8:00 - 10:00 Open Forum on ADB-CSO Cooperation
10:00 - 12:00 Governorsâ Seminar: Facing Asiaâs Future: Report of the Eminent Persons Group
11:30 - 2:00 Media Briefing and Media Luncheon
12:00 - 2:00 Sponsored Seminar Institute of International Finance Growth and Globalization: Living with Volatile Private Capital Flows
8:30 - 9:30 Country Presentation - Viet Nam
1:30 - 4:30 Kyoto Day: Kyoto Sense Applying Kyoto Tradition and Innovation to the World
2:00 - 4:00 ADB Seminar - A Borderless Asia: Vision for Regional Integration
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2:00 - 4:00 ADB Seminar Asian Cities: Environmental Management and Financing Challenges
4:00 - 6:00 ADB Seminar - Clean Energy and Environment: Building on Kyoto
4:00 - 6:00 ADB Seminar Emerging Asian Regionalism: Ten Years After the Crisis
5:30 - 6:00 Procedures Committee Meeting
Reception hosted by Kyoto
6:30 Reception hosted by ADB President
Programme of events ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«
SUNDAY, 6 MAY
MONDAY, 7 MAY
7:30 - 6:00 Registration
7:30 - 12:00 Registration
8:30 - 9:30 Country Presentation - Pakistan
8:30 - 9:30 Country Presentation - Philippines
10:00 - 11:45 Opening Event and Opening Session of the Board of Governors
9:30 - 11:30 Second Business Session
12:00 Luncheon hosted jointly by the Chair of the Board of Governors and the President of ADB (by invitation only)
10:00 - 12:00 ADBI Seminar Ageing Asia: A New Challenge for the Region
12:00 - 2:00 Sponsored Seminar Standard and Poorâs Trends and Challenges for Financing SMEs in Asia
12:00 - 2:00 Luncheon hosted by the host country (by invitation only)
12:00 - 2:00 Sponsored Seminar JBIC Partnerships for Advancing Asian Bond Markets - Credit and Financial Engineering
12:00 - 2:00 Sponsored Seminar - JBIC Asian-Tailored Technology For Integrated Disaster Risk Management - Sharing Experiences And Future Developments
2:00 - 3:00 Country Presentation - India
2:30 - 4:30 Third Business Session
2:00 - 4:00 ADB Seminar A Global Economy in Transition: Prospects for Investment Returns 2:30 - 5:00 First Business Session 4:00 - 6:00 ADB Seminar Institutional Investors Roundtable: Sustainable Responsible Investment 4:00 - 6:00 Sponsored Seminar - Institute for International Monetary Affairs and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Towards Regional Prosperity in Asia - How Can Japan Contribute to Enhancing Regional Financial Markets? 7:00 p.m. Host Finance Ministerâs Reception
34
5:00 - 6:00 Presidentâs Press Conference
ADB in the spotlight
å¿« é© ãª ç° å¢ ãã æããããªãADB
© www.tropix.co.uk (V. and M. Birley)
ããã©ã«ããã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒæ¬åºã¯ã éŠæž¯ãäžæµ·ãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãªã©ã掻æ³ã§è³ã ãã21äžçŽãã¢ãžã¢ã®æ代ãšå®ããŠããã©ã® æ°çµæžå€§åœã§ãèŠããããããªå»ºç©ã§ããã
Inside the ADBâs comfort zone The Asian Development Bank headquarters in Manila could have been transplanted from Hong Kong or Shanghai or Singapore or any of the other booming miracle economies that are making the 21st century the era of Asia.
I
nside, cool, air-conditioned people politely greet each other, lifts work smoothly, water is safe to drink, lavatories are clean, and there is a cafeteria crew at the beck and call of staff to serve tea or coffee or cooling refreshments, and appointments with some of the brightest development experts in the world run to time. It is another world, almost surreal when compared with arrival in the tropical heat of the airport and the shuffle through the crowded, sweaty immigration hall, whence this passenger emerged after an hour into a steamy, shabby day filled with braided guards who do nothing, and hassling, jostling people who want you to climb into their taxi or offer you a hotel or other dubious delights. Doing the right thing and queuing for a taxi lands you in a rust bucket with air conditioning that gives off a lot of noise, and air that is warmer than outside. Your taxi bounces over the potholed roads alongside scenery that looks like Latin America transplanted into teeming Africa, filled with signs for girlie bars and entertainment and huge hoardings promising that âJesus savesâ. No holy person has evidently been near these places in a long time. It is not just the slums that you can clearly see, but the haphazard ordinary living conditions, huggermugger housing put together out of flotsam and jetsam, with the fetid smell of their water and sanitation telling you clearly that they are stagnant. Traffic zigzags from one lane to another to steal a few yards in the cacophonous crawling queue. 36
The clear demarcation line between this teeming tide of humanity and the bank, or Fort Apache as it is not so affectionately tagged by one of its inhabitants, is the security gate at which the sign in front of the x-ray machine instructs you to register and check weapons. You also have to register and get a tag for other potentially lethal devices like cameras or tape recorders, although you are allowed to carry them inside with your permit. Throughout my tour of the bank and the surrounding countryside of Asia it was impossible to forget this contrast between the HQ and its surroundings, which seems to sum up a failing, if not a failure, of the bank in its chosen area of development. When it meets for its 40th annual meeting in Kyoto, the ADB would be well advised to do some soul-searching along with the celebrating of its mature middle age. It should address issues beyond mere changes in global and regional patterns of development and look into its own structure and its heart and soul. That means facing questions about the ownership and shareholding and - above all - about the management of the ADB. The key question, and it is appropriate that it should be addressed in Japanâs ancient former capital of Kyoto, is: should a Japanese automatically be appointed president of the ADB at the behest of the Japanese ministry of finance (MoF)? Is it time for a change in the financial architecture to allow candidates, resumés, and even ambitions and manifestos for the job to be assessed before selecting a president?
空調ãå¹ããŠæ¶Œããå éšã§ã¯äººã ãäºãã«ç€Œåæ£ã ãæšæ¶ã亀ãããæ»ããã«äžäžãããšã¬ããŒã¿ãŒãå® å¿ããŠé£²ããæ°Žãæž æœãªãã€ã¬ãããã瀟å¡ã«åŒã°ã ãã°ããã«ãè¶ãã³ãŒããŒããŸãã¯å·ãã飲ã¿ç©ã éãã§ããã«ãã§ããªã¢ã®åŸæ¥å¡ã奥ã«æ§ããŠããã äžçã§ããããã¯ã©ã¹ã®éçºãšãã¹ããŒãšã®ããŒã㣠ã³ã°ãæééãã«é²ããããŠããã 空枯ã«å°çããŠãããç±åž¯ã®èžãæããšäººèŸŒã¿ã§æ±è ããªã£ãå ¥åœç®¡çããŒã«ãã®ãã®ããš1æéãããŠé ãæããåŸã§ãç«æŽŸãªå¶æãç蟌ãã§ããã ãã§äœ ãããªãã¬ãŒããã³ã ã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã«ä¹ããããšãã人ãã ãã«ãããã«æªããå Žæã«æ¡å ããããšãã人ãªã©ã æ»ãåããŠããã£ãšãã£ãè¿ãå§åªã®äžãžæŸãåºãã ãããšããå§ãŸã1æ¥ã¯ãADBæ¬åºã«å ¥ã£ãé端ã«å¥ äžçã«å€ãã£ãããŸãã§ã·ã¥ãŒã«ãªæ ç»ã«åžã蟌㟠ãããããªæèŠã§ãããè¡æ£èãå Žæã«ã¯ããç®ã ãµãããè¡åã«ã€ããŠç©ºæž¯ããã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã«ä¹ãã°ãã ã®è»ã¯ã§ããŒãã§ããšã¢ã³ã³ã¯å€§ããªé³ãç«ãŠãŠå€ã ããæã颚ãå¹ãä»ããŠããã ã¿ã¯ã·ãŒã¯ç©Žã ããã®éãé£ã³è·³ããŠè¡ããé路沿 ãã®é¢šæ¯ã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãå€ç£ãªã¢ããªã«ã«ç§»æ€ ããããã§ãè¥ã女ã®åã®ããããŒã嚯楜ã®çæ¿ãš ãã€ãšã¹ã®ææžããçŽæãã巚倧ãªåºåã§ããµã㊠ãããèè ããã®å°ãé·ãããšèšªããŠããªãã®ã¯æ ããã§ãããã¹ã©ã ã ãã§ã¯ãªããç¡èšç»ãªæ¥åžžã®ç 掻æ¡ä»¶ãã¬ã©ã¯ã¿ãå»æ£ç©ã§äœãããä¹±éãªå»ºç©ã ç®ã«ä»ããæªèã¯äžæ°Žãäžæ°ŽãæµããŠããªãããšãèª ããäžååé³ãå¥ã§ãªããã®ãã®ãé²ãæžæ»ã®äžã§ã è»ã¯æ°ã¡ãŒãã«å ã«é²ãããã«è»ç·ããžã°ã¶ã°ã«å€ ããŠè¡ãã ãã®æº¢ãããã人ã®æµ·ãšãããè·å¡ãã ãã¢ãããç Šã ãšæãé£ããªãååã§åŒã°ããADBãšã®éã«ã¯ã£ã ããšåŒãããŠããå¢çç·ãã»ãã¥ãªãã£ãŒã²ãŒãã§ã ããããã«èšçœ®ãããŠããXç·æ€æ»è£ 眮ã®åã«ã¯ãæ¥ èšªè ã«æŠåšã®ç»é²ãšé ãå ¥ããèŠæ±ããæšèãã ããã«ã¡ã©ãããŒãã¬ã³ãŒããŒãå±éºç©ãšããŠèŠãªã ããŠããããããç»é²ããŠã¿ã°ãã€ããŠããããŸã§ã¯ å éšã«æã¡èŸŒãããšãã§ããªãã ADBãšãããåãå²ãã¢ãžã¢ã®ç°èãžã®èšªåãéã ãŠå¿ããããšãã§ããªãã®ããæ¬åºãšåšãã®é¢šæ¯ãšã® ã³ã³ãã©ã¹ãã§ããã ããã¯ã ãã®éè¡ãéçºã®ãã ã«éžå®ããå°åã§ã倱æãšã¯ãããªããŸã§ãæåã㊠ããªãããšã端çã«è¡šããŠããããã«æãããã 京éœã§ã®ç¬¬40å幎次ç·äŒã«ãããŠãADBã¯æçãã äžå¹Žã«éãããç¥ãããããšãšãã«ããã®ããæ¹ãã ã£ããèããã¹ãã§ãããADBã¯äžçãšå°åéçºãã¿ ãŒã³ã®å€åã®åé¡ä»¥äžã«ãèªå·±ã®çµç¹æ§é ãšç²Ÿç¥ã æ€èšããªããã°ãªããªãã ããã¯ææãšæ ªäž»ã®åé¡ããããŠäœãããADBã®ãã ãžã¡ã³ãã®åé¡ã«ç«ã¡åããããšãæå³ãããæ¥æ¬ã® 財åçã®èŠè«ã§æ¥æ¬äººãèªåçã«ADBã®ç·è£ã«éž åºãããããšã®ã€ããŠã®åŠ¥åœæ§ã¯éèŠãªåé¡ã§ããã ãããæ¥æ¬ã®å€éœäº¬éœã§è°è«ãããã®ã¯åœç¶ã§ãã ããåè£è ãå±¥æŽæžãç·è£è·ã«å¯Ÿããæ±è² ãå ¬çŽãç· è£éžåºã®åã«æ€èšã§ããããéèæ¥çã®ããæ¹ãå€ ãããšãã§ã¯ãªãã®ãã ãŸãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®å·šå€§ãªè³éãæµå ¥ããæµåæ§ã æã£ãäœå ãã®ãã«ãäžçã«ããµããŠããäºå®ãè æ ®ãããšãADBã®ãããªéçºã®ããã®éè¡ã«ã¯ãã£ãš é·æã®ããŒãºãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããããããšã ADBã®æ ªäž»ã®äžã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã欧å·ããã®å°åå€æ ªäž» ããããšããŠãã ããã«æŽå²ã®ããäžçéè¡ãæ¢ã«å åšããå šäžçãã«ããŒããŠãããšããã®ã«ããªããã®äž ã«ã¢ãžã¢ã«éå®ããéè¡ãéè€ãããããšããã®ãã
4
ADBâs comfort zone
Whereas the World Bank Group has almost 30 vice presidents or equivalents, the ADB has just four Whatever Nag says, many World Bank staff do regard themselves as a cut above their ADB âcountry cousinsâ. Governments in Asia do compare and contrast the two organisations, and some officials will say sotto voce that the ADB comes out lacking in most encounters. One Asian who has spent her whole career at the World Bank, mostly working on Asian countries, is adamant that, âI would NEVER have considered going to the ADB. Apart from some operations specialists, ADB staff are much less good than the World Bankâs. There is much less candle-power, much less polish, much less international experience among ADB professionals compared with those at the World Bank. If you want a career as an economist, the World Bank looks good on your resumé.â Perhaps it is unfair to quote someone who has only had casual encounters with the ADB. But a senior Asian, who knows most of the worldâs leading political and financial figures because he has had substantial experience in top jobs in more than one Asian country and has also worked for the ADB and World Bank, says that the Asian bank is severely handicapped in several crucial ways. âThose of us who have worked in the World Bank have always said that the ADB is the poorer cousin. The ADB does not attract the best, partly because of Manila. No one is prepared to say this, but personal security is a problem. Manilaâs infrastructure has deteriorated quite a lot, so the best and the brightest of the economists, engineers, donât really want to work in the city, even though the ADB pay is not bad, especially by Asian standards.
As a very occasional visitor to the ADB ADBã®äºåç·é·ã§ããã©ãžã£ãŒãã»ãã°ïŒRajat NagïŒæ° who also spent several years working at the ã¯ãADBãšäžçéè¡ã®ã©ã¡ããéçºã®ããã®éè¡ãšã World Bank, I was surprised by the large ãŠåªããŠããé©åã§ããããè°è«ãããšããèããã numbers of support staff at the ADB; similar ãšã£ãã«è³å³æéã®åããå€ã話ã§ãããšç¬ãé£ã° jobs have been largely abolished at the ãã ãäžçéè¡ã®å人ãšäžç·ã«ãªããšãç§éã¯ä»æ¥ã¯ã© World Bank. If you want a cup of coffee for ã¡ãã®ããæ¹ã§è°è«ãããããšèšãã®ã§ããããã°æ°ã¯ a distinguished visitor at the World Bank, 趣å³ã®è¯ãå è£ ãæœãããéåžžã«åºããªãã£ã¹ã§è©± you go down to the coffee bar for it; if you ãããŠããã®ã§ããããããã¯ããã©ã®æµãŸããªãå° åºã®12家æãå容ããã®ã«å åãªåºãããããã want a letter written, you do it yourself ãã°æ°ãã©ãèšãããšã äžçéè¡ã®è·å¡ã®å€ãã¯èªå unless you are at least a vice president in éãADBã«ãã ãç°èè ã®åæ¥è ã ããäžæäžæã§ã which case a secretary may deign to do it ããšèããŠãããã¢ãžã¢ååœã®æ¿åºã¯ç¢ºãã«äž¡çµç¹ for you, if you ask nicely. At the ADB, not ã®æ¯èŒå¯Ÿç §ãããŠããããããªã£ãå Žåã«ADBãã ã only are there secretaries chitchatting in ããæè ã«ãªãããšããã£ãšæã¡æããæ åœå®ãã Tagalog at every other desk, but there are ããäžçéè¡ã§é·ãã¢ãžã¢ååœã®ããã«åããŠãã㢠ãADBã«è¡ãããšãªã©è separate teams of servants to fetch instant ãžã¢äººå¥³æ§ã¯ãã£ã±ããšèšãã cups of coffee or tea. In the 2005 annual ããããšããããŸãããç¹å®æ¥åã«åŸäºããäžéšã®å° report, the ADB counts 2,456 staff, of whom é家éãé€ããšãADBè·å¡ã¯äžçéè¡è·å¡ãããã㪠ADBã®å°é家ãäžçéè¡ã®å° only 887 were professionals, meaning that ã質ãå£ã£ãŠããŸãã é家ãšæ¯èŒããå Žåãå®åãäœãæŽç·ŽãããŠãããåœ the bank has a high ratio of two support éçµéšãå°ãªãã®ã§ãããšã³ããã¹ããšããŠã®ãã£ãª staff for each professional. ã¢ãæãã®ã§ããã°ãå±¥æŽæžã«ã¯äžçéè¡ãšæžãã The real questions about the structure of ãŠãã£ãæ¹ãè¯ãæ ããŸãã the ADB come at the highest levels. Whereas ADBãšã¯ããŸã«ããé¢ãåã£ãããšã®ãªã人ã®èšè the World Bank Group has almost 30 vice ãåŒçšããã®ãäžå ¬å¹³ã§ãããšèšãããããç¥ã presidents or equivalents, the ADB has just ãªããããããADBãšäžçéè¡ã®äž¡æ¹ã§åããããšã four. Most of the VPs at the World Bank are ãããè€æ°ã®ã¢ãžã¢è«žåœã«ãããŠå¹¹éšã¬ãã«ã§æè regular career members of the bank staff ãæ¯ãã£ãé·å¹Žã®çµéšãã財æ¿çã®ã»ãšãã©ã®å€§ç© who have risen through the ranks. But in ãšé¢èã®ããå€åã®æã¢ãžã¢äººããADBã¯ããã€ã ã®éèŠãªç¹ã§å€§ããªãã³ãã£ãã£ããããããšèªãã the case of the ADB the vice presidents ãç§éã®æ§ã«äžçéè¡ã§åããçµéšãæã€è ã¯ã are a strange hybrid group, neither regular æããADBã®ã»ããå£ã£ãŠãããšèšã£ãŠããŸããã career staff, nor part of a dedicated team ADBã¯æé«ã®äººæãåŒãã€ããŸãããããã¯ããã© chosen by the president himself. Although ã«æåšããããšãäžå ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã誰ããã®ããš they become senior staff members, they are ãå£ã«åºãããšããŸãããã身ã®å®å šã®åé¡ãããã® effectively political appointments, chosen ã§ããç¹ã«ã¢ãžã¢ã®æ°Žæºããããã°ADBã®çµŠäžã¯æ±º to satisfy and balance the interests of the ããŠæªããããŸããããããã©ã®ã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ã㣠ãŒã¯ããªãæªåããŠãããé è³ææ°ã§åªç§ãªãšã³ãã shareholder governments of the bank. ã¹ãããšã³ãžãã¢ã¯å®éã«ã¯ãã®éœåžã§åããã㪠The backgrounds of the four are so ãã®ã§ãã different that it would be hard to suspect that äžçéè¡ã§æ°å¹ŽéåããçµéšããããADBã«ã¯ãã they have a common link as a vice president çšã«ãã蚪åããªãè ãšããŠãç§ã¯ADBã«å€æ°ã®è£ of the same multilateral development bank. å©ã¹ã¿ãããããããšã«é©ããããã®ãããªä»äºã®ã» Few of them are household names, even ãšãã©ããäžçéè¡ã§ã¯ãã§ã«å»æ¢ãããŠãããã ã§ãããäžçéè¡ã§ã¯ãéèŠãªèšªåè ã«ã³ãŒããŒãåº within the Asian financial community. Ursula Schaefer-Preuss, a German, is vice ããããã°äžã®å«è¶å®€ã«èªåã§åãã«è¡ãããæçŽ president for knowledge management and ãæžããããã°å¯ç·è£ä»¥äžã§ãªãéãèªåã§æžã㊠ãããå¯ç·è£ä»¥äžã§ããã°ç§æžããã£ãŠãããããã sustainable development. She took over in ããªããããããäžå¯§ã«ãé¡ãããã°ã®è©±ã§ããã November 2006 from a Dutchman Geert van ADBã§ã¯1ã€ããã®åžã«åº§ãç§æžéãã¿ã¬ãã°èªã§ der Linden, whose prior career, surprisingly, ãããã¹ããããŠããã ãã§ã¯ãªããã³ãŒããŒãçŽ è¶ was as a professional with the ADB. Schaefer- ã®ããã®äœ¿ãæšãŠã®ã«ãããåã£ãŠæ¥ã絊ä»ãå¥ã« Preuss came to the bank from being director ããã2005幎ã®å¹Žæ¬¡å ±åæžã«ãããšADBã«ã¯2,456ã® è·å¡ãããããã®ãã¡å°éè·ã¯887人ã§ãããã€ãŸãã ã®éè¡ã¯ããããã®å°éè·ã«2人ã®è£å©è·å¡ãã€ã ãšããé«ãæ¯çã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããã ADBã®æ§é ã«ã€ããŠã®æ¬åœã®åé¡ã¯äžçªäžã®ã¬ã ã«ã«ãããäžçéè¡ã°ã«ãŒãã§ã¯å¯ç·è£ãããã«çž åœããå°äœã®è ã30åããã®ã«å¯ŸããŠãADBã§ã¯ã ãã4åã§ãããäžçéè¡ã®å¯ç·è£ã®å€§åã¯ãéè¡çµ ç¹ã®äžã§æé²ããŠããæ£èŠè·å¡ã§ããã ãããADBã® å Žåãå¯ç·è£ã¯éåžžã®å éšè·å¡ãææ Œããã®ã§ã㪠ããã°ç·è£èªèº«ãéžãã ãã®ããã®ããŒã ã®äžéšã§ ããªããäžé¢šå€ãã£ãæ··åã°ã«ãŒããªã®ã ãã圌ã㯠äžçŽè·å¡ãšãªãã®ã§ããããäºå®äžã¯ADBã®åºè³åœ æ¿åºãæºè¶³ããããã®å©å®³ã®åè¡¡ãå³ãããã«éžã° ããæ¿åºäººäºãªã®ã§ããã 4人ã®èæ¯ã¯å€§ããéã£ãŠãããåãå€åœç±ã®éçºé è¡ã®å¯ç·è£ãšããŠã®å ±éå©å®³ããããšã¯èãé£ãã 㢠ãžã¢ã®éèçã®äžã§ãã圌ãã¯è¯ãç¥ãããŠããªãã
© Rafoto
Also, given the immense flows of private sector money and the fact that the world is awash with trillions of dollars of liquidity, is there any longer any need for a development bank such as the ADB? There already is the older World Bank, with a global grasp, so why duplicate its work with a bank that stays within Asia, even though it has nonregional shareholders from America and Europe? Rajat Nag, the ADBâs managing director general, laughs at the idea of an argument between the ADB and the World Bank about which is better or the more relevant development bank, suggesting that it is a tired old chestnut well past its sell-by date: âWhen we get together with our friends in the World Bank we say, today which way will we argue?â he says, talking from a huge tastefully decorated office, which would probably be big enough to house a dozen families from the less fortunate areas of Manila.
Private enterprise on the streets of Manilla.
ãã€ã人ã®ãŠã«ãºã©ã»ã·ã§ãŒãã¡ãŒã»ããã€ã¹ïŒUrsula Schaefer-PreussïŒæ°ã¯ç¥è管çãšæç¶å¯èœéçºãæ åœããå¯ç·è£ã§ãããã·ã§ãŒãã¡ãŒã»ããã€ã¹æ°ã¯ãé© ãã¹ãããšã«çãæãã®ADBãã³ã§ãã£ãåä»»ã®ãª ã©ã³ã人ããŒã«ãã»ãŽã¡ã³ã»ãã«ã»ãªã³ãã³ïŒGeert van der LindenïŒæ°ã®åŸãåããŠ2006幎11æã«å°±ä»»ã ãã ã·ã§ãŒãã¡ãŒã»ããã€ã¹æ°ã¯ãã³ããã³ãã«ãªã³ã§
WiA Delegate Publication
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ADB in the spotlight
general of Germanyâs federal ministry for economic cooperation and development in Bonn/Berlin. Before that her career was in the German government. Liqun Jin is the vice president (Operations 1) and came to the ADB from a previous job as vice minister of finance of China. He joined ADB in August 2003, taking over from a Korean, Myoung-Ho Shin. Jin is responsible for the operations of south Asia department, central and west Asia department, and the private sector operations. He was previously a career official of Chinaâs finance ministry, but as one of the first batch of groomed Englishspeaking officials after the Cultural Revolution, he had several spells abroad, including one as alternate director of the World Bank. C. Lawrence Greenwood Jr., an American, took up the post of vice president (Operations 2, covering east Asia, south east Asia, and Pacific departments plus central operations services) on 28 February 2006. He is a former US diplomat, who took over from another American, Joseph Eichenberger, who had been a former US Treasury official. The fourth vice president, Khempheng Pholsena is from Laos and is responsible for finance and administration, including the office of the secretary, general counsel, budget, personnel, administrative services, treasury and information systems. She is the first female vice president of the ADB and took over in April 2004 from John Lintjer, a Dutch government official. Before moving to Manila, Khempheng Pholsena was vice minister for foreign affairs in Laos, in charge of international cooperation. In the early years of the bank, the vice presidents served for long terms. C S Krishna Moorthi served for 11 years from the start of the bank, and S Stanley Katz did 12 years from 1978 to 1990, as did Gunther Schulz, from1983 to 1995. Now they serve for shorter terms (five years is the new norm) although Greenwood was appointed for just three years. Nag points out the oddity of the vice presidential appointments â that they become senior staff members but they are appointed by the
board of directors on the recommendation ãã€ãé£éŠæ¿åºçµæžã»éçºååçã®å±é·ãå€ããåŸ of the president, but not necessarily of the ADBã«å ¥è¡ãããADBå ¥è¡ä»¥åã圌女ã¯ãã€ãæ¿åºã® incumbent president. äžã§ãã£ãªã¢ãç©ãã§ããã®ã§ããã No doubt they are all highly qualified, 第1ãªãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³æ åœã®å¯ç·è£ãéç«çŸ€ïŒJin LiqunïŒ but it is a relevant question whether they æ°ã¯äžåœæ¿åºã®è²¡æ¿éšå¯éšé·ãåããŠãããéæ°ã¯ are the best people for the ADB where the éåœã®ãã§ã³ã»ããŒã»ã·ã³ïŒMyoung-Ho ShinïŒæ°ã®åŸ senior management team is small. Jin, at ä»»ãšããŠ2003幎8æã«ADBã«å ¥è¡ãããéæ°ã¯åã¢ãž least, is extremely bright and talented and ã¢éšãäžå€®ã»è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢éšã®æ¥åãããã³æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒ internationally savvy. He speaks careful, æ¥åãæ åœããŠããã以åã¯äžåœè²¡åéšã®ãã£ãªã¢å® considered English with barely a trace of a åã§ãã£ãããæåé©åœåŸã«è±èªã®èšç·Žãåããå® åã®ç¬¬1æçãšããŠãäžçéè¡ã®çäºä»£çãªã©ãšã㊠Chinese accent and displays an impressive, äœåºŠãæµ·å€ã«æŽŸé£ãããã if conventional, understanding of the areas under his supervision. He is quick to show ç±³åœäººã®Cã»ããŒã¬ã³ã¹ã»ã°ãªãŒã³ãŠããã»ãžã¥ã㢠ïŒC. Lawrence Greenwood JrïŒæ°ã¯2006幎2æ28æ¥ a folksy wisdom, quoting a Chinese saying ã«æ±ã¢ãžã¢ãåæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã倪平æŽå°åãã«ããŒãã第 about the importance of groping for the 2ãªãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšäžå€®ãªãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã»ãµãŒãã¹æ stones as you cross the river, so as not to miss åœã®å¯ç·è£ã«å°±ä»»ãããç±³åœã®å å€äº€å®ã§ããã°ãª a stone and fall and drown. He stresses the ãŒã³ãŠããæ°ã¯ãç±³åœè²¡åçã®å å®åã§ãã£ããžã§ãŒ importance of keeping speed and pace with ãã»ã¢ã€ãã§ã³ãã«ã¬ãŒïŒJoseph EichenbergerïŒæ°ã® the rhythms of reform, while pointing to the åŸä»»ã§ããã âCatch 22â of reform programmes â reforms 4 人 ç® ã® å¯ ç· è£ ã¯ ã©ãªã¹ ã® ã±ã³ ã ã³ã»ã ã« ã» ã PholsenaïŒæ°ã§ãç§æžå®€ãç·åè©è° often bring pain, but without reform there ïŒKhempheng äŒãäºç®ã人äºãç·åãµãŒãã¹ã財åãšæ å ±ã·ã¹ãã ã can be no benefits; but without the benefits, å«ãã 財åãšç·åãæ åœããŠãããADBåã®å¥³æ§å¯ it is hard to win popular support for reforms. ç·è£ãšããŠããªã©ã³ãæ¿åºã®å®åã§ãã£ããžã§ã³ã»ãªã³ ãã£ãŒïŒJohn LintjerïŒæ°ãã2004幎4æã«åŒãç¶ã㧠ãããããã©ã«æ¥ããŸã§ã¯ã©ãªã¹ã®åœéååæ åœå€ åå¯å€§è£ãåããŠããã
The ADB was a latecomer to the international financial architecture, late enough to recognise the emergence of Japan as a developed economy
ADBã®åµèšæã«ã¯å¯ç·è£ã®ä»»æã¯é·æéã§ãã£ãã Cã»Sã»ã¯ãªã·ã¥ãã»ã ãŒã«ãã£ãŒïŒC. S. Krishna MoorthiïŒ æ°ã¯éè¡ã®åµèšãã11幎éãSã»ã¹ã¿ã³ã¬ãŒã»ã«ããïŒS. Stanley KatzïŒæ°ã¯1978幎ãã1990幎ãŸã§ãã®ã¥ã³ã¿ãŒ ã»ã·ã¥ã«ãïŒGÃŒnther SchulzïŒæ°ã¯1983幎ãã1995幎 ãŸã§ããããã12幎éå¯ç·è£ãåããŠããã çŸåšãå¯ç·è£ã®ä»»æã¯çã ïŒæ°èŠå®ã§ã¯5幎ïŒã ã°ãªãŒ ã³ãŠããæ°ã®ä»»æã¯ããã3幎éã§ããããã°æ°ã¯å¯ ç·è£ä»»åœã«é¢ããå¥åŠãªç¹ãææãããå¯ç·è£ã¯äž çŽå¹¹éšã§ç·è£ã®æšèŠã«ãã£ãŠåœ¹å¡äŒã§ä»»åœãããã® ã§ãããããã®ç·è£ã¯çŸè·ã®ç·è£ã§ããå¿ èŠã¯ãªã ã®ã§ããã
Jin has the priceless advantages of having worked in a rapidly developing economy and at the World Bank at a senior level, with close involvement in both the grand questions of reform and the nuts and bolts of individual projects development issues, since as alternate director he got to consider the details of lending plans and projects. He says that his World Bank experience was rewarding and challenging. Then, he was Chinaâs representative at the bank, but as a senior member of the ADB management team, âI work in the interests of the institution.â Nevertheless, he has great pride in Chinaâs economic prowess: âI donât know whether there are many full-fledged market economies. It depends on how you define
ã©ã®å¯ç·è£ã«ãé«ãé©æ§ãããããšã¯çããªãã ã®ã®ããããžã¡ã³ãã»ããŒã ãå°èŠæš¡ãªADBã«ãšã£ãŠ 圌ããæé©ã®äººéžã§ãããã©ããã¯å€§åãªåé¡ã§ã ããå°ãªããšãéæ°ã¯éåžžã«è¡æã§æèœãããåœéå é¡ã«ç²ŸéããŠãããäžåœèšããã»ãšãã©ãªãè±èªã§èš èãæ éã«éžã¶éæ°ã¯ãèªåã®æ åœåéã«ã€ããŠã å ç¿çã§ã¯ãããããªãé«åºŠã®ç解åã瀺ããéæ° ã¯çŽ æ©ã庶æ°çãªç¥æµãæ«é²ããæ²³ãæž¡ãéã«ç³ã 泚ææ·±ã足ã§æ¢ããªããã°èžã¿å€ããŠããŒããŠã㟠ãå±éºæ§ããããšããäžåœã®ããšãããåŒçšããŠã¿ ããããããŠæ¹é©ã«ã€ããŠã ãªãºã ãæã¡ã€ã€ã¹ã㌠ããšããŒã¹ãä¿ã€ããšã®éèŠæ§ã匷調ããåæã«æ¹é© ããã°ã©ã ã®ããã¡ãç«ãŠãã°ãã¡ãç«ãããã®ç¶æ³ ã«ã€ããŠãææãããã€ãŸãæ¹é©ã«ã¯çã¿ã䌎ããæ¹ é©ãªãã«ã¯äŸ¿çãåŸãããã䟿çãªãã«ã¯æ¹é©ã«äž è¬ã®æ¯æãåŸãã®ãé£ããã®ã§ããã
© Patrick Nairne / Alamy
It is impossible to forget the contrast between the ADB HQ and its surroundings.
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éæ°ã«ã¯æ¥æé·çµæžã®äžã§ã®çµéšã«å ããŠãäžçé è¡ã®çäºä»£çãšããŠããŒã³èšç»ã貞åºãããžã§ã¯ã ã®è©³çŽ°ãæ€èšããªããã°ãªããªãã£ããããç·åç ãªæ¹é©åé¡ãšãšãã«åã ã®äºæ¥éçºåé¡ã«æ·±ãé¢ã ã£ãŠãããšããåŸé£ã匷ã¿ããããéæ°ã¯äžçéè¡ ã§ã®çµéšã¯å å®ããŠããããã£ã¬ã³ãžã§ããã£ããšèª ããåœæã®éæ°ã¯äžçéè¡ã«ãããäžåœã®ä»£è¡šã§ã ã£ãããADBã®ãããžã¡ã³ãã»ããŒã ã®äžçŽå¹¹éšãšã ãŠã¯ãçµç¹ã®å©å®³ã®ããã«ä»äºãããŠããŸãã ãšèšã ã®ã§ãããããã«ãé¢ãããåæ°ã¯äžåœçµæžã®å€§æ åã«å€§ããªèªããæã£ãŠããã ãå®å šã«äžäººåãšãªã£ ãåžå Žçµæžãã©ãã»ã©ãããã¯ããããŸãããå®çŸ© 次第ã§ããç§ã®èŠããšããã§ã¯ãäžäººåã®åžå Žçµæžã 圢æãããšããç¹ã§äžåœã¯ããªãæé·ããŸããã ãã ãã15ã«æ以å ã«éæ°ã¯äžåœã«åž°åœããããšã«ãªã£ãŠ ããã ãã®ãããªäºèšã圌ã®éãã€ã¶ããªãéããã ãããæçµçã«ã¯è²¡åéšé·ãšãªãã§ãããã ããã¢ãžã¢äººã®æ¶æ¯éã¯ADBã®ãããžã¡ã³ãã¯äŸç¶ ãšããŠå·æŠæ代ã®ãŸãŸã§ãããšèªããADBãåœééè ã®èå°ã«ç»å Žããã®ã¯é ããããŸã ã«æ¥æ¬ãå é²çµ
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ADB in the spotlight
æžåœãšããŠæ°ãã«ç»å ŽããŠãããšèªèããã»ã©ã«é ããŠããã®ã§ãããåºè³ã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®åœ¹å²ã®çµæãš ããŠããŸãIMFãšäžçéè¡ã®äž»å°æš©ãæ¢ã«æ¬§å·ïŒIMFïŒ ãšã¢ã¡ãªã«ïŒäžçéè¡ïŒã«åå²ãããããšããã æ¥æ¬ã¯ ADBã®å代ç·è£ãæåããããåŸãããã以æ¥èª°ã æãããªä»å ¥ãããããšãªãæ¥æ¬ããã®ç·è£ãéžåº ãç¶ããŠããã
The ADBâs four vice presidents are from widely different backgrounds. Clockwise from top left: Ursula Schaefer-Preuss (Knowledge Management and Sustainable Development); Liqun Jin (south central and west Asia and private sector operations); Khempheng Pholsena (finance and administration, including the office of the secretary, general counsel, budget, personnel, administrative services, treasury and information systems); and C. Lawrence Greenwood Jr (east, south east Asia, and Pacific departments plus central operations services).
it. In my view, China is pretty developed in terms of building a fully-fledged market economy.â But within 15 months Jin will return to China, perhaps eventually to be finance minister, if making that suggestion is not to jinx his chances. One Asian insider says that the management of the ADB is still marooned in the days of the Cold War. The ADB was a latecomer to the international financial architecture, late enough to recognise the emergence of Japan as a developed economy. In consequence of Japanâs role in its founding â and because the leadership of the IMF and World Bank had already been divided between Europe, for the IMF, and the US, for the bank â Japan got to choose the first president of the ADB and has been choosing its presidents ever since without anyone obviously interfering. Is the ADB a Japanese bank? This is a tricky question. Some critics have gone to the extent of claiming that the president takes instructions from the ministry of finance headquarters in Kasumigaseki, Tokyo. Only a handful of people know what communications there are between the MoF and the presidentâs suite in Manila. However, given the seniority of president Haruhiko Kuroda, who was international vice minister of finance â the chief barbarian-tamer, some Japanese like to say, not entirely joking â for a record four years, and given the complexity of the bank it is unlikely, say insiders, that the Japanese mandarins would try to control the bank so overtly or that Kuroda would go along so meekly. If you look at the shareholdings, indeed, it is hard to claim that the ADB is a Japanese bank. Japan has the largest shareholding â 15.734 percent of the subscribed capital and 12.9 percent of the voting power, according to the 2005 annual report â but these are hardly controlling stakes, and are anyway exactly the same as the US stake in the ADB. The next biggest shareholder is China, 42
ADBã¯æ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ã§ããããïŒããã¯é£ãã質å㧠ãããç·è£ã¯æ±äº¬ã®éãé¢ã«ãã財åçæ¬çã®æ瀺 ã«åŸã£ãŠãããšäž»åŒµããè©è«å®¶ãããã財åçãšãã ã©ã®ç·è£å®€ãšã®éã§ã©ã®ãããªäŒè©±ããªãããŠãã ããç¥ã£ãŠããè ã¯ãããããã§ããã ãããæé·èš é²ã®4幎éã財åçã®è²¡åå®ãåããæ¥æ¬äººã®äžã« ã¯éè®äººã®èª¿æ垫䞻任ãšå¥œãã§åŒã¶è ãããŠããã ãããªãã¡åè«ã§ã¯ãªãé»ç°æ±åœŠç·è£ã®çµæŽãšè€é ãªADBã®ããšãåæã«èãããšã æ¥æ¬ã®å®åãADBã å ¬ç¶ãšæ¯é ãããé»ç°æ°ããã®èšããªãã«ãªãããš ã¯ãªãã§ããããšå éšã«è©³ãã人ç©ã¯èªã£ãŠããã åºè³æ§æãèŠãå ŽåãADBãæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ã§ãããšäž» 匵ããããšã¯é£ããã2005幎ã®å¹Žæ¬¡å ±åæžã«ããã°ã æ¥æ¬ã¯çºè¡æžè³æ¬ã®15.734ïŒ ãè°æ±ºæš©ã®12.9ïŒ ãæ ããæ倧ã®åºè³åœã§ãããã ããã§æ¯é æš©ãæã£ãŠ ãããšäž»åŒµããããšã¯é£ãããäœãã«ããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã® ADBã«å¯Ÿããåºè³ãšå šãåããªã®ã§ããã次ã®å€§åºè³ åœã¯äžåœã§è³æ¬ã®6.5ïŒ ãè°æ±ºæš©ã®5.5ïŒ ãæãã次ã ã§ã€ã³ããã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã ãã€ããšç¶ããè·å¡ã«ã€ã㊠ã¯ãé»ç°æ°ã¯æ¥æ¬äººã¯çžå¯Ÿçã«å°ãªããšèªãã
with almost 6.5 percent of the capital and 5.5 percent of the voting power, followed æ¥æ¬æ¯é 説ã¯äŸç¶æ ¹åŒ·ãããããã¯ç¹ã«ç·è£æåã« closely by India, and then Indonesia and ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ããªãŒãã³ãã«ç°è°ãå±ããè ãã㪠Germany. In terms of staffing, Kuroda says, ããããšããããã§ã¯ãªããéè¡å éšã§ãéãé¢ã§ ãã ãå°è»ã ãšããŠé«ãè©å€ãåŸã第4代ç·è£ã®è€å²¡ç the Japanese are under-represented. äœå€«æ°ïŒ1981ïŒ89ïŒã¯ãæ瀺ãåºãããšã奜ã¿æ瀺ã Yet the stories of Japanese domination åããã®ãæ絶ãã匷çãªäººç©ã§ãã£ããã財åç persist, not least because of the lack ã¯ãã®åŸä»»ã«ã¯äººå¥œããããããã©ãããŸãåæ§ç of challenge to Tokyoâs free hand in ã§ã¯ãªãç·è£éãéžãã ã appointing the president. After the fourth ãäžèº«äžã®éœåãã«ããä»»æéäžã§èŸä»»ããäœè€å president Masao Fujioka (1981-89) had won 倫æ°ã®åŸä»»ãšããŠ1999幎ã«å°±ä»»ããåéå¿ ç·æ°ã¯ã a reputation, inside the bank and also in 財åçã§ã¯è²¡åå®ãåãã匷ãåæ§ã®äººç©ãšèŠãã Kasumigaseki, as âthe Shogunâ, a powerful ãŠãããåéæ°ã¯ç·è£ãšããŠäžé£ã®æ¹é©ãå§ãããã figure who liked giving orders and refused ãã¹ã³ãã«å¯ŸããŠã¯äžåšçšã§ãã£ããåéæ°ãšä»äºã to take them, the MoF settled on likeable ããããšã®ããADBã®ãããŒãžã£ãŒã¯ãäžå¯Ÿäžã§ã¯èŠª ãã¿ããããŠè¯ãèŠããã®ã§ãããã«ã¡ã©ãåããã but rather colourless presidents. é¡åã«ãã€ã¯ãå·®ãåºããããšå¯Ÿå¿ãããŸããªããŠã Tadao Chino, who took over in 1999 after éè¡ã®å¯Ÿå€çãªã€ã¡ãŒãžãè¯ãããã®ãäžåŸæãªã® Mitsuo Sato resigned early âfor personal ã§ãããšèªããçç±ãã©ãã§ãããæ±äº¬ã®è²¡åçã§ã¯ã reasonsâ, had been international vice ä»»æã¯çµäºããŠããªãã£ãã6幎çµã£ã2005幎1æã« minister at the MoF and was regarded as a åéæ°ã®åœ¹ç®ã¯çµãã£ããšå€æãããåŸä»»ã«ã¯é»ç° strong personality. As president, he began æ±åœŠæ°ãåºãè°è«ãããããšããªããADBã®ç·è£æå a series of reforms, but he was awkward in ã«ã€ããŠãããã¯æ¥æ¬ã«ãã®æåã®æš©å©ãããã®ã è°è«ãããããšããªã就任ããã ãã®ç¹ã§ã¯ãåºè³åœ public. âOne on one, he was friendly and æ§æãã©ãã§ããããšADBã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ã came across well,â says an ADB manager ãªã®ã§ããã who worked with Chino, âbut if you pointed ãã®ã»ãã®ç¹ã§ã¯ãã®éè¡ãæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ãªã®ãåœé a camera or thrust a microphone in his face, çãªéè¡ãªã®ãã¯ãå éšã«ããè ã§ãæ確ã«ããã® he did badly and did not enhance the public ã¯é£ãããADBæ¬åºã«ã¯ãç·è£ããã³åœ¹å¡ã®ããéã® image of the bank.â For whatever reason, ããã«äžã«ãåºè³åœæ¿åºã®åžžé§ä»£è¡šã§ãã24人ã®å· the MoF in Tokyo decided that Chinoâs time è¡åœ¹å¡ãšãã®ä»£ç人ã®ããéããããããã¯éè¡ã®æ¥ was up in January 2005 after six years and åãå éšã§åžžã«ãã§ãã¯ãããã¹ãŠã®èè³ã¯åœ¹å¡äŒã§ before he had finished a full term of his æ¿èªãããªããã°ãªããªãããšãæå³ããŠããã own. Haruhiko Kuroda was appointed to ãããã©ã®å€§çµç¹ã§ãããã§ããããçµç¹ã®ç®æšãšæ¹ take over without any public debate, without åãå®ããã®ã«ã¯ç·è£ãäžå¿çãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠã ããADBãè¯ãç¥ããADBãšåããADBã®ããã«ä»äºã even any questioning of the choice or of ããããšããã1人ã®ã¢ãžã¢äººéè¡å®¶ã¯ããã®éè¡ã Japanâs right to nominate the ADB president. æ¥æ¬ã®åºè³æ¯çã¯äœãããæ¥æ¬ã®çµç¹ããšèŠãŠããã In this regard, the ADB is still âa Japanese ãæ¥æ¬ã®å®åæ©æ§ã¯ã倧èŠæš¡ãªäžççå®åæ©æ§ã®é bankâ, whatever the shareholdings. å¶æ³ãå¿ ãããç解ããŠããŸããã ãšåœŒã¯è¿°ã¹ãã ãã Divining in what other ways the bank is ã«ã¯ADBã§åãèªç§°ãäžå¹žãªè¥¿æŽäººãããŒãžã£ãŒãã ãç·è£ã®ãªãã£ã¹ãæ¥æ¬åŒã«éå¶ãã Japanese or international is hard even for an åæèŠã§ããã insider to tell. The presence on the top floor of ãã ãã§ã¯ãããŸãããäºç®ã»äººäºã»ç®¡çã·ã¹ãã æ åœ ã®å±é·ãšè²¡åãšããäž»èŠãã¹ããæŒãããŠããããã the ADB headquarters, above the presidentâs æ¥æ¬æ°è³ªãè延ããŠããã®ã§ãã ããããã®éè¡ãæ© and management floor, of the 24 executive èœäžå šã«é¥ãããŠããã®ã§ããç¹ã«9éã®åœ¹å¡äŒãã directors and their alternates, the shareholder åºããã现ããæ瀺ãæ©èœã劚ããŠããã®ã§ãã governmentâs permanent representatives, æŽä»£ã®ADBç·è£ã®äžã§ãé»ç°æ°ãæ¥æ¬ã«ãšã£ãŠæé« means that there is a constant in-house check ã®äººç©ã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããé»ç°æ°ã«ã¯ç¥æ§ãããã on the operations of the bank, and all loans ãŸãåœé掟ã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ãšãªãŒãé€ææ ¡ã§ããæ±äº¬ 倧åŠãšãªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒã倧åŠã®äž¡æ¹ãåæ¥ãã財åå® 4 must be approved by the board of directors.
ADBâs comfort zone
But, as with all big organisations, the president is the key player in setting the focus and direction of the institution. An Asian banker who knows the bank well and has worked with it and for it, regards it as âa Japanese institutionâ in spite of the small Japanese shareholding. âThe Japanese bureaucracy does not always understand how to run large global bureaucracies,â he adds. This view is shared by a self-styled âunhappy Western managerâ within the ADB, who adds, âit is not only that the presidentâs office is run in a Japanese way, but the Japanese ethos is the most pervasive one, because the Japanese also have the key job of the director general for budget, personnel and management systems, as well as the treasurerâs position. This makes the bank dysfunctional, especially given the close control from the board on the ninth floor.â When Kuroda was appointed, Japan had potentially its best president of the ADB. Kuroda is an intellectual and an internationalist. He graduated from both Japanâs elite Tokyo University and from Oxford University, served a record four years as international vice minister and came to Manila directly from the prime ministerâs office where he was adviser to Junichiro Koizumi. Equally important, Kuroda believed strongly in an integrated Asia and had worked on issues like an Asian currency unit and an Asian monetary fund. Today, Kuroda is not talking about the pan-Asian financial issues, and when I asked, referred me to the International Monetary Fund. One academic who has studied the ADB says that Kuroda is not talking because âhe met resistance to the Japanese way of doing things when he raised the issues. Kuroda has taken Masahiro Kawai, who was his integration guy, back to Tokyo to take charge of the Asian Development Bank Institute.â Kawai, a Tokyo University professor, had been an economist at the World Bank and then was deputy vice minister of finance under Kuroda from 2001 to 2003. Kuroda brought him to Manila to be head of regional economic integration, to work to devise a joint currency swap scheme to help Asian economies with acute fund shortages, and to work on an initiative to establish an Asian bond market. Masahiro Kawai, formerly the ADBâs Economic integration expert, now runs the bankâs institute from Tokyo.
That this internationalist Japanese president encountered opposition when he tried to talk of the challenges of Asian integration raises questions about Japan in Asia and about Japan in the ADB. âThis is the problem with our Japanese friends: the Japanese are not very attuned to the rest of Asia,â comments a part-time consultant to the ADB. âThey donât know how to talk to the rest of Asia. One leading Japanese told me that, âOur problem is that we need a process of consultation internally, and once we agree on something amongst ourselves, that becomes our bottom line solution.â That is precisely the problem with Japanese leadership: it means that there is no consultation with the rest of Asia because there is no give. Within Asia, if Lee Hsien Loong (of Singapore) or (Chinaâs president) Hu Jintao or Abdullah Badawi (of Malaysia) comes to the negotiating table, yes, they have a prepared position, but there is some give. With our Japanese friends, there is no give because it was a huge process to agree within themselves.
If properly used, the Asian Development Bank can actually be a huge force for good
ãšããŠæé·ã®4幎éåšä»»ããå°æ³çŽäžéæ°ã®å é£å®æ¿ åäžããçŽæ¥ããã©ã«èµŽä»»ããŠããã ãããšåæ§ã«é èŠãªããšã¯ãé»ç°æ°ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®çµ±åã«åŒ·ã信念ãæ ã¡ã ã¢ãžã¢é貚ãŠããããã¢ãžã¢é貚åºéã®ãããªå é¡ãæšé²ããŠããããšã§ããã çŸåšé»ç°æ°ã¯æ±ã¢ãžã¢ã®éèåé¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯èªã ããç§ã®è³ªåã«å¯ŸããŠã¯åœéé貚åºéã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ ããADBãç 究ãããããåŠè ã¯ãé»ç°æ°ããã®åé¡ ã«ã€ããŠèªããªãã®ã¯ã圌ããã®åé¡ãåãäžãã ãšãã«ãæ¥æ¬æµã®ããæ¹ã«æµæããã£ãããã§ãã ãš èšãã ãé»ç°æ°ã¯çµ±åã®ä»äºã®æåã§ãã£ãæ²³åæ£åŒ æ°ãã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ç 究æãä»»ããããã«æ±äº¬ãžæ» ããã®ã§ãããçŸåšæ±äº¬å€§åŠææã®æ²³åæ°ã¯ããã€ãŠ äžçéè¡ã®ãšã³ããã¹ãã§ããé»ç°æ°ã®äžã§2001幎 ãã2003幎ãŸã§å¯è²¡åå®ãåããŠãããé»ç°æ°ã¯ã æ²³åæ°ã«è³éäžè¶³ã®åè¿«ããŠããã¢ãžã¢çµæžãå©ã ãå ±éé貚ã¹ã¯ããæ§æ³çå®ã®ä»äºããããåæã« ã¢ãžã¢åµåžåžå Žã®åµåºã®ã€ãã·ã¢ãã£ããåãããã å°åçµæžçµ±åã®ããããšããŠããã©ã«åŒãã ã ãã®åœé掟ã®æ¥æ¬äººç·è£ãã¢ãžã¢çµ±åã®èª²é¡ã話ã ããšããŠå察ãããäºå®ã¯ã ã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããæ¥æ¬ãã ã³ADBã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã«ã€ããŠã®åé¡ãæèµ·ãããã® ã§ããã ããããæã ã®æ¥æ¬ã®åéã®åé¡ãªã®ã§ãã æ¥æ¬äººã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®ã»ãã®äººãšããŸã調åããŠããªã ã®ã§ãã ãšADBã§ããŒãã¿ã€ã ã®ã³ã³ãµã«ã¿ã³ããã ãŠãã人ç©ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠããã ãæ¥æ¬äººã¯ãã以å€ã®ã¢ãž ã¢ã«ã ã©ããã£ãŠè©±ããããããç¥ããªãã®ã§ãããã æ¥æ¬ã®æå°è ãç§ã«ãæ¥æ¬äººã®åé¡ã¯ãå éšåè°ã® ããã»ã¹ãå¿ èŠã§ãå éšã§äžåºŠäœãã«åæããã°ã ãããç§éã®çµè«ãšãªããšãããšããã«ãããŸãã ãš èªã£ãããšããããŸãã ãããããæ¥æ¬ã®ãªãŒããŒã·ã ãã®åé¡ãªã®ã§ããã€ãŸãè²ãããšããªãããã«ã®ã¢ ãžã¢ã®ä»ã®åœã ãšã®å調æ§ããªãã®ã§ããã¢ãžã¢ã§ ã¯ã ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«éŠçžã® æé¡éŸïŒLee Hsien LoongïŒ æ°ãäžåœåœå®¶äž»åžã®è¡éŠæ¿€ïŒHu JintaoïŒæ°ããã¬ãŒ ã·ã¢éŠçžã®ã¢ããã©ã»ãããŠã£ ïŒAbdullah BadawiïŒæ° ã亀æžã®ããŒãã«ã«ã€ãã°ããã¡ãããã®å Žã«åã ãŠãããšããããšããããŸãããè²ãããšãã§ããã ãã®å€å°ã®ããšãããããŸããæã ã®æ¥æ¬ã®åéã®å Ž åã«ã¯ãèªåéã®äžã§åæãæŽããã®ã«é·ãããã» ã¹ãå¿ èŠãªããã«ãæçµçãªçµè«ã«ã¯ãã以äžè²ã ããšãã§ããªãçšããšãããªããªã£ãŠããã®ã§ãã
âSo it is not seen as an owned or inclusive consultation. It is Japanâs vision and there is no negotiation. The Japanese keep on saying, we need the Asian Monetary Fund, we need the Asian currency unit, we need a bond index, while a lot of the rest of Asia ããã®ãããçã§å ±æãããå æ¬çãªåè°ããã»ã¹ã« says maybe but what is it really for, and æããããŸããããã®çµè«ã¯ããªãã¡æ¥æ¬ã®èãæ¹ ã§ãã£ãŠã亀æžã®äœå°ããªãã®ã§ãã æ¥æ¬ã¯ã¢ãžã¢é what is in it for us? âThis is in contrast to the experience of 貚åºéãå¿ èŠã§ãããã¢ãžã¢é貚ãŠããããå¿ èŠã§ã åµåžã€ã³ããã¯ã¹ãå¿ èŠã§ãããšèšãç¶ããŠã㟠Europe, where unity was made possible ãã ãããæ®ãã®ã¢ãžã¢ã®åœã ã¯ããããããããªãããã by the generosity of the Germans in ããã©ã®ãããªç®çã§ãèªåéã«ãããªãå®äœãã underwriting the agricultural subsidies that ãã®ããšåããããŠããŸãã the French, Irish, Greeks, have enjoyed. Do ãããã¯æ¬§å·ã®çµéšãšå¥œå¯Ÿç §ã§ãã欧å·ã§ã¯ãã©ã³ we see this generosity within Asia? If you ã¹ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ããã®ãªã·ã¢ã享åããŠãã蟲æ¥è£å© want the small guys to be in, you canât give éããã€ããå¯å€§ã«åŒãåããã®ã§çµ±äžãå®çŸãã them yen loans and then the yen appreciates ã®ã§ãããã®ãããªå¯å€§ããã¢ãžã¢ã®äžã§èŠãããšã and these guys suffer from it. Japanâs yen ã§ããŸãããå°ããªåœãå çãããããšããŠãããã® loans looked cheap initially but turned out åœã«åã®èè³ãããããšãã§ããåã®çžå Žãäžããã to be pretty expensive, and a lot of it was 匱å°åœã¯ããã«ãã£ãŠèŠããããšã«ãªããŸããæ¥æ¬å ã®èè³ã¯åœåã¯äœå©ã«èŠããŸãããæçµçã«ã¯çžåœ also tied loans. é«ããã®ã«ãªãããå€ãã¯ã²ãä»ãèè³ãªã®ã§ãã âKuroda thought that by being in ãé»ç°æ°ã¯ADBã«å ¥ãã°ã¢ãžã¢çµ±åãã¢ãžã¢é貚㊠the ADB, he could use it to push Asian ããããé貚åºéã®æšé²ã«ADBã掻çšã§ãããšèã㟠integration, Asian currency unit, monetary ããã就任ããåœæé»ç°æ°ã¯ã欧å·ã¯åæ°ã®æ§æ³ã fund. When he got in, he found that the IMFïŒæ¬§å·äž»å°ïŒãè¿œããããã®ã§ãããšèŠãŠæ¯æŽã Europeans were not backing him because ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯æ§æ³ããã«ãè¿œããããã®ã§ãããš they see it as marginalising the IMF (headed ããŠè³æãããä»æ¹ã§äžåœã¯ADBã®äœ¿åœãšèããã by a European), the Americans donât like it ãŠããã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒã®éçºã«å°å¿µããŠãã® because it marginalises the dollar, whereas ã»ãã®ããšã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã«ä»»ãããã䞻匵ããŠããããšã« æ°ãã€ããŸãããé»ç°æ°ãæºåé éã®è©±ãã¯ããã the Chinese say why donât you do what you ãåŠããäžå€®éè¡ã®äººã ããæã ã®æ¥åã«å¹²æžããŠã¯ are supposed to do, which is infrastructure ãããªãããšå£ãã¯ããã§ããŸãã development and leave the rest to Asians. æ¥æ¬ãè¯ãã¢ãžã¢äººã§ããããšããŠå€±æããåŸã®ä»ã The minute he started talking about reserves, ãã財åçã®å®åéã«ãšã£ãŠADBã®ç·è£æåæš©ãèª the central bankers also chipped in and said, åçã«äžããããããšã«ã€ããŠåèããè¯ãæ©äŒã§ âget out of our businessâ.â ãããè±åœã®ãŽãŒãã³ã»ãã©ãŠã³ïŒGordon BrownïŒæ° After Japanâs failure precisely when they ãäžçéè¡ãšIMFã®éå¶æ¹æ³ã®å€æŽãæ±ããããšã tried to show themselves as good Asians, ã§ãããšããã°ãADBã®å€æŽã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã®æéã 4 maybe now would be a good time for the å€§å¹ ã«éããŠããããšã¯ééããªãã WiA Delegate Publication
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© Erik De Castro / Reuters / Corbis
ADB in the spotlight
Delegates of the Asian Development Bank attend a video conference with former U.S. presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton at their Manila headquarters in 2005 to map out recovery operations for tsunami-devastated Asian countries, and to discuss how to bridge funding gaps and stamp out aid corruption.
MoF mandarins to reconsider their automatic right to nominate the head of the ADB. If Gordon Brown of the UK can demand changes to the way the World Bank and IMF are run, then surely change is overdue at the ADB. After Kuroda finishes his term it would be good if the ADB president is chosen by open and transparent competition and that that president should then be allowed to choose his or her own vice presidents, also based on merit and on how they can work together as part of a strong harmonious team, as you would expect of a good corporation. The idea that vice presidents should meet regional demands or satisfy the sinecure prerogatives of shareholders sits badly with a modern bank trying to help the rest of Asia to catch up with the shining progressive stars. If a president is to be chosen on merit after Kuroda, then Kyoto is the place to begin active consideration. Another issue is whether there is a need for such a relatively small bank to have the shareholder directors breathing down the necks of the management in the same building all the time. Shifting the headquarters from Manila to a more lively and modern financial city would also be worth considering, though having to travel through the eyesores of poverty every day when going to work is a useful reproach to any Asian Development Bank executive, even though most of them live their lives outside the cool comfort of the bank in gated security in neat isolated townhouse villages. The main point is that the ADB â if it is to be relevant to a rising Asia â needs to be strengthened and updated with a president and management team who will be respected for running a development bank that is at the cutting edge of the issues and will be a magnet for the best and brightest from Asia and shareholding countries. The downside risk of trying to open the top job to competition is that the Japanese may sulk and refuse to play ball, 44
é»ç°æ°ã®ä»»ææºäºåŸã«ã¯ãADBç·è£ãå ¬éããã㬠ã©ã¹åŒµãã®ç«¶äºã§éžåºããå¥å šãªäŒç€Ÿã«æåŸ ãããã ãã«ããã®ç·è£ãèœå䞻矩ã«åºã¥ãã匷åã§èª¿åã®ãš ããããŒã ã®äžå¡ãšããŠå ±ã«ä»äºãã§ããããåºæº ã«ããŠèªãã®å¯ç·è£ãéžåºã§ããããã«ããã®ãæ ãŸãããå¯ç·è£ã¯å°åã®èŠæ±ã«åèŽãããã®ã§ãªã ãã°ãªããªããšããåºè³åœã®éè·ã«ããç¹æš©è ãæº è¶³ããããã®ã§ãªããã°ãªããªããšããèãã¯ãçºå± ã®ã¢ãã«ãšããŠèŒããŠããåœã«è¿œãã€ãããšããŠãã ä»ã®ã¢ãžã¢ã®åœã ãæ¯æŽããããšããè¿ä»£çéè¡ã« ã¯ãŸã£ããé©åããªãèãæ¹ã§ãããæ¥çžŸäž»çŸ©ã«åºã¥ ããŠé»ç°æ°ã®æ¬¡ã®ç·è£ãéžåºãããšããã°ã京éœç· äŒãã掻çºãªæ€èšãå§ããå Žæã§ãããå¥ã®åé¡ãš ããŠã ãã®ãããªæ¯èŒçå°ããªéè¡ã§ãåºè³åœã®ã㣠ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒãåã建ç©ã«åžžé§ããŠçµå¶é£ããã§ãã¯ãã å¿ èŠãããã®ããšããããšãããã éå€æã«æ¯æ¥çãŸãã貧å°å°åãéãã®ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ éçºéè¡ã®åœ¹å¡ãžã®å±è²¬ãšããŠåœ¹ç«ã€ãããããªã ããããã©ãããã£ãšæŽ»æ°ãããè¿ä»£çãªéèéœåžã« æ¬åºã移転ãããããšãæ€èšã«å€ããã ãšã¯ããåœ¹å¡ ã®å€§åã¯æ¶Œããå¿«é©ãªéè¡ã®å€ã§ã¯ãå³éãªã»ãã¥ãª ãã£ã§å®ãããçæŽãªã¿ãŠã³ããŠã¹å°åã«äœãã§ã ãã®ã§ãããã 倧åãªããšã¯ãåé¡ã«ã€ããŠæå 端ã®ç¥èãæã¡ã ã¢
like a spoilt child when someone steals the ãžã¢ãšåºè³åœã®æåªç§ãªäººæãåŒãã€ããéçºå°é ball in the playground. That is a real risk ã®éè¡ãçµå¶ããé©æãšããŠå°æ¬ããããããªç·è£ with an increasingly nationalist government ãšçµå¶é£ã«ãã£ãŠãADBã匷åå·æ°ãããªããã°ãª that may not listen to the voices of corporate ããªããšããããšã§ããããããã®ãã¹ããå ¬åãã wisdom urging that Japan needs to be a part æã®ãªã¹ã¯ã¯ãçãããããåäŸãéåå Žã§ããŒã« ãåããããšãã®ããã«ã æ¥æ¬ãæ©å«ãæããŠã²ãŒã and partner of a strong Asia. ã«åå ããªãå¯èœæ§ãããããšã§ããã次第ã«åœå®¶ The experienced banker who worked 䞻矩çã«ãªã£ãŠããæ¿åºããæ¥æ¬ã¯åŒ·ãã¢ãžã¢ã®äž for both the World Bank and ADB pointed éšã§ãããã€ããŒãããŒã«ãªãå¿ èŠããããšããäŒ out that the Asian bank does still have some æ¥ã®è³¢æãªå£°ãèãããšããªãããšãããããšããã important comparative advantages even ã¯çŸå®çãªãªã¹ã¯ãšãããã over the World Bank, but these need to be äžçéè¡ãšADBã§åããçµéšè±å¯ãªååºã®éè¡å®¶ worked on: âThe ADB staff is not necessarily ã¯ããã®ã¢ãžã¢ã®éè¡ã¯äžçéè¡ã«å¯ŸããŠéèŠãªç¹ that strong, and needs to be strengthened,â ã§äŸç¶ãšããŠæ¯èŒåªäœãä¿ã£ãŠãããã察çãæœãå¿ ãADBã®è·å¡ã¯å¿ ããã匷å㧠he says. âBut the ADB offers large consulting èŠããããšææããã ããå¿ èŠã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã匷åãããªããã°ãªã㟠packages for technical assistance. They are ãããããããADBã¯æè¡æ¯æŽã«ã€ããŠå€§èŠæš¡ãªã³ã³ able to pay people for what a country really ãµã«ãã£ã³ã°ã»ããã±ãŒãžãæäŸããŠããŸããããåœã needs. In that sense they are much more çã«å¿ èŠãšããŠãããã®ããADBã¯äººã ã«äžããããš flexible than the World Bank, which says, ãã§ããŸãããã®æå³ã§äžçéè¡ãããæè»ã§ããäž âI must give you a loan before I can give çéè¡ã¯æè¡æ¯æŽãããåã«èè³ãããªããã°ãªã you technical assistance.â When a country ãŸãããããåœãäžåœãŸãã¯ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ãéåœã®ã¬ reaches the stage of China or Malaysia or ãã«ã«éãããšåå ¥ãããå¿ èŠããªããªããŸãããã ã®åœã¯éåžžã«è¯è³ªãªæè¡çå©èšãå¿ èŠãšããŠããã Korea, it says, âI donât need to borrow from ããããªãã®ã§ããäžçéè¡ã¯æè¡çå©èšã«ä»£éã you.â But they may need some very good è«æ±ãããšèšãã®ã§ããã®åœã¯èè³ãæã£ãŠããŸã㟠technical advice. The World Bank says, âI am ãã誰ã®åŸã«ããªããŸããããããADBã§ã¯å®éã«ã going to charge you for it,â so the country ã®ãããªå¶åºŠãã©ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã«ããããæåãã turns it down. Nobody wins. But the ADB ããªãã«ããããã80äžãã«ã®æè¡æ¯æŽåºéãäžã actually has this thing that for every project, ãŠãã³ã³ãµã«ã¿ã³ãã«æ¯æããŸãã whether successful or not, they allocate ããããADBã«ã¯ããéèŠãªååšãšãªããäœãããã $800,000 technical assistance fund, and they ãšèšãããã®éè¡ãèšç«ããå€ããå·æŠãå¿çããæ ãåºããã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã®æ©é¢ãåºãæããŠãæ°ããã㌠pay for consultants.â But there is something potentially more ã ã«ä¹ã£ãã¢ãžã¢ã®å£°ã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããšèšãã ãäžçéè¡ãšIMFã®åé¡ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ã§ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ important for the ADB, he adds â to be able å ãšèŠããã1997幎ã®ã¢ãžã¢éèå±æ©ã®åŸéºçã« to break out of the old âCold Warâ mentality äž¡æ©é¢ãšããŸã æ©ãã§ããããšã§ããããã§æåã㊠that created the bank and steal a march on ããæ°ããã¢ãžã¢çµæžã®æ ãæéã¯ãããããããã the Washington institutions as the voice of åå ¥ã¯ããªããç§ã®å€è²šæºåã¯ãããããã倧ããã® the new booming Asia. âThe problem for ã ããšèšããIMFãšäžçéè¡ããããééã«æèŠãè¿° the World Bank and IMF is that they are ã¹ãæã§ããã以äžã®é²å±ã¯èŠãããŸãããADBã«ã¯ also still suffering from the hangover of the ãã®ãããªã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯ãããŸãããADBãé©åã«äœ¿ã ããã°ãå®éã«å©ããšãªãéåžžã«å€§ããªåãšãªãã 1997 Asian financial crisis, where they were ã®ã§ããâ seen to be instruments of the US, so these guys running the successful new Asian economies say, âI donât borrow from you any more and my reserves are bigger than yours,â so the IMF and World Bank get a polite hearing, but nothing more. The ADB does not have this image. If properly used, the Asian Development Bank can actually be a huge force for good.â g
ADB in the spotlight
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© Mark Henley / Panos Pictures
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The high cost of urban growth Ordinary days in Asian cities are bad enough, with pollution from traffic jams mixing with the emissions from booming factories to make daily life irritating for many and unbearable for a growing number...
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hen the ordinary becomes extraordinary with a change in the wind or unusual rainfall or natural disaster hits, then the headlines get really scary, telling of tsunamis sweeping away a few hundred thousand people, whole cities under flood, villages falling off the map into the sea. The bad news is that life will only get worse, more polluted, more crowded, hit by a double whammy squared or cubed as more and more people are crammed into a finite space and demand higher living standards, bigger cars, using more energy, and the damage of past and present environmental degradation all hit home along with the effects of global warming. Donât ask the developing countries to sacrifice growth for environmental protection, warns Rajat Nag, the Asian Development Bankâs managing director general, thatâs not realistic. Embrace the cities, urges Michael Lindfield, the bankâs principal urban development specialist, because the cities leave a smaller footprint. Some of the details of the statistics may be disputed but the existing situation is in the range of bad to worse. Each year in China alone 50,000 people die prematurely in China because of pollution from coal burning, according to the World Bank. Some estimates put the total deaths in China at 300,000 a year. Former Chinese premier Zhu Rongji (who came from Shanghai) said that if he lived in Beijing, his life would be shortened by five years. Water borne diseases cause half a million infant deaths a year in Asia, also according to the bank.
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Today, a quarter of Asians donât have access to clean drinking water, and more than half of Asians lack basic sanitation. At the moment Asia has 56 percent of the worldâs population, but only 31 percent of the planetâs arable land. In 1999, 36 percent of Asiaâs population of about 3.2 billion was living in urban areas; by 2030, there will be close to 55 percent of an Asian population that has risen to nearly five billion living in urban areas. Today, there are 1.6 billion people living in Asian cities; in 20 years time, there will be another 1.2 billion. Even as it is, you only have to visit one to see that Asiaâs cities cannot cope, and the big megalopolitan cities in the poorest countries are the most squalid. Think of landing at Bombay airport over Asiaâs biggest slum. Remember Jakarta virtually afloat in the recent floods. Try to peer through the murk of Hong Kong as air pollution pours in from prosperous China. Of the 15 large global cities with the worst air pollution, measured in terms of suspended particulate levels, 12 are in Asia. Emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in Asia are far above the levels recommended by the World Health Organisation. If air pollution is bad, the state of Asiaâs water is worse. Asia has the least available fresh water per person of any region. Water use has tripled over the past 50 years. Agriculture uses 84 percent of the continentâs water, but poor irrigation practices mean that 60 percent of the water is wasted. Untreated sewage and industrial waste, runoff from industry and agriculture, and the intrusion of sea water
ããããå¢å ããäžæ¹ã®äººã ãéããã空éã« è©°ã蟌ãŸããªããããšãã«ã®ãŒäœ¿çšéã®é«ãè» ãšãã£ãããé«ãç掻氎æºãèŠæ±ããå°çæž©æå ãšå ±ã«éå»ãšçŸåšã®ç°å¢å£åãå®ãçµã¶ãšãæ± æãéå¯ã®åé¡ãããã¿ãäºéèŠã©ããããäžé èŠãåéèŠã«ããªãã ããã§ããéçºéäžåœã«å¯ŸããŠç°å¢ä¿è·ã®ãã ã«æé·ãç ç²ã«ããããšãæ±ããŠã¯ãªããªããš ã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã®äºåç·é·ã§ããã©ãžã£ ããã»ãã°ïŒRajat NagïŒæ°ã¯ææãããçŸå®ç㧠ã¯ãªãããã§ãããäžæ¹ãADBã®äžã§éœåžéçº ã«æºããå°é家ã®ãã€ã±ã«ã»ãªã³ããã£ãŒã«ã ïŒMichael LindfieldïŒæ°ã¯æ¯èŒçã«ãããããªã³ ãã®å°ããéœåžãæè¿ãã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµããã çµ±èšæ°å€ã®äžã«ã¯è°è«ã®äœå°ããããã®ãèŠã ããããçŸåšã®ç¶æ³ã¯ãæªãããã ãæªåãã®ç¯å² ã«å±ããŠãããäžçéè¡ã«ããã°ãç³çã®ççŒã« ãã倧æ°æ±æãåå ã§ãäžåœã ãã§ãæ¯å¹Ž5äž äººãæ©æ»ã«ããŠãããäžåœã®æ»äº¡ç·æ°ã幎30äž äººãšããæšèšããããäžæµ·åºèº«ã§ããäžåœåäž» åžã®æ±éåºïŒZhu RongjiïŒæ°ã¯ã ããå京ã«äœã ã§ããã寿åœã5幎瞮ãŸã£ãŠããã ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠ ãããäžçéè¡ã«ããã°ã ã¢ãžã¢ã§æ°Žè³ªãåå ã® çŸç ã«ãã£ãŠæ»äº¡ãã幌å ã®æ°ã¯50äžäººã«åã ã§ãããçŸåšãã¢ãžã¢ã®äººå£ã®1/4ã¯æž æµãªé£²æ æ°Žãå©çšããããšãã§ããããŸããåæ°ä»¥äžãåº æ¬çãªè¡çç¶æ ãäžåãç°å¢ã§æ®ãããŠããã çŸåšãã¢ãžã¢ã«ã¯äžçã®äººå£ã®56ïŒ ãéäžã㊠ããããèäœå¯èœãªåå°ã«ã€ããŠã¯31ïŒ ã«éã ãªãã1999幎ãã¢ãžã¢ã®ç·äººå£çŽ32å人ã®ãã¡ 36ïŒ ãéœåžéšã«å± äœããŠãããã2030幎ãŸã§ã« ãã®å²åã¯55ïŒ è¿ãã«ãªãã50å人匱ãŸã§å¢å ãããšäºæ³ãããŠãããçŸåšã¢ãžã¢ã®éœåžã«ã¯ 16å人ãäœãã§ããããä»åŸ20幎éã§12å人ã å ããããšã«ãªãã çŸåšã§ãã¢ãžã¢ã®éœåžã¯åé¡ã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããªãç¶ æ ã§ãããããã確èªããã«ã¯å®éã«èšªããŠã¿ ããããªããç¹ã«ãæ貧åœã®å·šå€§éœåžã¯äžã§ãæ ãå£æªãªç¶æ ã«ããããã³ãã€ç©ºæž¯ã«çéžãã é£è¡æ©ããèŠããã¢ãžã¢æ倧ã®ã¹ã©ã ãæãåº ããŠæ¬²ããããžã£ã«ã«ã¿ã¯æè¿åºŠã çºçãã措氎 ã«ãã£ãŠå®è³ªçã«æ°Žæ²¡ããŠãããããªç¶æ ã«ã ãããšãèŠããŠããã ããããéŠæž¯ã¯ããŒã ã«æ²ž ãäžåœæ¬åããç«ã¡äžã倧æ°æ±æç©è³ªã«ãã£ãŠ éãã§ãããšãç¥ã£ãŠããã ããããæµ®é埮ç²å ã®éã§æž¬å®ããäžçäžã§å€§æ°æ±æãæãã²ã©ã 倧éœåžã®äžäœ15äœã«ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã®12éœåžãå ¥ã£ãŠ ãããã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããäºé žåç¡«é»ãšäºé žåçªçŽ ã®æåºéã¯äžçä¿å¥æ©æ§ïŒWHOïŒã®æšå¥šãã㬠ãã«ãã¯ããã«è¶ ããŠããã 倧æ°æ±æã®ç¶æ³ãæªããšããã°ãã¢ãžã¢ã®æ°Žè³ª ã¯ãããäžåãå£æªãªç¶æ ã«ããã ã¢ãžã¢ã¯1人 4
Urban growth
have all combined to lead to a fourfold rise in solids in Asiaâs rivers, and these are now four times the world average and 20 times the levels in developed countries. Throw in a few of the depressing dynamics and there is reason to be afraid for health and life in Asia. Population growth is expected to be double or nearly double by 2050 in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Pakistan and growth will be very high in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. The poorest countries already facing the biggest environmental stress will be under the greatest pressure. Motor vehicle numbers are doubling in Asia every seven years. In the next 20 years, the number of vehicles in China and India will increase fivefold. In India in the year 2000 there were 10 million motor vehicles or one for every 1,000 people. By 2020, it is expected that there will be 57 million vehicles in India (44 for every 1,000 Indians in a population of 1.3 billion) and another 75 million vehicles in China (up from 15 million in 2000). If Chinese and Indians aspire to the same levels of ownership as in todayâs United States, three motor vehicles for every four people, there would be a staggering and frightening two billion cars, buses and lorries in China and India, which would be eight times the projected 266 million in the US. The horror story of the statistical projections only gets worse. Energy use in the developed countries will increase by about 29 percent from 2000 to 2020, but in Asia it will grow by 129 percent. China already generates twice as much carbon per unit of gross domestic product as Japan does because of inefficient technologies. Even today when the alarm bells have begun to sound about global warming, China relies extensively on coal and is opening a coal-fired power plant a week, most of them using dirty technology. In some Chinese plants there is equipment installed to make the plants cleaner, but it is not used. âThe law says that the equipment must be installed,â says a leading European power equipment maker, âbut the law does not say that it must be used, so it is not.â By 2020 Chinaâs coal consumption is expected to be higher than all the industrialised countries of North America, Europe and Asia combined, and China will be the second biggest producer of greenhouse gases after the US.
For all this, Nag is right that the environment canât hold economic growth hostage - simply because the ministers of China and India have said so. Nag fairly points out that, âpoor countries can afford environmental damage even less. Look at the Sunderbans (of Bengal, straddling Bangladesh and India) or east Nepal. The issue is not can we grow at 10 percent without taking care of environment, and is it OK to grow at 9 percent taking care of the environment? I donât think the issue has to be framed that way. The issue is that we have to grow at 10 percent, because that is the only way we will be able to absorb our hundreds of millions of unemployed, but this 10 percent growth must be done with environmental sustainability.â Nag is also correct that growth without caring for the environment wonât work, any more than taking care of the environment
ããããæ°ãæ» å ¥ããããªç°å¢ã®æªåãèŠãé ããã¢ãžã¢ã®äººã ã®å¥åº·ãšçåœã«ã€ããŠæžå¿µã ãçç±ã¯å åååšããã人å£ã®å¢å ã«ã€ããŠãã ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãã«ã³ããžã¢ãã ããŒã«ãããã¹ã¿ã³ã¯2050幎ãŸã§ã«2åããã㯠2åè¿ãå¢å ãäºæ³ãããŠããããŸããã€ã³ãã〠ã³ããã·ã¢ããã¬ãŒã·ã¢ã ãã£ãªãã³ããããã ã§ã é«ãå¢å çãç¶ãããšãèŠèŸŒãŸããŠãããæ¢ã«æ·± å»ãªç°å¢äžã®åé¡ã«çŽé¢ããŠããæ貧åœã¯ãã ãã«å€§ããªå§åã«æãããããšã«ãªãã
ã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããèªåè»ã®å°æ°ã¯7幎ã§åå¢ãã ããŒã¹ã§å¢å ããŠãããä»åŸ20幎éã§äžåœãšã€ ã³ãã®èªåè»ã®å°æ°ã¯5åã«å¢ããããšãäºæ³ ããããã€ã³ãã§ã¯ã2000幎ã®æç¹ã§ã®ä¿æå° æ°ã¯1000äžå°ã§ã1000人ã«1å°ã®æ®åçã 㣠ãã2020幎ãŸã§ã«ã ã€ã³ãã®ä¿æå°æ°ã¯5700äžå° ïŒäººå£13åã§äººå£1000人ããã44å°ïŒãäžåœã¯ 7500äžå°ïŒ2000幎ã¯1500äžå°ïŒã«éãããã®ãš äºæ³ããããããäžåœäººãšã€ã³ã人ã4人åœãã 3å°ãšããçŸåšã®ç±³åœã®æ®åçã«è¿«ãããŒã¹ã§ è»ãè³Œå ¥ããå Žåãäž¡åœåãããŠ20åå°ãšãã ãã©ãã¯ã溢ããããš without growth will not work. That is the èšå€§ãªæ°ã®ä¹çšè»ããã¹ã political and economic wisdom, but doing it ã«ãªããç±³åœã«ã€ããŠäºæ³ãããŠãã2å6600äž å°ã®8åãšãªãã is harder that stating the equation.
The problem is that even if as many as 100 million people make the decision to live simple, vulnerable lives, a billion others are marching the other way wishing for a modern âall mod consâ life
© Rafoto
Rajat Nag, ADBâs managing director general: Donât ask the developing countries to sacrifice growth for environmental protection.
ãããã®å©çšå¯èœãªæ·¡æ°Žã®éãæãå°ãªãå°å ã ãã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããæ°Žã®äœ¿çšéã¯éå»50幎é㧠3åã«å¢ããŠããã蟲æ¥ã«ããå©çšã84ïŒ ãå ã ãŠããããçæŒèšåã®å¹çãæªãããã60ïŒ ã¯ ç¡é§ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããç£æ¥ããã³èŸ²æ¥éšéããæ åºãããæ±æ°Žãšæµ·æ°Žã®æµå ¥ã®çžä¹å¹æã«ãã£ãŠã ã¢ãžã¢ã®æ²³å·ãæµããåºåœ¢ç©ã¯4åã«å¢å ã㊠ãããäžçå¹³åã4åãå é²åœã®å¹³åã20åäžå ãã¬ãã«ã«ããã
His colleague Lindfield also points to some gloomy factors. The world has never in its history had to cope with this amount of change at this speed âIt has never occurred before in the history of the human race - since in Europe the cities doubled over 200 years, now we are talking of 20 plus years, so the order of magnitude difference is hugeâ - and it is huge on top of huge existing numbers and with already strained infrastructure and resources. Nevertheless, Lindfield retains his faith in cities: âYou canât from a sensible environmental perspective do anything but put people in cities because while the footprints are large, in the rural areas they are much larger to generate the same kind of lifestyle.â So what does he say to people like Gandhians or to those like the King of Thailand, who advocate a simple sufficiency lifestyle? âYes, OK, but people want televisions and they want cell phones and they want modern conveniences. Yes, if you are willing to live at a level of income that is substantially low and you live in a mud hut, do not have a television, have a limited water supply that does occasionally get cholera in it and large numbers of people die. âYes, if you make that decision, and some Aboriginal peoples in Australia have made that decision and they will live in remote areas that are not easily serviced and it shows in health and other indicators - then fine.â But the problem is that even if as many as 100 million people make that
ãã®ä»ã®äºæž¬å€ãæããããã®ã°ããã§ããã å é²åœã®ãšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ã¯2000幎ãã2020幎 ã«ãããŠçŽ29ïŒ å¢å ãããšäºæ³ãããŠãããã ã¢ãžã¢ã®äºæ³æ¶è²»çã¯129ïŒ ãšãªã£ãŠãããäžåœ ã¯å¹çã®æªãæè¡ã䜿ã£ãŠãããããåœå ç·ç ç£ã®ååäœãããã®ççŽ ã®çæéã¯æ¥æ¬ã®2å ã«éããŠãããå°çæž©æåã«ã€ããŠèŠåãé«ãŸ ãã€ã€ããçŸåšã§ãäžåœã¯ç³çã«å€§ããäŸåã ãŠããã1é±éã«1åºã®å²åã§çšŒåãããŠããç³ çç«åçºé»æã®ã»ãšãã©ãæ±æ床ã®é«ãæè¡ã æ¡çšããŠãããäžéšã®çºé»æã«ã¯å ¬å®³é²æ¢è£ 眮 ãèšçœ®ãããŠã¯ããã䜿çšãããŠããªããæ¬§å· ã®çºé»æ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®é¢ä¿è ã¯ææããã ãæ³åŸ ã§ã¯å ¬å®³é²æ¢è£ 眮ã®èšçœ®ã¯çŸ©åã¥ããããŠã ãŸãã ãšããã䜿çšçŸ©åãèŠå®ããŠããããåŸã£ãŠ 䜿çšãããŠããªãã®ã§ããã2020幎ãŸã§ã«äžåœ ã®ç³çæ¶è²»ã¯åç±³ã欧å·ãã¢ãžã¢ã®å é²å·¥æ¥åœ ã«ãããåèšæ¶è²»éãè¶ ãããã®ãšäºæ³ããã äžåœã¯ç±³åœã«ã€ããŠ2çªç®ã®æž©æã¬ã¹æåºåœãš ãªãã ããã§ãããã°æ°ãèšããšãããç°å¢åé¡ãçç± ã«çµæžæé·ãæå¶ããããšã¯ã§ããªãããªã㪠ãäžåœãšã€ã³ãã®æå°è éããã§ããªãã ãšèšã ããã§ããããã°æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«å ¬å¹³ãªææã ããã ã貧ããåœã¯ç°å¢å£åãããã£ãšãããã ã®è¢«å®³ãåããŸãããµã³ããŒãã³ãºïŒãã³ã°ã©ã ã·ã¥ãšã€ã³ãã®éã«ãŸããããã³ã¬ã«å°æ¹ã«ã ãïŒããããã¯æ±éšãããŒã«ãèŠãŠãã ãããå é¡ã¯ãç°å¢å¯Ÿçãè¡ããã«10ïŒ ã®çµæžæé·ãã ãããšã¯ã§ããªãã®ãããããã¯9ïŒ ã§ããã°ç° å¢å¯Ÿçãè¡ããªããŠãããã®ããšããè°è«ã§ã¯ ãããŸãããç§ã¯ããããåé¡ã®æèµ·ãããå¿ èŠ ã¯ãªããšèããŠããŸããåé¡ã¯10ïŒ ã®æé·ãå¿ èŠã ãšããããšã§ãããããäœå人ã«ãäžãå€±æ¥ 4
WiA Delegate Publication
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ADB in the spotlight
decision to live simple, vulnerable lives and a billion others are marching the other way wishing for a modern all mod cons life, then it is in vain. Lindfield continues with his argument: âIt is more economical and efficient to put people in urban areas. The impact of grouping people together can be minimised, whereas if you try to give them the same standard of living in a decentralised environment the ecological impact is much higher. There are new developments in hydroponics with vertical farms where you can actually have high density agriculture within cities as ways of reducing the ecological footprints. There are economic-industrial parks where people are trying to arrange that the outputs and waste of one industry are the inputs of another.â
Energy use in the developed countries will increase by about 29 percent from 2000 to 2020, but in Asia it will grow by 129 percent The real problem that he pinpoints is not only the scale of the problem and the rapidity with which it is happening, but also the question of political management. âThe urban economy and urbanisation has vastly outgrown the jurisdictional boundaries and management capacities of the cities. We are dealing now in the Pearl River delta area with a city region of, effectively, 80 million people, Tokyo-Yokohama 60 million people. These are basically one contiguous urban area with a bit of green in between. Those regions are actually coherent economies and they take their place on the world stage.
âTokyo itself, not the Tokyo region, is the ninth biggest economy in the world. We just è ãåžåããå¯äžã®éã ããã§ããäœãã10ïŒ do not have the management capacity to ã®æé·ã¯ç°å¢é¢ã§ã®æç¶æ§ã䌎ãå¿ èŠããã㟠think of managing those kinds of activity and ãã inter-relations properly. Tokyo is one thing, ãã°æ°ã¯ãŸããæé·ããªããã°ç°å¢å¯Ÿçãè¡ã and then you get to Shanghai and then you ãªãã®ãšåãããç°å¢å¯Ÿçãè¡ããªãæé·ãå®çŸ go to Dhaka, which is almost as big. ããªããšèšãã ããã¯æ¿æ²»çããã³çµæžçãªããš âSometimes you have up to 15 kinds of ã«ãã䜿ãããèšèã ãã ãèšãã¯æããè¡ãã¯é£ different local governments all trying to ãããªã®ã§ããã manage a (city) which is a coherent economic entity but it isnât a coherent jurisdictional entity ãã°æ°ã®ååã§ãããªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯å¥ã® and there is no entity whose responsibility it åé¡ãææããããããŸã§ã®æŽå²ã®äžã§äžç㯠ã人 is. Even though the MetroManila Development ããã»ã©æ©ãå€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšããªãã é¡å²äžåããŠã§ãã 欧å·ã®éœåžã¯200幎éã§äºº Authority encompasses 17 local governments, the actual metropolitan area of Manila is much å£ãåå¢ããŸããããæè¿åããããªå€åã«ã¯ 20äœå¹Žããæãã£ãŠããŸãããã¹ããŒãã10å bigger than that already.â ãããããã§ã«èšå€§ã«ãªã£ã人å£ãš Part of the problem is âa failure of political ãéããŸãïŒã ã€ã³ãã©ãè³æºã®éŒè¿«ããçŸç¶ãåºçºç¹ãšèã will. In many countries in Asia, decentralisation has gone a long way very quickly. Many ããšã倧å€ãªããšã«ãªãã countries, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, ããã§ãããªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯éœåžã®ååšãæ¯ India have passed constitutional amendments æããŠããã ãç°å¢ã®èŠç¹ããèšããšã人ã ãéœåž which give much power to local governments, ã«è¿ãå ¥ããããæã¯ãªãã®ã§ãããªããªãéœ but which have not provided for any co- åžå°åã倧ããã§ããã蟲æå°åã¯ããããã ordinating mechanisms across the local ãã£ãšå€§ãããããã§åããããªã©ã€ãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã government, so that there is a difficulty, and 確ç«ããã®ã¯å€§å€ã ããã§ãã even if mayors want to they may not be able to get together. In Jakarta the DKE allows the ããã§ã¯ãã·ã³ãã«ã©ã€ããä¿¡å¥ããŠããã¬ã³ãž governor a fairly big geographical area that ãŒäž»çŸ©è ãã¿ã€ã®åœçã®ãããªäººéã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ ãã·ã³ãã«ã©ã€ããçµæ§ he can control - but not enough to control äœãšåè«ããã®ã ãããïŒ the upper reaches of the rivers that helped ã§ããäœãã人ã ã¯ãã¬ãã欲ããããæºåž¯é»è©±ã to cause the recent flooding. In Bangkok, 欲ããããè¿ä»£ã®å©äŸ¿æ§ãæ±ããŸããããéåžžã« the local governor has often been from a å°ãªãæåŸã§æ®ããããšãæããªãã°ãæ³¥ã§ã§ã different party to the central government and ãå°å±ã«äœã¿ããã¬ããæãããæ°Žè³æºãéãã that causes friction and co-ordination has not ãŠããããã«ã³ã¬ã©ã«çœ¹ã£ãŠå€ãã®äººãæ»ã㧠ããã been very well done.â Lindfield, accurately, laments, the âlack ãããããæ®ãããããããšã決å¿ããå Žåãã of structures to manage the huge areas ãã¯ããã§çµæ§ã§ããããšãã°ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ that have to be managed, given the huge ã®ã¢ããªãžãã®äžã«ã¯ãã®ãããªæ®ãããéžã³ã populations, and to provide the context ããŸããŸãªãµãŒãã¹ã享åã§ããªãé éå°ã«äœ into which the private sector can come ãã§ãã人éãããŸãããã®çµæã¯åœŒãã®å¥åº· efficiently.â He notes that there are many ããã®ä»ã®ææšã«çŸããŠããŸãããããããå private sector companies that specialise é¡ãªã®ã¯ãããšã1å人çšåºŠã®äººã ãã·ã³ãã«ã© ã€ããéžæããå Žåã§ããå³ããæ®ããã®åœ±é¿ã åãããã人ãæ®ãã®äœååãšãã人ã ã¯è¿ä»£ çã§ææ°éã®èšåãåããç掻ãéžã¶ããšã«ãª ããå¹æã¯ãããŸããã
© Rafoto
Embrace the cities, urges Michael Lindfield, the bankâs principal urban development specialist, because the cities leave a smaller footprint.
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ã人ã ãéœåžå°åã«å容ããã»ããããçµæžç ã§å¹ççãªã®ã§ããéå£çãªå± äœã«ãã圱é¿ã æå°éã«æããããšãã§ããŸããããåæ£ããç° å¢ã§åãç掻ã¬ãã«ãå®çŸããããšããå Žåãç æ ç³»ãžã®åœ±é¿ã¯ãã£ãšå€§ãããªããŸããåçŽåã® èŸ²å Žãå®çŸããæ°Žèæ œå¹æè¡ãçºéããŠããã çæ ç³»ãžã®åœ±é¿ãäœæžããããã«éœåžå ã§é« éç©å蟲æ¥ãè¡ãããšãå¯èœãªã®ã§ãããŸãã埪 ç°åå·¥æ¥å£å°ã§ã¯ãããç£æ¥ããã®çç£ç©ãšå» æ£ç©ãä»ã®ç£æ¥ãžã®æå ¥ãšããŠå©çšããåãã èŠãããŸãã ãªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ãææããæ¬åœã®åé¡ã¯ãå é¡ã®èŠæš¡ãšãã®çºå±ã®éãã ãã§ãªããè¡æ¿ã«ã ãéå¶ç®¡çã®é£ããã«ãããã ãéœåžçµæžãšéœåž åã¯åã ã®éœåžã®è¡æ¿äžã®å¢çç·ãçµå¶èœå ãã¯ããã«è¶ ããŠããŸããäžåœã®ç æ±ãã«ã¿å° åã«ã¯8000äžäººãå± äœããŠããã ãŸããæ±äº¬æšªæµ å°åã®äººå£ã¯6000äžäººã«éããŠããŸãã ããã ã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¯äžç¶ãã®éœåžå°åã§ãããéã«ã ãããªç·ãããã«éããŸããã ãããã®å°å㯠å®è³ªçã«ã²ãšã€ã®çµæžå°åãæ§æããäžçç㪠å°äœãå ããŠããŸãã 4
ADB in the spotlight
in environmental care and approach government agencies saying, âBoy, have we got a deal for you: we can build you this solid waste plant, build this mass rapid transport.â But this misses the real question â how should these things be managed. The ADB expert advises: âThey have to be managed in the context of a plan, a strategic plan, not necessarily a detailed land use plan, but one that has to take into account the economic reality of the city, the social reality of the city and with a vision of where you are going to go in terms of the institutions that you need to manage it.â He admits: âAnd that is not present.â Lindfield says the challenge is to tap the private sector expertise. âWe do need private sector involvement because the development banks and the national governments themselves will never be able to provide the finance for the infrastructure which is required. The technology is there. The question always has to be how you structure the involvement of the private sector in such a way to ensure that you get a good deal out of it. There are many reputable, decent, good companies out there that, provided you structure the deal right from the public sectorâs point of view, will do a good job. But the difficulty is this structuring part - which is difficult enough in developed countries.â It is all too easy to get things wrong. He cites the disastrous experience of his native country, Australia: âSydney has just had a disaster with a cross Sydney tunnel, which failed completelyâ in contrast to previous good experiences with inner-city freeways. âThere were rosy predictions of usage and very unfortunate closing of roads to divert traffic into the tunnel, which made even local residents have to go way out of their way, even when they did not want to use the tunnel. It became a big political football. There was a lot of expertise, transparency, and yet it still fell in a heap.â If experienced Sydney can
A lot of Asian cities are below sea level and with global warming, they will be even more liable to inundation.
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still get it wrong, what hope is there for less ãæ±äº¬åã§ã¯ãªããæ±äº¬èªäœãäžçã§9çªç®ã«å€§ experienced, poorer Asia where the structures ããªçµæžå°åã§ãããã®ãããªæŽ»åãšçžäºé¢ä¿ã are still part of a game of political football? é©åã«ç®¡çããããšã¯ã§ããŸãããæ±äº¬ã®ä»ã« Lindfield says: âOnce you have urban ããäžæµ·ãããããŸããåãèŠæš¡ã®ããã«ããã㟠regions of this size, it behoves the national ãã government to start thinking in these terms. A lot of Asian cities are below sea level ãïŒã€ã®çµæžäž»äœã§ãããªãããïŒã€ã®è¡æ¿äž» and with global warming, they will become äœã«ã¯ãªã£ãŠããªãããçµ±æ¬çãªè²¬ä»»ãæã£ã even more below sea level, so we need to çµç¹ããªãéœåžãã15çš®é¡ãã®å°æ¹æ¿åºãéå¶ start thinking about managing those sorts of ããããšããŠããå ŽåããããŸããããšãã°ãã¡ã things. It is not as if the technology is not ãããã©éçºåºã¯17ã®å°æ¹æ¿åºãæãããã® there. I lived in Holland for eight years and ã§ãããããã©éŠéœåå°åã¯æ¢ã«ãã®ç®¡çå°å every six months this modest bill of about ãäžåã倧ãããšãªã£ãŠããŸãã $20 came for maintenance of the dykes and åé¡ã®ã²ãšã€ã«ãæ¿æ²»çææã®æ¬ åŠããããã ã㢠given that my house was two metres below ãžã¢ã®å€ãã®åœã§ã¯ãå°æ¹åæš©åãéåžžã«æ©ã sea level, I cheerfully paid that bill.â
The urban economy and urbanisation has vastly outgrown the jurisdictional boundaries and management capacities of the cities.
ããŒã¹ã§é²è¡ããŠããŸãã ãã£ãªãã³ãã€ã³ããã· ã¢ãã¿ã€ãã€ã³ããå«ããå€ãã®åœã§å°æ¹æ¿åºã« 倧ããªæš©éãå§è²ããæ²æ³æ¹æ£ãæç«ããŠã㟠ãããå°æ¹æ¿åºã«ãŸããã調æŽæ©èœãæŽåã㊠ããªãããã«åé¡ãçºçããŠãããåžé·ãã¡ã åãçµéããããšãã§ããªããšãã£ãç¶æ³ãç ããŠããŸãããžã£ã«ã«ã¿ã§ã¯ãDKEãç¥äºã«å¯Ÿã ãŠããªã倧ããªå°åã«å¯Ÿããè¡æ¿æš©éãäžã㊠ããŸãããæè¿ã®æŽªæ°Žã®åå ãšãªã£ãæ²³å·äžæµ å°åã«ãŸã§ã¯åãã§ããŸããããã³ã³ã¯ã§ã¯ãç¥ äºãäžå€®æ¿åºãšã¯ç°ãªãæ¿å ã®åºèº«ã§ããå Žå ãå€ãã察ç«ãçããŠãäž¡è éã®èª¿æŽãå³ãã㊠ããŸããã
How much time is there? Lindfield responds that, âTime? As you can see with Jakarta, the time is NOW. Now we are really starting to feel the impacts of the lack of management. We see millions and millions of people being ãªã³ã°ãã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯å¿ããåããŠããã ãéå¶ disrupted and potentially trillions of dollars of ããªããã°ãªããªãåºãå°åã管çããããã® economic product disrupted because almost äœå¶ãæŽåãããŠããªããšããã«ãèšå€§ãªäººå£ all big Asian cities are on the coast and are ãèãããšãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãå¹ççãªåœ¹å²ãæ really going to be hit. It is a now problem ããããšæãã®ã§ãããããããŠãç°å¢é¢é£äºæ¥ã from the point of view of climate change. It åŸæãšããŠãæ¿åºæ©é¢ã«å¯ŸããŠãåœç€Ÿã§ã¯åºåœ¢å» is a now problem from the point of view of æ£ç©ã®åŠçå Žã建èšã§ããããããã¯ãé«éæ 客 the citiesâ economic product, and it is a now 茞éã·ã¹ãã ã建èšã§ããããšææ¡ããæ°éã»ã¯ problem from the point of view of the social ã¿ãŒãå€æ°ãããšææããããšãããããã ã㧠viability of these cities as well.â ã¯ã ããããæœèšãã·ã¹ãã ãã©ã®ããã«ç®¡çé There is a disconnect here. Lindfield stands å¶ããã®ããšããéèŠãªåé¡ã«çããŠãããšã¯ by his position on the cities, even though the èšããªãã political management of cities in Asia has proved weak, with the politicians fiddling ADBã®å°é家ã§ãããªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã ããããã®æœèšãã·ã¹ãã 㯠while their cities donât burn down, but just ãã«å©èšããŠããã get swamped and polluted. âReally,â he says, èšç»çã«ããã£ãšèšãã°æŠç¥çãªèšç»ãšããèŠ³ç¹ âwe have to be moving people into the cities, ãã管çéå¶ãããã¹ãã§ãããã®èšç»ãšããã® otherwise you do not get the productivity ã¯è©³çŽ°ãªåå°å©çšèšç»ã§ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸãã increase even in the rural areas to alleviate ããéœåžã®çµæžçãªçŸå®ã瀟äŒçãªçŸå®ãèæ ® the rural areas. If you are going to have higher ã«å ¥ããããã«éå¶ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãå¶åºŠã«ã€ã㊠income in the rural areas, you need higher ã®æ¹åæ§ãå®ããããžã§ã³ã䌎ããã®ã§ãªãã productivity for the jobs in the rural areas - ã°ãªããŸããã and that means fewer people because it is just ãªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã«ããã°ãæãé£ãã課é¡ã¯ an economic fact that if you are going to have æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®å°éèœåãæè¡ãããã«åãå ¥ more productivity there will be fewer jobs. ããããšããç¹ã§ããã ãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®åå 㯠âOur best guesses are that the secondary ã©ãããŠãå¿ èŠã§ãããªããªããåéçºéè¡ããæ¿ cities will take the brunt of the increase. The åºããå¿ èŠãªã€ã³ãã©ã®ããã®è³éãåç¬ã§æ big cities are slowing down in their rate of äŸããããšãã§ããªãããã§ããæè¡ã¯ããã®ã§ increase, though they are still growing. We ããåé¡ã¯ãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®åå ãã©ã®ãããªåœ¢ think the cities of between half a million ã«ããã°ããããã倧ããªæ©æµãåŸãããããã« and five million will take the increase.â ãªãã®ããšããç¹ã«éçŽãããŸããå€ãã®å®çžŸã He is less worried about the costs of æã€åªè¯ãªäŒæ¥ãååšããå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®èŠ³ç¹ managing the urban infrastructure, though ããäºæ¥ãçµã¿ç«ãŠãããšããã§ããã°ãçŽ æŽã he points to a funding gap at the moment: ããä»äºãããŠãããã®ã§ããé£ããã®ã¯ãã®çµ â The cost depends on what you are talking ã¿ç«ãŠãšããéšåã§ããããã¯å é²åœã§ãé£ãã about and how you define it. What we say åé¡ã§ãã is that we figure â conservatively - that the requirements for urban infrastructure are ãã¹ã¯å®¹æã«èµ·ããããªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯æ¯åœ $60 billion a year, and of that a maximum ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã§ã®æšæºãã倱æã®äŸãæããã of about $30 billion is being supplied from ãã·ãããŒãæè¿ææããã·ãããŒæ¹Ÿæšªæãã³ all sources, thatâs us, thatâs governments and ãã«ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯ããããŸã§ã®åžå ã®é«éé 4
© UPPA / Photoshot
Urban growth
Former Chinese premier Zhu Rongji (who came from Shanghai) said that if he lived in Beijing, his life would be shortened by five years.
路建èšã®æåäŸãšã¯å¯Ÿç §çã«å®å šãªå€±æã«çµã ããŸããã暪æãã³ãã«ã®å©çšç¶æ³ã«ã€ããŠæ¥œèŠ³ çãªäºæ³ãè¡ããã ãã³ãã«ã«äº€éãèªå°ããã ãã«æ¢åã®éè·¯ãééããããšã§ãä»è¿ã®äœæ°ã¯ è¿åãäœåãªããããããšã«ãªããŸãããããã ã§ããã³ãã«ãå©çšãããããªãã£ãã®ã§ãã ã ã®å€±æã¯å€§ããªæ¿æ²»åé¡ãšãªããŸãããå åãªæ è¡ããããŸãããéææ§ããããŸãããããã§ã倱 æããã®ã§ãããçµéšè±å¯ãªã·ãããŒã§ããããã 倱æããããšããã°ãçµéšãå°ãªããŠè³æºãä¹ã ãã ããããå ¬å ±ã·ã¹ãã ã®å»ºèšããã³éå¶ãäŸ ç¶ãšããŠæ¿æ²»çãªã²ãŒã ãšãªãã¢ãžã¢ã§äœãæåŸ ã§ããã®ã ãããïŒ
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ãªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ãè¿°ã¹ãŠããããã«ãæªæ¥ã¯ éœåžã«ãããããŸããŸãªåé¡ãäœæžããããã®æ è¡ã¯ååšããããããã¯ãä»åŸéçºããããšãã è°è«ã¯ç¢ºãã«æ£ããã ããããªãããåé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠ ããããã®æ¿æ²»çãªããžã§ã³ãšææãäœãåºã ãªããã°ãªããªããšããããšã«ã€ããŠã ãªã³ã°ã ã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯æ¥œèŠ³çéããããã«ãèŠãããã€ã³ ãã®éèªDown to Earthã§ã¯æè¿ãããªãŒåžå ã æµããã€ã ããŒå·ããããåé¡ãææããèšäº ããCapital drainã ãšé¡ããã«ããŒã¹ããŒãªãŒãšã ãªã³ã°ãã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãã ãããã ãŠæ²èŒãããå倧ãªå·ãäžæ°Žéãžãšå€ããçµæãš ããã®éœåžåãšãªã£ã段éã§ãæ¿åºã¯ããããç¹ ãªã£ã誀ã£ãæ²³å·ç®¡çã«ã€ããŠã®æèšãšãªãèš ãèããããåŸãªããªããŸãã ã¢ãžã¢ã®å€ãã®éœåž äºã§ããã ããã¯èª€ã£ãæ¹åã«è¡ãå¯èœæ§ãã㣠ã¯æµ·é¢ä»¥äžã®ã¬ãã«ã«ãããå°çæž©æåãšå ±ã«ã ãå šãŠã®äºã誀ã£ãæ¹åã«è¡ã£ãŠããŸã£ããšãã æµ·æ°Žé¢ã¯ããã«äžæããããšããã ããããç¶æ³ ã±ãŒã¹ã ã ã 氎質ã®æµåã«åããŠ1kmããã5å ãžã®å¯Ÿçãèãå§ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ããã¯ã 5000äžã«ããŒïŒ1200äžãã«ïŒãã7å5000äžã«ã ãããæè¡ããªããã®ãããªç¶æ³ã§ããç§ã¯ãªã© ãŒã®è²»çšãè²»ããããåŸããå·ã¯ãããŸã§ä»¥äžã« ã³ãã«8幎éäœãã§ããŸãããã6ã¶æããšã«å €é² ç²åŒããã£ãŠãããåžåœå±ã¯å·ãæ±æ³¥ã®æµãã«å€ ã®ç¶æ管çè²»ãšããŠçŽ20ãã«ã®è«æ±ããããŸã è²ãããè¡çºãç¶ããŠããããDown to Earthèªã§ ããç§ã®å®¶ã¯æµ·é¢äž2ã¡ãŒãã«ã«ãããããåã㧠ã¯ãã®ããã«çµè«ã¥ããŠããã æ¯æã£ãŠããŸããã ãã®èšäºã¯è³éã®èª€ã£ã䜿ãæ¹ãäŒããŠãããã ã©ããããã®æéãããã®ã ãããïŒ ãæéïŒãžã£ ãªãŒããæåºãããæ±æ°Žã¯ã€ã ããŒå·ã®æ±æ¿è² ã«ã«ã¿ã®äŸãèŠãã°åããããã«ãä»ããè¡ãã¹ è·ã®70ïŒ ãå ããŠããããããªãŒã«å»ºèšãããåŠ ãã§ããä»ããããã¯éå¶ç®¡çã®äžåã«ããåœ±é¿ çæœèšã¯åœåèšç»ãããŠããåŠçèœåã®2.7%ã« ãã²ãã²ããšæãå§ããŠããŸããã¢ãžã¢ã®å€§éœåž éããªãã£ãã ãããå€ãã®äžæ°ŽåŠçå Žã¯äžé©å ã®ã»ãšãã©ã沿岞ã«ããã圱é¿ãåããããšãçŸ ãªå Žæã«äžé©åãªæ¹æ³ã§å»ºèšãããŠãããäžæ°Žé å®çã«ãªãããšããŠããä»ã被害ãåããã®ã¯äœ ãæ·èšãããŠããªãäžæ³å æ è ã®å± äœå°åãã çŸäžäººãšãã人ã ã§ãããäœå ãã«ãšããèŠæš¡ã® æåºããã倧éã®æ±æ°ŽãåŠçããããšãã§ã㪠çµæžã§ãã ããã¯æ°åå€åãšããèŠç¹ããã®åé¡ ãããã®ãã¡ã®1ã¶æã§ã¯äžæ°Žã®åŠçãå šãè¡ã£ãŠ ãªã®ã§ããéœåžã®çµæžãšããèŠç¹ããã®åé¡ã§ã ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§æªåŠçã®äžæ°Žãå·ã«çŽæ¥æ ãããããŠãéœåžã®ç€ŸäŒçãªæç¶æ§ãšããèŠç¹ã åºãããŠããã ãã®åé¡ãªã®ã§ãã ãã®èšäºããããããªãã®ã¯ãææ°Žã®éãç¥ãã ããã«ã®ã£ããããããã¢ãžã¢ã®éœåžã®éå¶ã匱 ãŠããæ¯èŒççºéããéœåžã§çºçããŠããããš äœåããæ¿æ²»å®¶ãæéã空費ããŠããéã«ãéœåž ã ãé¢é£ããèŠå ã«ã€ããŠã¯ç¥ãããŠããã«ãé¢ ã¯æ°Žæ²¡ããæ±æãããŠããã«ãé¢ããããªã³ãã ããããèšç»æ åœè ãšæ¿æ²»å®¶ã¯ééã£ãå€æãšæ±º ã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯éœåžãæè·ããç«å Žããšã£ãŠããã å®ãè¡ã£ãããšã«ãªãã ãæ¬åœã«äººã ãéœåžã«ç§»è»¢ãããªããã°ãªã㟠ããªãŒã§çŸåšã®åé¡ã«å¯ŸåŠã§ããªããšããã°ãèœ ãããããããªããã°ãå°æ¹ã®çç£æ§ãšçæŽ»æ°Žæº åçã«éçã«éããŠãã人å£çš å¯å°åã§çºçã ã®åäžãå³ãããšã¯ã§ããªãã®ã§ããå°æ¹ã§ã®æ ãç°å¢äžã®å§åããããŠãå°çæž©æåã®è åšã«å¯Ÿ åŸãåäžãããããšããå Žåãããã§è¡ãããä» åŠã§ããå¯èœæ§ã¯ã©ããããããã®ã ãããèã äºã«é¢é£ããçç£æ§ãäžããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ã ãã ãã§ãã£ãšãã話ã§ãããâ ãã¯å¿ èŠãªäººéãå°ãªããªãããšãæå³ããŸãã çç£æ§ãåäžãããšãéçšæ°ãå°ãªããªãããšã¯ çµæžçãªäºå®ã ããã§ãã
private sector loans, everything. In terms of broader requirements the generally quoted figures are $200 to $250 billion. âWho is to blame? It is no one personâs fault. The difficult part of this is that you need partnerships, you need governments, you need the private sector, you need us, you need bilateral donors. Thatâs the hard part; you canât point at any one person and say, âYou! - you got this wrong.â Lindfield is undoubtedly right that cities are the future, that the technologies are there â or will be there â to mitigate the bad effects. But he may be too optimistic about the problems of creating the political vision and the will to handle the problem. The Indian magazine Down to Earth recently ran a revealing cover story on the Yamuna river, which flows through Delhi, and which the magazine entitled âCapital drain.â It is a story that offers an object lesson in mismanagement of a great river that has been turned into a cesspit. Everything that might have gone wrong, went wrong. âAfter 550 million rupees ($12 million) to 750 million rupees spent per kilometre on cleaning it up, the river is more spent than ever today. Devotedly, the city continues to faecally transform the river into a vast stream of flowing slime,â the magazine concluded. The story is of money spent in the wrong places - Delhi contributed 70 percent of the pollution load but got only 2.7 percent of the treatment capacity under the original scheme ããããããèšããããšã¯ãå°æ¹ããã®æµå ¥äººå£ - of sewage plants badly built in the wrong ã®åãç¿ãšãªãã®ã¯äžèŠæš¡ã®éœåžã ãããšãã places that failed to capture large chunks of ããšã§ãã倧éœåžã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠæé·ã¯ç¶ããŠã㟠faecal matter that came from illegal squatter ããããã®æé·çã¯äœäžããŠããŸããã€ãŸããäººå£ colonies unconnected to the sewage system; 50äžäººãã500äžäººèŠæš¡ã®éœåžãåãç¿ãšãªã of underutilized sewage plants, one of ãéœåžã§ãããšèããŠããŸãã which does not receive any sewage, while ãªã³ããã£ãŒã«ãæ°ã¯ãéœåžã€ã³ãã©ã®ç®¡çã«æ untreated sewage flows directly to the river. ããè²»çšã«ã€ããŠã¯ããŸãå¿é ããŠããªãããè³ The savage sadness of this story is that éã®ã£ããã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ææããŠããã this is happening in a relatively sophisticated ããã®è²»çšã¯ãããã©ãå®çŸ©ãããã«ãã£ãŠç°ãª city dealing with a documented and known ããŸããã€ãŸããæ§ããã«èŠç©ãã£ãŠããéœåžã€ã³ quantity of waste in the present tense. All the ãã©ã«ãããè²»çšã¯å¹Žé600åãã«ã«äžãããã® factors in the equation were known, but still ãã¡ã®æ倧300åãã«ã¯æ¿åºãšæ°éã®ã©ãããã the planners and the politicians got it wrong. 調éããŠããå¿ èŠããããšããããšãªã®ã§ããè²»çš If Delhi cannot handle its present problems, ã®ç¯å²ãããã«åºããããšãäžè¬ã«èšãããŠãã what chances are there that it will be able è²»çšã¯2000åãã«ãã2500åãã«ãšãªããŸãã to handle the pressures of a more intensely populated world where all the systems are ãããªã£ãã®ã¯èª°ã®è²¬ä»»ã§ããããïŒ èª°ã®ãã under stress and then there is the threat of ã§ããããŸãããé£ããã®ã¯ãããŒãããŒã·ããã æ¿åºãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãADBã2åœéã®æŽå©ãªã©ããã¹ global warming? It is a sobering thought. g
WiA Delegate Publication
53
ADB in the spotlight
å€åããäžçãè¿œ ãã€ã¥ããADB
ã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã®äžçŽè·å¡ã®èšè ã«æ³šæããŠè³ãåŸãããšã ãã®ãšããADB㯠垞ã«æŽ»åããŠããããã«èããããã ã©ã¡ã ããšããã°ãé¡ã®åœã®ã¢ãªã¹ãã«ç»å Žããèµ€ ã®å¥³çã®ããã ããã€ãåãå Žæã«çãŸãã ãã«ã¢ã¿ãã¿ãšé§ãåã£ãŠããã æé·ã«æ¬¡ãæé·ãéããŠããäžåœãæ°æã€ã³ãã® ç»å Žããããããã¡ã«å°é ãã€ã€ããä»ã®è«žåœãç¹ æ ã®åãåãçã£ãŠå¥®éããŠãã人å£å€§åœãªã©ãæ¥ éã«å€åããŠããã¢ãžã¢å€§éžã«ãããŠã¯ãããé© ãã¹ãããšã§ã¯ãªããããããæ°æ代ãžã®è¿ éãªå¯Ÿ å¿ãè©Šã¿ãADBã«åé¡ãæããããŠããã ã¢ãžã¢ãå€åããé床ã¯ã ãé¡ã®åœã®ã¢ãªã¹ãã«ç»å Ž ããèµ€ã®å¥³çãšå šåã§èµ°ã£ãŠããã®ã«å šãé²ã㧠ããªãããšãåãã£ãŠæ¯ãåãããŠããã¢ãªã¹ãšã® åºäŒãã«ãã䌌ãŠããã ãŸã å°ãæ¯åããæ®ã£ãŠã ãã¢ãªã¹ã¯èšã£ãã ãããããã©ãã®åœã§ã¯ããµã€ã ã¯ã©ããããã«ãã©ãã€ããã§ãââããä»ã®ãã ããã¡ã¿ããã«ããããéãé·ãããšèµ°ã£ãŠãããã
ADB on the move, keeping up with a changing world If you listen too hard to its senior staff, it appears that the Asian Development Bank has recently been continuously in motion, but rather like the Red Queen in Alice through the Looking Glass, always rushing to stay in the same place.
P
erhaps there should be no surprise in this in that the pace of change in the continent, which has seen the rise and rise of China, the arrival of a shining new India, the hesitant emergence of other countries, and the struggles of the mass population countries to get their share of prosperity, all pose problems for the bank in trying to adjust quickly enough to the new times. The speed of change in Asia is represented well by the encounter between the Red Queen and the out of breath Alice, in Alice through the Looking Glass, who has been running hard, but finds she has not moved: âWell, in our country,â said Alice, still panting a little, `youâd generally get to somewhere else - if you ran very fast for a long time, as weâve been doing.â `A slow sort of country!â said the Queen. `Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!â The ADB in recent years has seen its fair share of changes and reform plans. Previous president Tadao Chino put the bankâs focus on defeating poverty. He also revived the private sector operations by appointing Robert Bestani to take charge of it, and set up a new post with the resounding title of managing director general, above all the other directors general, to co-ordinate and connect the work of the bank. During Chinoâs 54
ãã°ãºãªåœããã®!ããšå¥³çã¯çããã ãããã§ã¯ã ããåãå Žæã«ãšã©ãŸãã ãã§ã ããå¿ æ»ã§èµ°ããªã ããããªããã ãããããŠã©ã£ãããã«è¡ãã€ãã ãªãããããŠãã®åã®éãã§èµ°ããªããšã!ã è¿å¹ŽãADBã¯åœç¶è¡ãã¹ãå€é©ãæ¹é©èšç»ãè¡ ã£ãŠãããåéå¿ ç·åç·è£ã¯è²§å°æ²æ» ã«ADBã® çŠç¹ãåœãŠãããŸãããããŒããã¹ã¿ãïŒRobert BestaniïŒæ°ã責任è ã«æåããŠæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒäºæ¥ ã埩掻ããããšãšãã«ãADBã®äºæ¥ã調æŽãé£çµã ãäºåç·é·ãšããæ確ãªãã¹ããä»ã®å šãŠã®å±é· ã®äžã«æ°èšãããåéç·è£æ代ã«ã¯ãå çè«žåœã« æµ·å€é§åšå¡äºåæãèšããæ£åŒãªæ¿çãæ¡çšãã ããé»ç°æ±åœŠæ°ç·è£ã¯ã就任ãã2幎éã§ããªãã® æ°ã®èª¿æ»ãæŠç¥ã ã¬ãã¥ãŒãªã©ãå±éããŠããã
time, a formal policy was also adopted to establish resident missions abroad in member countries. In his two years in the ADBèªäœã®çµç¹å³ã¯äžé¢šå€ãã£ãŠãããçµ±å¶ã瀺 job, new president Haruhiko Kuroda has let ãã»ãšãã©ã®ç·ã¯ç·è£ããåºãŠ4人ã®å¯ç·è£ãçµ loose a proliferation of studies, strategies, ç±ããããæ¥åè©äŸ¡å±ãšã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ ã¬ãã¥ãŒ ããã«ïŒCRPïŒã¯çäºäŒçŽå±ãšãªããã¢ãžã¢éçºé and reviews. The ADBâs own organisational chart has è¡ç 究æãšããã·ã³ã¯ã¿ã³ã¯ãæŠç¥ã»æ¿ç宀ãç£æ»åœ¹ a strange look. The lines go down from the 宀ããããŠãªã¹ã¯ç®¡ç課ã¯ç·è£çŽå±ãšãªã£ãŠããã president through the four vice presidents, ããããç·è£ãšçŽæ¥ã€ãªãã£ãŠããããïŒã€ã®å³åœ¢ except for the operations evaluation ããããããã¯äºåç·é·ã®å³åœ¢ã§ãããç·è£ã®æšªã® department and compliance review panel, ããäžã«ãããã€ãŸããåå¯ç·è£ã®å³åœ¢ã®äžã®ç®ç« which report directly to the board of directors, ã£ãå Žæã§ããã and an assortment of bodies like the think 2006幎12æãADBã®äžã§ãææ°ã®çµéšè ã§ãããå€ tank which is the Asian Development Bank ç¶30幎ã®ã«ãã人ã©ãžã£ãããã°ïŒRajat NagïŒæ° Institute, the strategy and policy department, ããã®ãã¹ãã«å°±ä»»ããããã°æ°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæ°é£ the office of the auditor general, and the ãããŠå³ããããšè¡šããè·å¡ãããããé è³ææ°ã§ risk management unit, where the line runs æ¯åãããããæ欲çãªäººç©ã§ãããã¢ã€ãã¢ãè± å¯ã§ãããã次ã ãšæ«é²ããããšãããããå€ç¶å¹Ž directly from the president. æ°ã®é·ãåœå ã®äžéšã®å®åãšã¯éã£ãŠå°å€§ã§ã¯ãª But there is another line that stands out ãããŸããæ±åã¢ãžã¢å±ãå°åçµ±åãæ åœãå®çžŸã and runs from the president to the managing äžããŠããããšã§ãå°æ¬ãéããŠãããè·äœã¯å¯ç· director general, and the box for the post è£ã®äžã§ã¯ãããã管çå§å¡äŒã®éå¶ã«äžåœ¹è²·ã actually appears just below, though to the ãªã©ã匵ãå·¡ããããå šãŠã®æš©éã®äžå¿çèŠæã« side of the presidentâs box, but directly on ããã top of those for the vice presidents. Rajat ãã°æ°ã¯èªåã®ä»äºã«ã€ããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«èªã£ãŠã Nag, a Canadian, who is one of the most ãã ãããŒã¯ãŒãã¯é£çµãçµç¹å ãã€ãªãåãã㊠experienced ADB staff, having worked at ããããšã§ãããã®çµç¹ã®äžã§ã¯æ§ã ãªçŽ æŽããã the bank for 30 years, took over the post ä»äºãè¡ãããŠããŸããã倧å€å¿ã®é«ãæ¹éãæ² in December 2006. He is bright, articulate, ãããããã®æ¹éã®ããã«å€§å¢ã®åªç§ãªäººæãå and passionate, though some staff find him ããŠããŸããç§ã¯ADBã®æ§ã ãªéšåãã€ãªãåã rather fussy and demanding. Unlike some ããããšãèªåã®åœ¹å²ã§ãããšèããŠããŸãã long-serving national bureaucrats, he is not ãç§ã®ä»äºã®æ£åŒãªå®çŸ©ã¯ç®¡çå§å¡äŒã®éå¶é¢ pompous, though he is so brimful of ideas ã«ãããŠç·è£ããµããŒãããããšã§ãããçµå±ã¯ that he sometimes overlays them one on top ADBãå ±éã®åºæ¬æ¹éã®äžã§çžåŒµã䞻矩ã«é¥ã㪠4
ADB on the move
of another. He also commands respect from having successfully been in charge of the south east Asia department and in charge of regional integration. He ranks below the vice presidents, but sits at the centre of all the webs of power, not least in helping run the management committee. Nag says that the âprincipal wordâ for his job âis connectivity, connectivity within the organisation. Lots of good things happen within this institution and we have a very ambitious agenda and lots of good people working on the agenda. I see my role as connecting different parts of the bank. âFormally, my job is defined as supporting the president in the running of the management committee, which is basically coordination of the vice presidents, so it is basically a coordinating activity, so that this institution has one agenda and we donât get into silos. One of the things in any institution is that, almost by necessity, you have specialisations and people have responsibilities and yet we have to work as a whole. Connectivity is the one word which I keep telling myself - that your job is to connect.â He is also taking charge of external relations, regional economic integration, and the risk management unit, which are in a direct line from the president. In some ways Nag is becoming the day-to-day public face of the bank through taking charge of external relations. He correctly says that after 30 years, âI have got to know the institution, got to know the people, got to know what works. I know who should be called for what.â In his view, the Kuroda bank is already being marked by greater selectivity and focus: âOur strategic objective of poverty reduction remains the same, that is the overarching objective. But since Mr Kuroda came I think it is fair to say we have definitely put a lot more attention to regional cooperation and integration.â He cites Kurodaâs determination to achieve
the âthree Rs - regional integration, results ãããã«èª¿æŽãè¡ã£ãŠãããç¹ã«å¯ç·è£ã®èª¿æŽãã orientation and relevance.â ãããšãåºæ¬çãªåœ¹å²ã§ãã Along with this, the medium term strategy, adopted in May 2006 for the period to 2008, ãã©ã®çµç¹ãããã§ããã人ã¯ããããèªåã®å° groups the bankâs lending activities into éåéã責任ç¯å²ãå¿ ç¶çã«æã£ãŠããªãããã ãã§ãäžäœãšãªã£ãŠä»äºãããªããã°ãªããªãã three levels: the must do tasks; the should ãã§ãã do, but they can be done in partnership; and ãé£çµãšããèšèã¯åžžã«èªåã«èšãèãããŠãã the activities where the bank does not have a comparative advantage and should yield èšèã§ããä»äºã¯ã€ãªãã£ãŠããªããã°ãªããŸã them to other bodies. Nag says that health ãã has dropped to category 2 and airport and ãŸããã°æ°ã¯ãç·è£çŽå±ã®åºå ±å®€ãå°åçµæžçµ±å port developments are category 3, unless a 課ããªã¹ã¯ç®¡ç課ãæ åœããŠããã察å€é¢ä¿ãæ åœ country wants a small airport as an integral ããããšã§ãããæå³ã§ã¯ADBã®é¡ãšãªã£ãŠããã part of a top priority tourism plan, for 30幎éADBã«å€ããåŸã§ããã°æ°ã¯åœããåã®ãã ãç§ã¯ADBã®ããšãåããããã«ãª example. Itâs not that airports and ports are ã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããã not important, he says, but there is sufficient ããè·å¡ã®ããšãåããããã«ãªããäœãæ©èœããã åããããã«ãªããŸãããç§ã«ã¯é©æé©æãåã㣠private sector appetite for them in Asia. ãŠããŸãã
âOur strategic objective of poverty reduction remains the same, that is the overarching objectiveâ Nag also points to some new innovations, âNew products in response to changing demands,â he says. âFor example, we have a multi-tranche financing facility under which large infrastructure projects can follow the pace of development of the project. Previously, when we financed a large infrastructure project for the country and approved the loan, once the loan is signed, the clock starts to tick and the country has to pay commitment charges, no matter when the funds are actually disbursed. Sometimes there is at first quite a bit of a gap, because it takes time with the typical S curve. Now, depending on the nature of the project, we can give our clients assurance of the entire amount, but we can approve only the first part of it, which is what they need now, and the second part, with some assurance, but subject to approval of the management and the board being informed, would follow.â
ãããŠãããé²ãã å³éžäž»çŸ©ãšçŠç¹ã®çµã蟌ã¿ã ãã§ã«ç¹åŸŽãšããŠè¡šãããŠããé»ç°ç·è£ã®ADBã« ã€ããŠã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªã£ãŠãã ã貧å°åæžãšãã ADBã®å æ¬çæŠç¥ç®æšã¯å€ãããŸããã ããããé» ç°ç·è£ã®å°±ä»»ä»¥æ¥ãå°åã®ååãšçµ±åãžã®æ³šç®åºŠ ãã¯ããã«å¢ããããšã¯ç¢ºãã§ãããšèšã£ãŠãã ãŸããªããšæããŸãããããŠã ãå°åçµ±åïŒregional integrationïŒ ãçµæéèŠïŒresults orientationïŒãé¢é£ æ§ ïŒrelevanceïŒ ãšãã3ã€ã®Rãã®å®çŸãšããé»ç°ç· è£ã®æ±ºæãåŒçšããŠããã ãããšå¹³è¡ããŠã 2006幎5æã«æ¡çšããã2008幎 ãŸã§ã®äžææŠç¥ã§ã¯ã貞ä»æ¥åããå¿ é æ¥åã ãã ã¹ãã ãææºããŠã§ããæ¥åã ãADBã«æ¯èŒåªäœã ãªããä»ã®æ©é¢ã«è²ã£ãæ¹ãè¯ãæ¥åãã®3ã€ã®ã¬ ãã«ã«åé¡ãããŠãããäŸãã°ããã°æ°ã¯ãä¿å¥ã¯ ã«ããŽãªãŒ2ã«èœã¡ãŸããããŸããæåªå é äœã®èŠ³ å èšç»ã®äžå¯æ¬ èŠçŽ ãšããŠåœãå°èŠæš¡ã®ç©ºæž¯ãæ± ããŠããå Žåã¯å¥ãšããŠã空枯枯湟éçºã¯ã«ã㎠ãªãŒ3ã ãšèšãè¡šããŠããã空枯ã枯湟ã¯éèŠã§ã¯ ãªããšããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã¢ãžã¢ã§ã¯ãããããã® ã«å¯Ÿããæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®é¢å¿ã§å åãšèšãã ãããŠãããã€ãã®ç»æçãªæ°ååã«ã€ããŠã次 ã®ããã«ææããŠããã ãéèŠã®å€åã«å¯Ÿå¿ãã æ°ååãäŸãã°ããããžã§ã¯ãã®é²è¡ã«åãããŠå€§ åã€ã³ãã©æŽåãããžã§ã¯ããé²ããããããã«ã ADBã«ã¯ãã«ããã©ã³ã·ã§èè³ãã¡ã·ãªãã£ãŒãã ããŸãã以åã¯ãåœã®å€§åã€ã³ãã©ãããžã§ã¯ãã«è è³ããŠè²žä»ãæ¿èªããæãåå ¥åœã¯å®éã®èè³ã® å®è¡ææãšã¯é¢ä¿ãªã貞ä»å¥çŽã®ç· çµæãåºæºãš ããŠçŽå®æãæããªããã°ãªããŸããã§ãããæã« ãã£ãŠã¯å žåçãªSåæ²ç·ã§æéãããããåœå倧 ããªæéå·®ãåºãããšããããŸãããä»ã§ã¯ã ãããž ã§ã¯ãã®å 容ã«å¿ããŠãåå ¥åœã«éé¡å šäœã«ã€ã㊠ä¿èšŒãåºããªãããåœé¢å¿ èŠãšããŠããæåã®åå ¥ åã ãããŸãæ¿èªããŸããæ®ãã®éšåãã»ãŒä¿èšŒã ããŠããŸããããã®æ¿èªã¯çäºäŒãžã®å ±åãšçµå¶ é£ã®æ¿èªãåããæé ãæžãŸããŠããã«ãªããŸãã é·ãé話é¡ã«ãªã£ãŠãããã1ã€ã®é©æ°ããçŸå°é 貚ã«ãããããžã§ã¯ãèè³ã®å°å ¥ã ã ADBãã€ã³ãã©èè³ã®åæžã«åãçµãã§ããã®ã« ããããããããããŠè©è«å®¶ã®äžã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãã©è è³ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã«ä»»ããŠã倧äžå€«ã ãšãã説ãã ãã«ããããããã ãã°æ°ã®èšããã®ãæå 端ãã®æ° ããåãçµã¿ã«ããä»ã§ãã€ã³ãã©ã¯ADBã®è²žä» ã® äžã§æã倧ããªå²åãå ããŠããã
The ADB has a multi-tranche financing facility which can follow the pace of development of large infrastructure projects, such as this upgrading of part of the historic Silk Road in Azebaijan.
ãã°æ°ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã«ã€ããŠæ°éã®éçºæ¥è ãéèæ¥ è ãåŒãä»ããé åãç°ãªã£ãŠãããéçºæ®µéã«é² æ³¥ã®å·®ãããåœãéãŸã£ãŠããè€éãªå°åã§ãã ãšææããŠããããããŠã人å£2å2,000äžäººã1äººåœ ããã®åœæ°æåŸ1,140ãã«ã®ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ãäŸã«æ ããŠãããã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã¯é åã®æº¢ããåœã ããäž éšã®æœåšçæè³å®¶ã¯ãçµå¶ãšãªã¹ã¯ã®åæ ãçŽäºè§£ 決ãåå°è²·åããããŠã©ãã«ç¢ºå®ãªãããžã§ã¯ããã ãã®ããšããããšã«äžå®ãæããŠããã 4
WiA Delegate Publication
55
ADB in the spotlight
© Mark Henley / Panos Pictures
ãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã«å€ãã®ã€ã³ãã©ãå¿ èŠãªããšã¯åš ç¥ã®äºå®ã§ãã ãããã ãããžã§ã¯ããèŠä»ããŠã㣠ãžããªãã£ïœ¥ã¹ã¿ãã£ãå®æœããåã«ãåå°ã®æŽåã é©åãªåžæ³ãéèã®ã€ã³ãã©ãªã©å¿ èŠãªäœæ¥ãã ãããããã®ã§ããããã§ãæ°éã®è³éãæµã蟌ã é©åãªç°å¢ãäœããããADBãäžæµã§åãã£ãŠã€ã³ ããã·ã¢ã®ã€ã³ãã©æ¹é©ããã°ã©ã ããŒã³ãå®æœ ããŠããã®ã§ãã
Indonesia has lots of attractions, but some potential investors are worried about management and risk sharing.
Another innovation, which had been talked about for years, is the introduction of local currency financing for projects. With this new âcutting edgeâ approach, as Nag calls it, infrastructure remains the biggest slice of the bankâs lending, even though it is trying to shed parts of it, and even though some critics assert that infrastructure can safely be left to the private sector. Nag points out that Asia is a complicated continent with countries at various and very different stages of development, which do not offer the same kind of attraction to developers and bankers from the private sector. He cites the case of Indonesia, population 220 million, per capita income $1,140. Indonesia has lots of attractions, but some potential investors are worried about management and risk sharing, dispute resolution, and land acquisitions, as well as where the bankable projects are.
I donât think we will become totally infrastructure or totally social sector âEverybody knows that Indonesia needs a lot of infrastructure,â adds Nag, but there is a lot of work needed to prepare the ground, create the proper legal and financial infrastructure, so to speak, before the projects can be found and the feasibility studies evaluated, so the ADB is doing an upfront, upstream Indonesia infrastructure reform programme loan to create the right environment for private funds to go in. Depending on the country, Nag says, private sector developers may even say they have lots of money, but would like the ADB involved for greater comfort and ease in talking to the government - lending the umbrella of the ADB flag, as Robert Bestani puts it - so may prefer a public-private partnership project. Nag says that infrastructure loans the bank 56
åœã«ãã£ãŠã¯ã ã è³éã¯å åã«ãããŸãããADBã ããé¢äžãããšæ¿åºãšã®æè¡ã¯ããã¹ã ãŒãºã«ã ã ã楜ã«é²ã¿ãŸãã ãšããããŒãã»ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ãå±ãã ãADBã®æã§å®ãããèè³ã説ã䞻匵ããå®æ°å ±å ãããžã§ã¯ãã奜ãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®éçºæ¥è ããã ãšãã°æ°ã¯ææãããADBãè¡ãã€ã³ãã©èè³ã¯ã ãçŽæ¥çãª1察1ã®å ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒèè³ãããæè³ã æ¹é©ããã°ã©ã ã®åæ©æž¡ãã觊åªåœ¹ãŸã§ãããã åéã«åãã§ããŸãã ãã°æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ç¶ããŠããã ãADBã¯éçºéè¡ ã§ããããæè²ãä¿å¥ããæãåŒãããšã¯ã§ããŸã ãããæãåŒãã¹ãã§ã¯ãããŸããããªããªãã°ãæ è²ãä¿å¥ã¯éåžžã«å€§åãªãã®ã§ããããã©ã³ã¹ã ä¿ããªããã°ãªããªãããã§ãã ããããã€ã³ãã© ã¯å°åè«žåœã倧å€å¿ èŠãšããŠããéèŠãªãã®ã§ãã ã€ã³ãã©ã¯æé·ã®äžå¿çèŠçŽ ã§ããã貧å°åæžã«ãš ã£ãŠéè·¯ã¯å€§å€éèŠãªãã®ã§ããã€ãŸããäºè æäž ãšãã£ãåé¡ã§ã¯ãªããšããããšã§ããADBããã ããã€ã³ãã©äžèŸºåããããã¯ç€ŸäŒã»ã¯ã¿ãŒäžèŸºå ã«ãªããšã¯æããŸããã
makes run a whole gamut âfrom the direct one to one public sector investments to rebridging or catalysing investment or reform programmes.â He continues: âIt is also true that we, as a ãããã¯ãååœã«åãããŠADBãçå®ããæŠç¥ã« development bank, cannot and should not ãããŸããã€ã³ããäžåœã®å ŽåãADBã®åœå¥æŠç¥ã¯ just get out of education or health, because ããããã€ã³ãã©éèŠã®è²žä»ã«ãªããŸãããã«ã³ã they are very important and there has to be ãžã¢ãã©ãªã¹ã®ãããªåœã®å Žåã«ã¯ãã€ã³ãã©ãã a balance. But infrastructure is a very key ãããšãªãã瀟äŒã»ã¯ã¿ãŒéèŠã«ãªãããšã§ãããã need of our countries. Infrastructure is a ãããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«äž»åŒµããŠããã ãã€ã³ãã©ãADBã® key ingredient of growth and roads are very äºæ¥ã®å€§å€å€§ããªéšåãå ãã貧å°åæžã«çŽæ¥è²¢ important to poverty reduction. So it is not ç®ããŠããããšã¯ééããããŸãããæé·ã»ã©è²§å° going to be an either/or. I donât think we åæžã«åœ¹ç«ã€ãã®ã¯ãªããšããããšã«ç°è«ã¯ãªã will become totally infrastructure or totally ãšæããŸããã€ã³ãã©ã¯æé·ã®å€§å€éèŠãªèŠçŽ 㧠ããã€ãŸããã€ã³ãã©ã¯è²§å°åæžã«ç¢ºå®ã«è²¢ç®ãã social sector as we move. âIt will depend on the strategies that ãšããããšã§ãããããç«æŽŸãªé«ééè·¯ã§ã蟲家ã äœç©ãéã³ããããããªã¢ã¯ã»ã¹éè·¯ããªããã° we design for each country. For in a æå³ããªããã€ã³ãã©ãæé·ã«è²¢ç®ããããã«ã¯ country like India or China, our country ãã®èšèšãé©åãªãã®ã«ããªããã°ãªããªãããš strategy will probably be leaning more ããã°æ°ã¯èªããŠããã towards infrastructure, but in a country like æ代ãå€ããã ãŸãã«æŽ¥æ³¢ã®ããã«äžçããã¢ãžã¢ Cambodia or Laos it will lean more to the ã«è³éãéãŸã£ãŠããäžããã°æ°ã¯è«žåœããã®è³é social sector side, although infrastructure ã®åé ã«ããããããšãã§ããããã«ADBãåã will play a role. â 貞ãå¿ èŠãããã«é«ãŸã£ãŠãããšèããŠããã ãå He asserts that: âInfrastucture is certainly a åœãèŠããšããã®çç±ã¯æ§ã ã§ãããã€ã³ããäžåœ very big part of our business, and contributes ãã«ã³ããžã¢ãã©ãªã¹ã§ããADBã¯å¿ èŠãšãããŠã directly to poverty reduction. I donât think ãŸããã€ã³ããäžåœã¯ADBããã®èè³ãå¿ èŠãšã㊠there is any debate that growth is the best ãããšã¯æããŸãããã€ã³ããäžåœã«ã¯è±å¯ãªè³ form of poverty reduction. Infrastructure éãè³æºãããã30åãã«ã50åãã«ã¯ç°¡åã«è¿œ is a very important component of growth, å ããããšãã§ããŸããã€ã³ããäžåœãªã©ã®åœãå¿ and therefore it follows that infrastructure èŠãšããŠããã®ã¯ãå€åœã®ãã¹ããã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã®ç¥ èãçµéšã§ããç§ã¯ãADBã¯ç¥èã®ä»²ä»åœ¹ãšããŠå€§ definitely contributes to poverty reduction. â å€éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠãããšæããŸãã Nag does admit that infrastructure needs to be properly designed to contribute to growth: ãã€ã³ããäžåœã®å¯Ÿæ¥µã«ããäŸã玹ä»ããŸãããã there is no point in a fine expressway if it ã«ã³ããžã¢ãã©ãªã¹ãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã®ãããªè«žåœã§ does not have good access roads that lets ã¯ãADBã¯ãœããåã³éåžžè³æ¬è²¡æº ïŒOCRïŒã®äž¡æ¹ ã®è²¡æºãšããŠå¿ èŠãšãããŠããŸãããããã®è«žåœ the farmers get their produce onto it. ã§ã¯ãç¥èé¢ã§ãADBãå¿ èŠãšãããŠãããšã¯æ With the changing times, and the veritable ããŸãããéçºéè¡ã®æ¬æ¥ã®å§¿ã§ããåŸæ¥ã®è²¡æº tsunami of global funds available in Asia, ã®éã³åœ¹ãšããŠã®ADBãå¿ èŠãšãããŠããŸãããã Nag thinks that there is an even more ãã®æ¥µç«¯ãªè«žåœã®éã«ããããè²èš±ç貞ä»ã«ãã important need for the bank in helping to OCRã«ãããADB ãæã£ãŠããè³éãä»ã§ãå¿ èŠãš make sure that countries can get a share of ããŠããäžæ¹ã§ãæ¿çæ¹é©ãæ¿çã®æ çµã¿ãæ¿çã« the money: âIf you look at each country, é¢ããå©èšãå¿ èŠãšããŠããäžæåŸåœãå šãŠå ¥ã even an India or a China or a Cambodia ãŸãã or Laos, we are needed in these countries ãããŠãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã®ã€ã³ãã©æ¹é©èšç»ãäž»ãªäŸ ãæåŠã¯ãæ¿åºãã©ã®ããã«èšç» for different reasons. I donât think India or ãšããŠæããŠããã China needs us for our money. They have ãå®æœãããããããŠADBãã©ã®ããã«æ¿åºãšåå got enough money, resources, they can ãããã«å€§ããå·Šå³ãããŸããæ¹é©èšç»ãæåãã 4
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ADB in the spotlight
easily put in another $3 billion or $5 billion. What countries like India and China need is knowledge of best practices, experiences from other places. I think we play a very important knowledge intermediation role. âLetâs take the other extreme: I think that in countries like Cambodia, Laos, central Asia, we are needed for financial resources, both soft and ordinary capital resources [OCR in bank speak]. I think we are needed for knowledge, but there we are needed for the traditional resource transfer paradigm, the mark of the development bank. Then there is the whole spectrum in between, the middle income countries which still need resources that we bring, be it concessional or OCR, but also need the policy reform, the policy framework, the policy advice.â
Infrastructure is a very important component of growth, and definitely contributes to poverty reduction
© Rafoto
He cites the infrastructure reform programme in Indonesia as a key example and admits that: âSuccess will depend very much on how the government implements the programme and how we work with the government. If that reform programme is successful then ... enough private sector money will come. But the private sector money will not come just because the money is there and the projects are there. Something in between is needed to create a bridge.â Nag is reluctant to criticise the flows, and the ebbs, of private money, though he does let slip that, though the world is awash with liquidity, some places never see a cent of it. âIs money going to all the places it ought to go to?â he muses. â I take the view that private money always goes to the right place in the sense that private investors have made their judgement call. âThey donât go to Bangladesh, not because there are not enough bankable projects in Bangladesh, but because of other factors which the private sector will assess or because the expectation theory comes in
Nag: Since Mr Kuroda came I think it is fair to say we have definitely put a lot more attention to regional cooperation and integration.
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as to what they expect to happen in China vis-Ã -vis what they expect to happen in Bangladesh. âThat is where we come in. I think we can moderate the risk perception, so we can say, and we have done this in Bangladesh. We have said to private investors in the power sector that we will work with you to define how the revenues will be collected and you will be paid, how the losses in the system will be managed and paid for and what will be the risk management. Having done all this, the private sector came in with us in a power station. âIt has to be a public-private sector partnership. I have heard many times that there is a lot of private sector money... but I donât see a red cent coming. I donât hold it against the private sector because they want to know what the risks are. They can deal with risks but the private sector has great difficulty dealing with uncertainty. We help the countries to deal with uncertainties and also define the risks. The exciting thing in Asia is that there is a lot of private sector money and a lot of private sector interest, but it would be a gross leap of faith if we think that it will all get invested - and if it were so we would not have these infrastructure problems in Manila or in Jakarta. It is not getting invested because the private sector investors arenât convinced that they will make reasonable risk-adjusted returns. We come into play in the intermediation role.â Intermediation in his view extends way beyond providing funds for projects or getting individual projects from the drawing board and onto the ground. It involves things like the bank helping with â... the development of the regional bond market, our working on the local currency financing, our providing of the political risk and the partial credit risk guarantees.â In the case of the Philippines, Nag says, the bank is trying to be the intermediary, offering a political risk guarantee to tempt private sector money into the power sector. He explains: âWe are talking in the Philippines about a power sector reform programme. We have seen the improvements made in the governmentâs revenue collections, we have seen improvements made in privatization processes, we have seen some of the hydropower assets being sold through an open bidding process in the Philippines. So then you say the investment climate has improved. Answer, yes. Has it improved enough? Answer, No. But that is where we come in with our political risk guarantee. What we say to the private sector partners is that this is the reform programme that we are supporting for the public sector and this will do the following. See how it goes and then perhaps you and we can together go into a specific project and we can provide political risk guarantees, so that if something goes awry then you do have cover.â The ADB always has to be aware not only of the different stages of development of the different countries, but also the
ãš...æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®ååãªè³éãéãŸããŸãã ãã ããè³éãèšç»ããããšããã ãã§ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒ ã®è³éã¯éãŸããŸãããäž¡è ã®æ©æž¡ããããäœãã å¿ èŠãªã®ã§ãã ãã°æ°ã¯æ°éè³éã®å¹²æºã«ã€ããŠæ¹å€ããããšã¯ èºèºããªããããäžçã¯ããã ãæµåçãªè³é㫠溢ããŠãããšããã®ã«ãäžéšã®ãšããã«ã¯å šããã ãæµããŠãã£ãŠããªããšæ¬é³ãæŒãããŠããã ãæ ãããŠè³éã¯è¡ãã¹ããšããã«è¡ã£ãŠããã®ã§ãã ããïŒç§ãèããã«ãæ°éã®è³éã¯ãæ°éã®æè³å®¶ ãå€æãããã ãšããæå³ã§ã¯åžžã«é©æã«è¡ã£ãŠã ããšæããŸãã ãè³éããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ã«è¡ããªãã®ã¯ããã³ã°ã© ãã·ã¥ã«ç¢ºå®ã«å©çããããããããžã§ã¯ãããªã ããã§ã¯ãªããæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãè©äŸ¡ããå¥ã®èŠå ã ããããããããã¯æåŸ çè«ããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥å¯Ÿäž åœãšãã£ã圢ã§å°å ¥ãããããã§ãã ãããã§ADBã®åºçªã§ããç§ã¯ãADBã¯ãªã¹ã¯ã®èª èãåãããããšãã§ãããšèããŠããŸãããã³ã° ã©ãã·ã¥ã®å Žåãããã§ãããADBã¯ã ã©ã®ããã«è³ éãéããŠæè³å®¶ã«éå ããããã·ã¹ãã ã®æ倱 ãã©ã®ããã«ç®¡çãè£å¡«ãããã ãªã¹ã¯ç®¡çãã©ã® ããã«ãããã«ã€ããŠååããã ãšé»åéšéã®æ°é æè³å®¶ã«æã¡ãããŸããããã®çµæãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒ ã¯ADBã®çºé»æã®è©±ã«ä¹ã£ãŠããŸããã ãå®æ°ã®é£æºãå¿ èŠã§ããæ°éã«ã¯è³éãè±å¯ã« ãããšãã話ã¯åäžè³ã«ããŸãã...ãã®è³éã1å ã§ãæå ¥ãããã®ãèŠãããšããããŸãããã ãã ãšãã£ãŠæ°éã責ããŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããæ° éã¯ã©ã®ãããªãªã¹ã¯ããããç¥ããããšæã£ãŠã ãããã§ããããæ°éã¯ãªã¹ã¯ãäœãšãããããšã¯ ã§ããŸãã ããããäžç¢ºå®æ§ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããã®ã¯å€§å€é£ ããã®ã§ããADBã¯äžç¢ºå®æ§ã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ãããšãšãã« ãªã¹ã¯ãæ確ã«ã§ããããåœãæ¯æŽããŸããã¢ãžã¢ ã§çŽ æŽãããã®ã¯ãæ°éè³éãè±å¯ã§æ°éã®é¢å¿ ãé«ããšããããšã§ãã ãããããã®è³éãå šãŠæè³ ããããšèããã®ã¯ãåãã¬çžã®ç®ç®çšãšããã㧠ãããããã®ããã«æè³ãããã®ãªããããã©ããžã£ ã«ã«ã¿ã§èµ·ããŠããã€ã³ãã©ã®åé¡ã¯èµ·ããªã㯠ãã§ããæè³ã¯è¡ãããŠããŸããããªããªãã°æ°é ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®æè³å®¶ã¯ã ãªã¹ã¯ã調æŽããäžã§åŠ¥åœãª åçãåŸããããšç¢ºä¿¡ããŠããªãããã§ãããã㧠ADBã仲ä»åœ¹ãšããŠä»å ¥ãããšããããã§ãã ã仲ä»ãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããããžã§ã¯ãã«è³éã æäŸããããããã¯åã ã®ãããžã§ã¯ããæºäžãã çŸå Žã«ç§»ããŠå ·äœåããŠãããšãã以äžã®éãéã ãŸããäŸãã°ãADBã«ãã...å°åã®åµåžåžå Žã®çºå± æ¯æŽãçŸå°é貚ç«ãŠèè³ã®åãçµã¿ãæ¿æ²»ãªã¹ã¯ã éšåä¿¡çšãªã¹ã¯ã®ä¿èšŒãªã©ãè¡ãããŸãã ãã°æ°ã¯ADBã仲ä»åœ¹ãšãªã£ãŠæ¿æ²»ãªã¹ã¯ã®ä¿èšŒ ãä»ããæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®è³éãé»åéšéã«åŒãå¯ ããããšããŠãããã£ãªãã³ã®äŸããããã ãADB㯠ãã£ãªãã³ã§é»åã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæ¹é©èšç»ã®è©±ãé²ã㊠ããŸãããã£ãªãã³ã§ã¯æ¿åºã«ããééç¶æ³ãæ°å¶ åã®ããã»ã¹ã«æ¹åãèŠãããå ¬éå ¥æã«ãã£ãŠ æ°Žåçºé»è³ç£ã®å£²åŽãé²ããããŠããŸããã€ãŸãã æè³ç°å¢ãæ¹åãããããšãããšãçãã¯ã€ãšã¹ã§ ããã§ã¯ãååã«æ¹åãããããšãããšãçãã¯ã㌠ã§ãã ããããã ãããããADBãæ¿æ²»ãªã¹ã¯ä¿èšŒãš ãã圢ã§å²ã£ãŠåå ¥ããŠããã®ã§ããADBã¯æ°éã» ã¯ã¿ãŒã®ããŒãããŒã«å¯ŸããŠã ããã¯ADBãå ¬å ±ã» ã¯ã¿ãŒã®ããã«æ¯æŽããŠããæ¹é©ããã°ã©ã ã§ã ãããšãæãè¡ããèŠãŠããããã貎瀟ãšåœè¡ãåå ããŠå ·äœçãããžã§ã¯ãã«å ¥ãããšããããŠADBã æ¿æ²»ãªã¹ã¯ä¿èšŒãããŠããã®ã§ãäžæž¬ã®äºæ ãçã ãŠãè£åãããããšã説æããŸãã ADBã¯åžžã«æ§ã ãªåœã®æ§ã ãªéçºæ®µéã ãã§ãª ããæ¿æ ããããŠæ ªäž»ãåºè³è ãå çæ¿åºã§ãããš ããäºå®ãèªèããŠããªããã°ãªããªãã ãã°æ°ã¯ ããããç¶æ³ã«ã€ããŠã ãæ¿æ²»ã«åããã€ã€æ¿æ²»ã« å·»ã蟌ãŸãããèžããªãã綱枡ããããŠãããã㪠ãã®ã ãšè¿°ã¹ãã 4
Ins_ADB_Konferenz_Autotunnel_213x276
20.3.2007
9:25 Uhr
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ADB in the spotlight
© Heldur Netocny / Panos Pictures
ãããŠãã®å¢çç·ã«ã€ããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«èª¬æããããš ããã ãADBã¯æ¿æ ã«å·»ã蟌ãŸããªãã ããã¯èã« éããŠããŸãã ããèšãã®ã§ãããADBã¯éæ¿æ²»ç æ©é¢ã§ãããADBã®åºè³è ã¯å€§å€æ¿æ²»çã§ãã ãã® ç·åŒããé£ããããã¯ãçµæžæ¿çã®è¡æ¹ãæ¿æ ã« éªéããããããªããšãããå Žåã¯ãèãæ¹ãæ確 ã«ãããçºèšããããããŸããããã以å€ã¯ADBã èªãæ¿å±ã«é¢äžããããšã¯ãããŸããã
In the case of the Philippines, the bank is offering a political risk guarantee to tempt private sector money into the power sector.
political environment and the fact that its shareholders and owners are the member governments. This, says Nag, means dancing on a tightrope of being politically tuned in but not getting involved in politics. He tries to explain the demarcation lines: âWe do not get involved in political situations, very consciously. As I often say, we are an apolitical institution, but our owners are very political. That is a difficult line. If we find that the politics of the situation are coming in the way of macroeconomic politics, that is when we would take a view or make a statement, but other than that we do not involve ourselves in the political situation.â How then do ADB staff interact with the different governments? Essentially it is a case of recognising the special characteristics of the country, listening to the government and studying its wish list and then using the experience and knowledge of the ADB across Asia and over time to discuss the implications and practical possibilities with the individual government calmly and quietly. Nag asks and answers the question: âDo we have an influence on policy? Yes, we do, but we have an influence on policy not by thumping on the table and saying âthou shalt do thisâ. We have an influence on the government by working with them to define the costs of the policies they are following and the benefits of the reforms that they are talking about. âIndonesia is a case in point, but you can take any number of other countries, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh. We have discussed policy reforms, yes, very difficult reforms such as tariff adjustments, public sector enterprises, restructuring, which basically means they have to lay off people.â Setting up more than 20 resident missions and offices abroad, including in Frankfurt, Tokyo, and Washington, the key centres of developed countries that are the ADBâs important shareholders, has also imposed important changes of view. Liqun Jin, the 60
ããã§ã¯ã ã©ã®ããã«ADBã®è·å¡ã¯æ§ã ãªæ¿åºãšå¯Ÿ å¿ããã®ã ããã?åºæ¬çã«ã¯ããã®åœã®ç¹åŸŽãèª èããæ¿åºã®çºèšã«è³ãåŸãããã®åžæäžèŠ§ãæ€èš ãã ã¢ãžã¢ã§ADBãç©ã¿äžããçµéšãšç¥èãé§äœ¿ã ãŠãã®å±æãšå®çŸå¯èœæ§ã«ã€ããŠããããã®æ¿åº ãšæéããããŠå·éæ²çã«è©±ãåãã®ã§ããã ãã°æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªåèªçããã ãADBã¯æ¿æ²»ã« 察ãã圱é¿åãããã®ã§ãããã? ADBã«ã¯æ¿æ²»ã« 察ãã圱é¿åããããŸãã ããããããŒãã«ããã³ã ã³å©ããŠã ãããããïŒã ãšãããããªåœ±é¿åã§ã¯ãã ãŸãããæ¿åºãšååããŠããã®æ¿åºãè¡ã£ãŠããæ¿ çã®è²»çšã話ããŠããæ¹é©ã®å©çãå®çŸ©ãããšã ãããšã§æ¿åºã«å¯ŸããŠåœ±é¿åãæã€ã®ã§ãã ããã®å¥œäŸãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã§ããããããã ãã€ã³
Chinese who is vice president (operations 1) ãããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãªã©åããããªäŸã¯ãããã§ã responsible for the South Asia department, ãããŸãããããŸã§ã«é¢çšèª¿æŽãå®å¶äŒæ¥ãåç·šãšã ã£ããåºæ¬çã«ã¯äººå¡åæžãããªããã°ãªããªã Central and West Asia department as well as ããšãæå³ãã倧å€é£ããæ¿çæ¹é©ãæ€èšããŠã the private sector operations, believes that ãŸããã the missions help give the bank an important insight on what is really happening in ãã©ã³ã¯ãã«ãæ±äº¬ãã¯ã·ã³ãã³ãã¯ãããADBã®é èŠãªæ ªäž»ã§ããå é²è«žåœã®äž»èŠéœåžã«20ãµæä»¥äž member countries. ã®é§åšå¡äºåæã代衚äºåæãèšçœ®ããããšã«ã He says: âAs the vice president for ã£ãŠåœè¡ã®èãæ¹ãå¿ ç¶çã«å€ãã£ãããšãéèŠ operations, it is important to understand the ãªåŽé¢ã§ãããåã¢ãžã¢å±ãäžå€®ïœ¥è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢å±ãåã³ actual situations of countries, in terms of æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæ¥åæ åœã§å¯ç·è£ïŒæ¥å1ïŒã®éç«çŸ€ the macroeconomic policies and the reform ïŒJin LiqunïŒæ°ã¯ãé§åšå¡äºåæã¯ADBã«å çè«ž process, the challenges faced by the country åœã®å®éã®åãã«ã€ããŠéèŠãªæ å ±ããããã㊠in a special way. Some countries have a ãããšèããŠããã very fragile environment, or a very large éæ°ã¯ãã®ããã«èªã£ãŠããã ãæ¥åãæ åœããå¯ population, or some are short of energy, ç·è£ãšããŠããã¯ãçµæžæ¿çãæ¹é©ããã»ã¹ãçŽé¢ others rich in energy, and we also have ããŠããç¬èªã®äºæ ãªã©ãè«žåœã®çŸç¶ãææ¡ããã post-conflict countries like Afghanistan, ãšã¯éèŠãªããšã§ãã ç¶æ³ãéåžžã«äžå®å®ãªåœã Nepal and Sri Lanka. We have very different 人å£ã倧å€å€ãåœããšãã«ã®ãŒãäžè¶³ããŠããåœ situations, and the management should be ãè±å¯ãªåœãããã«ã¯ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ããããŒã«ã fully aware of the actual situation of all of ã¹ãªã©ã³ã«ã®ããã«çŽäºåŸã®åœããããŸãã ç¶æ³ã¯ åå·®äžå¥ã§ãçµå¶é£ã¯ADBãé¢ããå šãŠã®åœã®çŸ the countries we work in. ç¶ãçç¥ããŠããå¿ èŠããããŸãã âSecondly, the programmes of the ADB ã第äºã«ã ããããåœã ã§ADBãè¡ãããã°ã©ã 㯠in these countries have to be monitored 念ã«ã¯å¿µãå ¥ããŠã¢ãã¿ãŒããªããã°ãªããªããš very carefully. After we approve a project, monitoring the supervision of the ããããšã§ããADBããããžã§ã¯ããæ¿èªãããšãã ã®åŸãã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã®ç£ç£ç¶æ³ã®ã¢ãã¿ãŒãé programme is critical, and this kind of work èŠã«ãªããŸãããããŠãã®çš®ã®ä»äºãå¹æçã〠can be done effectively and efficiently by å¹ççã«ã§ããã®ãé§åšå¡äºåæã§ããã§ãããã the resident missions. So we are delegating ADBã§ã¯ããããã®è«žåœã®å€§åã«ã€ããŠé§åšå¡äº more authority to the resident missions in åæã«å§ä»»ããæš©éã倧ããããŠããŸãã most of these countries. éæ°ã¯ãæ¬åœã®èª²é¡ã¯æ¬éšãšé§åšå¡äºåæãšã®ã Jin admits that the real challenge is to get ã©ã³ã¹ãé©åã«ä¿ã€ããšã«ããããšãèªããŠããã the balance right between the headquarters ãããžã§ã¯ãã®æºåããäŒèšãã¢ãã¿ãŒã貞ä»ã® and the resident mission. There are many å®è¡ãŸã§ãä»äºã¯æ§ã ãªåéã«åºãã£ãŠãããéæ° categories of job assignments from project ã¯ãã«ã³ããªãŒïœ¥ãªãã£ã¹ã®çŸå°æ¡çšã«ã€ããŠããæ¬ preparation through accounting, monitoring éšã®å°éè·å¡ã«ã€ããŠããåªç§ãªäººæãæ¡çšãã and disbursement of funds. He is confident ãã©ãšååã«é£çµ¡ãåãåãã°ADBã®ä»äºã®è³ªã ãç§ that the recruitment of good staff, both æ¹åããããšãã§ãããšç¢ºä¿¡ããŠããã ãããŠã nationals in the country offices and the ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯é çã®çš®ã§ã¯ãªããã£ã¬ã³ãžã§ãããšèª professional staff at headquarters, linked by ã£ãŠããã good communications with Manila, will help ãã°æ°ã¯é·å¹Žã«ãããADBã®äžå¿èª²é¡ã®å€é·ãã the ADB to improve the quality of its work. ã®ç®ã§èŠãŠããã1960幎代ã®åµèšæã«ã¯èŸ²æ¥ãäž âI donât have headaches, I have challenges,â å¿ã ã£ãã1970幎代ãš1980幎代ã«ã¯ç³æ²¹ã次ã«ã¯ è² åµãšå±æ©ãç¶ãããã¢ãžã¢ã¯åžžã«è³æ¬ãäžè¶³ã Jin says. ãç§ãå ¥è¡ã Nag has an advantage in having seen the ãŠããããã°æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«åæ³ããã ãåœåãè«è°ãããã®ã¯ããã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯æè¡ changing prime preoccupations of the ADB çãçµæžçã財åçã«å€§äžå€«ãªã®ãïŒããšãããã®ã§ over the years. In the founding years of the ãããç°å¢åé¡ãã話ã«å ¥ãããšã¯ãŸããããŸãã 1960s agriculture was at the centre. The ã§ãããã瀟äŒç圱é¿ã«ã€ããŠã®è©±ãããã»ã©åº 4 1970s and 1980s were years of crisis, first
ADB in the spotlight
© Chris Stowers / Panos Pictures
ãªãã£ãããšã確ãã§ãã ããã®ãããžã§ã¯ããè¯ã ãã®ã§ããã°ãä»ã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¿åºãäœãšã ããŠãããã ãšããèãã ã£ãã®ã§ãã
Nag: If you provide more electricity and the farmers can pump the water, there will be more agricultural production.
with oil, then with debts. All the time Asia had a shortage of capital. âWhen I joined the bank, the debate was âis this project technically, economically, and financially viable?â,â he recalls. âWe were barely starting to talk about environmental issues and were certainly not talking much about the social impact, the idea being that if this project is good, then the government will take care of all the other issues. âThe debate now is that the technical, economic, and financial are necessary conditions, but 90 percent of my time as director (general) was spent on environmental, social and the debate has become much more complex as Asia has become more prosperous and our role changed from just being a financier to really being a development body. Countries themselves started to grow not just economically but also in terms of their own (confidence). In the 1980s we would go on mission and we would say something, and the other side except for a few would take this as given. Now, let alone India and China, other countries have a human resource skill and an awareness of the issues that they are willing to make judgements. We as an institution are dealing with much more aware groups of stakeholders in the governments. Then of course there is civil society, which really has put us much more on the straight and narrow, and has become much more demanding of us, which has forced us to be much more demanding of ourselves. Sometimes, Nag almost suggests, there are too many people in the debate with too many forceful opinions. Especially at the stressful time of the annual meeting where everyone comes together, he says, âYou cannot go and talk about a project and not know the environmental, social implications. The debate has become much more complex, our agenda has become much more complex, our 62
projects have become much more complex, and of course these are the positives. The flip side is that every project has a bit of this and a bit of that. Our challenge is to make sure that our projects stay focused and we donât try to cover every possible concern on the back of every possible project, but we look at the country and say how it is doing on gender, ethnic minorities, the disadvantaged groups and that each project does not have to meet every (criterion).â As to critics, he adds, âyou have to engage them and engage based on analysis and information. Some you may not convince.â Experience has also shown that some of the old assumptions about development have proved too simple. âFor example, agricultural productivity we all thought was just a question of more inputs, more water, more fertiliser, more pesticides,â adds Nag. âNow we have come to a point of not just providing an irrigation system but of managing it. Do you charge for it? Previously, wouldnât query it. We just said, âIf you provide more electricity and the farmers can pump the water, there will be more agricultural production,â except we never talked about charging farmers. Today, it is much more challenging.â And that is without the burning questions of Kyoto, the environment, climate change, governance and regional integration. He sums up how Asia is perceived in 2007: âOverall there is great enthusiasm for Asia. If you take India and China out, then it tends to fall a bit. Our role is to show Asia to the private sector with warts and pimples and all, that these are the problems, this is how we are working on the macroeconomics and this is how it will pan out. Governance is obviously a big issue that our shareholders raise, our private sector investors raise and, interestingly, elements within the countries themselves raise, who know that poor governance is bad for the poor.â g
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Japan
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© UPPA / Photoshot
æ³æ²¢äŒ¯å€«åçåŽå倧è£ã¯çŸä»£æ¥æ¬ã®ã¢ã³ ãããŒããŒãšããŠç§°ãããã ãã®å瞟ã«ã¡ãª ãã è³ã®æäžãæ¯å¹Žè¡ãããšããæèŠãåº ãŠããã
âWomenomicsâ could rescue Japanâs men Some say that Hakuo Yanagisawa should be hailed as an anti-hero for modern Japanese times, and that an annual award should be instituted in his memory.
T
hose same voices, many of them female, suggest it would also be worthwhile considering the erection of a statue in his honour, though there would be a debate over the material that the statue should be made of. Some might opt for a very cheap and nasty material that would last a long time as a memorial to his stupidity, others that it should be something biodegradable that would waste away in public view. Yanagisawaâs contribution to modern Japanese life in early 2007 was to make an insulting remark towards women that showed how arrogant male politicians can be. In lamenting Japanâs falling birth rate, he described women as âchild-bearing machinesâ and said that since, âthe number of women is fixed, the number of childbearing machines or devices is fixed, so all we can do is ask them to do their best per headâ. Since he was - and still is - Japanâs minister of health, welfare and labour, he should have understood the need to think before speaking. Ever since then, the world of Japanese politics has been filled with still more hot air, sound, and fury that further testify to the stupidity and arrogance of the men. The opposition protested and boycotted the Diet (parliament). The government took advantage of the absence of the opposition to steamroller through the budget and some controversial legislation. The word that sums up the politiciansâ behaviour is âishiatamaâ meaning âstone headâ or âstone brainâ, stupidity with an inflexible attitude.
64
Ishiatama: any politician with a milligram of political sense would have resigned - a few generations ago an offender would have saved his honour by committing seppuku (ritual suicide) - in recognition that, at 71, he was not in tune with the national mood. Any prime minister with self-respect would have sacked the minister and stepped down himself out of respect for the women insulted by the minister he had appointed. Any opposition worth winning government office would not have sulked from parliament, but would have suggested practical policies that might attract women to marry and have families and raise the plummeting birth rate. Even a more prosaic Yanigisawa with a single candle in his brain might have resigned because he had failed to create the environment in which it is easy for women to give birth and bring up children. Yes, there is a problem, but women should be seen as an important part of the solution, not the cause of the problem. The answer according to a leading (woman) economist is womenomics. Japan does have a problem with a falling birth rate, which goes beyond the falling birth rate itself. On present projections, the population of 127 million is likely to decline by 2055 to between 85 and 90 million (and by 2200 Japanese might become a truly endangered race). More alarmingly, even with this figure, which would see Japan at the same size as Germany, the percentage of people aged 65 or over would double to 40
ããããçºèšã®å€ãã¯å¥³æ§ããã§ãããã圌女é ã¯æ³æ²¢æ°ã®åœ«å建ç«ã«ã€ããŠãäžèã®äŸ¡å€ãã ããšææ¡ããŠããããã£ãšããã®å Žåã«ã¯ãçŽ æã äœã«ããããè°è«ãšãªãããã§ããã圌ã®æããã èšæ¶ã«ãšã©ããããã«ãå®ããŠèæ±ãã ãããèä¹ æ§ã®ããæ質ããããšããæèŠããããã¯å ¬è¡ã® é¢åã§è é£ããŠãããããªçç©å解æ§ã®æ質ãã ããšããæèŠãªã©ãããããåºãŠããããšã ãããæ³ æ²¢æ°ã2007幎åãã®çŸä»£æ¥æ¬ç€ŸäŒã«è¡ã£ãè²¢ç® ãšã¯ã女æ§ã«å¯Ÿãããã䟮èççºèšãæããŠããã ããã¯ç·æ§ã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ãã©ãã»ã©å²æ ¢ã«ãªããã ã®ãã瀺ããã®ã§ããã£ããæ¥æ¬ã®åºççãäœäž ããŠããããšãåãæ³æ²¢æ°ã¯ã女æ§ããåäŸãç£ã æ©æ¢°ãã«ããšãã ã女æ§ã®æ°ã¯æ±ºãŸã£ãŠãããç£ãæ© æ¢°ãè£ çœ®ã®æ°ã¯æ±ºãŸã£ãŠãããããããšã¯1人é æ¯ ã«é 匵ã£ãŠããããããªãã ãšçºèšããã®ã§ããã 圌ã¯åœæããããŠçŸåšããŸã æ¥æ¬ã®å¥åº·ã»çŠç¥ã»åŽ åãæ åœãã倧è£ã§ãããããã§ãã以äžã話ãå ã«èããå¿ èŠãšãããã®ããã¡ããšç解ããŠããã¹ ãã ã£ãã ãã®çºèšä»¥æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ¿çã¯ä»¥åã«ãå¢ããŠãã³ ã»ã³ã¹ãšå€§éšãã«ãªããããããŸããã®äžçã®ç· éã®ææ§ãšå²æ ¢ãç«èšŒãããšããäºæ ã«ãªã£ãŠã ãã®ã§ãããéå ã¯ãã®çºèšã«æè°ããŠãåœäŒãã ã€ã³ããããŠããŸã£ãããããŠæ¿åºã¯ãã®æ©ãéã ãã«ãäºç®ãšè³åŠã®åãããŠããæ³æ¡ãšãéå æ¬ åžäžã«äžæ°ã«ééãããã®ã§ãããæ¥æ¬èªã«ã¯ã æãã§é ãåºããèéã®å©ããªãèšåãããæ¿æ²» 家éã«åœãŠã¯ãŸããŽã£ããã®èšèãããïŒ ãç³é ã ã å°ãã§ãåžžèã®ããæ¿æ²»å®¶ãªãã71æ³ã®è霢ã§ã¯ ãã¯ãåœæ°ã®èãæ¹ãããããŠããããšãèªèãã èŸè·ããã«éããªããæ°äžä»£åãªãå·±ã®åèªãå® ãããã«åè ¹ãããããããªãã ããããç³é ã ãš ããããæ以ã§ããã ãŸãèªå°å¿ã®ããéŠçžãªãã ãã®ãããªå€§è£ã¯ã¯ãã«ãããšãšãã«èªãèŸä»»ã㊠女æ§ã«å¯Ÿããé æ ®ã瀺ãã倧è£ä»»åœè ãšããŠã®è²¬ ä»»ãæãããã§ããããæ¿æš©æ åœèœåã®ããéå ã§ããã°ããµãŠããããŠåœäŒãæŸæ£ãªã©ããã«ã女 æ§ãçµå©ããŠå®¶æãæã¡ãããšæããããªçŸå®ç æ¿çãæã¡åºããŠãæ¥éäžããŠããåºççãåŒã äžããããšããã ããã ä»®ã«æ³ååã®ãªãæ³æ²¢æ°ã§ãããç¥æµãçµãã°å¥³ æ§ãåäŸãç£ã¿è²ãŠãããç°å¢ãäœããªãã£ãã ãšã«è²¬ä»»ããšã£ãŠèŸè·ããããšãã§ããã¯ãã§ããã 確ãã«åé¡ã¯ååšããã ããã女æ§ã¯ãã®åé¡ã 解決ããããã®éèŠãªéµã§ãããåå ãšããŠæãã ããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããããæåãªå¥³æ§ãšã³ããã¹ã ã¯ãçãã¯ãŠãŒãããã¯ã¹ïŒå¥³æ§çµæžïŒã«ãããšè¿°ã¹ ãŠããã æ¥æ¬ã¯ç¢ºãã«åºççã®äœäžãšããåé¡ãæ±ã㊠ããããããã¯åºççã®äœäžãã®ãã®ãè¶ ãã åé¡ãªã®ã§ãããçŸåšã®äºæž¬ã©ããã«é²ãã°ã1å 2700äžã®æ¥æ¬ã®äººå£ã¯2055幎ãŸã§ã«8500äžïœ 9000äžã«çž®å°ãã æ¥æ¬äººã¯2200幎ãŸã§ã«çµ¶æ» 寞å ã®æ°æã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããããããã€ããšåèŠ æš¡ã«ãªããšèŠãããŠãããã®æ°å€ã«å ããŠã æ¥æ¬ã« ãšã£ãŠããã«ææ ®ãã¹ãããšã¯ã65æ³ä»¥äžã®é«éœ¢ è 人å£ãåå¢ããŠå šäœã®40ããŒã»ã³ãã«ããªãã ä¿å¥ã»çŠç¥ã»å¹Žéã®ã³ã¹ããå¢ããŠè«å€§ãªè² æ ãšãª ããšããããšã§ããã æ¥æ¬äººã®å¹³å寿åœãäžçäžã§ ããããšããã®åé¡ããã£ããæ·±å»ã«ããŠããã 4
âWomenomicsâ
percent of the population, creating a terrible burden in terms of the costs of health and welfare care and pensions, especially since the Japanese are virtually the longest-lived people on earth. There is a danger of Japan becoming shoshika, a society without children. Especially since the war, Japan has changed dramatically and the social status of women has improved significantly. More than 97 percent of girls go to senior high school and almost 49 percent of young women go to university or higher education, which is a bigger percentage than for men.
Women should be seen as an important part of the solution, not the cause of the problem
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Women have also gained legal equality with men through a string of laws to update the legal system in accordance with the constitution that upholds the principle of equality between men and women. The Civil Code was reformed to abolish the legal status of the ie (the family system that was the basic unit of traditional Japanese society) to ensure equality of husband and wife in property rights, inheritance, matrimony and child care, and laws were passed to provide equal opportunity to boys and girls in education and give the same wage to men and women doing the same job. As a result, women have entered the workforce in large numbers. Before the rapid growth of the 1960s, most working women were either self-employed or in small family businesses. By the early 21st century, there were more than 25 million women in gainful employment, about 85 percent of whom were not working for traditional family businesses. BUT, even by the early 21st century, many of these advances by woman were halted on the altar of marriage.
In spite of these large social changes, Japan is still a male-dominated society. Well educated, experienced, intelligent and even ambitious women are still held back, paid 30 percent less than their male counterparts, not promoted as men expect to be, and are under pressure to leave the workforce when - or rather, now, if - they marry and have babies. The new thing that is happening is that women are rebelling and deciding to continue working and living at home rather than getting married. A former prime minister Yoshiro Mori even confirmed his ishiatama credentials by calling such women âparasaito (parasites)â. Those who do get married prefer to have a single child, or two at most. The reasons for reluctance to marry and have children also include the working and household habits of men. Japanese men donât necessarily work harder, but they work longer than their international peers, with more than 30 percent of men in their 30s in Tokyo working more than 12 hours a day. When they come home, often tired out, Japanese men are the laziest in the world in household chores, doing only an average of four hours a week, a quarter of the time that American men spend. Japanese women spend 29 hours a week in household work. If they marry and have children, it is harder still for women to continue working because of limited care centres for children and the reluctance of the government to allow foreign domestic helpers to come to Japan to help with the problem. So, at marriage, 70 percent of Japanese women permanently retire from the labour force. Statistics from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development show that only 28.5 percent of Japanese women with children aged three or below are working, including those on maternity or child care leave, compared with more than 70 percent in some European countries. As a result of all this, Japan is getting into a huge mess, not just with a shrinking population, but also with a society that is becoming dangerously unbalanced. Japanâs
ãã®ãããªããšããã æ¥æ¬ã¯äººå£ãæžã£ãŠããã ã ã§ãªããå±éºãªãŸã§ã«ã¢ã³ãã©ã³ã¹ãªç€ŸäŒã«ãªã ã€ã€ãããéåžžã«å€§ããªæ··ä¹±ã«é¥ãããšããŠããã 2005幎ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®åºççã¯å é²åœäžã§æäœã®ã€ ã¿ãªã¢ãšäžŠã¶1.25ã«èœã¡èŸŒãã ã人å£ãç¶æãã ããã«ã¯ãåºççã¯2.1以äžã§ãªããã°ãªããªãã 1äžä»£åã25æ³ä»¥äžã®å¥³æ§ã¯å©æãéãããšãã æå³ã§ã売ãæ®ãã®ã¯ãªã¹ãã¹ã±ãŒãããªã©ãšåŒã° ããŠããããçŸåšã25æ³ãã29æ³ã®æªå©å¥³æ§ã¯å š äœã®54ããŒã»ã³ãã«ãäžã£ãŠãããç¬èº«äžåž¯ãã 1980幎ã«ã¯å šäœã®20ããŒã»ã³ã ïŒ710äžäžåž¯ïŒã§ ãã£ãã®ãã2000幎ã«ã¯27ããŒã»ã³ã ïŒ1290äžäž 4
On present projections, the population of 127 million is likely to decline by 2055 to between 85 and 90 million.
WiA Delegate Publication
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Japan
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Following Yanagisawaâs remarks, the opposition protested and boycotted the Diet (parliament).
fertility rate dropped to 1.25 in 2005, vying with Italy for the lowest in the developed world. A fertility rate of 2.1 or higher is necessary to maintain a population. Whereas a woman who was more than 25 a generation ago was regarded as âspoilt Christmas cakeâ or on the shelf, today the ratio of unmarried women between 25 and 29 has reached 54 percent. The number of single person households has risen from 20 percent in 1980 (7.1 million households) to 27 percent (12.9 million) of all households in 2000, and the government projects that it will be 34 percent (17.2 million) by 2020.
There is a danger of Japan becoming shoshika, a society without children Given a population that is not only declining but remorselessly aging, if Japan wants to maintain its current workforce by the year 2050, it will have to increase the share of immigrants from the current 1 percent of the population to 20 percent, a horrific prospect for a people, especially ishiatama politicians, that has always taken pride in the purity of the Japanese race and kept intruders at bay. There is a possible solution â womenomics. Yanagisawa and his boss prime minister Shinzo Abe should venture down from the lofty heights of the imaginary beautiful Japan that they aspire to create, and have a word with Kathy Matsui about the real world and how to solve real problems. Matsui is a talented American of Japanese descent who has lived in Japan for many years and distinguished herself as an economist to become managing director, chief Japan strategist and co-director of pan Asian investment research for Goldman Sachs Japan. She is also married and has children. She has even given them a catchy new word that will be the name of the policy that can solve the problem of the falling birth rate AND boost the economy. She coined the word âwomenomicsâ to describe the 66
policy that Japan should pursue - encourage women to stay in the workforce, use their skills and promote them while relaxing the immigration policies over domestic help. âRobots canât raise kids,â says Matsui who had to fight hard to be allowed to employ a Filippina helper. Encouraging women would not only help increase the workforce, says Ms Matsui, but would lift Japanâs growth, as well as raising per capita income by 5.8 percent over the next 20 years. The likelihood is also that consumption would be stimulated in certain industries. It would also make better use of the waste of womenâs talents. More than 95 percent of all male university graduates are employed, but only 65 percent of women graduates. Although there has been progress, most employed women do office jobs, and by 2003 women accounted for a mere 9 percent of managerial jobs, compared with 46 percent in the US, 30 percent in the UK and 27 percent in Germany, according to the International Labour Organization. Perhaps it is a sign of progress that at a leading bank I visited 20 years ago, there were five uniformed young women on the top managerial floor whose job was to escort visitors to waiting rooms with a Chagall or other expensive piece of art and they bowed six times, serving the tea kneeling; recently, there were only two women, not wearing uniforms, who bowed twice and served the tea standing. If Japan does not make better use of the hidden 50 percent of Japanese society, it will face an impossible dilemma: to import labour on a huge scale, such that even immigrant-friendly countries have rarely done, as the population declines and the number and percentage of people who are over 65 rises; or to suffer a big drop in living standards with higher and higher taxation to support the aging population. The answer, as always, is to escape between the horns of the dilemma, to encourage women to work and feel comfortable having children and to allow a gentle increase in immigration. It would seem to be a âno-brainerâ, except for politicians whose brains have been set in stone. g
人å£ãæžå°ãã容赊ãªãé«éœ¢åãé²ãäžãããæ¥æ¬ ãçŸåšã®åŽååã2050幎ãŸã§ç¶æããããšãã ãªãã°ãå€åœäººåŽåè ãçŸåšã®ç·äººå£æ¯1ããŒã» ã³ããã20ããŒã»ã³ããžãšåŒãäžããªããã°ãªã ãªãã ãããããã¯ã ãããŸã§æ°æççŽç²ããèªã ãšããå€ããã®äŸµå ¥è ãå¯ãã€ããªãã§ããæ¥æ¬ 人ãç¹ã«ç³é ã®æ¿æ²»å®¶éã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãŸãã«æŠæ ã ã¹ãèŠéããšããããããã®è§£æ±ºæ¹æ³ããŠãŒããã ã¯ã¹ã§ãããæ³æ²¢æ°ãšãã®ç£ç£è ã§ããå®åæäž éŠçžã¯ãçŸããåœã»æ¥æ¬ãåµãããªã©ãšããé²ã®äž ã®äžçããéããŠããŠãçŸå®äžçãšçŸå®ã®è«žåé¡ ã®è§£æ±ºæ³ã«ã€ããŠãã£ã·ãŒã»æŸäºïŒKathy MatsuiïŒ æ°ã®è©±ã«è³ãåŸããã¹ãã ãæèœè±ããªæ¥ç³»ã¢ ã¡ãªã«äººã®æŸäºæ°ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã«é·ãäœãã§ããæ èœãªãšã³ããã¹ãã§ãããçŸåšã¯Goldman Sachs Japan瀟ã®ãããŒãžã³ã°ã»ãã£ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒïŒããŒãæ¥ æ¬ã¹ãã©ããžã¹ãïŒæ±ã¢ãžã¢æè³èª¿æ»çµ±æ¬éšé·ã åããŠããããŸãã圌女ã¯çµå©ããŠãããåäŸãã ãã åé¡è§£æ±ºã®ããã«æŸäºæ°ãåµã£ãèŠããããæ° èªã¯ãåºççåé¡ã解決ãããšåæã«çµæžã®æŽ»æ§ åãå®çŸããæ¿çã®åŒã³åãšãªãã§ãããã æ¥æ¬ã® ãšãã¹ãæ¿çããæŸäºæ°ã¯ããŠãŒãããã¯ã¹ã ãšãã èšèã§è¡šçŸããã ããã¯å¥³æ§ãåãç¶ããããšã 奚å±ãã女æ§ã®æèœã掻çšããŠæé²ã®æ©äŒãåºãã ãã®éã«å®¶äºåŽå移æ°ã®èŠå¶ãç·©åããŠããããš ãããã®ã§ããã ãããããã§ã¯åäŸã¯è²ãŠãã㟠ããã ãšèªãããã€æ°ã¯ã ãã£ãªãã³äººãã«ããŒã® éçšèš±å¯ãåŸãããã«å€§å¥®éããªããã°ãªããªã ã£ãã 女æ§ã®åããã£ãšäŒžã°ãã°ãåŽååå¢å ã«ã€ãªã ãã°ããã§ãªããåœå šäœã®æé·çãé«ãŸãã1人åœã ãã®æåŸã次ã®20幎éã«5.8ããŒã»ã³ãã®å²å㧠䌞ã³ãã ãããšæŸäºæ°ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠãããç¹å®ã®ç£æ¥ ã§ã¯æ¶è²»ãåºæ¿ãããããšãèããããããããŠã ãããŸã§äœ¿ãããŠããªãã£ã女æ§ã®èœåãã ãã£ãš 掻çšãããããã«ãªãã«éããªããç·å倧åŠæ°å è ã®å°±è·çã¯95ããŒã»ã³ããè¶ ããã®ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠã 女åã®ã»ãã¯ããã65ããŒã»ã³ãã«çãŸã£ãŠã ãã ãããŸã§ã«ãé²æ©ã¯ãã£ããã®ã®ãåã女æ§ã® ã»ãšãã©ã¯äºåè·ã§ãããåœéåŽåæ©é¢ã®èª¿æ»ã§ ã¯ã2003幎ã®æç¹ã§ç®¡çè·ã«ã€ããŠãã女æ§ã¯æ¥ æ¬ã§ã¯9ããŒã»ã³ãã«éãããäžæ¹ç±³åœã¯46ã㌠ã»ã³ããè±åœ30ããŒã»ã³ãã ãã€ã27ããŒã»ã³ããš ãªã£ãŠãããé²æ©ã瀺ããµã€ã³ãšããŠããããã次 ã®äºäŸãæããããã20幎åã«ãã倧éè¡ã蚪ã ãéãçµå¶è ã®ããæäžéã«ã¯å¶æãçã5人㮠è¥ã女æ§ãæ§ããŠããã蚪å客ãã·ã£ã¬ãŒã«ãä» ã®é«äŸ¡ãªåç»ã®ããåŸ å宀ãžæ¡å ããããšãä»äº ãšããŠãããããã§åœŒå¥³éã¯6床ãèŸåãããè·ªã ãŠãè¶ãåºãããã®ã ã£ãã ãšãããæè¿ã®èšªå ã§ã¯ããããã女æ§ã¯2人ããããããå¶æãçãã ãèŸåã¯2床ã§ããè¶ãç«ã£ããŸãŸåºããŠããã®ã§ ããã ä»åŸãç·äººå£ãæžããªãã§65æ³ä»¥äžã®é«éœ¢è ã®æ° ãšå²åãå¢ããäžæ¹ãåœæ°ã®ååãæªã ã«æªæŽ»çš ã®é ããååšãšãªã£ãŠããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã移æ°ã«å奜ç ãªåœã§ããå®æœããªãã»ã©ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªåŽååèŒžå ¥ ãå±éããããé«éœ¢å瀟äŒãæ¯ããçšéãã©ãã© ãéãããŠç掻氎æºãå€§å¹ ã«åŒãäžããããšãã ãžã¬ã³ãã«çŽé¢ããããã®çãã¯éåžžã ãžã¬ã³ãã® äºæ¥µéãããæãããããªåœ¢ã§èŠã€ãããã®ã§ã ãã女æ§ãåãåäŸãæã¡ããããšæããããã«æ¯ æŽããŠãããåæã«å€åœäººåŽåè ãç·©ããã«å¢ã ããŠãããšããããšãããã¯é ã䜿ãããšãåãã åçŽæçãªããšã ããã£ãšããç³é ã®æ¿æ²»å®¶ã«ã¯ã¡ ãã£ãšé£è§£ãããããªãããâ
Japan
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The kawaii face of Japan Inc As the person in charge of corporate banking in Japanâs most powerful corporate bank, Yasuhiro Sato has probably the best view in the country of Japan Inc and its corporate leaders.
S
ato is comfortably poised as a board director and one of a handful of managing directors of Mizuho Corporate Bank â this is Japan, not Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley with their hundreds of managing directors earning zillions of dollars each. In spite of the vicissitudes of Japan and its economy, he is glad he was born Japanese, and if he had to be born again, he would like to be Japanese. Why? âThis is a very good country,â he responds. âThe advantage is that Japanese person is the most amicable person in the world. We can talk to everybody. We are not a political race. This is a big advantage. You know the Japanese language âkawaiiâ (normally translated as âcuteâ, but Sato himself translates it as âcool and sweetâ). This is a big advantage that a Japanese person has. This kawaii concept is accepted in France, US, India and so on. We are very flexible. We can talk to everybody, even an Islamic person. Japanese are the only people who can talk like that; Americans not, English I think not, French, never.â Sato says that Japanese people have one major disadvantage. Speaking in his fluent English, he says it is: âThe language and inability to speak English. If you look at India, their ability to speak English is the biggest reason why the Indian economy is coming up. So a US casualty company has a huge call centre in India, and a client makes a call and the call is automatically transferred to India and the staff in India will use different English based on the
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æ¥æ¬ãšãã®çµæžãå€é·ã蟿ã£ãŠããäœè€æ°ã¯æ¥æ¬ 人ãšããŠçãŸããŠè¯ãã£ããçãŸãå€ãããšãã ã°ãŸãæ¥æ¬äººãšããŠçãŸããããšäž»åŒµããããã® ããã¯ïŒ ãããã¯çŽ æŽãããåœã ããã§ãã ãšèšãã ãæãåªããŠããç¹ã¯ãæ¥æ¬äººãäžçäžå奜ç㪠人皮ã§ãããšããããšã§ããæã ã¯èª°ãšã§ã話ã㧠ããŸããããªãã£ã«ã«ãªäººçš®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã ãã ããšãŠãæå©ã§ãããæ¥æ¬èªã§ãã«ã¯ã€ã€ã ãšãã èšèãããã§ãããïŒããäœè€æ°ã¯ããã¥ãŒãã ãšãã å®èš³ã§ã¯ãªãã ãã¯ãŒã«ã»ã¢ã³ãã»ã¹ãŠã£ãŒãã ãšè±èš³ ããã ããã®å¯æããæ¥æ¬äººã®ãšãŠãæå©ãªãšãã ãªã®ã§ãã ãã©ã³ã¹ãç±³åœãã€ã³ãã ã©ãã§ãéçšã ãæŠå¿µã§ããæã ã¯éåžžã«ãã¬ãã·ãã«ãªåœæ°ã§ ããåæåŸãšã§ãã誰ãšã§ã話ãã§ããŸãããã®ã ãã«è©±ãã§ããã®ã¯æ¥æ¬äººã ãã§ã¯ãªãããšã ãæ°ãããŸããã¢ã¡ãªã«äººã«ã¯ã§ããªããã€ã®ãªã¹ 人ã«ãã§ããªãã ããããã©ã³ã¹äººã¯ãŸãç¡ç㧠ããã
person who is calling, southside, eastside, äžæ¹ãäœè€æ°ã¯æ¥æ¬äººã«ã¯å€§ããªæ¬ ç¹ãããããš northside. Thatâs amazing. We Japanese ãèªããã ã èšèã®åé¡ãèŠããã«è±èªãã§ã㪠cannot do that.â ãã ãšãæµæ¢ãªè±èªã§è¿°ã¹ãã ãã€ã³ãã®çµæžãæ Now 54, Sato graduated from the elite é·ããŠããäžçªå€§ããªçç±ã¯è±èªåã ãšæã㟠Tokyo University, but in economics, not ããäŸãã°ãç±³åœã®å·å®³ä¿éºäŒç€Ÿãã€ã³ãã«è«å€§ law, which is the favoured discipline of ãªã³ãŒã«ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãæã£ãŠããå Žåãã客æ§ãã almost all the top tier of bureaucrats. After é»è©±ãæãã£ãŠãããšããããèªåçã«ã€ã³ãã« some hesitation he joined Industrial Bank of åãããã€ã³ãã®çŸå°ã¹ã¿ããã¯åéšé¢šãæ±éšé¢šã Japan âExactly 30 years now. My father was åéšé¢šãªã©ãã客æ§ã«åãããç±³èªã䜿ããŸãã in business, with TBS, Tokyo Broadcasting, ãããããšã§ããæã æ¥æ¬äººã«ã¯å°åºã§ããŸããã and at first I thought of being a journalist. I 54æ³ã®äœè€æ°ã¯æ±å€§åã®ãšãªãŒãã§ã¯ããããå€ passed the examination to join NHK (Japanâs ãã®äžæµå®åéãšéã£ãŠæ³åŠã§ã¯ãªãçµæžåŠãå° ããã°ããæ©ãã§ãããä»ããã¡ããã©30幎 publicly owned broadcaster), but I changed æ»ããã åã«æ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã«å ¥è¡ããŸããã ç¶ã¯ãµã©ãªãŒ my mind. The reason is that mass media, sorry to say that, is indirect to the industries. ãã³ã§TBSãæ±äº¬æŸéã§ä»äºãããŠããããã«ãå ãæåã¯ãžã£ãŒããªã¹ãã«ãªãããšæããŸããã æ¥ I wanted to have a more direct contact and æ¬æŸéåäŒã®å ¥ç€Ÿè©Šéšã«åæ ŒããŸããããæ°ãå€ to make some contribution. That is why I ãããŸããããªãããšãããšãããããèšãæ¹ã¯å€± changed my mind. 瀌ãããããŸããããçµå±ãç£æ¥ãšã¯çŽæ¥é¢ä¿ã âWhy did I join IBJ, rather than the ãªããšæã£ãããã§ããåã¯ãã£ãšçŽæ¥é¢ä¿ããŠã commercial banks, like Fuji Bank or DKB or ããšããã«ããŠãèªåã§è²¢ç®ããããšèããŠããŸã Mitsubishi, I thought the business that IBJ ããããã§æ°ãå€ãã£ãã®ã§ãã was doing was very close to the industries ãå¯å£«éè¡ã第äžå§æ¥éè¡ãäžè±éè¡ãšãã£ãå and I understood that IBJ created the future æ¥éè¡ã§ã¯ãªããæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã«å ¥è¡ããã®ã¯ã structure of Japanese industry. I wanted to æ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ãç£æ¥ã«è¿ã掻åãè¡ã£ãŠãããæ¥ help to do that. Government? I donât like æ¬ã®ç£æ¥ã®æªæ¥ãäœã£ãŠãããšåãã£ããã㧠government officers.â ãããã®æ¹åã§åã«ãªããããšæããŸãããæ¿åºã« At IBJ, he spent half his career in ã§ããïŒãããå ¬åå¡ã奜ããããªãã®ã§âŠã international business and half in domestic æ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã§ã¯ãäœè€æ°ã¯è·æŽã®ååãåœé business. In the international area, he spent æ¥åã§ãåŸã®ååãåœå æ¥åã§éããããåœéæ¥ half in client business and half setting up the åã®äžã§ã¯ãååã¯ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ããšã®ååŒãããå strategy. It was a similar split in the domestic åã¯æŠç¥ã®çå®ã«åªããŠãããåœå æ¥åã§ãå area, half relationship management business, ããããªåæ ã§ã顧客é¢ä¿ç®¡çãšæŠç¥çå®ãåã half in planning. Of his international career, ã§ãã£ããåœéæ¥åã«åŸäºããŠããéã®æµ·å€ç掻 only five years was spent living abroad, in ã¯ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã§éããã1983幎ïœ88幎ã®5幎 New York from 1983 to 1988. But after that, éã ãã§ãã£ãããã®åŸãäœè€æ°ã¯æ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ Sato became secretary to Yoh Kurosawa, who ã®é åããããŠäŒé·ãšãªã£ãé»æŸ€æŽæ°ã®ç§æžãšãª 4
Japan Inc
became president, then chairman of IBJ. âMr Kurosawa was really an international man, so I was spending 165 days a year travelling with him,â he recalls. When Mizuho was formed five years ago bringing together IBJ, Fuji Bank and Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank, Sato joined the corporate bank of the group and has had a similar balanced life, two years in the international business to set up strategy and then two years in the domestic relationship business. Asked if he ever had any regrets, Sato replies, âNo regrets. No regrets at having become a banker.â No regrets at having joined IBJ? He is silent, almost sucking his teeth before he replies, âNow, no regrets. Ten years ago I may have some. Five years ago I had a big regret at the time of consolidation and the end of IBJ ... when many people left.
At IBJ, Sato spent half his career in international business and half in domestic business So what is the difference between IBJ and Mizuho Corporate Bank? âThey are similar but different,â he says. âThe difference is the people. In IBJ I should say, every person was the top level, smart, with a sense of humour, everything. We had a really good team. In Mizuho Corporate Bank, relatively speaking, there are many good people, but the culture is different. In IBJ there were just 2,500 people, but in Mizuho Corporate Bank there are 6,000 people. So the new bank is considerably bigger, which means that in IBJ I understood every person. I know them. But in this bank it is different. âIn IBJ, everybody graduated from university: 30 percent from Tokyo, 20 percent from Keio, 10 percent from Hitotsubashi, everyone from a top level university. There were only 20 directors, so even coming from
a top university there is no guarantee that ã£ãã ãé»æŸ€ããã¯æ¬åœã«åœéçãªæ¹ã ã£ãããã you would become a director. It meant that åã¯1幎ã®ãã¡çŽ165æ¥éäžç·ã«æ è¡ããŠããŸã there was reasonable competition among ãããšæ¯ãè¿ããä»ãã5幎åãæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ãå¯å£« very high level people, so there was a good éè¡ããããŠç¬¬äžå§æ¥éè¡ã®å䜵ã«ããã¿ãã»é atmosphere. In this bank the quality of the è¡ãã§ãããšããäœè€æ°ã¯ã¿ãã»ã°ã«ãŒãã®ã³ãŒ people is wider.â ãã¬ãŒãéè¡ã«ç°åãããåœééšéã§2幎éæŠç¥ Even so he does not regret the merger. ãç·Žã£ãŠããåœå ã®é¡§å®¢é¢ä¿ç®¡çéšéã§2幎é The combination was a necessary process ãšã以åãšåæ§ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã®åãããã£ãªã¢ãšãªã£ for survival. We did not have any choice. ãã In 2002 I was worried. We had big system æãã¯ãªãããšãã質åã«ãäœè€æ°ã¯ããããŸã trouble, every paper blamed Mizuho, and ããéè¡å¡ãšãªã£ãŠãæãã¯ãããŸããããšçããã the stock price was just 57 yen. Now the ã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã«å ¥ã£ãããšã«ã€ããŠãæã stock price is one hundred times bigger. We ã¯ãªãã®ã ãããïŒæ«ããããã£ãåŸã ãä»ã¯ãã have recovered from a very severe situation æãã¯ãããŸããã10幎åã¯ãã£ãããç¥ããŸã in 2002; we have come back and now I am ãã5幎åã¯ãå䜵ã®æã«æ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ããªã㪠ããå€ãã®äººã ãå»ã£ãŠãã£ããšãã¯å€§ããªæã very comfortable.â Asked about his aspirations and whether ãæããŸããããšè¿°ã¹ãã he thinks he will become president of the ããã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ãšã¿ãã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãé ã䌌ãŠç°ãªããã®ã§ããåºæ¬çã«é corporate bank at least, Sato goes coy. He è¡ã®éããšã¯ïŒ tries to fob the question off by responding, ãã®ã¯ããã«ãã人éã§ããæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã§ã¯äž âWe have to be more internationalised and æµã®äººã°ããã§ãããé ãåããããŠãŒã¢ã¢ã®ãã globalised, which means the president of this 人éã§ãããæ¬åœã«çŽ æŽãããããŒã ãæã£ãŠã bank should be younger, 40 or 45 years old. ãŸãããã¿ãã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡ã«ãåªç§ãªäººã¯ We are going to be more globalised and in ããããããã®ã§ããäŒæ¥äœè³ªãéããŸããæ¥æ¬ the top five banks in the world. If the new èæ¥éè¡ã¯2500人ã ãã§ããããã¿ãã»ã³ãŒã ã¬ãŒãéè¡ã«ã¯6000人ãããŸãã ãããã£ãŠãæ°ã president is younger than myself, then I have ãéè¡ã®æ¹ãã¯ããã«å€§ãããšããããšã§ããæ¥ to find another job.â It seems highly unlikely æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã§ã¯åã¯åå人ã®ããšãç¥ã£ãŠãç解 that Mizuho will change its culture so quickly ããŠããŸããããã®éè¡ã§ã¯éããŸãã as to entrust someone in his early 50s late ããŸããæ¥æ¬èæ¥éè¡ã§ã¯å šå¡äžæµå€§åŠã®åºã§ã alone in his 40s with the top job â or that ããæ±å€§3å²ãæ ¶æ2å²ãäžæ©1å²ãšããå ·åã«ãå the crusty captains of Japan Inc would easily ç· åœ¹ã¯20人ããããªãã£ãã®ã§äžæµå€§åŠã®åæ¥ take to such a whippersnapper â so Sato is çã§ãåç· åœ¹ã«ãªãä¿èšŒã¯ãªãã§ãããããããš clearly covering himself with modesty. äžæµã®äººã ã®äžã§ãããªãã®ç«¶äºããããäžã è¯ In government and in some leading ãé°å²æ°ã§ãããæ°ããéè¡ã®äººæã«ã¯ãã£ãšè³ª companies in Japan when a vice minister, ã®å¹ ããããŸãã the top bureaucratic job, or president is ããã§ããäœè€æ°ã¯å䜵ãåŸæããŠããªãã ãçã chosen, all the people senior to him leave æ®ãããã«å¿ èŠãªæ段ã§ãã»ãã®éžæã¯ãããŸã the main company. Sato continues: âThere ãã§ããã2002幎ã¯å€§å€ã§ããã倧ããªã·ã¹ãã ã» is the possibility that I can be here even ãã©ãã«ãèµ·ãããã©ã®æ°èããããã¿ãã»ã®æ though the president is younger than çºã«ãããããæ ªäŸ¡ã¯ãã£ãã®57åã ãã§ããã myself, but it is a matter of my personality. çŸåšã¯ãã®100åã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã2002幎ã®å€§ã I do not want to obey a younger person. I ã³ãããå埩ããä»ã¯ãšãŠãèœã¡çããŠããŸãã may have a possibility to work for another ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡ã®é å以äžãŸã§åºçããããš company like Morgan Stanley or even ãªã©ãå°æ¥ã®å€¢ã«ã€ããŠèããããšããäœè€æ°ã¯ Citibank.â It is a statement of confidence in ç §ããŠããŸã£ãã質åã躱ãããšããŠãåœè¡ã¯åœ his understanding of Japan that he would éåãã°ããŒãã«åãæšãé²ããªããã°ãªããŸã ãããã®ãããé åã¯åããè¥ã人ã40ïœ45æ³ãã consider an American bank. g
ãã®äººãå¿ èŠã«ãªããšæããŸãã ã°ããŒãã«åã æšé²ããäžç5倧éè¡ãç®æããŠããŸããããã§ã æ°ããé åãåãã幎äžãšãªã£ãå Žåãæ°ããä» äºãæ¢ããšããããã§ãããã ãšçãããæé«ã®è· äœã50代ååããŸããŠ40代ã®äººã«ä»»ããã»ã©ãã¿ ãã»ãæ¥ããŒã¹ã§ãã®äœè³ªãå€ããããšãããŸã Japan Inc.ã®èäžéããã®ãããªè¥å§ã奜ãã§å ãå ¥ããããšãèãã«ããããšã§ãããäœè€æ°ã¯æ ããã«è¬éããŠããã
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Sato graduated in economics from the elite Tokyo University.
æ¥æ¬ã®æ¿åºãããã€ãã®å€§æäŒæ¥ã§ã¯ãå¯å€§è£ã ãããå®åãé åãªã©ãä»»åœããããšãããã®äººã ã幎äžã®äººã ãå šå¡ãã®äž»èŠäŒç€Ÿãªã©ããé瀟 ãããšããæ £ãããããã ãé åãåããè¥ã人㫠ãªã£ããšããŠãå± æ®ãå¯èœæ§ã¯ãããŸãããæ§æ Œ ã®åé¡ã§ããåã¯èªåããè¥ã人ããã®åœä»€ã«åŸ ããããããŸããããã®å ŽåãMorgan Stanleyã Citibankã®ãããªäŒç€Ÿã§è·ãèŠã€ããããç¥ã㟠ããã ãšè¿°ã¹ããå€ãå ã®åè£è ã«ç±³åœã®éè¡ã® ååãæãããšããããšã¯ãäœè€æ°ã®æ¥æ¬ãžã®ç 解ã«å¯Ÿããèªä¿¡ãç©èªã£ãŠãããâ
WiA Delegate Publication
69
Japan
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Abe puts the clocks back The chunky, baby faced man wearing only a mawashi â the sumo wrestlerâs loincloth â stared fixedly across the ring at another similarly clad giant.
B
etween them in the small circular ring stood a man, wearing a bright floorlength traditional gown and an ornate hat, carrying a fan. As the man in the gown raised his fan to a vertical position, the two men grappled briefly until the baby faced wrestler was spun around and, indignity of indignities, pushed out of the ring from the rear. The crowd, clustered around like a religious congregation, roared their approval and tossed their seat cushions into the ring, a sign of their delight that the yokozuna or grand champion wrestler Asashoryu had been so comprehensively beaten in Japanâs semi-religious national sport of sumo. The fact that the yokozuna was a Mongolian merely added to their joy. That he had been beaten by another Mongolian was a small detail. The sumo contest and the reaction of the crowd seemed somehow symbolic of Japan in the 21st century. The country is still trying to find its identity after recovering so brilliantly from the ashes of war and defeat. It wants to be special but does not know how to blend the past and the future, and, particularly, whether to embrace the world or to pretend that Japan is a unique place apart that foreigners will never comprehend. In some ways the foreigners have had more success at sumo, a sport with 1,500 years of recorded competition and supposedly divine Japanese origins, than in other aspects of making waves in Japan. There is no Japanese yokuzuna in 2007, only Asahoryu.
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In 2006, with much fanfare and after a farewell meeting with President George W Bush at which he sang Elvis Presley songs at his idolâs home of Graceland in Memphis, the flamboyant Junichiro Koizumi handed over the job of prime minister of Japan to Shinzo Abe, the first leader to have been born after the war. Japan, it was hoped, was finally coming of age and ready to take its place as a mature but modern country that could pull its political weight æ°ãããªãŒããŒã®éžæã¯å¹žå ãè¯ãããã«èŠããã equivalent to its economic power in the ç¹ã«ãå®åæ°ã¯éã®æã¡æã®ãªãæ¿æ²»äžå®¶ã®åºèº« 21st century. Now those hopes look like ã ã£ããéŠçžãç¥ç¶ã«æã¡ãç¶ã¯å€çžãåããç㧠æ»å»ããªããã°ç¢ºå®ã«éŠçžã®åº§ã«å°±ããŠããã ã being disappointed, perhaps dangerously ããšç®ããã人ç©ã ã£ããæ®å¿µãªãããå®åæ°ã¯æ so, especially for Japan. èšãå·»ãæ»ããä»ãäžçã«ãããæ¥æ¬ã®è©å€ã¯å± Choice of the new leader seemed ãããªã£ãŠãããããã«æªãããšã«ãå°å¿µãã¹ãæ¿æ²» auspicious, not least because Abe had the ç®æšã誀ããåä»»è ãçæããéå®ççµæžæ¹é©ã perfect political pedigree: his grandfather ã匱äœåãããããªãæ§çžã§ããã ãåé¡ã¯çµæžã was prime minister and his father was ãããšèšããããšããã ããæ¥æ¬ã®åé¡ã¯ãã£ãšæ·±ã foreign minister and would almost certainly ãšããã«ããã have taken the leadership if he had not died å®åæ¯æ掟ã¯å®åæ°ã«ã€ããŠãè¶ åœç²äž»çŸ©è ã§ã¯ of cancer. Unfortunately, Abe has put the ãªãããšèšããã圌ã¯æ³åããç¥è©±çã§é åçãªå€ clocks back and now risks endangering ãæ¥æ¬ã®ç¹åŸŽãåçŸããããšããŠãç®å ã®ããšãã Japanâs reputation in the world. More èŠããªãåœç²äž»çŸ©è ã«é Œããšãããªã¹ã¯ãåããŠã damagingly, by concentrating on the wrong ãã®ã§ãããå®åæ°ã¯ãçŸããåœãžããšããèªèã®äž political targets, he could also wreck the ã§ãçŸããåœãæ¥æ¬ã«ã€ããŠç¹°ãè¿ãè¿°ã¹ããã®ãçŸ limited economic reforms inaugurated by ããæ¥æ¬ãã埩掻ãããããšããããšãæã«è§Šã㊠ææ çã«èªã£ãŠãããéŠçžãšããŠã®æä¿¡è¡šææŒèª¬ã§ã his predecessor. It is tempting to tell him itâs ãç§ãç®æããŠããåœã®ããæ¹ã¯ãçŸããåœãæ¥æ¬ the economy, stupid, but Japanâs problems ã§ãã掻æ°ãšæ©äŒãšæãããã«ããµããèŠåŸã®ç²Ÿç¥ go deeper than that. ã倧åã«ããäžçã«éãããŠããåœã§ãã ãšç±ã蟌 Abeâs supporters say that he is not ããŠå®£èšãããããã«å®åæ°ã¯ãçŸããåœãã次4〠an ultra-nationalist, but in his quest to ã®ç¹åŸŽãæã€åœã§ãããšããïŒå ¬åŒèŠè§£ïŒã(i) æåã recreate the imagined mythical and magical äŒçµ±ãèªç¶ãæŽå²ã倧åã«ããåœã(ii) ãèªç±ããšãèŠ characteristics of old Japan, he risks relying åŸããç¥ããåïŒããïŒãšããåœ ã(iii) æªæ¥ã«åã㣠on short-sighted nationalists. Emotionally, ãŠæé·ãããšãã«ã®ãŒãæã¡ç¶ããåœã(iv)äžçã« Abe has talked on many occasions of ä¿¡é Œãããå°æ¬ãããæãããããªãŒããŒã·ããã®ã 4
Abe
his wish to recreate Japan as a âbeautiful countryâ, echoing the words of his book of the same name. In his policy speech as prime minister, he declared impassionately: âThe vision I am aiming for is that of âa beautiful country, Japanâ - a country filled with vitality, opportunity, and compassion, which cherishes a spirit of self-discipline, and is open to the world.â He went on to identify the âbeautiful countryâ (according to the official account) as possessing the following four attributes: (i) a country that values culture, tradition, history, and nature; (ii) a country underpinned by free society, that respects discipline, and has dignity; (iii) a country that continues to possess the vitality to grow toward the future; and (iv) a country that is trusted, respected, and loved in the world, and which demonstrates leadership. In order to meet these attributes, he stressed that, âWith my conviction that a bright future is open before us, I am determined undauntedly to keep the torch of reform burning.â Japan was unique in Asia in the 19th century. It did not succumb to the colonial powers. Thailand was the only other country that stood out and resisted becoming a colony. But whereas Thailand trimmed and played off the powers against each other, Meiji Japan took them on headlong, sent its best students abroad to learn and copy and improve on the ways of the West, so successfully that it proudly became Asiaâs first modern industrial power, with hubris enough to imagine that it could challenge the might of the West. After the war, it was largely thanks to its American occupiersâ reconstruction efforts that Japan was able to get on its feet again quickly. Its much vaunted pacifist constitution renouncing war aided by the comforting shade provided by the US nuclear umbrella helped Japan to concentrate on the economy, repairing the damage of the war and learning again, and surpassing again, the rest of the world. But all the time, there has been a quiet nagging problem in the minds of influential Japanese that, however good the war-
renouncing constitution is, it was imposed on Japan by the conquerors, and therefore it is a flawed document that is, some believe, an insult to Japanâs sovereignty. There are faint echoes of this in the views of ordinary Japanese who long to be an ordinary country, no longer scarred by the memories of the war.
© Koichi Yamamoto / OnAsia.com
The sumo contest and the reaction of the crowd seemed somehow symbolic of Japan in the 21st century
Abeâs supporters say that he is not an ultra-nationalist.
ãåœã ããããç¹åŸŽãåãããããå®åæ°ã¯ã ãç§ã ã¡ã®åã«ã¯æããæªæ¥ãéããŠãããšç¢ºä¿¡ããç§ ã¯é©æ°ã®ç«ãçããç¶ãããšåºã決æããŠããŸãã ãšå説ããã 19äžçŽã æ¥æ¬ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ã§ç¹ç°ã ã£ãã æ¥æ¬ã¯æ€æ°å° æ¯é ã«å±ããªãã£ããæ€æ°å°ã«ãªãããšã«æåŸãŸã§ æµæããåœã¯æ¥æ¬ä»¥å€ã«ã¯ã¿ã€ã ãã ã£ãã ãã ãã ã¿ã€ãæèŠããã®éœåºŠå€ããå匷å士ã察æã ããŠæŒå€«ã®å©ãåŸãããšããã®ã«å¯Ÿããææ²»ã®æ¥æ¬ ã¯çç¶ãšå匷ã«æã¿ã西欧ã«è¿œãä»ãè¿œãè¶ããš ã°ããã«æåªç§ã®åŠçãæµ·å€çåŠãããããããŠã ãããå¹ãå¥ãã æ¥æ¬ã¯ã西欧ã®åã«å¯Ÿæã§ããã® ã§ã¯ãªããã ãšããäžéãªæ°æãæ±ãã»ã©ç«æŽŸãªã¢ ãžã¢åã®è¿ä»£å·¥æ¥åœå®¶ã«ãªã£ãã æŠåŸãæ¥æ¬ãçæéã§ç«ã¡çŽã£ãã®ã¯ãç±³åœå é è»ã«ãã埩èåªåã«ãããšããã倧ããã£ããæ¥æ¬ ãèžã匵ã£ãŠèªæ ¢ããæŠäºæŸæ£ã謳ã£ãå¹³åæ²æ³ ã¯ãç±³åœã®æ žã®åãšããå¿«é©ãªåœ±ã«å®ãããŠãã ãã®ã§ããããã®å©ãããã£ãŠããæ¥æ¬ã¯çµæžã«æ³š åããæŠäºã®å·è·¡ã修埩ããåŠã³çŽããåã³ä»åœã åãããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
Enter Shinzo Abe, who has a special claim to be concerned about the constitution and Japanâs need to assert its sovereignty, apart from being the first prime minister born in the post-war era. His grandfather, ããããæ¥æ¬ã®æåè ã®å¿ã®äžã«ã¯ãæŠäºãæŸæ£ at whose knee the young Abe learned his ããæ²æ³ããããåªããæ²æ³ã§ãããšãã£ãŠããå politics, was Nobusuke Kishi, a close aide é è ã«æŒãä»ãããããã®ã§ãããåŸã£ãŠãã®æ²æ³ to the hanged war leader General Hideki ã«ã¯äžåããããããã¯æ¥æ¬ã®äž»æš©ã«å¯Ÿãã䟵害 Tojo, and himself imprisoned, though never ã§ãããšäžéšã§ã¯èããããŠããããšããåé¡ãé tried or convicted, as a Class A war criminal. ãã«ããã¶ãç¶ããŠãããæ¥æ¬åœæ°ã¯ãæŠäºã®èšæ¶ Freed, and rehabilitated into politics after ã§å·ã€ãããšã®ãªãæ®éã®åœãšãªãããšãæãã§ã the Americans had left, Kishi was one of the ãããã®ãããªããšãèããŠãã人ã¯ã»ãšãã©ã㪠leading lights in the foundation of the Liberal ãã Democrat Party (LDP) in 1955, which has å®åæ®äžæ°ã®å ŽåãæŠåŸçãŸãã®åã®éŠçžã§ãã ruled Japan ever since, apart from a brief ãšããããšã¯å¥ãšããŠãæ²æ³ããããŠæ¥æ¬ã䞻暩ãäž» spell in the mid-1990s. The LDP has a well- 匵ããå¿ èŠæ§ã«å¯ŸããŠç¹å¥ã®æãå ¥ããããã幌 won reputation for pragmatism, following ãé ã®å®åæ°ããã®èã§æ¿æ²»ãåŠãã ç¥ç¶å²žäŒž the so-called sanban (three âbanâ): jiban (a ä»æ°ã¯ãçµéŠåã«åŠããããæ±æ¡è±æ©å€§å°ã®åŽè¿ strong, well-organised constituency), kaban ã§ãããè£å€ã«ããããããæ眪å€æ±ºãåºãããã ããããšã¯ãªãã£ããã®ã®AçŽæŠç¯ãšããŠæçãã (a briefcase full of money), and kanban ãçµéšãæã€äººç©ã§ãã£ãã岞æ°ã¯ãéæŸãããç±³ (prestigious appointment, particularly on åœã«ããå é ãçµãããšæ¿çã«åŸ©åž°ãã1955幎㮠the cabinet level). Kishi was reputedly adept èªç±æ°äž»å ïŒLDPïŒèšç«ã®ç«åœ¹è ã®äžäººãšãªã£ãã at the game of money politics. 以åŸãèªç±æ°äž»å ã¯1990幎代ã®çæéãé€ããŠæ¥ Apart from the potent lingering memory æ¬ã®äžå ã®åº§ãå®ã£ãŠãããèªç±æ°äž»å ã¯ãå°ç€ of his lessons from grandfather Kishi, Abe ïŒåºãéžæåºç€ïŒããã°ãïŒè³éãã®ãã·ãªè©°ãŸã£ã has also been influenced by the people in the ããªãŒãã±ãŒã¹ïŒãçæ¿ïŒç¹ã«é£åã¬ãã«ã®é«ã圹 ruling party and in business who believe that è·ãžã®æåïŒã®ããããäžãã³äž»çŸ©ã§å ã ããçŸ with its current affluence, Japan is in danger å®äž»çŸ©ã®è©å€ãåŸãŠãã岞æ°ã¯éæš©æ¿æ²»ãæãã® of going soft. Possibly Asashoryhu himself ãå·§ã¿ãªããšã§è©å€ã ã£ãã has had a word in the prime ministerâs ear ç¥ç¶ã§ãã岞æ°ããåŠãã æèšã®åŒ·çãªèšæ¶ãæ¶ since the Mongolian yokozuna has said that ããã«æ®ã£ãŠããããšã¯å¥ãšããŠããå®åæ°ã¯ãè±ã one reason for his sumo success is that, âThe ã«ãªã£ãä»ãæ¥æ¬ã¯è»åŒ±ã«ãªãå±éºãããããšèã ãŠããäžå ãå®æ¥çã®é¢ã ã®åœ±é¿ãåããŠããã Japanese are no good. Japanâs economy æééŸé¢èªèº«ã®ãèªåãçžæ²ã§åºäžã§ããã®ã¯æ¥ developed and the people became weaker,â æ¬äººããµãããªãããããšããèšèãéŠçžã®è³ã« he told one reporter and explained what he å±ããŠãããããããªãããã®ã¢ã³ãŽã«åºèº«ã®æšª meant by twitching his thumbs to simulate 綱ã¯ã ãæ¥æ¬ã®çµæžãçºå±ããåæ¥æ¬äººã¯åŒ±ããªã£ the sedentary habit of playing electronic ãããšã座ãã£ã±ãªãã§ãã¬ãã²ãŒã ã«èãã姿ãäž¡ games. He boasted that his summers spent æã®èŠªæã§ç䌌ãŠããã®ããšãã¬ããŒã¿ãŒã«èª¬æã on the steppes of Mongolia, sleeping in a ãã圌ã¯ããã³ãã§ç ããçŸãè¿œãã銬ã«ä¹ã£ãŠéã tent, herding sheep and riding horses, were ããã¢ã³ãŽã«ã®èåã®å€ãå³ããçžæ²ã«å¿ èŠãªåŒ· just the stuff for nurturing the toughness ããè²ãã§ãããããšèªãããã«èªã£ãã èåãªäŒæ¥äžå±€éšã®äžéšãåãèããæã£ãŠããã sumo requires. Some prominent business executives ãã®äŒå¡ã§ããããšãJapan Incã®æ£çæ£éã®éé® share this belief. In a remarkable short ã§ããããšã瀺ããå®æ¥çã§æã匷åãªçµç¹ã§ãã article in the journal of Keidanren, the çµå£é£ãçºè¡ããæ©é¢èªã«æ²èŒããã泚ç®ãã¹ most powerful business organisation ãçãèšäºã§ãçµå£é£ã®åä¿£æä¹ å¯äŒé·ã¯æ¥æ¬äºº ã«åãå ¥ããå¿ èŠæ§ã宣èšãããåä¿£æ°ã¯åŸæ¥å¡ whose membership is a veritable Whoâs 51,560人ãæãã幎å5å å以äžã®æ¥æ¬ææ°ã®å·šå€§ Who of the movers and shakers of Japan äŒæ¥ã§ããæ±äº¬é»åã®ç€Ÿé·ã§ããããåä¿£æ°ã¯æ¬¡ Inc, vice chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata ã®ããã«æžããŠããã ãè±ããªã©ã€ãã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã¯ãè declared that Japanese need to toughen äœç粟ç¥çã«åŒ±ã人éãçã¿åºããŠãããè¯ãã up. Katsumata is also president of the giant æªãããç§ãã¡ãéå°ã«åãå·»ãããœã³ã³ãã«ãŒã utility company Tokyo Electric Power Co, ããªã©ç¡æ°ã®äŸ¿å©ãªéå ·ã®ãããã§ãä»æ¥ãæç®ã one of the mightiest of Japanese companies 挢åã®æžãåããéé ã®æèšãæ£ãã箞ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã with 51,560 employees and sales of more ã§ããªãæ¥æ¬äººãå€ããªã£ãŠããããã®ããšã¯ãæ¬ 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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Japan
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© Herbie Knott / Rex Features
ããŸãã貧ããã倱æãæ²åãªã©ã®éå¢ãããã«æ åãã人ã®äŸã¯å€ããéå¢ã¯ã匷ãçããåã匱è ãåŽãã匷ããæ°ãããã®ã«ææŠããåæ°ãäžã㊠ããããèšãæãããšãéå¢ã¯ã人éãšããŠã®çŽ æŽã ããèœåãåããã匷ãã人ãäœãåºãã®ã§ããã
A key part of the new reforms was to enjoin proper respect for the country, symbolized by the flag & anthem.
than 5 trillion yen. He wrote: Affluent lifestyles are producing an increasing number of physically and mentally weak people. Thanks, or no thanks, to personal computers, car navigation systems, and the myriad other convenient tools that surround us to the point of excess, many Japanese today cannot do mental arithmetic, write kanji characters, remember routes, nor use chopsticks properly. Their inability seems to suggest the loss of brute instincts that are inherent to human beings. In essence, what we are experiencing is a huge âhollowing outâ of human abilities among the Japanese.⊠âTo begin with, people are frequently known to turn their poorness [sic, Keidanren English translation], failures, heartbreaks and other such adversities into success. Trials and tribulations give people the power to live strongly, the strength to care for the weak, and the courage to challenge the new. In other words, they are what create âtoughâ people with outstanding human capacity.
Party secretary general Hidenao Nakegawa had to appeal to cabinet members to show proper respect to the prime minister Japan today needs more âtoughâ people. They hold the key to invigorating society, promoting innovations, and bringing economic growth. It is precisely these âtoughâ people who have the potential to transform Japan into a âtoughâ nation full of hope.â To Abe and people like this, Japanâs troubles with a nation that is growing soft begin in the schools. So he set to work on an education reform, again to replace the law enacted by the American occupiers. A key part of the new reforms was to enjoin proper respect for the country, symbolized by the flag & anthem, and knowledge of the history of the great country that is Japan. 72
Unfortunately, these are all touchy subjects, especially with teachers, many of whom have leftist views and remember the old Imperial days when the flag and anthem were the very symbols that the militarists hijacked. No matter: Abe rushed to produce a bill that contained both controversial and flawed provisions. At the same time, Abeâs personality came into play. He is a very different man from his predecessor, the maverick, cussed Koizumi. Koizumi was quite happy to take on the whole world in his stubborn way. The prime example was his visits to Yasukuni Shrine (where the souls of 14 convicted A Class war criminals are enshrined along with 2.5 million war dead), which he had never bothered with before he became prime minister, but which he proceeded to visit every year after he took over, never bothering about the fury of China and Korea or the puzzlement of Japanâs allies who could not comprehend the gratuitous way that he threw away the good will towards Japan. But Koizumi understood that Japanâs future was about the economy and with equal stubbornness chose a strong minister from academia to help and set about cleaning up Japanâs massive bad loans, which threatened the stability of the financial system. He then turned to reforming the postal system, which included the worldâs biggest bank in terms of assets. Thwarted by the old guard of the LDP, Koizumi threw out the rebels and called a snap election, which consolidated his power, routed the old guard barons, and gave Abe a comfortable majority when he took over. Abe is more of a party man, but having risen to the top early and with relatively little experience of office, he sits uneasily among the LDP barons whom Koizumi had treated with contempt. Internationally, he got off to a better start by going to China and South Korea within days of becoming prime minister, and, insiders say, letting China understand that he would not cause a
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Abe
governor declared that the comfort women were a figment of the imagination and said, âIt is very difficult to confirm as a historical fact that the âcomfort womenâ actually existed. A university professor meanwhile dismissed the rape and massacre of Nanjing â when up to 300,000 civilians were killed by Japanese troops in 1937 as a âcomplete fabricationâ of Chinese government propaganda.
fuss by visiting Yasukuni, though he would not formally say so. In making the visits, Abe was also paying homage to grandfather Kishi, who had also toured the neighbouring countries before going to the US. But domestically Abe has become trapped in the old LDP web spun by the old party barons. He meekly readmitted most of the postal rebels to the party, chose a weak cabinet and wasted his political capital on the controversial issues of the past. As a pointer to his weakness, the party secretary general Hidenao Nakegawa had to appeal to cabinet members to show proper respect to the prime minister and to desist from personal chitchat and stand up when Abe came into the room. Soon Abeâs popularity rating was skidding from a high of 70 percent to 37 percent, aided by a series of gaffes by cabinet members in which the prime minister was quick to join in. Health minister Hakuo Yanagisawa called women âbaby making machinesâ and appealed to them to do their best to improve the production rate and lift Japanâs flagging population â for which the opposition boycotted parliament when Abe refused to sack Yanagisawa. Education minister Bunmei Ibuki then referred to the purity of the Yamato race which, he said, had always governed homogeneous Japan. Then Abe sucked himself into a controversy about the so-called âcomfort womenâ, itself an evasive euphemism for 200,000 sex slaves abused by Japanâs Imperial Army before and during the war. âThere is no evidence to prove there was coercion,â declared Abe. In the face of protests from across Asia, Abe backtracked and said he stood by the 1993 quasi-apology for Japanâs treatment of the women, some of whom were in their early teens when they were abducted and forced to have sex with Japanese soldiers for up to 20 hours a day. Inside Japan, meanwhile, the whole exculpatory university of the Japanese right wing got to work. Some denied that the military was ever involved in the sex slave trade. Others said the women offered their services voluntarily. A newly elected
© AFP / Getty Images
Japanâs economy and lifestyle would benefit from competition, foreign investment, and reform of the less productive industries
Abe is a very different man from his predecessor, Koizumi.
These swirling controversies were a multiple blow to the authority and reputation of Abe since they exposed his weaknesses as a leader, as a politician and as a human being. Some Japanese asked why Japan had to keep on apologizing for its wartime behaviour, which would have been a good point if Japanese politicians had accepted the facts and moved on, but they have kept returning to the past to try to deny it. Japanâs Sumo Association, although stubborn in many ways â for example in refusing to allow women into the dohyo (ring) because it is sacred, even when the woman was the chief cabinet secretary or local governor who would present the Emperorâs Cup to the winner â recognised that it could not prevent foreign wrestlers from joining the sport. The foreigners have done much to revitalise sumo, which was suffering from inferior Japanese wrestlers, however much the congregation of fans love to hate them. Similarly, Japanâs economy and lifestyle would benefit from competition, foreign investment, and reform of the less productive industries. Immigrants will also be needed as Japanâs population shrinks. Toyota and other successful companies have shown the way, and that Japanese should have no fears about embracing the world and gaining international respect. But politicians have put their heads in the sand and pretended that Japan is a pure Yamato race, defying history and facts. In early 2007, Abe was still pressing on regardless with his task of recreating the beautiful country in his own image. The fact that the opposition was absent, boycotting parliament, did not deter him. He used his majority to pass the education bill and the budget and was planning another bill authorising a referendum to write a new constitution. The problem for Japan is that all these issues are damaging and potentially dangerous diversions from the real issue that Koizumi understood, the economy and the reform of the economy, without which Japan will reach the middle of the 21st century old and grey and possibly with no friends. Abeâs attempts to make Japan a normal country by trying to rewrite or reimagine the past are also dangerous, because they cost him the trust of neighbours whom the country may need. g
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WiA Delegate Publication
73
Japan
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Japanâs economy: the roar of a mouse The Japanese economy is enjoying its longest ever post-war period of continuous growth. The good times have been going on for more than five years and are forecast to continue into the foreseeable future.
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iven a headline like this, it may be a surprise to find that not everyone is happy and that discussions on the economy are full of uncertainties. In the short run there is concern about the yen, about interest rates, about lack of political leadership and, indeed, about whether the deflationary era has really ended; in the medium term, there are issues of hollowing out of the industrial economy, heavy government indebtedness, and of a society that is going grey rapidly. Japanese, according to the United Nations University, have the worldâs highest per capita wealth - $181,000 each, far ahead of the second placed Americans on $144,000. More important and troubling, Japan is still the worldâs second biggest economy, but has been running on faulty engines for some years and is hardly contributing to global growth, the roar of a mouse rather than of a lion economy. This can be seen in the learned reports of economists. The World Trade Organisation in its trade policy review of Japan in early 2007 declared that: âJapan appears to be extricating itself from deflation⊠Downward pressure on prices appears to be easingâŠâ Similarly, the report of a leading international financial company argued that Japan was returning to normal: âThe fact is that, having cleaned up the troubled banks, Japan is ready to invest and stop hoarding cash. In addition Japan is poised to experience consumer-driven growth rather than relying almost solely on exports.â Note the tendentious use of words like âappears⊠is ready to⊠poised toâŠâ But donât hold your breath. 74
ãããã ãããããã¹ã³ãå ±éã®äžæ¹ã§çŸåšã®ç掻 ã«æºè¶³ããŠããªã人ã ãå€ããæ¯æ°ã®å è¡ãã«ã€ã ãŠã¯å¿ ããã楜芳è«ã°ããã§ã¯ãªããçæçã«ã¯å çžå Žãéå©ã®å è¡ããæ¿å±äžéææãæžå¿µææã§ã ããå ããŠããã¬æ代ãå®å šã«åæããŠããªãã®ã§ ã¯ãªãããšããæžå¿µããããäžæçã«ã¯ç£æ¥ã®ç©ºæŽ åãå·šé¡ã®è²¡æ¿èµ€åã瀟äŒã®æ¥éãªé«éœ¢åãšããå é¡ãæ±ããŠããã åœé£å€§åŠã®çµ±èšã«ããã°ãæ¥æ¬äºº1人åœããã®å¯ã¯ 18äž1000ãã«ãšäžç第1äœã§ããã第2äœã®ç±³åœã®æ°Ž æº14äž4000ãã«ã倧ããäžåã£ãŠããã ããããçŸåš ã§ãäžç第2ã®çµæžèŠæš¡ãèªã£ãŠããæ¥æ¬ã¯ã ããæ° å¹Žéã¯æ¯æ°ã®çœåŒåœ¹ãæ¬ ããŠããããã«äžççµæž ã®æé·ã«ã¯ã»ãšãã©å¯äžããŠããªããèã®çµæžãšã ããããããºããå ããŠãããšãã£ãçšåºŠã§ããã ãããã èŠ æ¹ ã¯ æš© åšãã調 æ» æ© é¢ ã®ã¬ ã ãŒã㧠ãèŠããããå ã¿ã«ãäžç貿ææ©é¢(World Trade Organisation) ã¯2007幎åãã«çºè¡šããæ¥æ¬ã®å¯Ÿå€ 貿ææ¿çã«é¢ããèŠçŽã®äžã§ã ãæ¥æ¬çµæžã¯ãã㬠ããè±åŽãã€ã€ããç©äŸ¡äžæŒãå§åãåããã§ãã ããã§ããã ãšçµè«ä»ããŠãããåæ§ã«ãæ倧æåœé éèæ©é¢ã®ã¬ããŒãã§ã ãæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ã¯äžè¯åµæš©åŠ çãæžã¿ãè³éãå ã«è²¯ã眮ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãæè³ã«æ¯ ãåããããšãã§ããæ å¢ã«ãªã£ããæŽã«ã茞åºäŸå åçµæžããå人æ¶è²»äž»å°åçµæžã«ç§»è¡ã§ãã段é ã«æ¥ãŠããã ãšææããæ¥æ¬çµæžãæ£åžžãªå§¿ã«æ»ã ã€ã€ãããšè«ããŠããã ãããããããã ãâŠããã§ã ããã ãâŠæ å¢ã«ãªã£ããã ãâŠæ®µéã«æ¥ãŠããã ãšãã ããã«æå®çãªè¡šçŸãé¿ããŠãããæ¥æ¬çµæžã®å è¡ ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããæ éãªèŠæ¹ã厩ããŠããªãç¹ã« 泚ç®ãããã
The damage that was done by the era of no growth after the bubble of the 1980s exploded was considerable. Deloitte Research in 2007 estimated that: âIf Japan had grown at a normal rate, its people would be about 25 percent better off than they are 1980幎代ã®ããã«åŽ©å£åŸã«ç¶ããæ¯æ°ã®é·æäœè¿· ã«ãã£ãŠç Žå£ãããå¯ã®å€§ããã¯ãç¡èŠã§ããªãã today.â The Deloitte report, published as ã®ããããDeloitte Research瀟ã®2007幎ã®ã¬ããŒã part of its Global Economics Outlook, took ã§ã¯ã ãæ¥æ¬ãå®å®çãªçµæžæé·ãéããŠããã°å® an optimistic view, forecasting that âJapanâs éãããçŽ25%ããè±ãã«ãªã£ãŠããã§ãããããšè©Š economic evolution will be a critical ç®ããŠãããDeloitte Research瀟ããäžççµæžå±æã component in easing the global imbalance.â ã®äžéšãšããŠçºè¡šããã¬ããŒãã ãããã®äžã§ãæ¥æ¬ Yet today, Japanâs ânormalâ economic ã®çµæžæé·ã¯äžççãªåœéåæ¯äžåè¡¡ã®ç·©åã«é growth rate is in the 2 to 2.2 percent range, èŠãªåœ¹å²ãæããã ããããšæ¥œèŠ³çãªèŠæ¹ãæã¡åº ããŠããã ããããä»æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬ã®ãæ£åžžãªãçµæžæé·ç a far cry from the old double digit days. ã¯å¹Ž2%ãã2.2%çšåºŠã§ãéå»ã«éæãã2æ¡ä»£ã®æ More worrying, it is still lopsided and there é·ã«ã¯é ãåã°ãªããããæžå¿µãããã®ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãä» should be real fears that Japanâs still half- 以ã£ãŠè²¡æ¿å¥å šåãé²ãã§ããããéåã°ã®æ§é æ¹ reformed and inward looking economy é©ãšå åãã®äœè³ªããã«çµæžãæåŸ æé·çãäžå will not only underperform but will add to ããäžççãªåœéåæ¯äžåè¡¡ãæªåãããæããå åã«ã«ãããšããç¹ã§ããã problems of global imbalances. For an interesting inside perspective I æ¥æ¬çµæžã®å éšã®å£°ãèãããã«ãæŠåŸã®çµæžåŸ©è talked to Yasuhiro Sato, who is managing ãæ¯ããæ§æ¥æ¬èè¡éè¡ãæ¯äœã«ãªã£ãŠããã¿ã director and head of corporate at Mizuho ã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡æ³äººéšã®éšé·ã§ããäœè€åº·å Corporate Bank, which incorporates Industrial æ°ã«è©±ã䌺ã£ããæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ãäžè¯åµæš©åŠçãçµã Bank of Japan (IBJ), the powerhouse behind 財åäœè³ªãæ¹åããŠåã³å©çãèšäžããããã«ãªã£ ãã ãšããç¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯èŠè§£ãäžèŽãããäœè€æ°ã¯ Japanâs post-war recovery. He agrees that the ãããæ°å¹Žãæ¥æ¬ã®éè¡ã¯ããããã®å©çãäžã㊠clean-up of Japanâs banking system and the ããŸããã2007幎ã奜æ¥çžŸãæåŸ ã§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªã endemic bad loans has been accomplished ããšæããŸãããšèªã£ãŠããããã ã ãæ¥çžŸãå埩ãã and the banks have returned to profits. âSo far ã®ã¯ãäž»ãšããŠäžè¯åµæš©ãæžã£ãçµæã§ããã³ã¢äºæ¥ we Japanese banks have enjoyed reasonable ã®å©çã«ã€ããŠã¯ãå®å®ããŠã¯ããŸããæ¥æé·ã㊠profits for a couple of years and we may be ã¯ããŸãããåœå éèŠãå åã«äŒžã³ãªãããã§ãã able to have a good year in 2007 as well,â åŸã£ãŠäºæ¥æ©äŒãæ±ããŠå€ã«åºãããåŸãªãç¶æ³ he says. But he cautions that, âThis is mainly ã§ããããã¯éè¡æ¥çã«éã£ãããšã§ã¯ãªããæ¥æ¬äŒ æ¥å šè¬ã«èšããããšã§ãã ãšåœå çµæžã«ã€ããŠã¯æ because of the decrease of bad loans. If I éãªèŠæ¹ãããŠããã have to talk of core business profits, they æ¥æ¬çµæžã«ãããããšã³ãžã³ãæãããäžççµæžã® are just stable and not growing rapidly. The çœåŒåœ¹ã«ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšæåŸ ãããŠããããäœ 4 reason is that the Japanese domestic market
Japanese economy
There is concern about the yen, about interest rates, about lack of political leadership and, indeed, about whether the deflationary era has really ended Mizuhoâs head of corporate banking does not seem to share the optimism of the learned economists that domestic consumption is finally picking up. He studies the issue and agrees that, âThe key issue is going to be individual consumption, now the capital expenditure of the economy has been growing well and exports are also growing.â But he is doubtful still: âThe only remaining thing is consumption, which is not growing. The biggest reason is that corporationsâ, companiesâ, enterprisesâ profits are really, really good, but the ratio of the companiesâ profits going into the employeesâ pockets is really small, so salaries are not growing. Even if the corporate profit is growing rapidly, they do not pay this to the employees, but to the stockholders. That is why individuals cannot spend more.â As 2007 has gone on, the evidence has been gathering that not enough is being done to stimulate consumption. In mid-March leading companies such as Toyota Motor, Honda, Sharp, NEC and Fujitsu announced wage rises, but smaller than unions had hoped. Mizuho Research Institute sniffed and declared that they would provide a tiny boost for consumption, âbut the impact will probably be limited.â In late February Toshihiko Fukui, the governor of Bank of Japan, was also sanguine about the prospects of wage increases boosting consumption. âThough employment is rising steadily, we consider itâs hard to expect rapid wage increases, given that companies are being exposed to severe competition in global markets,â the central
bank chief said. âConsumer spending will è€æ°ã¯ãå°æ¥ã®æé·ã謳æã§ããã®ã¯åœéåžå Žã§æ probably increase at an extremely moderate åããŠããäŒæ¥ã ãã§ããããã¯ééããããŸããã pace. Thatâs the best we can expect now.â ãšä»èšããŠããã ããããæŠåŸæé·ãšãã62ãµæã«å Yet companies are doing well, a fact that ã¶ç¶ç¶çæé·ãç¶ããŠãããšããããšã¯æœåšéèŠã¯ spurred the Nikkei 225 stock market index to å®æ 以äžã«ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããã reach 18,200 in late February and the Topix to ããã£ãããéãã§ãããããããæ¿ç¥ã®ããã«æé· top 1,800 before falling back when Shanghaiâs çã¯ãããã0.5%ãã1%çšåºŠã§ããæé·ããŠã¯ã sneeze unsettled the world. (The Nikkei is still ãã®ã§ããã»ãã®å ããªã®ã§ã (ã»ãšãã©æ¥è§Šãã well below the record 39,000 level of the end of ãããã«ãŸã§èŠªæãšäººå·®ãæãè¿ã¥ããŠåŸ®å°ã§ãã 1989). But companies are using their profits to ããšã匷調ãã)ãæé·ããŠãããšããããã¯ãããå® build upgrade investment and build new plants. å®ããŠããããšèšã£ãæ¹ãããã§ãããã1980幎代㯠Fujio Mitarai, chairman of Canon who became 確ãã«æ¥æé·ããŸãããåœæã®æé·çã¯å¹Žå¹³å5%ã 6%ã®æ°Žæºã§ããã chairman of Keidanren, Japanâs most powerful business group, commented that the extent äœè€æ°ã¯ãåœå ã®æ¶è²»ãããããæ»ã£ãŠãããšããå° é家ã®æ¥œèŠ³è«ã«ã¯çµããªãããã§ããã ãèšåæè³ of the business recovery differed between ã¯é 調ã«äŒžã³ãŠãã茞åºã奜調ã§ãããåŸã¯å人 companies and, âSome companies, even if their æ¶è²»æ¬¡ç¬¬ãªã®ã§ãããšåæ§ã®èŠè§£ã瀺ããŠãããã㟠profits are improving, may have to use most of ã æççã§ããã ããŸãã«ãã®å人æ¶è²»ã䌞ã³ãŠã the profits to expand capital investment.â ãªãã®ã§ããäŒæ¥åçã¯å€§ãã䌞ã³ãŠããã®ã§ããã Japanâs economy is still only half- åŸæ¥å¡ã®è³éã«åãéšåãéåžžã«å ããªããã«æ reformed. One of the supposed virtues åŸã䌞ã³ãŠããªãã®ã§ããäŒæ¥ã¯å€§å¹ å¢çã®å Žå㧠of the old Japan Inc was its âlifetimeâ ããåŸæ¥å¡ã®çµŠäžåŒãäžãã«å¿ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããæ ªäž» employment system, whereby workers ãžã®é åœãå¢ãããŠããŸããå人æ¶è²»ã䌞ã³ãªãã® ã¯ãã®ããã§ããã committed themselves to one company for life in return for their loyalty. In good times, äºå®ã2007幎ãæã®çµéãšå ±ã«æ¶è²»ãåºæ¿ããææ the Japanese system produced loyal, flexible ã«ä¹ããããšãæããã«ãªãã€ã€ããã 3æåã°ã«ã¯ ããšã¿èªåè»ããã³ãã ã·ã£ãŒããNECãå¯å£«éãšãã£ã employees who were more productive and äŒæ¥ãè³äžãã«ã¯å¿ããããåŽçµã®èŠæ±é¡ãäžå㣠more adaptable to technological changes in ãããã®äŒæ¥åŽã®åçãèŠãŠãã¿ãã»ç·åç 究æ㧠their jobs than were American or European ã¯å人æ¶è²»ãè¥å¹²åºæ¿ããã ãããã圱é¿ã¯éå®ç workers. An executive of a big company ã ããããšå€æããŠãããæ¥éç·è£ã®çŠäºä¿åœŠæ°ã2æ ãéçšã¯åŸã ã«æ¹åããŠããŸãããäŒ who had reached the end of his promotion åŸåã®æç¹ã§ã at the main company would be sent to a æ¥ãã°ããŒãã«ã§å³ãã競äºã匷ããããŠããŸãã® subsidiary. Someone who became a director ã§ãè³éã®å€§å¹ ãªäŒžã³ã¯æåŸ ãã«ãããšèããŸããæ¶ çŸ of a big company like Mitsubishi Corporation, è²»ã®äŒžã³ã¯éåžžã«ç·©ãããªãã®ã«ãªãã§ãããã åšã§ã¯ãã以äžã¯æããŸããã ãšè¿°ã¹ãè³éäžæã the giant trading company, would be å人æ¶è²»ãåºæ¿ããå¯èœæ§ã¯äœããšå€æããŠããã guaranteed his salary until the age of 70, ãã®äžæ¹ã§ãäŒæ¥æ¥çžŸã¯å¥œèª¿ãªäŒžã³ãèŠããŠããã and a managing director would be on the äžæµ·åžå Žã®æ¥èœã§é£ãå®ããåã®2æåŸåã«ã¯æ¥çµ payroll until 75, and in return he would pass å¹³åã1äž8200å å°ãã ãããã¯ã¹ã¯1800å°ã®é«å€ over to Mitsubishi any earnings he made in ãä»ããå Žé¢ããã£ãã(æ¥çµå¹³åã¯1989幎æ«ã«ä» his retirement job. But lifetime employment ããå²äžæé«å€3äž9000åå°ãæªã ã«å€§ããäžå㣠was not enjoyed by everyone, and in 1990 ãŠãã)ããããäŒæ¥ã¯å©çãèšåæŽæ°ãšæ°ããçç£ about 20 percent of all Japanâs workers were èšåã®å»ºèšã«åœãŠãŠãããæ¥æ¬çµæžçã§æã倧ã㪠圱é¿åãæã€çµå£é£ã®äŒé·ã«ãªã£ããã£ãã³ã®äŒ temporary or employed on contracts. The downside to hiring what the Japanese é·ã埡ææŽå¯å£«å€«æ°ã¯äŒæ¥åçã®å埩ã¯äžæ§ã§ã¯ãª ãã ãæ¥çžŸã䌞ã³ãŠããäŒæ¥ã§ãèšåæè³ãåªå ã call sei-shain or regular employees is that it ãããåŸãªããšãããããããšã³ã¡ã³ãããŠããã limits a companyâs ability to adjust labour äžæŠå ¥ç€Ÿãã costs. When the economy was growing æ¥æ¬ã®æ§é æ¹é©ã¯ãŸã éåã°ã§ããã äŒæ¥ã«å¿ èª ãå°œãããå®å¹Žéè·ãããŸã§å€ãäžãã fast, this lack of flexibility was not much ãšããçµèº«éçšå¶åºŠãæã®Japan Inc.ã®åŒ·ã¿ãšèã of a problem. But as the era of nil to low ãããŠããã奜æ¯æ°ã®ãšãã«ã¯ãçµèº«éçšå¶åºŠã¯ç±³åœ growth became the norm, the inability to ã欧å·ã®åŽåè ãããçç£æ§ãé«ããæè¡çãªé²æ© reduce labour costs over the business cycle ã«å¯Ÿããé©å¿æ§ã®é«ããå¿ å®ã§æè»ãªåŽåè ã®ç¢ºä¿ became a severe liability, and companies ã«è²¢ç®ããã倧äŒæ¥ã§åœ¹å¡ãŸã§ç»ãã€ãããšãä»åºŠã¯ began to hire more workers outside the åäŒç€Ÿã®ãã¹ããäžãããããäžè±åäºã®ãããªå€§äŒ lifetime system. By 2006, according to the æ¥ã«ãªããšãæ¬ç€Ÿã§åœ¹å¡ãŸã§ç»ãã€ããè ã¯70æ³ãŸ ã§ã瀟é·ã¯75æ³ãŸã§å®å¹Žéè·åŸã絊äžãä¿èšŒãã㊠ããã ããããçµèº«éçšã¯ãã¯ãåœããåã§ã¯ãªã㪠ã£ãŠãããæ¢ã«1990幎ã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®å šåŽå人å£ã®çŽ 20%ã¯ããŒããããã¯å¥çŽç€Ÿå¡ã§å ããããŠããã
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is not growing satisfactorily, so we have to find business opportunities not in this country, but overseas. This is true not just of banking, but of companies generally.â In spite of the hopes that Japanâs economic engines may finally be tuned up and that it may be able to lift the world, Sato adds: âThe companies which can be successful in the international market are the only ones that can enjoy future growth. Thatâs for sure.â But surely, after this record 62 months of continuous growth, longer than any other period since the war, Japan must be healthier than that? âYes,â Sato agrees, âbut as you know, the growth percentage is 1 per cent, 0.5 percent. It is growing but is very small growth, tiny (and he pinches his thumb and index finger together to show little daylight). I should say that it is stable rather than it is growing. Of course, in the 1980s we were enjoying growth, really. At that time the annual growth was on average more than 5 percent, 6 percent.â
Sato: Japanese banks have enjoyed reasonable profits for a couple of years and we may have a good year in 2007 as well.
æ¥æ¬ã§ããæ£ç€Ÿå¡ãããã¯æ£èŠåŸæ¥å¡ã®éçšã«é¢ ããåé¡ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã«ããåŽåã³ã¹ãã®èª¿æŽãé£ãã ãããšããç¹ã§ãããåŽåã³ã¹ããæè»ã«èª¿æŽã§ã ãªããšããã®ã¯é«åºŠæé·æã«ã¯ããŸãåé¡ã«ãªã㪠ãã£ããããŒããããã¯äœæé·ãåœããåã®æ代㫠ã¯äŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠå€§å€ãªè² æ ã«ãªã£ãŠãããããã§äŒ æ¥ã¯æ£ç€Ÿå¡ã®æ¡çšãæžãããŠããŒããå¥çŽç€Ÿå¡ã®æ¡ çšãå¢ãããŠãã£ãã®ã§ãããåçåŽåçã®çµ±èšã« ããã°ã2006幎ã«ã¯åŽåè ã®3人ã«1人ã¯å¥çŽç€Ÿå¡ ãããŒãã®éæ£èŠç€Ÿå¡ã§ããã埡ææŽæ°ãäŒé·ãå€ ãããã£ãã³ã§ã¯éæ£èŠç€Ÿå¡ã®å²åãå šåŸæ¥å¡ã® 70%ã«ãã®ãŒã£ãŠãããéçšåœ¢æ ãæè»ã«ããããš ã§äŒæ¥ã¯ç«¶äºåãä»ããããåŽåè ã®è³äžãã¯æã ãããã
WiA Delegate Publication
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Japan
© Fumi Sato / OnAsia.com
ã€ãŸãäŒçµ±çãªæ¥æ¬ã®çµèº«éçšå¶åºŠã¯åŽ©ãããšã ãããšã§ãããçµèº«éçšå¶åºŠã¯åŽååžå Žã硬çŽåã ãã欧米ã®ç€ŸäŒã§èŠããããªäŒæ¥ãšåŸæ¥å¡åæ¹ã®æ è»ãªå¯Ÿå¿ãé£ããããŠãããäŒæ¥åŽã§ã¯çæéã§åŽ åã³ã¹ãã®åæžãã§ãããåŽåè ã¯ç°¡åã«äŒç€Ÿã移 ãããšãã§ããªãã欧米ã§ã¯è»¢è·ã¯ããæ®éã®ããš ã ãã æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ããšã¿ã®ç€Ÿå¡ããã³ãã«ãã¿ãã»éè¡ ã®ç€Ÿå¡ãæ±äº¬äžè±ã«ç§»ãã ãšãããããªããšã¯ãŸãè ããããªããäžæ¹ã æ¥æ¬ã®ããŒãã¿ã€ããŒãå¥çŽç€Ÿå¡ ã¯ãæ£ç€Ÿå¡ã欧米ã®å¥çŽç€Ÿå¡ã»ã©èº«åãä¿èšŒãã㊠ããªãã
In mid-March leading companies such as Toyota Motor, Honda, Sharp, NEC and Fujitsu announced wage rises, but smaller than unions had hoped.
labour ministry, one worker in three was on a contract or temporary or part-time - and at Mitaraiâs Canon 70 percent of the workers are non-regulars. This has given flexibility to companies, but reduces the workersâ ability to achieve higher wages. It also means that Japan has a lopsided employment regime. The lifetime system creates more rigidity on both sides than is experienced in the West: on the employerâs ability to cut costs quickly and the workerâs ability to move jobs â since it would be unthinkable for a Japanese to move from Toyota to Honda or from Mizuho Bank to Mitsubishi, though such job-hopping is common in the US or Europe. On the other hand, Japanâs contract and part-time workers donât enjoy the job security of their lifetime colleagues or their counterparts in the West.
As 2007 has gone on, the evidence has been gathering that not enough is being done to stimulate consumption There is another important way in which Japanâs economy is badly skewed. A recent McKinsey study found that those Japanese industries that had been subjected to the cold bath of international competition, principally automobiles, consumer electronics, machine tools and steel, had superb productivity, at least 20 percent superior to the global competition. However, the tried and tested industries account for only 10 percent of gross domestic product. The other 90 percent of industries and service providers serving the domestic market and still largely protected from foreign competition, have productivity levels more than 60 percent below their counterparts in the US. However, in the 2007 environment, increased labour flexibility has given the employers the upper hand and freedom to plough their newly found profits back into 76
capital investment rather than handing them out to workers. The ending of tax rebates introduced in 1999 to encourage consumption will also impose a dampening impact of 1.1 trillion yen according to government figures. Thus there is still a question mark over whether consumption will rise. Increased investment and low pay rises threatened to lock Japan into a vicious circle that could damage its relations with the rest of the world. One of the most hotly debated issues in early 2007 was whether the Bank of Japan should raise interest rates. In January ministers urged against a rise on the grounds that an interest rate rise might discourage consumption and hold back economic growth. When the bank kept rates on hold, there were grumbles that it had caved in to political pressure. However, the next month the central bank voted 8-1 to raise rates by 25 basis points (0.25 percent), with deputy governor Kazumasa Iwata the dissenter. The weak outlook for core consumer prices, which were barely rising, explains Iwataâs opposition since he had consistently said that low interest rates are necessary until the bank can foresee core inflation rising to about 1 percent. Politicians remained largely silent, although Hidenao Nakagawa, secretary general of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party joined economic and fiscal policy minister Hiroko Ota in saying that the Bank of Japan would take responsibility for the consequences of a rate increase, a sort of chilly attempt to transfer responsibility for any economic slowdown from the politicians to the central bank. There was something almost surreal about the debate, taking place in isolation from any consideration of Japanâs position in a global world. For heavenâs sake, it is tempting to say, even after the rate rise, Japan had gone from 0.25 percent to 0.5 percent, thatâs from virtually nothing to nearly nothing. Where in the world is Japan living when the US federal funds rate is 5.25 percent and the prime rate is 8.25 percent? But for a country that had rates
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4
Japanese economy
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of zero for five years until July 2006, it was clearly a big deal. Interestingly, in making the rate hike, the central bank warned that prolonging a low interest rate policy could spur overinvestment and asset bubbles. But Japanâs rates at 0.50 percent are still way below those in the US or Europe â 3.75 in euroland and 5.25 in the UK â and continue to have a distorting impact on Japanâs place in the world economy. Potentially most dangerous is that rates close to zero have encouraged the massive growth in the so-called yen carry trade. Estimates of the sums in the carry trade are masked by leverage through the use of derivatives, and neither the Bank of Japan nor the Bank for International Settlements has a figure for the net sum involved. However, guestimates for the naked exposure range upwards from a trillion US dollars. The yen carry mechanism works simply: at its most basic it is to borrow yen at virtually zero rates, and then to purchase US treasuries at about a 3 percent interest rate gain net. Since the business has gone on for years, ever since Japan started to lower interest rates to the zero that prevailed for five years until July 2006, there are literally trillions of dollars worth of yen carry trade positions scattered amongst hedge funds, insurance companies, and mutual funds. The result is that the effects of an unwinding of the yen carry trade are unknown, but are sure to be very negative. There would be implications for the US and its borrowing requirement to pay for massive debts as US treasuries become less attractive. There would also be the risk of meltdowns in stock markets, real estate values and all sorts of other markets, which have benefited from the liquidity poured in through cheap yen. Fukui of the Bank of Japan commented: ``Weâre aware that extremely distorted movements in the financial market, including the yen-carry trade, could eventually have a negative impact on the economy,ââ but he added that the decision to put rates up was focused more on the economy than the potential effect of the carry trade.
Toshihiko Fukui, the governor of Bank of Japan, was sanguine about the prospects of wage increases boosting consumption.
The other impact of Japanâs low interest rates on the rest of the world is through the foreign exchange markets. Even after the February rate hike, the yen actually weakened against the US dollar, because markets had already discounted the effect of the rise. The Japanese currency dropped to 122 against the greenback before rising in March to 116 or so. Even at these levels, the major Japanese manufacturers are laughing all the way to the bank.
ãŠãããåãã£ãªãŒãã¬ãŒããäžæã«è§£æ¶ã«åãã£ã ãšãã®åœ±é¿ã¯èšãç¥ããªãããäžççµæžã«ã¯ééã ãªãæªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãã ããã ãŸããç±³åœåµã®é åãè ããã°ç±³åœã¯å·šé¡ã®è²¡æ¿èµ€åãæåœãŠã§ããªã㪠ãå¯èœæ§ããããé·æéå©ã®äžæãæããåå®ãéã ãéå°æµåæ§ã«æ¯ããããŠããæ ªåŒãäžåç£ä»ãã ãããçžå Žã®é£éçæŽèœãããåŸãã
The governmentâs intervening hand is still strong and is clearly visible
æ¥æ¬ã®äœéå©ã¯çºæ¿åžå ŽãéããŠãäžçã«åœ±é¿ã äžããŠããã2æã®å©äžãåŸãåã¯å¯Ÿç±³ãã«ã§äžã ãŠãããåžå Žãæ¢ã«å©äžããç¹ã蟌ãã§ãããã㧠ãããäžæã¯122åå°ãŸã§åå®ãé²ãå±é¢ããã£ãã 3æã«ã¯116åçšåºŠãŸã§æ»ãããã ãã®æ°Žæºã§ãæ¥æ¬ ã®å€§æã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯ç¬ããæ¢ãŸããªãã
æ¥éã®çŠäºç·è£ã¯ã ãåãã£ãªãŒãã¬ãŒããªã©ã§åžå Ž ã極端ã«æªããããŠããã ãããçµæžã«æªåœ±é¿ãå ãŒãå¯èœæ§ãæ¿ç¥ããŠã¯ããã ãšèªã£ãŠã¯ããããå© äžãã¯ãã£ãªãŒãã¬ãŒãã®åœ±é¿ããã¯åœå çµæžãžã® 圱é¿ãåªå ããçµæã§ãããšããã
Sato of Mizuho adds that companies ã¿ãã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡ã®äœè€æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªã£ are nervous about the yen and predicts ãŠããã ãäŒæ¥ã¯çºæ¿ã«ç¥çµè³ªã«ãªã£ãŠããã茞åºã¯ that, âExports are good but will be slowing 奜調ã ãä»åŸã¯äŒžã³æ©ãã§ããããæ¢ã«çºæ¿å·®ç㯠down. The yen ratio has been declining and æžã£ãŠããŠãããããããä»å¹Žã¯æ¬§ç±³ããåå®ã«å¯Ÿã probably this year the US and Europe will ãæ¹å€ã匷ãŸãã茞åºã«ãã¬ãŒããæãããšã¿ãã attack the yen price, and exports will be ãŸããçºæ¿çžå Žã¯ãã«åã®ååŒã°ããã§ã¯ãªã察å ã§ã®ãŠãŒãã人æ°å æŽã«ã¯éåœãŠãªã³ã®çžå Žãæ³šèŠ under pressure. The currency issue is rather ããªããã°ãªããŸããããã«åã®çžå Žã«éãã°ç±³åœ complex because the dollar-yen position is ã®æ¿å±ãè¥å¹²ã®æžå¿µææã§ããããã·ã¥æ¿æš©ãäžå å ± not the only one. We have to think the euro åå ã¯2006幎11æã®äžééžæã§æ°äž»å ã«ç ŽããŸã against the yen, the renminbi against the yen, ãããšããããšã¯ä»åŸããã·ã¥æ¿æš©ãå åãã«ãªã㢠even the Korean won. If I am talking only ãžã¢é貚å®ãå©ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãé«ãŸããšããããš about the dollar against the yen, we are a little ã§ããç¹ã«äººæ°å ãããçã«æãããäžåœæ¿åºã¯äºº bit worried about the political situation in the æ°å ã®åãäžããèŠæ±ãããã§ãããããããªããšå United States. Bush lost the congressional ãèªåçã«å¯Ÿãã«ã§äžæããŸãããŸãå ã«åãåçº ãããšããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããã1ã€ã®ææã¯ç±³åœ elections in November 2006, which means ã®æ¯æ°ååã§ããè¿ãå°æ¥ãç±³åœã®æ¯æ°æžé芳ã匷 that the American politicians will look at the ãŸãã°ãããªããã«ã売ããã¢ãžã¢é貚ãè²·ããã domestic situation and the government will ã§ãããããããåã®åçºã«ç¹ãããŸããä»å¹Žã¯åé« easily attack the Asian currencies especially ææãå€ããšèšããŸãã the renminbi, which means that the Chinese äœè€æ°ã¯çµæžã財æ¿ãåžå Žã®ããããããŒã¿ãåæ government will have to let the renminbi ããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®å€§æ茞åºäŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠã®çµè«ãè¿°ã¹ãã appreciate, which means that automatically ãæ¥æ¬ã®èŒžåºé¢é£äŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯110åå°ã競äºå the yen will also increase. Another possibility ãåããæ°Žæºã§ããæ±èãæ¥ç«ãããšã¿ãšãã£ãåŸæ is that the yen increases first. The other factor å ã®å€§äŒæ¥ã¯110åå°ãæ³å®ããŠããŸãã®ã§ãçŸåš is the US economy. If the US economy will ã®ãã«åã¬ãŒãã¯èŒžåºã«è¿œã颚ã§ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯å€§åã³ ã§ãã show us a set of weak figures in the near ãæè¿ã¯ç±³åœã°ããã§ãªã欧å·ã®å¿é ãããªããã° future, many sums of money will go into Asian currencies and that will also lead to ãªããŸããããŠãŒãé«ãé²ãã§ããŸãã®ã§åã¯å®é ãããšããäžæºãèãããŸãã欧å·ã®å£°ãèããªã yen increase. So there are many reasons why ãã°ãªããªãã®ã§ããããã°ããã§ã¯ãããŸãããäŸ the yen will increase this year.â ãã°ãäžæïŒSamsungïŒç€ŸãLG瀟ãšãã£ãéåœäŒæ¥ã¯ Having gone through all the parameters, é»å補åãç±³åœã«èŒžåºããŠæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ãšç«¶äºããŠã㟠economic, financial, and political, Sato gave ãããåã¯å¯ŸãŠãªã³ã§ãå®ããªã£ãŠããŸãã®ã§éåœ the bottom line position for big Japanese ãããåå®æ¹å€ã济ã³ãŸãã欧米ã®äŒæ¥ã ãã§ãªã exporters: âHaving said all this, I should ã¢ãžã¢ã®äŒæ¥ãæµã«åããŠãããšããããšã§ãã say that 110 is the critical figure. As far as äœè€æ°ã¯21äžçŽã®æ¥æ¬çµæžã¯æ¿å±ååãããç®ã the conversation with our clients, the very é¢ããªããšèããŠãããå®éšæäžæ°éŠçžã就任çŽåŸ big corporations, suggests, Toshiba, Hitachi, ã«äžåœã蚪åãé¢ä¿ä¿®åŸ©ã«åªããç¹ãè©äŸ¡ããŠã ãäžåœãšã®é¢ä¿æ¹åã¯å€§ããªææã§ããçµæžçã« Toyota and so on, their internal figure is ãã ãšã£ãŠã倧å€ãããã¥ãŒã¹ã§ãã ãšèªããã¿ãã»ã³ãŒ 110. Now at current rates to the dollar, they ãã¬ãŒãéè¡ã®æ°æ¯åºéèšèš±å¯ãäžããããšã«ã觊 are enjoying it, very very happy. ããã ããã¯äœãµæãåããç³è«ããŠãããã®ã§ãã âThese days we do not only have to take ããå京ã§ã®å®åéŠçžãšè¡éŠæ¿€ïŒHu JintaoïŒåœå®¶äž»åž care of the US government, but now Europe. ãšã®äŒè«åŸãå ã2é±éã§æ±ºãŸã£ããšããã The euro price has been increasing and æ¥äžé¢ä¿æ¹åã®å¥œåœ±é¿ã¯éè¡ã®äžæ¯åºã®éèšã«ç they are unhappy, saying that the yen has ãŸããªããäœè€æ°ã¯ãæ¥äžé¢ä¿ã¯å€§ããæ¹åããŸã become too weak. So we have to listen to ããäžåœã§å±éããŠããå€ãã®æ¥ç³»äŒæ¥ããã®æ©æµ the European countries. But more than that, ãåããŠããŸãã以åã¯äžåœã®çç£æ ç¹ãã€ã³ããã for instance, Korean companies like Samsung ã«ãæŽã«ã¯ãã¬ãŒã·ã¢ã«ç§»ãããšãçå£ã«èããŠã and LG, they are producing electronic goods ãäŒæ¥ããããŸããããä»ã§ã¯ãããæ£äžãã«ããŸã and they export to the US and compete with ããæ¥äžé¢ä¿ã¯å°æ¥ãè¯å¥œã ãšæããŸããäžåœã¯åœ å åžå Žãæ¥ç³»äŒæ¥ã«ãéæŸãããšããæåŸ ãæã£ãŠ Japanese companies, so the yen price has ããŸãããšèªã£ãŠããã been decreasing even against the Korean ãã ãå®åéŠçžãã14人ã®A çŽæŠç¯ãå«ãã250äž currency, so they are now complaining. So ã®æŠæ²¡è ãç¥ã£ãéåœç¥ç€Ÿãåæããå Žåã¯ãç¶æ³ there are many enemies, the US, Europe and ãäžå€ããããšãåœç¶ããåŸããäœè€æ°ããããªãã° 4 even Asian companies.â WiA Delegate Publication
77
Japan
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Sato: Abe will not go to Yasukuni [as did his predecessor, Koizumi]. It will NEVER happen.
Japanâs economic world of the 21st century is also very politically charged, as Sato admits. He is happy that new prime minister Shinzo Abe patched up relations with China by visiting Beijing within days of taking over. âThe change in relationships has been substantial, and this has also been very good for business world like ourselves,â adds Sato, saying that his bank got permission to open a new branch, which it had been seeking for months, only a matter of two weeks after Abe shook President Hu Jintaoâs hand in Beijing. The pleasant repercussions go beyond a single bank branch. âThe relationship between China and Japan has been substantially improved,â continues Sato. âMany Japanese companies received this trend. Before that, some of them were seriously thinking of converting and moving factories from China to India, Burma and even Malaysia, but they stopped that. We are thinking that relationships between Japan and China will be good in the future. Now Japanese companies are expecting that the Chinese domestic market will open.â Of course, all could be risked if Abe visits the controversial Yasukuni Shrine where the spirits of 2.5 million Japanese war dead, including 14 convicted Class A war criminals, are enshrined. Then the good relationship will be âGONE,â agrees Sato, emphasising the word. But he thinks Abe has reached a good Asian solution with the Chinese. âAbe is not saying he will not go. He is saying he is not saying anything. This means there is an agreement between the Chinese government and the Japanese government that he will not go there. Definitely he will not go. We understand that. There is no big surprise here. He will not go to Yasukuni. It will NEVER happen. It is an Asian solution.â 78
åœã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠäœãã«ã€ããŠä»å ¥ãããããæ瀺 çãªããã¡ã§ç€ºããã€ã³ãã®åŸçºå»è¬åã¡ãŒã«ãŒã Ranbaxy瀟ã®æé«é¡§åå Œåç· åœ¹å¯äŒé·ã§ãããã©ã€ ã¢ã³ã»ãã³ãã¹ã ïŒBrian TempestïŒæ°ã¯ã æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯æ¿ åºã®æ¿çãæå°ã§å€§æå»è¬åã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®å䜵ãæ¢ã« å®çŸããŠãããšææããŠããããã³ãã¹ãæ°ã«ãããšã æ¥æ¬æ¿åºããã®ãããªç£æ¥ã®æµ·å€ç§»è»¢ã ãŸãã¯ç£æ¥ å ã§ã®å€§é解éãèš±ãã¯ãããªãããšã¯æãã㧠ããã æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ç£æ¥çãçµæžçã補é æ¥ã®ä¿è·ãšéçšã®ç¢º ä¿ã«ç±å¿ã§ãããèªãã¯åºç€çãªçç£äºæ¥ã§äžåœã ã¢ãžã¢ã®å®ãåŽååãšåå°ãå©çšããŠããèªåœã«ã ããç£æ¥ã®ç©ºæŽåãšãã£ããããªäºæ ã¯èš±å®¹ã§ã㪠ãã®ã§ãããçç£æ ç¹ã®æµ·å€æµåºã«é¢ãã詳ããæ å ±ãç¥ãåŸãç«å Žã«ãããã¿ãã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡ ã®äœè€æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªã£ãŠããã ãæ¥çã«ãã£ãŠå·® ããããŸãããšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã«ã€ããŠã¯çŽ 30%ãã40%ãäžåœã«çç£æ ç¹ã移ããŸãããäžåœ äºæ¥ã®åçè²¢ç®åºŠã¯ããããè¥å¹²äœããªã£ãŠããŸãã ããã«å¯Ÿããèªåè»æ¥çã¯é¥ãã«äœãæ°Žæºã«çãŸã£ ãŠããŸãã ãŸã ããªãã®è£œé æ¥ãæ¥æ¬ã«æ®ã£ãŠãããš ããããšã§ãã
Even after the first burst of economic reforms, Japan is not a free market along the lines of the US or UK, as most people who know Japan will tell you. In particular, neither at political nor at the industrial level, will the country allow the hollowing out of industry, as happened in Margaret Thatcherâs UK. The governmentâs intervening hand is still strong and is clearly visible. Brian Tempest, ãæ¥æ¬ã§è£œé æ¥ã®ã¹ãã«ãã©ã®çšåºŠéèŠèŠãã㊠chief mentor and executive vice chairman of ããããšããããšãåããæã説æããŸããäŸãã°ãæ¥ Ranbaxy, the Indian generic drugs maker, said ç«ã«100人ã®æè¡è ããããšããŸãã50人ã¯æ¥æ¬ã«ã äžåœã«20人ãç±³åœã«10人ãè±åœã«3人ãã5人ãã¿ã€ that the mergers of Japanâs big drugs makers ã«5人é 眮ããããšããå ·åã«ãªãã§ãããã補é æ¥ã¯ was already occurring after the government éã§ã¯ãªã質ã§åè² ããªããã°ãªããŸãããæ¥ç³»äŒ had given its encouragement and advice. æ¥ã¯çç£æ ç¹ãäžåœã«ç§»ãããšããŠããéèŠãªæè¡ Tempest said that for anyone who knew ãŸã§ã¯ç§»è»¢ããåœå ã«çããŠãããŸããäžçæ倧㮠Japan it was unimaginable to think that the 液æ¶ããã«ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãã·ã£ãŒããããäŸã§ããå瀟㯠government would allow the loss of such an éåžžã«éèŠãªæè¡ã¯åœå ã«æ®ããŠãããäžåœã«ã移 転ããŠããŸããã ãããã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®çãæ®ãæ段㧠industry or even big job losses But industrialists and bankers are keenly ããäžæŠäžåœã«æè¡ç§»è»¢ããŸããšãäžåœäººã¯åã補å ã1幎以å ã«é ããããŠäžçäžã«èŒžåºããŸããæè¡ã¯ determined to protect plants and jobs in æ¥æ¬ã«æ®ããŠãããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã§ããåæã« Japan, let alone anything as radical as an åžžã«æ°ããæè¡ãç£ã¿åºããŠè¡ããªããã°ãªããŸã industrial hollowing out, even as they take ããæ¥æ¬ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯æè¡åãå šãŠã§ãã advantage of cheaper labour and land in äœè€æ°ã¯ãäžéšã®åéã§ç±³åœããªãŒãããŠãããã China and Asia for basic production. Sato ãã¯ãããžãŒããããããé·å¯¿åœåæè¡ãçååŠçã of Mizuho is in a good position to estimate ææãªç£æ¥ãšèŠãŠããŸããæ¥æ¬ã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãç£æ¥ã¯ the shift of production offshore, and he 20幎åŸãçžåœã®å®åãåããŠããã§ããããããã¯èª says, âIt depends on the industry. If you ä¿¡ãæã£ãŠèšããŸãããšèªã£ãŠããã are talking about electronics manufacturers, ãããåªç§ãªæè¡ã«ã匱ç¹ããããäœè€æ°ã¯ãã®ã ãæ¥æ¬ã®æè¡ã¯éåžžã«ç«¶äºåããã they have shifted about 30-40 percent of ãã«èããŠããã their production to China, and on a profit ãŸããããã¯æ¥æ¬ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯è¯ããããæªãããããæ¶ basis it is a bit lower. If you are talking è²»è ãå°åã§ããã¶ã€ã³ã®åªãããã®ãæ¢ããŠæ±ã about the automobile industry, the figure is ãªãã€ã³ããšäžéšã®äžæ±åžå Žã§ã¯ãäžåœã¡ãŒã«ãŒã 倧éã«è£œåã販売ããŠããŸããã«ã¡ã©ã«ããã³ã³ã㥠much, much lower. There is still substantial ãŒã¿ã«ãããåºæ¬çãªæ©èœããåããŠããã°äººã 㯠manufacturing capacity in Japan. å€æ®µã®å®ããã®ãæ±ããã®ã§ãã補åãã¹ããŒããã âLet me put it this way in terms of [the ã¥ãŒãã£ãã«ãã³ã³ãã¯ãã§ããå¿ èŠã¯ãªãããŒã·ã importance of] manufacturing skill in Japan, ã¯ãªãã·ã³ãæ±ããããŠããã®ã§ããããããåžå Žã§ take Hitachi, if Hitachi has 100 expertise, in ã¯äžåœã¡ãŒã«ãŒã«åã€ããšã¯ã§ããŸããã Japan 50, China they have 20, in the US 10, ãããšã¿ã¯çŸå°ã®åžå Žã«åããã察å¿ãèããŠã㟠in the UK 5 or 3, in Thailand 5. When we ããé«çŽè»ã®ã¬ã¯ãµã¹ããã€ããªããè»ã¯éåžžã«äºº talk about manufacturing, we should not æ°ããããŸããããããã®é«æ©èœè»çš®ã¯æ¬§ç±³ã§å£²ã£ argue about the volume, the quality is more ãŠããŸããã€ã³ããã¢ããªã«åžå Žã§ã¯é«çŽè»ã§ã¯ãªã important. Even if the Japanese company äœäŸ¡æ Œã®å°åè»ã«æ³šåããããšããå¥ã®æŠç¥ãæ±ã 4
Japanese economy
will transfer manufacturing capacity to China, they will not transfer the technology, but keep the important technology in this country. A good example is Sharp, which is the worldâs biggest manufacturer of flat panel display screens, and they are keeping the very important key technology in this country, never transferring it to China. That is what we have to do. Once we transfer this technology to China, within one year they will make this same product and export it all over the world. We have to keep this technology in this country. We have to create much more updated technology. That is the only way we can survive.â He sees the key industries as ânanotechnology, robot technology, lifetime technology, biochemical technology, where we are heading US companies in certain areas. If we are talking 20 years from now on, Japanese manufacturers and industry will still have substantial power in the world, I can say with confidence.â Still, there is a downside, Sato thinks: âThe technology in this country is really really strong. This is good for us but this is bad for us. Talking about India and some Middle Eastern markets, Chinese manufacturers are selling really huge numbers of products in these markets because they do not want to have the very tiny and beautiful products. They want to have the simple and cheap ones, like cameras or PCâs. They do not want to have smart and beautiful and compact ones. They want to have the machine itself. China is really strong in these things.
When we talk about manufacturing, we should not argue about the volume, the quality is more important âToyota is thinking about these things. In the luxury Lexus or hybrid car they are very strong, but these cars are sold in the US or Europe with high level functions. They have to set up a strategy as to how to sell their cars into India and Africa â in which case, Toyota has to have a different idea to manufacture a small car, no luxury car, with cheap cost. This is the new challenge for Toyota. [Markets like Africa or China] donât want to have Lexus or hybrid technology. They want a small car with good technology. Toyota so far does not have this kind of car, which is why Chinese or even Korean car will be exporting to these countries. If Toyota can succeed in manufacturing a small car with good technology, cheap, then Toyota is going to be the really number 1 car manufacturer in the world.â In 2007 as a sign of the times, Toyota Motor will almost certainly overtake General Motors as the worldâs biggest vehicle making company. This is in terms of car sales, where Toyota expects to sell a record 9.34 million vehicles, a 6 percent rise. General Motors sold 9.2 million in 2006, and expects 2007
sales in the US, by far its biggest market, to be flat. In profits, Toyota long ago passed the US carmakers and is sometimes known as Toyota Bank because of a run in record profits, which will probably be around $13 billion in the 2006-07 year. Even after more than five years of growth, Japan was desperately turning to unlikely quarters for a boost to the economy. Some economists and businesses have high hopes of the dankai no sedai, which literally means big group generation, but which has come to be used for the baby boomers. Some economists say it refers only to people born in 1947 to 1949, although others extend the generation to 1955. There are up to seven million of them with $2 trillion in their savings accounts, and they begin to retire in 2007, with bonuses and severance pay totalling another $500 billion for the ones retiring between 2007 and 2009. They all have their houses paid for and their children have left home. They have pensions sufficient to live comfortably on in retirement, so the question is what they will do with the windfall, âprobably not put it in a bank account paying a rate of interest with more zeros than a kamikaze squadron or leave it to their 1.2 grandchildren,â joked one magazine columnist. Some economists predict a 0.5 percent annual boost from baby boomer spending alone. Sato predicts they will splash out on new Lexus cars and giant flat screen televisions, although if they are too big they will not fit into tiny Japanese homes. But the optimists may be wrong, according to some of the popular Japanese magazines, which have asked the intentions of the imminent retirees: the favourite prospects for retirement include taking ukulele lessons or practicing hula dancing or going on round the world tours or retiring to Hawaii or Sarawak (Thailand has gone out of favour since the recent unrest and political uncertainty). None of these will do much for the Japanese economy. The favoured parts of the world might be happier, but these are not the shinjinrui (new generation people). Those are a generation later and chose to have fun, marry late, and not care about having children. The baby boomers are the last of the conservatives who have a reputation for scrimping and saving rather than spending. There is a serious point here with big implications for Japan. The retirement of the dankai no sedai is a milestone in the greying of Japan. In 1990, one in eight Japanese was aged 65 or over, the highest proportion in the world. By 2025, it is likely to be one in four, and by 2050, four in every 10. For a government that already has a pile of debts that amounts to 170 percent of GDP, the highest in the world, it presents an uncomfortable prospect. That is why Shinzo Abe and his colleagues should be thinking ahead of how to manage a Japan with fewer people and more old folks, rather than harking back to the past for their ideas of a beautiful Japan. g
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WiA Delegate Publication
79
Focus on finance
ã¢ããŠã¹ â å®æ¯ãªãæ°èåœ åžå Žã®ã«ãªã¹ã 1997幎ãããŒã¯ã»ã¢ããŠã¹ ïŒMark MobiusïŒ æ°ã¯æè³ãã¡ã³ãã§140åãã«ãéçšããŠã ãã ãããŠã¢ãžã¢éèå±æ©ã®åçºãé貚ã¯æ·· ä¹±ã«é¥ãâŠ
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æ ªåŒåžå Žã¯äžèœããŠãã¢ããŠã¹æ°ãéçšã ãæè³ã®æ䟡é¡ã¯100åç±³ãã«ã«ãŸã§æž å°ãã«ãªã¹ããæ°åã£ãŠããã¢ããŠã¹ãã ãã§çµããã ãšäžéšã§ãããããããç¬¬äž äººè ãšããŠåèšããŠãããšã¯ãããããã»ã© ã®èªã¿éãããã以äžããã®åº§ãè¿œããã ã®ã¯åœç¶ã ãšããããã§ããã60æ³ãè¶ãã 確ãã«åŒéã®æœ®æã§ãã£ãã
Mobius, restless guru of emerging markets Mark Mobius was in charge of $14 billion in investment funds back in 1997. Then came the Asian financial crisis that sent currencies into turmoil....
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ith stock markets sinking, Mobius found that the value of the investments in his hands had plummeted to US$10 billion. Some critics crowed that the high profile, high-flying Mobius was finished. After all, they said, a guru who got it so badly wrong should be toppled from his throne and put out to grass. At 60 plus, it was surely time for him to retire. Today, at the age of 70, Mobius has the answer to his critics. The value of the investments he manages as chief investment officer of Templeton Asset Management is $32 billion and he also looks after another $3 billion in Indian dedicated funds. Early in 2007, he is still bullish about emerging markets, especially the major Asian markets, even though some pundits were pulling out two years ago fearing that the great bull run must be coming to an end. âSome of my colleagues in the industry two years ago were saying, âitâs over and we are not accepting any more money from our investors.â So you can see what they missed,â says Mobius in a matter of fact way. 80
He acknowledges that the bull market has been strong and long and that global growth is under pressure. But he points out that the economies of major emerging markets like China and India are growing strongly and the fundamentals, valuations, price-earnings ratios, price to book value, yields, are still good and there are still cheap stocks ready for picking. He is optimistic that a number of leading governments are putting in place policies that will create a virtuous circle of growth and prosperity fuelling still more growth, all of which is good for stock markets. Mobius is still literally flying high using the Gulfstream jet that used to belong to the jeweller to the King of Saudi Arabia. By stripping out the fittings and reducing the weight, Mobius jokes, âwe got 15 minutes extra flying time.â He often needs it because his regular schedule includes Latin America, Russia and South Africa, as well as all points in Asia. He wistfully says that sometimes he prefers flying on commercial aircraft since
ãããŠä»ã70æ³ã«ãªã£ãã¢ããŠã¹æ°ãæ¹å€ ã«ããããããšã¯ãªããTempleton Asset Management瀟ã®æé«æè³è²¬ä»»è ïŒCIOïŒ ãš ããŠåæ°ã管çããæè³ã®æ䟡é¡ã¯320å ãã«ã«éããã€ã³ãã®ç¹å®ç®çãã¡ã³ãã§ã ãã«30åãã«ãéçšããŠããã 2007幎ã«å ¥ã£ãŠããåæ°ã¯æ°èåœåžå Žã ãšã ã«äž»èŠã¢ãžã¢åžå Žã«é¢ããŠåŒ·æ°ã®èŠæ¹ã厩 ããŠããªãã ããããäžéšã®å°é家ã¯ã匷ã äžãçžå Žãçµããã«è¿ã¥ããŠããã®ã¯ç¢ºå® ãšã®èŠæ¹ããã2幎åã«æ€éãå§ããŠããã ã 2幎åã«ã¯ ãããçµããã ã ãã以äžæè³å®¶ã® å§èšã¯åããªãã ãšããåæ¥è ãããŸããã ãã®ããã«ã©ãã»ã©æããããã¯ã芧ã®ãš ããã ãšã¢ããŠã¹æ°ã¯ççŽã«èªã£ãŠããã 匷æ°åžå Žã¯å¢ãã倱ã£ãŠããããäžçæé· ã¯å§åäžã«ãããšããã®ãåæ°ã®èŠæ¹ã§ã ãããã®äžæ¹ã§ã¢ããŠã¹æ°ã¯ãäžåœãã€ã³ã ã®ãããªäž»èŠãšããŒãžã³ã°åžå Žã®çµæžã¯ å 調ã«æé·ããŠããããã¡ã³ãã¡ã³ã¿ã«ãºã ããªã¥ãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãæ ªäŸ¡åççãæ ªäŸ¡çŽè³ç£ åçãå©åããªã©ã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠå¥œèª¿ã§ãå²å® éæã«ã¯äºæ¬ ããªããšææããã ãŸããæé·ãšç¹æ ã®å¥œåŸªç°ãçã¿åºããŠæ é·ãããã«åºæ¿ãããããªæ¿çãäž»èŠåœæ¿ åºã®å€ããå°å ¥ãã€ã€ããããã®ãã¹ãŠã æ ªåŒåžå Žã«ãšã£ãŠå¥œãŸãããšãã楜芳ç㪠èŠæ¹ãããŠããã ã«ãªã¹ã ã« ãµãããããã¢ããŠã¹æ° 㯠ã ã€ãŠãµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢åœçãææããŠãã Gulfstream瀟ã®ããžãã¹ãžã§ããã§é£ã³å ã£ãŠãããååãã¯ãåã£ãŠæ©äœã軜ãã ãããã«ãé£è¡æéã15å䌞ã³ãã ãšåè« ãŸããã«èªã£ãŠããããå®æçãªåºåŒµå ã« äžåç±³ããã·ã¢ãåã¢ããªã«ã ããã«ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ ã®äž»èŠåœãã¹ãŠãå«ãŸããŠããããããã ãå¿ èŠã«ãªãããšãå°ãªããªãã 4
Mobius
switching to cash, âbecause when people give you money, assuming that you are not a fortune teller, you have to get it invested, even though the market has gone up by 200 percent, provided the valuations are there and there is some value and that you are not buying some crazy stuff that is selling at very unusual multiples. âThe best example of that was during the dotcom boom when the measure of the viability of the company was its socalled burn rate, that is, how fast it was burning money, that was supposed to be a good sign.
ããŸã«ã¯èªç©ºäŒç€Ÿã®é£è¡æ©ãå©çšããã ã®ã ãšçé¡ã§èªãã¢ããŠã¹æ°ãããããã°ã ä»äºã«åããããåã«é£äºãããŠãæ ç»ã 芳ãŠã ãªã©ãã¯ã¹ããããšãã§ãããããžãã¹ ãžã§ããã«ã¯ãä¹å®¢ã«æåããµãŒãã¹ããŠã ãããã©ã€ãã¢ãã³ãã³ãã¯åä¹ããŠã㪠ãã ãšã¯ããããã©ã€ããŒããžã§ããã«ã¯æ° éèªç©ºæ©ã«ã¯ãªãæè»ãããããæè¿ãã ã©ã€ããŒããžã§ããã§ãããã ããéŠæž¯ã« é£ãã ãšããèªç©ºäŒç€Ÿãå©çšããååãã ãæ©ãå°çããããã§ããã ããªãã¿ã®ãããã«çŠ¿ãäžãã£ãé ãæ°å¹Ž åãšæ¯ã¹ããšãé¡ã®æã¿ãããããå¢ããçº èšã¯ããæ éã«ãªããæ©é¢éã®é£å°äžŠã§ã ã£ãã¹ããŒããåããã§ããã ããããå¯ã 幎波ãšããèšèãšã¯ç¡çžã®ããšããã¢ããŠã¹ æ°ã¯ãã¬ãŒãã³ã°ãžã ã®ãšã¢ããã€ã¯ãã æ¬ç©ã®èªè»¢è»ã«ä¹ãæããäŒæã«ã¯ããã ã ã§ããŒãªã³ã°ã楜ããã ã
Mobius acknowledges that the bull market has been strong and long and that global growth is under pressure
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âWhen you get into that kind of crazy analysis, you know that it is time to exit. But generally speaking, we are likely to be fully invested, provided that we can find reasonable markets. So the lesson is to stay invested and invest more when the markets are down because of the tremendous growth of emerging markets which have seen double the rate of growth rates of the developed country markets - and they are accelerating. That is the interesting and exciting thing that is happening now, we are seeing accelerating growth, particularly in the largest countries like China and India.â With the advantage of having reclaimed his throne as the guru of emerging markets,
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© South China Morning Post / Corbis Sygma
there is time to eat, watch a film and unwind before getting down to work - there are no flights attendants on the Gulfstream to pamper the passengers. But the private jet affords flexibility that commercial airlines donât. Recently he flew in to Hong Kong from Vietnam on the Gulfstream ahead of a colleague who had set off earlier on a commercial flight. Still as bald as an egg, his face bears a few more blotches and his speech and opinions are more measured and less rapid machine gun fire than I remember from a few years back. But he energetically tries to keep the years at bay and he moved from a regular exercise bike in the gym to a real bicycle tour of Vietnam over the holidays. Before jetting off again to Taiwan, he reflects on some of the lessons of 1997 and afterwards. He says: âOne of the lessons we learned is that in emerging markets bull markets last longer than bear markets. Bull markets go up in percentage terms more than bear markets go down. This is a lesson that we have to continuously re-learn and our investors have to re-learn - since there is a tendency for people to give us money when we are up and the markets are high and take money away when it is at the low point.â Mobius repeats an old adage: âThe lesson is that when things are down, it is a great time to buy, and you should be buying, not selling, and when things are up, you should be willing to sell into strength.â That is sound advice for the investor, of course. However, a fund manager like Mobius looking after billions does not have the easy luxury of selling everything and
In 1997, Mobius found that the value of the investments in his hands had plummeted to US$10 billion.
ããã®æããäŸããããã³ã ã»ããŒã ã®ãšã ã§ãããäŒæ¥ã®åç¶åã®ããã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãã ãããããŒã³ã¬ãŒãã ã£ãæ代ã§ãããé ãçããéãã競ãããããè©äŸ¡ãã€ã³ã ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã ãããã£ãé¡ã®åžžè»ãéž ããåæãã¯ã³ããå§ããããããåŒãæ ã ãšåãããŸãã ããããäžè¬çã«èšãã°ã ã ã¡ã³ãã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãã«ã»ã€ã³ãã¹ãã¡ã³ãã ååããã ããåççãªåžå ŽãèŠåºããããš ãæ¡ä»¶ã§ããããã§åŠãã ã®ã¯ãåžå Žãèœ ã¡èŸŒãã ãšãã«ã¹ãã€ã»ã€ã³ãã¹ããããã 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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Focus on finance
Mobius makes a partial defence of his investments in 1997: âInterestingly enough, we were calling it in the sense that we were finding that stocks were getting expensive in 1997 and we were reducing our purchases and increasing our sales of securities. So I think that that says something about the methodology we use. Sure, with hindsight, it would have been great if we had been 50 percent in cash or 100 percent in cash, but there is no way anyone would reach that, but we were increasing our cash levels at that time. Of course, the most that a fund manager of the size of funds we manage, could be invested in cash would be 15-20 percent.â As of early 2007, adds Mobius, âWe are now fully invested. We can still find opportunities. The other lesson of course is to be diversified. That is a lesson which we knew from the beginning. You have to be diversified globally. We had done a number of studies that showed that no one market is the best -performing year after year. In fact in the last 20 years there are only two markets that were best-performing in the 20 year periods. Hong Kong was one and I think Russia was the other. âThis tells you that you cannot stay in one place. You have got to be diversified.â Of the money he manages, about 40 percent is invested in Asia, with the rest spread between Eastern Europe, Russia, South Africa and Latin America. Within Asia, Mobius says, Korea is the biggest market, followed by Greater China, meaning China and Hong Kong, Thailand and India.
âWe are reducing weight in India because it has got very expensive,â he notes. âIndia is a great market, but we cannot justify some of these companies that are selling at 30 or 40 times earnings. There are some exceptions like oil companies, which in India are unusual. In India if oil prices go up, oil company prices go down and vice versa because there is a subsidy. So the Indian oil companies are a hedge against oil prices.â
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North Korea is part of Korea and eventually the two will be reunited, and when that happens the per capita income of Korea will nosedive How does he justify still counting Korea as an emerging market when it is a member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the club of rich industrial nations? He says: âI look at it this way, North Korea is part of Korea and eventually the two will be reunited, and when that happens the per capita income of Korea will nosedive.â In spite of the coup in Thailand, Mobius retains faith in the country: âWe are not running away; we are adding. I lived in Thailand for a while and discovered that the Thais above all are a very practical people. They are quite fair and flexible, as you can see from the way that the central
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Mobius: In India if oil prices go up, oil company prices go down and vice versa because there is a subsidy.
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Mobius
Mobius believes that Chinaâs education system is superior.
bank changed its mind quite quickly, making concessions to its policy that foreign investors would have to keep 30 percent of their funds locked up for a year when the bank realised the outcry and the potential damage it would do to the stock market.â As to why Thailand is attractive, Mobius says: âIt is a combination of things. The stocks are reasonably priced, bargain territory. The managements of these companies are rather good. And the productivity is quite high. We have investments in a few electronics firms and they are doing very well, well run, Thai workers are very good, and there is quite a difference in productivity between Thai workers or Philippine or Malaysia, so you get better results, and that is why companies go there.â China, of course, is the Asian land of so many opportunities, and Mobius is still impressed by the potential, declaring, âThe thing about China is that it is a blank sheet of paper. There is so much to be done. We have an investment in China Gas and they were worrying about dividends and I said, âDonât worry about dividends; Sign up as many cities as you can to supply gas. Once you have a city signed up, then you have the opportunities. There are so many opportunities like that in so many different fields. It is a huge country and there is so much to be done that I am so excited. You name the area, there is the potential.â China, he admits, still lags in one essential area: âThe single most important differential factor between emerging markets and the developed countries is the law and the rule of law. China is still struggling with that. In commercial areas it is much easier for them to reform than in political areas, so they have made an awful lot of progress, but yes, there are still challenges to ensure that there is the rule of law in commerce and trade. Quite a lot of progress has come about as a result of Chinaâs membership of the WTO.â
Mobius is less concerned than others about the possible damage of freeing the åœã§ããéåœãæªã ã«æ°èåœåžå ŽãšèŠãª renminbi, which would then rise. The rulers ãçç±ã«ã€ããŠãã¢ããŠã¹æ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã« ãç§ã®èŠæ¹ã«ããã°ãåæ鮮㯠in Beijing, he suggests, should be more self- èªã£ãŠããã confident. âIt is amazing what they have done éåœã®äžéšã§ãã£ãŠãæçµçã«ã¯çµ±äžãã with the economy,â he comments, âvery well ãããããªã£ããšãã«éåœã®åœæ°1人åœãã done. They have adopted the best ideas ã®æåŸã¯é£èºçã«äŒžã³ãŸãã from all over the world and they have done it in a very systematic and controlled way. It åœå ã§ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãèµ·ããã«ããããã is quite remarkable. The problem with the ããã¢ããŠã¹æ°ã®ã¿ã€ãžã®ä¿¡é Œã¯å€ãã㪠ã éãåºãã©ããããè¿œå ããŠãããšã export business is the currency level. They ãã should have allowed the currency to move, ãã§ããç§ã¯ã¿ã€ã«ãã°ããäœãã§ããŠãåœ to encourage their exporters to move into æ°æ§ãéåžžã«ãã©ã¯ãã£ã«ã«ã§ãããšãã ãšãŠãå ¬å¹³ã§æè» higher value added products. They are now ããšãç¹ã«æããŸããã producing some very high-tech products and æ§ããããäžå€®éè¡ã®æ¹é転æã®éãã«ã increasingly you are going to see that. One ãããè¡šããŠããŸããå€åœã®æè³å®¶ã¯ææ of the reasons why their imports from Japan ãã¡ã³ãã®30ïŒ ã1幎éåçµããªããã°ãª and Korea are so large is precisely that. They ããªããšããæ¹éã«ã€ããŠãéé£ãåãæ¢ are importing hi-tech equipment that allows ããæ ªåŒåžå Žã«æ害ãåãŒããããªãããš them to make products of better quality and ãèªèãããã ã¡ã«è²æ©ããã®ã§ãã lower cost and with lower labour input. Renminbi appreciation would accelerate ã¿ã€ãé åçãªçç±ã«ã€ããŠãã¢ããŠã¹æ° ãšèª¬æ that process. However, I can understand the ã¯ãããã€ããçµã¿åããã£ããã®ã ãæ ªäŸ¡ã¯åççãªæ°Žæºã«ãã£ãŠãå²å® governmentâs fear that it might create too ããã much labour unrest.â æ ªãè±å¯ããããã®äŒæ¥ã®çµå¶ã¯æãä»¥äž As to the comparison between China and ã«è¯å¥œãçç£æ§ã¯ããããŠé«ãããšã¬ã¯ãã India that every other person seems to be ãã¯ã¹äŒæ¥æ°ç€Ÿã«æè³ããŠããŸãããéåžž making, Mobius comes down on Chinaâs side ã«æ¥çžŸãè¯ããçµå¶ãåé¡ãããŸããã ã¿ã€ because of its efficiency. He says that, âBoth ã®åŽåè ã¯åªç§ã§ãã¿ã€ããã£ãªãã³ãã㬠are big countries with huge populations ãŒã·ã¢ãšæ¯ã¹ããšãã«ããã®çç£æ§ã®éã to provide tremendous opportunities for ã¯éåžžã«å€§ããããããããè¯ãçµæãã consumer products, so there are many ããããŸããäŒæ¥ãã¿ã€ã«é²åºããã®ã¯ã many opportunities for them to be very ã®ããã§ãã big consumer markets. The difference between China and India is that China is ãã¡ãããäžåœã¯å€ãã®ããžãã¹ãã£ã³ã¹ very controlled with a single government ãããã¢ãžã¢ã®å€§åœã§ãããã¢ããŠã¹æ°ã¯ã over the whole country and thereby they ä»ã§ããã®æœåšåãé«ãè©äŸ¡ãã ãäžåœãšã can force implementation of policy from the ãã®ã¯ãããã°çœçŽã®ç¶æ ã ãšè¡šçŸããŠããã centre, admittedly with some flexibility, but ãæã€ããã®ãšãããéåžžã«å€ããæè³å it is very difficult for an individual province ã®ïŒã€ã§ããChina Gas瀟ã§ã¯ãé åœã«ã€ to oppose. Whereas in the case of India ããŠå¿é ããŠããã®ã§ã ãé åœã®ããšãªã©æ° the individual states have a great deal of ã«ãããªãã§ããã ãå€ãã®éœåžãšã¬ã¹äŸ leeway to oppose strictures from the central 絊ã®å¥çŽãçµã¹ã°ããã ãšã¢ããã€ã¹ã㟠government and that creates a great deal of ãããïŒã€ã®éœåžãšå¥çŽãçµã¹ã°ããã㧠problems in creating a market.â ããžãã¹ãã£ã³ã¹ãã€ãããŸãããã®ãã In addition, he believes that Chinaâs education system is superior since there are ãªæ©äŒããã¡ãã¡ã«ãããã£ãŠãããã㧠common standards for the whole country ãã巚倧ãªåœã§ããããæã€ããã®ãšããã and education is in the same written éåžžã«å€ãããŸãã«è ã鳎ããšããæã㧠ã©ã®åéã§ãããã ã©ãã«ã§ãå°æ¥æ§ã language and with Putonghua increasingly ãã ãããŸãã becoming the common spoken language for the whole country. On the other hand, India ã¢ããŠã¹æ°ãèªããŠããããã«ãäžåœã«ã¯ has different state governments, different åºæ¬çãªåéã§ã®é ããããã ãæ°èåœåž languages and is still riven by caste issues. å Žãšå é²åœã®éããšããŠçã£å ã«åãäžã India also, he suggests, needs to take lessons from China in infrastructure, which ãããã¹ããã®ãæ³åŸããã³æ³ã®æ¯é ãšã has benefited from privatisation. India, ãããšã§ããäžåœã¯ããŸã ãã®åé¡ããè±åŽ he adds, needs âvery strong reforms in ã§ããŠããŸãããåæ¥åéã®æ¹é©ã¯æ¿æ²»å the central government to implement a éãããã¯ããã«å®¹æã§ãé£èºçãªåé²ã clear federal system with clear lines and éããŠããŸãããéååéã«ã€ããŠãæ³ã® strong implemenation of national projects, æ¯é ã確ç«ããããã«è§£æ±ºãã¹ãé£é¡ã highways, railroads etc, so that money does æ®ã£ãŠããã®ã¯äºå®ã§ããäžåœã®äžç貿æ not get frittered away. Things get done in æ©é¢ïŒWTOïŒWorld Trade OrganizationïŒ å çã¯æ°ã ã®é²å±ããããããŸããã China more quickly and effectively.â 4 WiA Delegate Publication
83
Focus on finance It is clear that Mobius is not a great believer in Indiaâs democratic advantage. He admits, âI am not so keen on populist democracies because they create chaos in many cases. On the other hand, I am not in favour of dictatorships. I would say I prefer benevolent dictatorships.â But he then concedes that it is a legitimate question as to whether benevolence can be a selfsustaining characteristic of any dictatorship. He continues: âSingapore is a model, which has proved so far, so good.â He sympathises with nationalism, but cautions, âNationalism is fine, but use it in a proper way, allowing foreigners to come in to exploit and turn assets to productive use. This is a competitive world and there is no way that they can hide or get away from that, so the right thing is to prepare for it.â
The market economy theory has been implemented by governments around the world He cites the vital catalytic role that foreign investment can play, using Taiwan as an example: âIronically, the foreign investors provide an example to the local investors, and we have seen that in Taiwan. As a result of a lot of investors coming into hi-tech areas allowed that technology to be transferred to Taiwanese, who are now competing globally. âA company like Acer is a good example of that. They learned how to produce, market and do research from foreign investors. Globally, the market economy theory has been implemented by governments around the world. They realise that the market economic model is very good. The second thing that has happened is that they realise that if they want to implement their objectives properly, they need investment, they need capital, and they want to move at a pace they would like, they have to get extra capital from outside their country. âSo it becomes somewhat of a contest between countries to attract capital. To win they need to put in place policies that make capital feel safe. At the top of that there is the rule of law. That development that is happening round the world, the global economy, call it globalisation if you like, whatever you will, that has driven the growth, this adoption of a market economic model and the contest for capital. That is going to continue for some time - because it works. The end of ideology has been caused by this development.â g 84
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Focus on finance
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© Mike Kemp / Corbis
éŠæž¯èšŒåžååŒæã®ãã³ã»ã³ææ°ã¯2006幎 ã«æ°é«å€ãä»ãããäŒæ¥ã®æ°èŠæ ªåŒå ¬éã« ããè³é調éé¡ããã³ãã³ã«ã¯åã°ãªã㣠ããã巚倧ãªãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯åžå Žãäžåãäž ç第ïŒã®èŠæš¡ãšãªã£ãã
Hong Kong, Chinaâs stock market of choice Hong Kong set a new record in 2006: it was the second biggest market in the world for companies seeking to raise funds through initial public offerings, and it came ahead of mighty New York, but it could not beat London as the global market of choice.
T
he publication of the figures â showing that the New York market had raised $33.6 billion and Hong Kong HK$342.2 billion, or $44 billion, but London had still come top with IPOs worth $48.9 billion â produced at least two cheers in the financial centre of the city, which has been a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China since the UK relinquished control over its colony in mid-1997. More thoughtful members of the government joined a few cynics in saying that there were special circumstances and that Hong Kong has a long way to go before it can aspire to be in the same global IPO league as London or New York. David Li Kwok-po, chairman of Bank of East Asia, a member of Hong Kongâs legislative council (legco) for the finance constituency, and convenor of a government focus group on financial services, points to the relative modesty of Hong Kongâs success: âAlthough we have had some success in attracting initial public offerings to our stock exchange in recent years, market capitalisation and turnover are still relatively modest by global standards. Furthermore, we are behind other financial centres as a bond trading centre, as a currency futures centre, as a commodities future centre, and more.â Jake van der Kamp, a columnist for the leading English daily newspaper the South China
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Morning Post, offers a more cynical spin to the IPO record, saying, âAll I see here is a one-legged stool.â Li was himself being modest on Hong Kongâs behalf, in that its stock exchange has always been a small part of its attractions in its claim to be the worldâs third or fourth biggest international financial centre after London, New York and, arguably, Tokyo. As an international financial hub in the widest sense, the IPO achievement took Hong Kong further ahead of other rivals for its Asian crown. The special circumstances of the 2006 IPO record can easily be seen on the quickest examination of the actual IPOs. Just two giant offerings accounted for more than half the total or HK$211 billion. They were by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the countryâs biggest bank, which raised $21.9 billion with a historic dual listing in Hong Kong and Shanghai, and by Bank of China. Indeed, 90 percent of the record IPOs were by Chinese companies that were deterred from listing at home because of the limitations of Chinaâs markets and inhibited from going to New York by the tough and costly measures enjoined by the SarbanesOxley anti-fraud law. The two big bank offerings made the difference between 2006 and Hong Kongâs previous 2005 IPO record of HKS191.5 billion.
å ·äœçã«ã¯ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯åžå Žã§ã®æ°èŠå ¬éé¡ã 336åç±³ãã«ãéŠæž¯ã®èŠæš¡ã¯ãããäžåã3422å éŠæž¯ãã«ïŒ440ç±³åãã«ïŒã«éãããäžçæ倧ã¯ãã³ ãã³ã®489åç±³ãã«ã ã£ããã1997幎幎倮ã«è±åœ ãäžåœã«è¿éããŠä»¥æ¥ãäžåœã®ç¹å¥è¡æ¿åºïŒSARïŒ ãš ããŠäœçœ®ä»ããããŠããéŠæž¯ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯å²äžæé« å€ãšæ°èŠå ¬éé¡ã®æŽæ°ã¯å€§ããªææã§ãã£ãã ããããåžå Žã掻æ³ã«æ²žããã®ã¯ç¹æ®äºæ ã«ãã ãã®ã§ããã³ãã³ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã®ãããªã°ããŒã ã«ãªæ°èŠå ¬éåžå Žãšè©ã䞊ã¹ãããã«ãªãã®ã¯ãŸ ã ããªãã®å ã®ããšã ãšããäžéšé¢ä¿è ã®å·é㪠èŠæ¹ããããæ±äºéè¡äŒé·ã§éŠæž¯ç«æ³äŒïŒlegcoïŒïŒ ã®è°å¡ã§ããããéèãµãŒãã¹æ¥ã®ããæ¹ãè°è«ã ãæ¿åºã®ãã©ãŒã«ã¹ã°ã«ãŒãã®è°é·ãåããæåœ å®ïŒDavid Li Kwok-poïŒæ°ã¯ã ãããæ°å¹Žã¯æ°èŠå ¬é èªèŽã§ãããªãã®æåãåããŸããããæ䟡ç·é¡ã 売買é«ã§ã¯ã°ããŒãã«ãªã¹ã¿ã³ããŒãã«ã¯åã³ãŸ ãããä»ã®éèã»ã³ã¿ãŒã«æ¯ã¹ãŠåµåžåžå Žä»ãçº æ¿å ç©ãååå ç©ãšãã£ãåžå Žãè²æãããŠã㟠ããã ãšéŠæž¯ã®æåãããã»ã©ææŸãã§åã¹ãã ã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšãææããŠãããæåè±åçŽã§ãã South China Morning Postã®ã³ã©ã ãã¹ãã ãžã§ãŒ ã¯ã»ãŽã¡ã³ã»ãã«ã»ã«ã³ãïŒJake van der KampïŒæ°ã¯ ç®èã蟌ããæ°èŠå ¬éã®æ°èšé²ã¯ã足ãïŒæ¬ãã ãªãæ€ åã®ãããªãã®ã ã ãšè©ããŠããã ææ°èªèº«ã¯éŠæž¯ã代衚ããŠãéŠæž¯èšŒåžååŒæã¯åžž ã«ãã³ãã³ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ãããã¯æ±äº¬ã«æ¬¡ãäžç 第3äœã第4äœã®åœééèã»ã³ã¿ãŒãç®æããŠãããš æ§ãç®ã«èªã£ãŠãããæ°èŠå ¬éèŠæš¡ã®èšé²å¡ãæ¿ã ã¯ãæãåºãæå³ã§ã®åœéçãªéèããžãã¹ã®ã ããšããŠéŠæž¯ã®ã¢ãžã¢åžå Žã§ã®å°äœãäžåã®ãã® ã«ããŠãããã2006幎ã®æ°èŠå ¬éèšé²ãç¹æ®äºæ ã«ãããã®ã§ããããšã¯ãã®äžèº«ãäžç¥ããã ã ã§å€æãããæ°èŠå ¬éäŒæ¥ã®ãã¡2瀟ã®è³é調éé¡ ã2110åéŠæž¯ãã«ã«ã®ãŒãã ããã ãã§å šäœã®5å² ä»¥äžãå ããŠããã®ã§ããã ãã®2瀟ã¯éŠæž¯ãšäžæµ· ã®äž¡åžå Žã«åæäžå Žãããšããå¿«æãæãéãã 219åãã«ã®è³éã調éããäžåœæ倧ã®éè¡ãäžåœ å·¥åéè¡ãšäžåœéè¡ã§ãããæ°èŠå ¬éãæããã äžåœäŒæ¥ã®9å²ã¯äžåœæ¬åã§ã¯è³é調éã«éçã ããããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯åžå Žã§ã¯äžæ£äŒèšé²æ¢ãçã£ã ãµãŒãã³ã¹ã»ãªã¯ã¹ãªãŒæ³ã®å³ããäžå ŽèŠæºãæºã ãã®ãé£ããã³ã¹ããæããããã«éŠæž¯ãéžãã ãšããã®ãå®æ ã§ããã2倧éè¡ã®äžå Žããªããã° 2005幎ã®æ°èŠå ¬éèšé²ã§ãã1915åéŠæž¯ãã«ã ç Žãããããšã¯ãªãã£ãã®ã§ããã PricewaterhouseCoopers瀟ã§ã¯2007幎ã®éŠæž¯åž å Žã«ãããæ°èŠå ¬éã¯çŽ1500åéŠæž¯ãã«ïŒ200å ç±³ãã«åŒ±ïŒ ãšäºæ³ããŠãããéŠæž¯èšŒåžååŒæã®è¡æ¿ ç·è£ã§ããåšæèïŒPaul ChowïŒæ°ã¯éŠæž¯ã§ã¯å€§ åã®æ°èŠäžå Žèšç»ããªããäžåœäŒæ¥ããããŸã§ä»¥ äžã«åœå åžå Žã§ã®äžå Žã®æ©äŒã窺ã£ãŠããããã 2007幎ã«ã¯æ¬åãéŠæž¯ãæãå¯èœæ§ããããšèã ãŠãããåœå 蚌åžåžå Žã®æ¹é©ãé²ãã§ããã®ãšã人 æ°å ã®åãäžããèŠå ãšããŠæãããããéŠæž¯ãã« ã察米ãã«ã§7.8ã®ã¬ãŒãã«åºå®ãããŠããã®ã«å¯Ÿ ã2007幎ã«ã¯äººæ°å ã 察米ãã«ã§ãã®ã¬ãã«ãè¶ ããå±é¢ãããéŠæž¯ãã«ã«çžå¯Ÿçã«å å®èŠ³ãããã 4
Hong Kong
For 2007, PricewaterhouseCoopers predicts that Hong Kongâs IPO total will be lower, at about HK$150 billion or slightly less than $20 billion. Paul Chow, the chief executive of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing, even thinks it is possible that China itself will surpass Hong Kong in 2007, thanks to the twin facts that there are no large-scale Chinese offerings planned for the SAR and that Chinese firms are increasingly looking at the domestic market because of stock market reforms and the appreciation of the renminbi, which in 2007 went through the 7.8 mark against the US dollar and thus became stronger than the Hong Kong dollar, pegged at 7.8 against the greenback. Nevertheless, there was plenty of back patting in Hong Kong after the IPO record. Joseph Yam, chief executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, in his weekly on-line column, wrote that: âWith global financial markets awash with liquidity, wherever there is a new supply of quality financial instruments in a market of international standing, attracting international investment funds is not a problem. There seems no longer to be any need, for example, to organise primary or secondary listing in Europe and America in order to attract investment funds from those areas. International road shows are of course still essential to stimulate investor interest, but advanced information technology is increasingly making this easier. So I hope these large IPOs serve to consolidate the status of Hong Kong as the preferred IPO for Mainland enterprises.â A similar sentiment was echoed by Frederick Ma, Hong Kongâs secretary for financial services and the treasury, who said that: âIf China becomes a large economy rivalling the US, then Hong Kong will grow to the extent of New York and London.â Even David Liâs focus group seeks to, in his words, establish Hong Kong âas an international financial centre of global significance within China.â Li expresses confidence that: âThis policy direction is not only important for Hong Kongâs own economic development; it is strategically important for Chinaâs long-term development as well⊠We believe that Hong Kong has the infrastructure, the transparent legal and
David Li Kwok-po: Hong Kongâs market capitalisation and turnover are still relatively modest by global standards.
regulatory environment, and the market depth to contribute in these areas for the ããã§ãéŠæž¯åžå Žé¢ä¿è ã¯æ°èŠäžå Žã®æ°èšé²ã 称ãåã£ããéŠæž¯éè管çå±ã®ç·è£ã§ããä»»å¿å benefit of the entire mainland economy.â ïŒJoseph YamïŒæ°ã¯èªèº«ã®é±åããã°ã§ã ãäžçç There is of course both inconsistency and tension in these ambitions â does Hong ãªéå°æµåæ§ã®ãªããäžççã«åã®ç¥ããäŒæ¥ã§ ããã°ã©ãã§äžå Žããããšè³é調éã«ã¯å šãå°ã㪠Kong want to be an INTERNATIONAL ãããã¯ãè³é調éã®ããã«æ¬§å·ãç±³åœã§ã®äžæ¬¡ centre or the leading centre of China? For äžå Žãäºæ¬¡äžå Žãç®æãå¿ èŠã¯ãªããã®ããã§ã the moment, it hopes to be both. Chinese ããæè³å®¶ã®é¢å¿ãåèµ·ããã«ã¯ä»ã§ãåœéç㪠markets are smaller, dominated by the giant ããŒãã·ã§ãŒãæ¢è¡ããå¿ èŠãããããITã®é²æ©ã§ enterprises that are still state owned and æ å ±ã®æ¡æ£ã¯æ¥ã«æ¥ã«å®¹æã«ãªã£ãŠããã倧äŒæ¥ are not as well regulated as Hong Kong, in ã®æ°èŠå ¬éã®æåã«å£ã£ãŠãæ¬åã®äŒæ¥ãéŠæž¯ã§ spite of the recent improvements to the law. ã®äžå Žãåªå ããã°éŠæž¯ã®å°äœã確åºãããã®ã« Most important, Chinaâs legal system is still ããããšãã§ããããšã³ã¡ã³ãããŠããã dominated by the edicts of the Communist éŠ æž¯ 㮠財 çµ äº å å 㳠庫 å å± å± é·ã§ãã銬 æ 亚 ãäžåœçµæžãç±³åœãšè©ã䞊 Party rulers, whereas Hong Kong has the ïŒFrederick MaïŒæ°ãã vital backing of more than a century of the ã¹ããããã®èŠæš¡ã«ãªãã°éŠæž¯ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ãã rule of law that it enjoyed under British ã³ãã³äžŠã¿ã®åžå Žã«æé·ããã ããããšæ¥œèŠ³çã«èª rule. The rule of law is the foundation ã£ãŠãããããæ éãªæåœå®æ°ã®ãã©ãŒã«ã¹ã°ã«ãŒ ãã¯ãåæ°ã®èšèãåããã°éŠæž¯ããäžåœå ã§ã®åœ stone, but Hong Kongâs advantages include ééèã»ã³ã¿ãŒã«ãããããšãç®æããŠãããææ°ã¯ a whole skyscraper of financial history, ããã®æ¿çã¯éŠæž¯èªèº«ã®çµæžçºå±ã«ãšã£ãŠéèŠãª bankers and investment bankers, lawyers, ã°ããã§ãªããäžåœã®é·æçãªçºå±ã«ãšã£ãŠãæŠç¥ accountants and professional experts from çã«éèŠã§ããéŠæž¯ã¯ã€ã³ãã©ãæŽåãããŠããã all over the world, using a plethora of good éæ床ã®é«ãæ³å¶åºŠãèŠå¶ç°å¢ãåžå Žã®åã¿ãæ¬ communications, well established practice, a åçµæžã®çºå±ã«è²¢ç®ããã§ãããããšèªä¿¡ã®ã»ã©ã relatively free press â though the new rulers èªã£ãŠããã have shown a tendency to prefer applause ããããæ欲çãªå§¿å¢ã®ãªãã«ããéŠæž¯ã¯ãåœéã to open comment. Even if China can resolve éèã»ã³ã¿ãŒãç®æãã®ãããããšãäžåœã®äž»èŠ the capitalist and socialist tensions within éèã»ã³ã¿ãŒãç®æãã®ãããšããççŸãšç·åŒµãé its own system, it will probably be at least ããªããç®äžã®ãšããã¯ãã®äž¡æ¹ã®éæãæãã§ã a decade before Shanghai has its financial ãããã§ãããããã«å¯Ÿããäžåœæ¬åã®åžå Žã¯èŠæš¡ architecture in place and a generation before ãå°ããæªã ã«åœæã®å€§äŒæ¥ãåžå Žãå æããŠã ããæè¿ã«ãªã£ãŠæ³å¶åºŠã®æ¹åã¯èŠããããéŠæž¯ the legal framework can be trusted.
There seems no longer to be any need to organise primary or secondary listing in Europe and America However, Hong Kong should be well aware of the wise words of the late (Lord) Lawrence Kadoorie, who lived in Shanghai and Hong Kong before the war, and in Hong Kong after the war, where he was head of China Light and Power and of the Peninsula Hotel group among other companies. He noted that whenever Hong Kong and Shanghai had been together on the same footing, Shanghai was always the more international and sophisticated city, whereas Hong Kong was a country cousin. In the 1930s, Kadoorie told me, Shanghai was like London to Hong Kongâs âsnobby and provincial Hastings.â Even as it is, some international brokers say that Hong Kong is already too dependent on the big Chinese state companies. In January 2007, for example, according to Bloomberg, eight of the top ten companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange by market capitalisation were mainland giants; the two exceptions were the now London headquartered HSBC in third place and Manulife of Canada in ninth place. David Li is aware that Hong Kong needs to build on its advantages: âThe window of opportunity to establish Hong Kong as an international financial centre of global
ã»ã©ã«ã¯èŠå¶ãæŽåãããŠããªããæŽã«éèŠãªã® ã¯ãäžåœã®æ³å¶åºŠã¯çŸåšãå ±ç£å ã®å 綱é ã«åºã¥ ãå 什ãæ ¹å¹¹ãæããŠããããéŠæž¯ã§ã¯è±åœã®æ€ æ°å°äžã§100幎以äžã«äºã£ãŠéžæãããæ³å¶åºŠã æ ¹ä»ããŠãããšããç¹ã§ãããæ³å¶åºŠã®ç¢ºç«ã¯å šãŠ ã®åºç€ã§ããããéèåžå ŽãšããŠã®æŽå²ã®åã¿ã« å ããŠãäžè¬ã®éè¡å®¶ãæè³éè¡å®¶ãåŒè·å£«ãäŒèšå£« çã®å°é家ãäžçäžããéãŸã£ãŠãããé¢ä¿è é ã®ææçéãè¯å¥œã§ãæ³èŠå¶ã®é©çšãå·è¡ã§ãå åãªç©ã¿äžãããããæ¯èŒçãã¹ã³ãã«ãè¡šçŸã®èª ç±ãäžããããŠãããšãã£ãç¹ãéŠæž¯ã®åªäœæ§ã§ ããããã ãæ¬åã®æ°ããæå°è å±€ã¯å¿æã®ãªãæ èŠè¡šæãæè¿ãã姿å¢ãèŠããŠã¯ãããäžåœãèª åœã®å¶åºŠå ã«è³æ¬äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒäž»çŸ©ã®äžŠåãåè¡¡ã ããããšãã§ãããšããŠããäžæµ·ã®éèã€ã³ãã©æŽ åã«å°ãªããšã10幎ãæ³èŠå¶ã®æ çµã¿ã«å¯Ÿããä¿¡ é Œã®ç¢ºç«ã«äžäžä»£ã¯æããã ããã
ããããæŠåãäžæµ·ãéŠæž¯ã§éãããæŠåŸã¯éŠæž¯ã§ äžè¯é»åãããã³ã·ã¥ã©ããã«ã»ã°ã«ãŒãã®äŒé ã å€ããæ ããŒã¬ã³ã¹ã»ã«ããŒãªãŒå¿ïŒLord Lawrence KadoorieïŒã®ãéŠæž¯ãšäžæµ·ãè©ã䞊ã¹ããšãã¯åžžã« äžæµ·ãåœéçãªæŽç·Žãããéœåžã§ãããéŠæž¯ã¯ã ã®å§åŠ¹éœåžãšããäœçœ®ä»ãã ã£ãã ãšããææãå¿ ã«çããŠããã¹ãã ãããææ°ã«ããã°ã ã«ããŒãªãŒ å¿ã¯1930幎代ã®äžæµ·ã¯ãã³ãã³ã«æ¯ããéŠæž¯ã¯ãæ° åã£ãç°èã®ãã€ã¹ãã£ã³ã°ãºã®ãããªååšãã 㣠ããšèªã£ãŠããããã§ããã æ¢ã«æ¬åã®åœæ倧äŒæ¥ãªãããŠä»æ¥ã®éŠæž¯ã¯ãã åŸãªãç¶æ³ã«ãªã£ãŠãããäŸãã°ãBloomberg瀟㫠ããã°2007幎1æã®æç¹ã§éŠæž¯èšŒåžååŒæã«äž å ŽãããŠããæ䟡ç·é¡äžäœ10瀟ã®ãã¡8瀟ãæ¬å ã®å€§äŒæ¥ã§ãããæ®ã2瀟ã¯ãã³ãã³ãæ ç¹ãšãã HSBCéè¡ãšã«ããã®Manulife瀟ã§ãæ䟡ç·é¡ã§ã¯ ãããã3äœã9äœãšãªã£ãŠããã æåœå®æ°ã¯éŠæž¯ã®çŸåšã®åªäœã匷åããå¿ èŠãã ããšèããŠããã ãéŠæž¯ãåœééèã»ã³ã¿ãŒãšããŠç¢º ç«ãããã£ã³ã¹ããã€ãŸã§ãããããã§ã¯ãªããä» è¡åããªããã°æ°æ§ãè延ããæµ·å€ã®ç¢ºç«ããã éèã»ã³ã¿ãŒã«äºæ¥æ©äŒã奪ãããã ããã ãšèªã£ ãŠããã 4
WiA Delegate Publication
87
Focus on finance
Andy Xie lost his job as Morgan Stanleyâs chief Asia economist after he wrote an internal e-mail stingingly critical of Singapore.
significance will not remain open forever. If we do not act now, inertia will set in, and business will gravitate to established financial centres overseas,â he says. His study group proposed a twin âmacro & microâ approach to enhance Hong Kongâs role. Its starting point was that the two financial systems of Hong Kong and China âshould establish a complementary, co-operative, and interactive relationship. From a practical perspective, the Mainland can make better use of the financial system of the HKSAR in helping to enhance financial intermediation efficiency and to implement financial reform⊠The Focus Group is of the view that, as the international financial centre of the country, the HKSAR has the responsibility to assist in ensuring the countryâs economic and financial stability and in strengthening the countryâs resilience to risks.â It suggested a raft of items in an âaction agendaâ, including development of renminbi and commodities futures markets; increasing use of the Chinese currency, increasing Hong Kongâs involvement in financial services on the mainland; opening more channels to improve the outward mobility of mainland investors and fund raisers; and allowing financial instruments issued in Hong Kong to be marketed on the mainland. Another study group dealing with professional services suggested the establishment of âgreater China law firmsâ whose members would be able to practice simultaneously on the mainland and in Hong Kong. One problem with this approach is that it sees markets as directed and even led by the nose by governments. It is in line with Chinese thinking and was happily adopted by Chief Executive Donald Tsang, re-elected in March 2007 to a five year term by a select group of fewer than 800 carefully filtered and chosen electors representing the 7 million people of Hong Kong, whom Beijing dare not entrust with the vote. Tsang wants Hong Kong to dovetail its plans to fit Chinaâs 11th five year plan. This idea also carries echoes of Singapore, historically reviled by Hong Kong people as a ânanny stateâ where the 88
government rules with a tight hand, even to the extent of easing a 12 year ban on chewing gum in 2004, but only provided that it is sugarless and tooth-whitening and backed by a doctorâs prescription. In its claims to be âan international financial centreâ, Hong Kong never counted its stock market as an important feature. In the 1980s, some brokers joked that gambling in Hong Kong was forbidden, except for at the horse racecourse and on the stock market. Since those days Hong Kong regulators have brought the market into line with the best international standards. Thanks now to the listing of the Chinese companies, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has jumped to sixth place in the world with market capitalisation of about $2 trillion, well below the fourth and fifth placed London Stock Exchange and Euronext, each just below $4 trillion, and only a tenth of the size of the New York Stock Exchange. This rise and rise of the Hong Kong market has also far outpaced Singapore, where market capitalisation is still below $400 billion. Hong Kongâs claims to be an international financial centre rested on two platforms: that Tokyo, though it has a far bigger stock market (capitalisation about $4.8 trillion), in all financial aspects is preoccupied with Japanese matters rather than being international; and that Hong Kong has all the features of a global centre in terms of banking and investment banking, foreign exchange and gold trading, funds under management, with all the backing of professional practice and staff that give it the essential critical mass and an important time-slot in the 24hour trading day. Its role as fund raiser and partner of China has made Hong Kong even more attractive on the international map, although foreign bankers warn that the SAR has to walk a tightrope and tame the Chinese tiger, or it may be swallowed whole.
Hong Kong has more than 130 banks, including more than 70 of the worldâs top 100 banks Singapore is traditionally Hong Kongâs only rival as a regional and international financial centre. The markets of Korea, India, Malaysia, and Thailand have their own attractions for investors, but are essentially national markets. All the financial statistics show that Hong Kong is pulling ahead of Singapore. Funds under management in Hong Kong are close to $600 billion, against below $500 billion in Singapore. Hong Kong has more than 130 banks, including more than 70 of the worldâs top 100 banks, plus another 40 restricted banks and 85 bank representative offices. Singapore has only five local banks but another 110 with full bank licences that have limitations on the number of their local branches. In terms of the numbers of companies, Hong Kong registered 73,360 in 2005, Singapore only 19,500.
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Hong Kong
The dynamic, of course, is constantly changing and the Singapore government is doing its best to promote new business. The countryâs modern founding father Lee Kwan Yew, who holds the post of minister mentor in his son Lee Hsien Loongâs government, said that Singaporeâs old model needed upgrading. âJust being clean, green, efficient and cost-effective (Lee seniorâs legacy) is not enough. Youâve also got to be innovative, creative, entrepreneurial,â Lee said in 2005. Thatâs the problem, says Andy Xie, who lost his job as Morgan Stanleyâs chief Asia economist after he wrote an internal e-mail stingingly critical of Singapore. Xie believes there are contradictions between a strong government and a strong private sector and that entrepreneurs cannot be created by government fiat.
Singapore is traditionally Hong Kongâs only rival as a regional and international financial centre Hong Kong also has to take care to avoid Chinaâs suffocating embrace in a literal sense. Increasing pollution blown into Hong Kong from booming factories in the Pearl River estuary, many of them owned by Hong Kong companies, is beginning to take its toll on rising international executives, especially those with young children. In 2006, air pollution in central Hong Kong was âvery highâ or âsevereâ on 41 days, double the number in 2000. The local press is beginning to feature articles about young executives leaving for the sake of their childrenâs health. Singapore is the favourite alternative place, with its reputation for being clean and green and healthy, thanks to stern government policies. It is more difficult for Hong Kong to order China to clean up its act. The movement of leaving executives is, nonetheless, no more than a trickle and has done nothing to stem the rise of Hong Kong rents. By 2007 office space in Hong Kong was costing double the equivalent in Singapore. One symbolic example was the International Financial Centre tower 2, a huge phallic skyscraper right on Finance Street on the waterfront. IFC2 is home to both the local IMF office and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, whose chief executive sits on the top (88th) floor, a lucky number in Cantonese (since 8 or baat is a homonym for prosperity). When the building opened three years ago the Financial Times wrapped 50 floors of the building in an advertisement in its trademark pink paper, making the worldâs largest advertisement in a building where the FT was tenant. By 2007, rents had risen so high that the FT could no longer afford them. The benchmark rent in IFC2 was HK$105 ($13.5) per square foot per month. Hong Kong has to beware that success brings its own problems.
40 Largest Stocks by Market Capitalisation (In billions of Hong Kong dollars) Industrial & Commercial Bank of China - $1,720.49 PetroChina - $1,713.23 HSBC Holdings - $1,654.82 China Mobile - $1,411.83 Bank of China - $1,175.62 China Life Insurance - $1,114.84 China Construction Bank - $1,074.01 Sinopec Corp - $769.91 Manulife Financial - $404.27 Bank of Communications - $392.54 China Shenhua Energy - $364.51 Hutchison Whampoa - $342.78 China Telecom - $317.25 Standard Chartered - $315.76 CNOOC - $290.30 Sun Hung Kai Properties - $249.18 China Merchants Bank - $245.62 Cheung Kong Holdings - $244.12 Ping An Insurance Group of China - $230.77 Bank of China (Hong Kong) Holdings - $225.73 Hang Seng Bank - $215.27 Foxconn International Holdings - $171.45 CLP Holdings - $140.52 Swire Pacific - $136.98 China Communications Construction - $128.69 China Unicom - $127.27 China Netcom - $121.84 MTR Corporation - $116.24 Esprit Holdings - $98.82 Hong Kong & China Gas - $96.29 Henderson Land Development - $94.99 Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing - $94.60 Huaneng Power International - $90.30 Hutchison Telecommunications International - $89.84 Hang Lung Properties - $88.23 Sino Land - $87.78 Cathay Pacific Airways - $84.21 Aluminium Corp of China - $84.08 Air China - $84.02 Li & Fung - $82.17 Source: Bloomberg Data updated on 20 January 2007 © Dieter Telemans / Panos Pictures
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Chinese aid wins support There is a view in some respectable and highly respected parts of the Western press that China is beginning to make its presence felt in the world rather too forcefully...
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uch observers see China as a rogue elephant on the rampage, trampling over the traditional polite ways of doing things in its hunger for raw materials or, maybe, just to let the rest of the world know that there is a new and powerful beast on the block. China, according to these accounts, is pouring money into places where the US, Europeans, even Japanese, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank fear to tread, giving money and weapons to corrupt regimes and dictators who are guilty of genocide or human rights violations in return for oil. Sudan, Chad, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Venezuela are among the countries with which Beijing has established a close trade or aid relationship. So it is something of a surprise to hear David Dollar, the American who is the Beijing-based World Bank country director for China, respond with an immediate, flat and emphatic, âNOâ when asked if he is worried about Chinese economic aid. He not only encourages the Chinese aid, but looks forward to the World Bank cooperating with China on projects. âI am totally positive,â about Chinese aid, Dollar says, almost cheering. Indeed, he exudes such enthusiasm for the Chinese aid effort that I wondered if it was mere naivety or whether in his apparently ingenuous confidence he was
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ingeniously trying to encourage the Chinese to do better and warning them against the waste of time, energy, and resources in dealing with some of the rogue regimes. One of the strongest blasts against Chinaâs aid came in a New York Times article in February 2007 by Moises Naim, the respected editor in chief of Foreign Policy magazine. âIt is development assistance that is non-democratic in origin and nontransparent in practice, and its effect is typically to stifle real progress while hurting ordinary citizens,â claimed Naim about the Chinese aid money. He accepted that Western and even World Bank aid had a history of political manipulation and corruption, but since 1990 such aid had greatly been cleaned up with the help of pressure from the media and from nongovernmental organisations. Naim put China in the same league as other cash-rich states like Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela which he described as, ârogue donors (that) offer to underwrite a world that is more corrupt, chaotic, and authoritarian.â He cited a World Bank $5 billion project to bring efficiency and end crippling corruption on Nigeriaâs railways through the entry of the private sector, which was about to be signed when China came along and offered $9 billion to rebuild the rail network, âno bids, no conditions and no need to reform.â
ãã®ãããäžåœã®çµæžæŽå©ã«ã€ããŠææ ®ããŠã ãã®ã§ã¯ãšãã質åã«å¯ŸããŠãäžçéè¡ã®äžåœ æ åœå±é·ã§ããå京åšäœã®ç±³åœäººããããã»ã ã©ãŒïŒDavid DollarïŒæ°ããããŒã ãšå³åº§ã«ãã£ã± ãåŠå®ããã®ã«ã¯é©ããããã©ãŒæ°ã¯äžåœã®æŽ å©ã奚å±ããã°ããã§ãªããäžçéè¡ããããžã§ ã¯ãã§äžåœãšååããããšãæåŸ ããŠãããšè¿°ã¹ ãŠãããäžåœã®æŽå©ã«ã€ããŠã100ïŒ è³æããŠã ãŸãã ãšèªããã©ãŒæ°ã¯ãã»ãšãã©ææåéã㊠ããã å®éã«ã¯ãäžåœã®æŽå©ååã«ã€ããŠãã©ãŒæ°ã ããã»ã©ã®ç±æã瀺ãã®ã¯ãåãªãèªèã®çã ã«ãããã®ãªã®ãã©ããå€æãããããç¡éªæ°ãª èªä¿¡ãããããã«ãèŠããçŽç²ãªæ°æããäžåœ æ¿åºã«ãã£ãšããŸãããããã«ã¢ããã€ã¹ããããš ãããªããè åœå®¶ãšã®ååŒã«æéãšãšãã«ã®ãŒ ãè³æºã浪費ããªãããã«èŠåããŠãããšããã ãšãããããªãã äžåœã®æŽå©ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯åŒ·ãéé£ã®å£°ãããã Foreign Policyèªã®ç·šéé·ãšããŠåé«ãã¢ã€ã»ã¹ ã»ãã€ã ïŒMoises NaimïŒæ°ã2007幎2æã«æžã ãNew York TimesçŽã®èšäºããã®äžã€ã§ããã äžåœã®æŽå©éã«ã€ããŠãã€ã æ°ã¯ã ãããã¯å ç¹ããããŠéæ°äž»äž»çŸ©çã§ãå®æœã®äžèº«ãäžé æãªéçºæ¯æŽã§ããããã®ææã¯ãã»ãšãã©ã®å Ž åãçã®çºå±ãæå§ããäžæ¹ã§äžè¬åžæ°ã«å®³ã ãªããã®ã§ãããããŸããã ãšæ¹å€ããŠããã 欧米ã®æŽå©ã«ã¯æ¿æ²»çæäœãè æã®æŽå²ãã ããäžçéè¡ã®æ¯æŽã§ããããããšç¡çžã§ã¯ãª ãããšã¯ãã€ã æ°ãèªããŠãããã1990幎以éã ã¡ãã£ã¢ããã³éæ¿åºçµç¹ããã®å§åãèæ¯ã« 倧ã çãªæµåãè¡ãããŠããããã€ã æ°ã¯ãåã ãè³éåãããã€ã©ã³ããµãŠãžã¢ã©ãã¢ããã㺠ãšã©ãªã©ã®è«žåœããè æãæ··ä¹±ãç¬è£äž»çŸ©ã®ã¯ã³ ããäžçã®åŸã楯ãšãªãæªåŸ³ã¹ãã³ãµãŒã ãšåŒ ã³ããã®ä»²éã«äžåœãå ¥ããŠããã ãã€ã æ°ãå ·äœäŸãšããŠæããã®ã¯ãè æã㯠ã³ãããã€ãžã§ãªã¢ã®ééãæ°éäŒæ¥ã®åå ¥ã« ãã£ãŠå¹çåããè æãäžæããããšããäžçé è¡ã®50åãã«ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã§ããããã®ãããž ã§ã¯ãã®èª¿å°ç®åã«äžåœãçŸããŠãéé網ã®å æ§ç¯ã®ããã«ãå ¥æãªããç¡æ¡ä»¶ãæ¹é©ã¯äžèŠã ã§90åãã«ãæäŸãããäžçéè¡ã§èª¿å°äº€æžã è¡ã£ãŠãããã€ã æ°ã®å人ã¯è·ç©ããŸãšããŠç©º 枯ã«åãã£ããšããããšã§ããã äžåœãæ¥éãªçµæžæé·ãæ¯ããã®ã«å¿ èŠãªåæ æãè±å¯ã«äŸçµŠã§ããåœã ã ãšãã«ã¢ããªã«è«žåœ ã«ç®ãã€ããŠãæŽå©ãšè²¿æã®äž¡æ¹ãå¢å€§ãã㊠ããã®ã¯ç¢ºããªäºå®ã§ãããå šäœãšããŠã¢ããªã« 4
China
Naim added that his World Bank friend who had been negotiating the deal packed his bags and went to the airport. It is certainly true that China has been stepping up both aid and trade, with a keen eye on countries, especially in Africa, that have good supplies of raw materials that China needs to fuel its rapid economic growth. Altogether Chinaâs two-way trade with Africa has jumped to $50 billion a year, its aid is running at about $3 billion a year, and its foreign direct investment was $1.2 billion in 2005, but is likely to grow as more Chinese companies open up offices and factories in Africa. Chinaâs close ties with Sudan with its supplies of light, sweet crude oil has attracted most attention, not least because of Beijingâs blocking of UN attempts to condemn Sudan for atrocities in Darfur. But China also has strong links with Angola where it has provided a $2 billion package deal to build railways, roads, schools, hospitals, and offices and lay a fibre-optic network and provide training for Angolan telecommunications workers. Angola provides an example of how careful and well-prepared Chinaâs approach is, and how it has thought of the needs of the developing country. In January 2007 Chinaâs oil giant CNOOC announced it would take a 45 percent stake in an offshore oil field in Nigeria for $2.27 billion. In a string of countries, including Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia and Eritrea, Sudan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, China has provided arms supplies totalling more than a billion dollars. Supporters of China say that Africaâs record 5.2 percent economic growth in 2005 was greatly helped by Chinaâs investment, especially since Chinese companies build quality projects cheaply. Opponents say that the Chinese aid effectively offers
governments a soft option and they postpone essential reforms. However, US governments, whatever their colour, can hardly throw stones when they have aided places like Egypt, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. Chinaâs ambitions in Africa could certainly not be termed colonialist in the classic sense, nor has Beijing asked for military bases. After the aftermath of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, Chinaâs insistence on a principle of âmutual non-interference in domestic affairsâ looks easier to defend in spite of the unsavoury nature of some of the regimes it is supporting. And while Beijingâs aid is certainly not for philanthropic purposes, the Chinese leaders have shown a willingness to listen to complaints, for example in agreeing to voluntary restraints after South Africa complained about a âtsunamiâ of textiles from China and in criticising ownersâ labour practices in Zambia when workers rioted at Chinese-owned mines.
Photo courtesy of World Bank
Supporters of China say that Africaâs record 5.2 percent economic growth in 2005 was greatly helped by Chinaâs investment
David Dollar, the Beijing-based World Bank country director for China.
Even so, it is quite a surprise to find the World Bankâs David Dollar so bullish about Chinaâs growing economic aid: âI am totally positive about it, quite seriously, for a variety of reasons,â he says. âI think the Chinese experience is a very positive one for other countries to learn from. Every country really is different and other developing countries have to take these lessons and think which of them apply, but it is very positive to have this success story coming out of the developing world. The Chinese are very good at building infrastructure and the whole range of useful things. âI read that they already finance more infrastructure investment in Africa than all the OECD donors combined, and I am inclined to believe that, because while there is quite a bit of OECD aid for Africa, it has largely gotten out of infrastructure and it is either generalised budget support or in the social sectors, all of which is important, but if you donât have roads, power and water supply, it is pretty hard to run an economy. The Chinese companies already win more competitive World Bank civil works contracts in Africa than companies from any other country,â he points out. As he warms to his theme, Dollar uses words like âhappyâ and âthrilledâ to describe his attitude to the prospects of the Chinese financing World Bank projects. He is realistic enough to point out that aid and strings are often tied together: âIt is not accurate to say that Chinese aid or anyoneâs aid comes with no strings attached. That sounds very nice, but just think it through. First of all there is still a handful
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WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
if the Chinese give aid to countries that are relatively well governed like Uganda and Tanzania, then this assistance will have a good result. âI am not going to say much about Sudan. I am not an expert there, and I have to be careful about naming countries, but I will state the principle that there are countries in Africa where the economic governance is quite poor -- and I can say as a factual matter that the World Bank does not give any financial assistance to Zimbabwe, and that is based on our assessment that assistance to Zimbabwe is not going to be well used and generate economic benefits. So if the Chinese ask me what I think about
ããäžçéè¡ã«ããã¢ããªã«ã®ç«¶äºå ¥æåæšå·¥ äºã§ã¯ãäžåœäŒæ¥ãä»åœäŒæ¥ãããå€ãã®å¥çŽ ããã§ã«åã¡åã£ãŠããŸãã ãšãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ææã ãŠããã 話ã«ç±ãå ¥ãã«ã€ã㊠ãåã°ããã ãšãã倧æè¿ã ãšãããããªèšèãåºãŠããã»ã©ã ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯äž åœã®è³éæŽå©ã«ããäžçéè¡ãããžã§ã¯ãã®å± æã«ã€ããŠååãã®èããæã£ãŠããã ãããŠãçŸå®åé¡ãšããŠãæŽå©ãã²ãä»ãã«ãªã ãã¡ã ãšææããããšãå¿ããªãã ãäžåœã®æŽå© ã«éããã誰ãã®æŽå©ããŸã£ããã²ãä»ãã§ãª ããšèšãã°ããã«ãªããŸããèããã®ãã話ã§ã ãã ããèããŠã¿ãŠãã ããã第äžã«ãã¢ããªã«ã« ã¯å°æ°ãªãããŸã äžåœãæ¿èªããŠããªãåœãã ãããããã®åœã«äžåœã¯æŽå©ãäžããŠããŸããã ããã«ã ïŒäžåœã®æŽå©ã¯ïŒãã¹ãŠæ±ãåããã§ã èª åœã®å»ºèšäŒç€Ÿã«å·¥äºãããããšãæ±ããŠããŸãã å€ãã®ã€ã³ãã©ã»ãããžã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ããããåé¡ã« ãªãããšã¯ãããŸãããäžåœäŒæ¥ãåŸæãšããŠã ãåéã§ãããã ããããã²ãä»ãã§ãªããšèšã ããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
Chinaâs two-way trade with Africa has jumped to $50 billion a year, its aid is running at about $3 billion a year
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Zimbabwe, my friendly advice would be my prediction that it is not going to generate much value. I wish them well because nobody will be happier than me to find out that I am wrong.â He cautions about accepting criticisms coming from the West: âThe whole Western reaction seems kinda bizarre. It is not like the Western donors have had a lot of success in Africa. If the Chinese can go into Zimbabwe and generate good measurable results and if at the end of the day poverty is reduced and kids go to school... My prediction is that anyone who gives aid to Zimbabwe in the current environment is not likely to see much result from the aid, but as a social scientist I am willing to accept that I might
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© Stuart Freedman / Panos Pictures
of countries in Africa that donât recognize the PRC; they donât give aid to them. Then, (Chinaâs aid) is all tied: they want their own construction companies to do it, and for a lot of infrastructure projects, thatâs going to be fine because those Chinese companies are good at it, but you canât say that that comes with no strings attached.â Dollar adds that the Chinese donât generally give too much away: âI am informally aware of some very specific projects that have been discussed in different parts of the world, where I have heard the Chinese say, âWell they asked us to look at this hydro plant, but we told them the price they are charging is not high enough; itâs never going to service the loan.â So they sound just like the World Bank, saying, âYou want us to finance this hydro plant -- you have got to charge a price that is going to service the loan.â âThe Chinese are very big on cost recovery. This country has wonderful infrastructure because by and large they expect the users to pay for it. Itâs got more kilometres of toll roads than any other country in the world. In some cases the tolls are too high because they want to repay the loan quickly.â Dollar is reluctant to criticise China and backs away from discussing either Sudan or Nigeria on the ground that he does not know either country. Instead he points out that he previously did a number of seminal studies on what made aid most effective. He offers his conclusions, perhaps as a suggestion to Beijing that it should show a hint of steel underneath the velvet glove offering its aid dollars. âMy basic model of the world is that the effectiveness of the aid primarily depends on the institutions and policies in the recipient countries, so my prediction in Africa is that
China has strong links with Angola where it has provided a $2 billion package deal to build railways, roads, schools, hospitals, and offices.
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ãæŽå©ã®å¹æã¯åãæåŽã®åœå æ©æ§ãšæ¿ç㫠倧ããå·Šå³ããããšããã®ãç§ã®èããäžçã® åºæ¬ã¢ãã«ã§ããããã§ã¢ããªã«ã«ã€ããŠäºæž¬ã ãã°ã ãŠã¬ã³ããã¿ã³ã¶ãã¢ã®ããã«çµ±æ²»ãæ¯èŒ çããŸããã£ãŠããåœã«äžåœãæŽå©ãäžããã® ãªãããã®æ¯æŽã¯è¯å¥œãªçµæãããããã¯ã㧠ããã¹ãŒãã³ã«ã€ããŠã¯çºèšãæ§ããŸããããã® å°é家ã§ã¯ãããŸããããåœåãæããã®ã¯æ éã«ããªããã°ããã ãååè«ãšããŠèšããã®ã¯ã ã¢ããªã«ã«ã¯çµæžã¬ããã³ã¹ãããããŠè²§åŒ±ãª åœããããšããããšã§ããå®éåé¡ãšããŠãäžçé è¡ã¯ãžã³ãããšã«éèæ¯æŽããŸã£ããäžããŠã ãŸããã ããã¯ãæ¯æŽãæå¹ã«æŽ»çšãããŠçµæžç å©çãçã¿åºãããšã«ã¯ãªããªããšããè©äŸ¡ã« åºã¥ããå€æã§ãããã®ãããããäžåœãããžã³ ãããšã«ã€ããŠã©ãæãããšå°ãããããšãã ãã奜æçãªã¢ããã€ã¹ãšããŠããã»ã©ã®äŸ¡å€ã¯ èŠèŸŒããªããšããèªåã®äºæž¬ãè¿°ã¹ããããã ãŸãããã§ããã°æåããŠã»ãããäºæž¬ãè£åã çµæã«ãã¡ã°ãåã¶ã®ã¯ç§èªèº«ã§ãããã 西åŽè«žåœããã®æ¹å€ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æ éããå¿ èŠã§ ãããšãã©ãŒæ°ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠããã ã西åŽã®åå¿ã¯ã© 4
Regional overviews
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In a string of countries, including Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia (pictured) and Eritrea, Sudan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, China has provided arms supplies totalling more than a billion dollars.
be wrong, and if the Chinese can go in and make things work, thatâs great.â Dollar also attacks the received wisdom that the Chinese are able to lock in scarce supplies of essential commodities: âI am very sceptical about this whole story. Most of these are traded commodities. Suppose that somehow the Chinese manage to extract and buy oil from Sudan, that just frees up space in the world market for the US to buy it from someone else. Also there is geography, so my understanding is that Venezuela still sells most of its oil to the United States. The US and China are the two big users of petroleum. If China gets its supply in one place, in a well-functioning market, it means that the US gets supplies from another place.
Dollar also attacks the received wisdom that the Chinese are able to lock in scarce supplies of essential commodities âSo the only thing it can mean is that somehow the Chinese are getting a below market price. I am sceptical about that, that they could do that or that they would even want to do that - because if they could somehow get a below market price, they are basically ripping off the other country. Most of these countries are smart enough that they are not going to sign deals to get ripped off; and frankly the Chinese are politically savvy and they know that it is not in their interest to pay below market price.â 94
Chinese aid has obviously created such a good impression in Washington that, Dollar adds, the World Bank, âis trying to build a collaborative relationship with the Chinese Ex-Im Bank. We have already had some training workshops in our offices here to allow the Chinese to learn about our environmental safeguards and our procurement policies to protect against corruption. This is purely educational: we are introducing what the World Bank does, (saying to the Chinese) âthat when you build up a big assistance programme in Africa or Mongolia - I am also country director for Mongolia - you may want to learn from our experienceâ.â Potential collaboration between the World Bank and China may mean cofinancing of projects, Dollar says: âMy view is that if the World Bank has been developing some infrastructure projects and the Chinese want to step in and finance those, we should be thrilled, because it has got to be good for the country. As I said, they are winning a lot of the competitive contracts, so if we have a project at an advanced stage with a good feasibility study, good socio-economic analysis and environmental assessment, and the Chinese Ex-Im Bank wants to step in and finance it, my view is that thatâs great.â As to some World Bank officials feeling miffed about losing an about-to-be-signed contract to the Chinese, Dollar brushes that aside. âIt is natural that individual staff might feel a little possessive about things they have developed, but that is not in a clientâs interest.â g
ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ãäŸçµŠã®ä¹ããéèŠç£åãäžåœã«ã ã£ãŠå²ã蟌ãŸããŠããŸããšããäžè¬çãªèŠæ¹ã« ãç°è°ãå±ããã ãã©ãããããããªè©±ã«ãªãã® ã§ããããããã®å€§éšåã¯è²¿æ財ã§ããããšãã°ã äžåœãäœããã®æ¹æ³ã§ã¹ãŒãã³ã®ç³æ²¹ãæ¡æã è³Œå ¥ã§ãããšããŠããã®åã ãäžçåžå Žã«ç©ºã ãçãŸããããã§ãããã ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯å¥ã®åœãã ç³æ²¹ãè²·ãã°ããã®ã§ããå°ççåé¡ããã㟠ãããããºãšã©ã¯ä»ã§ãèªåœã®ç³æ²¹ã®ã»ãšãã© ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«å£²ã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšäžåœã¯ç³æ²¹ã®äºå€§æ¶è²»åœã§ããæ£ãã æ©èœããŠããåžå Žã®ååŒã§ãäžåœããããšããã ã調éããã°ã ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯å¥ã®ãšãããã調éã ãããšã«ãªããŸããããã§åé¡ã«ãªãããã®ã¯ãå¯ äžãäžåœãåžå Žä»¥äžã®äŸ¡æ Œã§èª¿éãããšããå Ž åã§ãã ãããçãããããããå¯èœã§ãããšã¯ æããŸãããããããäžåœããããæããã©ã ããä»®ã«åžå Žä»¥äžã®äŸ¡æ Œã§èª¿éã§ãããšããŠãã ããã¯åºæ¬çã«çžæåœããã®å奪ãšããããšã« ãªããŸãã倧éšåã®çžæåœã¯ãèªåãå奪ããã ååŒã«çœ²åããã»ã©æãã§ã¯ãããŸãããå®é ã®ãšãããäžåœäººã¯æ¿æ²»çãªåžžèã«é·ããŠããŠã åžå Žä»¥äžã®äŸ¡æ Œã§ååŒããããšãèªåã®å©çã« ãªããªããšããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ãã©ãŒæ°ã«ããã°ãäžåœã®æŽå©ãç±³åœæ¿åºå 㫠奜å°è±¡ãçã¿åºããŠããã®ã¯æããã§ãäžçé è¡ã¯ãäžåœèŒžåºå ¥éè¡ãšã®ååé¢ä¿ãæ§ç¯ãã ããšããŠããã ãšèŠãããŠããã ãç°å¢ä¿å šå¯Ÿçã è æé²æ¢ã®ããã®èª¿éæ¿çã«ã€ããŠäžåœãåŠ ã¹ãããã«ãäžçéè¡ã¯ãã§ã«å京äºåæã§ã ã¬ãŒãã³ã°ã»ã¯ãŒã¯ã·ã§ãããå®æœããŠããŸãã ã ãã¯çŽç²ã«æè²çãªãã®ã§ãäžçéè¡ã®ä»äºã 玹ä»ããŠããŸããç§ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«æ åœå±é·ã§ãã ããããäžåœãã¢ããªã«ãŸãã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ã®å€§èŠ æš¡æ¯æŽèšç»ãçå®ãããšãã«æã ã®çµéšã圹㫠ç«ã€ã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããããšã§ãã äžçéè¡ãšäžåœã®ååã«ãããããžã§ã¯ããžã® å ±ååºè³ãšããããšããããããšããŠããã©ãŒæ° ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªã£ãŠããã ãããã¯ç§ã®èŠè§£ã§ã ããäžçéè¡ãã€ã³ãã©ã»ãããžã§ã¯ããéçºã㊠ãã段éã§ãäžåœãåå ãåžæããŠè³éæäŸã ç³ãåºããšããã°ã倧æè¿ããã§ããããå¯Ÿè±¡åœ ã«ãšã£ãŠæªã話ã§ããã¯ãããªãã®ã§ãããã å ã»ã©è§ŠããŸããããäžåœã¯å€ãã®ç«¶äºå¥çŽã åã¡åã£ãŠããŸãã ã§ãããã ãããžã§ã¯ããé²è¡ ããååãªäºå調æ»ãšååãªç€ŸäŒçµæžçåæãã ããŠç°å¢ã¢ã»ã¹ã¡ã³ããå®æœããã段éã§äžåœ 茞åºå ¥éè¡ãåå ãšè³éæäŸãç³ãåºããšãã ã°ãç§ãšããŠã¯å€§è³æã§ãã äžéšã®äžçéè¡ã®è·å¡ã眲åçŽåã®å¥çŽãäž åœã«å¥ªãããŠè ¹ç«ãããæããŠããããšã«ã€ã ãŠã ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ãããç¡æå³ãšåãæšãŠãã ãèªå ãæºåããç©äºã«ã€ããŠè·å¡ãå€å°ã®ç¬å æè ããã€ã®ã¯åœç¶ãšããŠãããããã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãã® å©çã«ãªãããã§ã¯ãããŸãããâ
Regional overviews
äžåœïŒç€ŸäŒäž» 矩åžå Žçµæž
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China: socialist market economy China hit the world with a big splash, or perhaps a giant sneeze, in early March, this year when the previously record-breaking Shanghai stock market tumbled by 9 percent in a single day and set off falls like dominoes all round the world.
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ondon, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore and round again, all markets fell sharply, and investors wondered if this was a case of financial avian influenza starting in Shanghai. The Chinese official who said that when Shanghai goes down with a fever, the rest of the world sneezes was probably more accurate since as Jonathan Anderson, chief economist for Asia at UBS, correctly commented: âWhen you think of the Shanghai market, itâs best to think of it as another continent or even another planet.â Nevertheless, the nervous chain reaction was a sign that China has come of age in the global economy and what happens in Beijing or Shanghai or Guangzhou has to be watched carefully in New York, Washington, London, Brussels, and Tokyo. It does not take long to marvel at the immense progress that China has made since Deng Xiaoping daringly opened the doors to the outside world almost 30 years ago. Back in 1980, the only traffic on the main avenues of the capital were thousands of sit-up-and-beg bicycles, a few overcrowded buses and the occasional official limousine majestically sweeping past the solid Communist style blocks of flats and wretched huggermugger hutongs where the
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ãã³ãã³ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ãã·ãããŒãæ±äº¬ãéŠæž¯ãã·ã³ ã¬ããŒã«ããããŠããäžå·¡ããå šäžçã®æ ªåŒåžå Žã æ¥èœããæè³å®¶éã¯äžæµ·ãçºçå°ãšããé³¥ã€ã³ã ã«ãšã³ã¶ã®è延ã®ãããªäºæ ãéèçã«èµ·ãã£ãŠ ããã®ããšéŠãã²ãã£ããããããäžæµ·ãé«ç±ãåº ãã°äžçã¯ãããã¿ããããšèªã£ãäžåœé«å®ã®ã» ããæ£ããã ããããªããªããUBS瀟ã®éŠåžã¢ãžã¢ ãšã³ããã¹ãããžã§ããµã³ã»ã¢ã³ããŒãœã³ïŒJonathan AndersonïŒæ°ãç確ã«ã³ã¡ã³ãããããã«ã ãäžæµ· åžå Žã«ã€ããŠã¯ã1ã€ã®å€§éžã ãŸãã¯1ã€ã®ææãšã ãŠèããã®ãæé©ãã ããã§ããã ãšã¯ããã ãã®ç· è¿«ããé£éåå¿ã瀺ãããšãããä»ãäžåœã¯ã°ã㌠ãã«çµæžã«ãããäžå¡ãšããŠæé·ããã®ã§ãããå 京ãäžæµ·ãåºå·ã§èµ·ãã£ãŠããåºæ¥äºãããã¥ãŒãš ãŒã¯ãã¯ã·ã³ãã³ããã³ãã³ã ããªã¥ãã»ã«ãæ±äº¬ã¯æ³š æããŠèŠå®ã£ãŠããå¿ èŠãããã é§å°å¹³ïŒDeng XiaopingïŒæ°ãçŽ30幎åã«éæžé æŸãæ¢è¡ããŠä»¥æ¥ãäžåœãå®çŸããŠãã倧ããªé² æ©ã¯ããŸãã«èãããŸã§ããªãã»ã©ã®é©ç°ã§ããã 1980幎ãæãèµ·ããã°ãéŠéœã®äž»ã ã£ãè¡è·¯ãé ã亀éæ©é¢ãšããã°ãäœåãã®ç«ã¡ä¹ãèªè»¢è»ãšã» ãã®æ°å°ã®æºå¡ãã¹ããããããªããå ±ç£åç¹æã® å åºãªã¢ããŒã矀ãæšãã«èå»ãã貧æ°è¡ã®è¡å ã®åããæ¿åºé¢ä¿è ã®ãªã ãžã³ãææå³ãã«èµ°ã å»ã£ãŠããã°ããã§ãã£ããäžæµ·åžå京路ã®ããåº å ã§ã¯äººã ã矀ãããã·ã§ãŒã±ãŒã¹ã«ããé補ã®èŽ æ²¢ãªçœ®ç©ã®ããã€ãã«æåãšæºæ¯ã®å£°ããããŠã ãã®ãå°è±¡çã§ãã£ãã ãšãããä»æ¥ãå京äžå¿éšã«ãããã«æ®ãè¡åå°
poor Chinese lived. On Shanghaiâs Nanjing åºã¯ããã«ãå¥åŠãªæŽå²çéºç©ãšãªããããåã« Road I remember seeing crowds clustered ã¯ãã®ã¹ã©ã çããããŸããšå šãå¯Ÿç §çã«ããããš round a shop window which had a couple ããããé«çŽãã¡ãã·ã§ã³ãã©ã³ããæ±ãåæ¥ãã« of gold figurines on display âooohingâ and ãèŒããã°ããã«å»ºã¡äžŠãã§ãããã®ã§ãããçŽ«çŠ åã®è¿ãããã€ãŠã¯èªè»¢è»ãšç²æ«ãªååºãã²ããã âaaahingâ at such luxury. Today, the few remaining hutongs in éãã§ãã£ãçåºäºããçŸåšã¯ãã¶ã€ããŒã·ã§ãã the centre of Beijing are an historic oddity ãããµãã芳å ã¬ã€ãã§ã¯ãå京ã®ã·ã£ã³ãŒãªãŒé and look distinctly slummy alongside the ãããšåŒç§°ãããã»ã©ã§ãããè¡è·¯ãå é ããŠãã èªè»¢è»ããå€çš®å€æ§ãªäžçæµé«çŽè»ã«éããã㣠sparkling palaces to commerce with all the ãŠããŸã£ãã luxury fashion brands you can think of. Wangfujing, a street close to the Forbidden ããããããã®ããšã¯å šãŠãäžåœå éšã§èµ·ããå¥è·¡ ã®ã»ãã®è¡šé¢çãªçŸãã«éããªããããã¯ãå®ç© City that teemed with bicycles and small ã®ãã©ã¹ããã¯ç©å ·ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®éšåã«ãã scruffy shops, is now called âthe Champs ãããããçš®é¡ã®è£œé å·¥å Žãèšçœ®ããããšéŠæž¯ã Elysées of Beijingâ in tourist guides, thanks ãã®ä»ã®å€åœäººæè³å®¶ãæ¥éã«å ¥ã蟌ã¿ãäžåœã to the proliferation of shining designer ãäžçã®å·¥å ŽããšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«ãªã£ãããšã§ã stores. The bicycles, previously rulers of the ãããŸããïŒæ¡ã®æé·ã30幎éè¿ãã«ããã£ãŠç¶ã road, have been pushed to the side to make ãçµæãäžåœã®éœåžã¯äžçã§æãæ±æãããåå° ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ãã way for a display of the worldâs best cars. But this is only the external sign of åããéèŠãªããšã¯ãäžåœã®äžéå±€ãæ¶è²»ãæ¡å€§ã Chinaâs internal miracle that has seen Hong å§ããããããã€ãŠã¯å£®å€§ãªç¥è©±ã§ãããªãã£ã Kong and foreign investors rushing to set 10å人åžå ŽãšããŠã®äžåœãã€ãã«çŸå®ãšãªããã up factories making everything from cheap ç¥ããªãã®ã§ãããäžçéè¡äžåœããã³ã¢ã³ãŽã« plastic toys to computer parts that have å±ã®ããããã»ãã©ãŒïŒDavid DollarïŒæ°ã¯ã2007幎 ãäºæž¬ given the country the title of âworkshop of ã¯åœãã幎ã«ãªãããã ãšã®èŠèŸŒã¿ã«ãµãã the worldâ. Double-digit growth for almost ã§ã¯ã2007幎ã«äžåœã¯èŒžå ¥ã®äŒžã³ã«é¢ããŠåã㊠米åœãæããäžçåžå Žã«ãããæ°èŠéèŠã®æ倧㮠three decades has also made Chinese cities æºã«ãªããšèããããŠããŸãããšèšãã the most polluted on earth. Equally significant, the great myth of å€ãã®éè¡ã¯ãã§ã«ããã®éèŠãªé²å±ã«ã€ããŠèª èããŠãããHSBCéè¡ãå®æœãããéŠæž¯ã ãœãŠã«ãäž China as the market of a billion people may æµ·ãæ±äº¬çã¢ãžã¢6éœåžã察象ã«ãã貯èãšæ¶è²»ã 4 finally be turning into fact as the Chinese
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Dollar: I donât think that economists can really predict the future.
middle classes begin to spend. David Dollar, World Bank country director for China and Mongolia, says that 2007 is likely to be a banner year: âWe predict that 2007 will be the first year when the increase in Chinaâs imports will be greater than the increase in US imports, so that China is the largest source of new demand in the world market.â Bankers have already noticed the important breakthrough. HSBC conducted a survey of saving and spending patterns in six Asian cities, including Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai and Tokyo, and discovered the highest propensity to spend was in Shanghai. Yasuhiro Sato, managing director of Mizuho Corporate Bank, says that, âFive years ago Japanese companies went into the Chinese market because we enjoyed cheap wages, but now we are opening factories and even offices in China because of the huge market. In Shanghai, a huge number of people earn big salaries, and in many families the wife also works. They are already starting to buy cars and TVs and spend a lot of money.
âSo in certain areas, like Shanghai, Dalian and others, not entire China yet, this market ã¿ãŒã³ã®èª¿æ»ã§ã¯ãæã匷ãæ¶è²»åŸåã瀺ããã® is growing substantially. Take Shiseido, the ã¯äžæµ·ã§ãã£ãããŸããã¿ãã»ã³ãŒãã¬ãŒãéè¡åžž ã5幎å cosmetics company, they are selling many, ååç· åœ¹ã®äœè€åº·åæ°ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«èªãã ã®æ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã¯ãè³éã®å®ããæ±ããŠäžåœåžå Žã«é² many products in China. If we take only the åºããŸããããçŸåšã¯äžåœã®å·šå€§åžå Žãç®åœãŠã« Shanghai market, it is the same as the entire å·¥å Žãäºåæãèšçœ®ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããäžæµ· Japanese market. If the women in Shanghai ã«ã¯ããããŠå€ãã®é«é¡æåŸè ãããããŸããå€ã city started to use lipstick, it is the same as ã®äžåž¯ã¯å ±åãã§ãã圌ãã¯ãã§ã«è»ããã¬ãã all the women in Japan, including young è³Œå ¥ãã掻çºã«æ¶è²»ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã] girls and babies. It is a huge market and ããããã£ãŠãä»ã¯ãŸã äžåœå šäœã§ã¯ãªãã«ã㊠growing. Japanese companies understand ããäžæµ·ã倧é£ãªã©ã®ç¹å®ã®å°åã§ã¯åžå Žã¯å€§ã that and are starting to open many sales ãæ¡å€§ããŠããã®ã§ããïŒäŸãšããŠãå粧åäŒç€Ÿã® offices. 7-eleven, the convenience store, is è³çå ã¯ãäžåœã§éåžžã«å€ãã®è£œåã販売ããŠã ãŸããäžæµ·åžå Žã ãã§ãã æ¥æ¬åžå Žå šäœã«å¹æµãã opening more than a thousand branches.â Dollar, who speaks Putonghua (Mandarin) èŠæš¡ããã¡ãŸããããäžæµ·åžã®å¥³æ§ãå£çŽ ãã€ãã is one of the fans of the countryâs economic ããã«ãªãã°ãããã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã§åäŸãèµ€ãåãå«ã progress and is relaxed about the stock å šå¥³æ§ãå£çŽ ãã€ããã®ãšåãããšã«ãªãã®ã§ãã ããã¯ãã巚倧ãªåžå Žã§ããã ãããæé·ããŠãã market drop, which he views as âbasically ããã§ããããããããšãæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã¯ããç解ã㊠good because stock prices had got a little ãããäžåœã«å€æ°ã®å¶æ¥æãéèšããããã«ãªã£ãŠ bit overblown, and there was some of that ããŸããã³ã³ãããšã³ã¹ã¹ãã¢ã®ã»ãã³ã€ã¬ãã³ãã irrational exuberance that Alan Greenspan 1000åºãè¶ ããåºèãéããŠããŸãã used to talk about in the United States. äžåœæ®é話ïŒå京èªïŒã話ããã©ãŒæ°ã¯äžåœçµæž Markets go up and down, and it is very ã®æé·ãåã¶ïŒäººã§ããããä»åã®æ ªäŸ¡ã®äžèœ important that Chinese people understand ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¥œèŠ³çã§ããã圌ã¯ãããã ãåºæ¬çã« that these prices go up and down and the è¯ãããšã§ãããªããªããæ ªäŸ¡ã¯å°ã é«å€ãã€ã stock market doesnât just go up. éããŠããŸããããã¢ã©ã³ã»ã°ãªãŒã³ã¹ãã³ïŒAlan âThe basic growth trends here are very GreenspanïŒæ°ãç±³åœã§èšã£ãŠãããããªãéåç positive, but there are all kinds of risks. ãªç±çããšãããã®ã確ãã«ãããŸãããããåžå Ž This may be boring, but I donât think that ã¯å€åãããã®ã§ããçžå Žãšã¯äžäžãããã®ã§ãæ ª economists can really predict the future. We 䟡ãäžããã°ããã§ã¯ãªããšäžåœäººãç解ããã® have projections but we are pretty careful ã¯ã倧å€éèŠãªããšã§ã] to say that these are really under plausible ãåºæ¬çãªæé·åŸåã¯å€§å€ããžãã£ãã§ãããã scenarios and there are a lot of unexpected ãããã¯ãæ§ã ãªãªã¹ã¯ããããŸããããèšã£ãŠããŸã things that can happen. We are projecting a ãšã€ãŸããªããããããŸãããããšã³ããã¹ããå° æ¥ãæ¬åœã«äºæž¬ã§ããããšããã°ãããã¯æããŸã minor slowdown in Chinese growth in 2007 ãã確ãã«äºæž¬å€ãåºãããšã¯ã§ããŸãããããã to 9.6 percent.â The World Bank forecast ã¯ãããŸã§ãä»åŸèµ·ãããããªã·ããªãªãåæãšã㊠is happily in the middle of most forecasts ãããšããããšã«æ³šæããªããã°ãªããŸãããäºæ³ that range narrowly between 8.8 and 10.9 å€ã®åºæ¥äºãèµ·ããå¯èœæ§ã¯å€ãã«ããã®ã§ãã percent. 2007幎ã«ã¯äžåœã®æé·çã¯ããäžãã£ãŠ9.6ã㌠Economists generally say that the ã»ã³ãã«ãªããšäºæž¬ãããŠããŸãããäžçéè¡ã®äº fundamentals are good for strong Chinese 枬ã¯ã倧æ¹ã®äºæž¬ã8.8ãã10.9ããŒã»ã³ãã®éã growth, meaning continuing rapid å°ããæšç§»ãããªãã§ãã¡ããã©ãã®äžéå€ããšã£ productivity gains; an inflow of labour ãŠããã from the countryside to the cities; healthy å€ãã®ãšã³ããã¹ãã¯ãäžåœã®å匷ãæé·ã«ã¯æå© ãªåºç€çæ¡ä»¶ãæã£ãŠãããšèšããã€ãŸããçç£æ§ ã¯åŒãç¶ãæ¥éã«äžæããŠãããåŽååã¯å°æ¹ãã éœåžã«æµå ¥ãç¶ããã€ã³ãã©æè³ã¯å 調ã§éœåžéš ã®éå¯åãé²ãã§ããããããŠãäžåœã¯äžççµæžãž ã®çµ±åããã£ããé²ããŠããã®ã§ããã ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ ããã«ãå€åœäººã®å€ãã¯å京ãäžæµ·ã«åŒ·ãå°è±¡ã åããããã©ãã ãäžåœã®å€§éœåžéäžã®çšåºŠã¯ãç§ ãæãã€ãä»ã®åœãšæ¯ã¹ãŠããã£ãšå°ãããã®ã§ ããäžåœã«ã¯çç£æŽ»åã®æŽ»çºãªå€§éœåžãæ°å€ãã ãã ã©ããã®ïŒéœåžã ãã§GDPïŒåœå ç·çç£ïŒã®ã» ãšãã©ãçã¿åºããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããéå¯ åé¡ããããŸã§æ·±å»ãªããã§ã¯ãããŸããã
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Wangfujing, is now called âthe Champs Elysées of Beijingâ in tourist guides, thanks to the proliferation of shining designer stores.
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WiA Delegate Publication
97
Regional overviews
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U B S 瀟 ã®ãžã§ããµã³ã»ã¢ã³ããŒãœã³ïŒJ o n a t h a n AndersonïŒæ°ã¯ãäžåœã®çµæžçºå±ã«é¢ããé·å€§ã ã€ç¶¿å¯ãªåæãè¡ããªãã§ã ãäžåœçµæžã«ã€ããŠèª¬ æããã®ã¯ãç²äººãšè±¡ã®ããšã話ã«ã䌌ãŠããã ãš èªãããäºãã«ççŸããç¹è³ªãããããã§ããã ã ãã圌ã«ããã°ãçŸåšã®ããã«çºå±ããäžåœã¯ã ãæ ¹ æ¬çã«ã¯ãåœå®¶èªå°ã§å€å°å€åæ§ãããªããåžå Ž çµæžã§ãã£ãŠãå€é¢ã ãåžå ŽããããããªäŒçµ±ç瀟 äŒäž»çŸ©äœå¶ã§ã¯ãããŸããããããŠããã¹ã³ãã㪠ããšèšãããšãäžåœçµæžã¯æ±ºããŠåŽ©å£ã«åãã£ãŠãª ã©ããªãã ãšã¢ã³ããŒãœã³æ°ã¯åŒ·èª¿ãããäžåœæ¿åº ææã®çµæžã®èŠæš¡ã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠä»ã®ã©ã®ã¢ãžã¢ã® åœããã倧ãããåŽååã¯å šäœã®6ããŒã»ã³ããé çšããã«ãšã©ãŸãããåœå ç·çç£ã®28ããŒã»ã³ãã çç£çè³ç£ã®åå以äžãå ããŠããã®ã§ããã ãã ãéåžžã«è³¢æã«ããæ¿åºã¯åžå Žåçãå°å ¥ããŠåœ å¶äŒæ¥ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
Bicycles, previously rulers of the road, have been pushed to the side to make way for cars.
infrastructure investment keeping the cities from getting too congested; and Chinaâs increasing integration with the world economy. Dollar adds that although most foreigners are impressed by Beijing and Shanghai, âChina has much less concentration in a few big cities than any other economy that I can think of. You have lots of major cities in China that are significant producers, so you donât have any one city producing too much of GDP and the congestion problems are not too serious. âMigrants also tend to migrate within their own province, so China has cities that you and I have never heard of that have grown significantly in population by migration to three to five million people.â Perhaps the biggest surprise is that China has continued to grow relatively smoothly without any of the crises that were predicted. In the late 1990s, for example, many economists were fearful of the effects of mass shedding of labour by the bloated state enterprises. But workers have found new jobs in the growing economy. Dollar comments that various studies show that âworkers who are older than 45 have had trouble finding work or have had to take a lower wage or premature retirement on quite a modest pension, so there is some real hardship that I would not want to minimise. But the workers who were under 45 have mostly moved into the private sector at higher wages.â Jonathan Anderson of UBS in a long and thoughtful analysis of Chinaâs economic development admits that âdescribing Chinaâs economy can resemble the tale of the blind men and the elephantâ because of the contradictory evidence. But he sees China today as having evolved to âa 98
fundamentally market economy with stateinduced distortions, rather than a traditional socialist system with a market veneer. And despite what you might read in the press, the economy is NOT (his italics) heading for disaster. Anderson says the government still owns more of the economy than any other Asian economy, accounting for 28 percent of gross domestic product, more than half of productive assets, though only 6 percent of the workforce. But, very cleverly, the government has employed market forces to control the state sector.
Chinaâs âuneasy house between socialism and capitalism⊠is a system of Leninist corporatism â and it is this that is breaking downâ Some of Chinaâs risks are also clear. Dollar points to Chinaâs large trade surplus now running at a rolling $200 billion a year: âIt doesnât make much sense for China to be a big net exporter of capital. They are excited that their firms are starting to invest overseas, which is great, but I see more foreign investor interest in China than I see potential outflow from China.â Trade imbalances could also produce a sharper than expected contraction in the US. Dollar notes that, âChina is not THAT dependant on the US market, but the US market is important, so there will be some drop-off in the growth of Chinese exports and some Chinese firms will not be expanding as quickly, they may have problems servicing their loans, and that will have a ripple effect.â It could also pose the
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China
analysis, mortgage-backed securities. At the moment, while the economy is doing well, companies are managing to get bank loans â predominantly the main source in a still developing financial system. A World Bank random survey in 120 cities of 12,400 manufacturing concerns showed that more than half of the lending from the banking system goes to majority privately owned companies. Directed lending to state enterprises and guanxi (connections) inspired lending still happens but with less intensity. But the real crunch will be when there is a crisis or contraction to see who suffers first, the well connected or the well managed companies.
crucible test for Chinaâs financial system, which some economists see as the weak spot in the countryâs economic miracle. Dollar says that the âstill weak financial systemâ is a major reason why China is reluctant to let its currency float freely: âI would not let it float now because I donât think that they have the underlying financial institutions to manage a fully liberalised capital account. A lot of developing countries have had financial crises when they have liberalised the capital account, with a still weak financial system.â But how weak is weak? Dollar says that only time and a shock will tell: âWe will only find out how much real reform there has been in the financial system when there is some serious shock. That is when you find out - have these Chinese banks reformed their lending practises and how many nonperfoming loans develop quickly.â The Chinese government has also cleverly tried to apply some of the same market techniques used on the other state enterprises to try to discipline the big banks, with stock market listings, shareholdings by big international banks (in three of Chinaâs big four) and the intrusion of outside experts to hasten the cleanup. Dollar has the triple advantage of being a Putonghua speaker, an economist and a development banker â and he is also a friend of some of the foreign experts now working in the banks â and he still admits that he does not know the truth of the banksâ situation. âThere are some positive things happening,â he says, âbut there are whole parts of the operations of these banks where the foreign investing partners are not fully aware of all the lending activity. It is kind of inevitable because some of these banks have thousands of branches and hundreds of thousands of employees.â But the foreigners are not running away in horror or crying on Dollarâs shoulder. Chinese banksâ lending practices are still conservative and traditional, focussed on collateral based lending, whereas banks in the West have developed a whole array of lending products, for example, lending against receivables, small scale loans without collateral based on cash flow
© UPPA / Photoshot
Workers who are older than 45 have had trouble finding work or have had to take a lower wage
Finance Minister Jin Renqing said in March that a new agency would seek to âmaximise the profitsâ for Chinaâs foreign exchange reserves of more than $1 trillion.
äžåœã®éè¡ã¯ãŸã æ ä¿ããŒã¹ã®è²žä»ãäžå¿ãšã ãäŒçµ±çãªæ é掟èè³æ¥åãè¡ã£ãŠããã®ã§ã欧 ç±³ã®éè¡ã売æåµæš©æ ä¿èè³ããã£ãã·ã¥ãã㌠åæãåºã«ããç¡æ ä¿ã®å°å£è²žä»ãã¢ãŒã²ãŒãžèšŒ åžãšãã£ãæ°ã ã®èè³ååãéçºããŠããã®ãšã¯ å¯Ÿç §çã§ããã奜æ¯æ°ã®çŸåšãäŒæ¥ãé Œã¿ãšã㊠ããéè¡èè³ã¯ãããŸã çºå±éäžã®éèã·ã¹ãã ã®ãªãã§å§åçã«éèŠãªè³éæºã§ãããäžçé è¡ã120ã®éœåžã§12,400ã®è£œé äŒæ¥ã察象ã«ã©ã³ ãã ã«è¡ã£ã調æ»ã§ã¯ãéè¡èè³ã®éåæ°ãå ¬å ± æ ªäž»ãååæªæºã®äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠè¡ãããŠããããš ã瀺ããããåœå¶äŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããèè³çµ±å¶ããé¢ä¿ïŒ guanxiïŒã³ãïŒã«åºã¥ã貞ä»ãä»ãªãè¡ãããŠã ããã以åã»ã©ã§ã¯ãªãã ããããåžå Žçž®å°ãææ ãçºçãããšãã«ãéå¶ããã£ããããäŒç€Ÿãšé¢ä¿ ãããããããäŒç€Ÿã®ã©ã¡ããå ã«è¢«å®³ãåãã ããæ¬åœã®åããç®ã§ããã äžåœã®èšŒåžååŒæãæžå¿µææã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã¯ã ã®ããã§ããã ãšãã©ãéãæã«ããããã«ã¿ãã ããè¿ä»£çµæžã®äžã§éè仲ä»æ©é¢ãšããŠæ©èœãã ãªããã°ãªããªããäžæµ·ã¯ä»ã§ãã©ã¡ãããšããã° è³åå Žã®ãããªãšããã§ãããããã§ã¯åœãéè¡å®¶ ã§æè³å®¶ã¯éšãããããã«ã¢ã®ãããªãã®ã§ããã å®éã«ãå°ããªèšŒåžäŒç€Ÿã ãšã人æ°æãçãçžå Žåž« éãããã€ããŠããã®ãç®ã«ããããšããããäžå Ž äŒç€Ÿã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯åœå¶äŒæ¥ã§ãããäžæµ·ã¯ãã³ãã³ ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ãéŠæž¯ãšã¯éã£ãŠãäŒç€Ÿãæ¥çžŸãäž ããŠå©çãåºã蚌åžååŒã®åºæºãæºããã°äžå Žã® æ©äŒãã€ããããšãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããŸããæè³å®¶ ã®å€æãäŒç€Ÿã®é©åãªç®è«èŠæžãããšã«è¡ãã㊠ãããšããã®ã§ããªããäžåœã®ååŒæã§ã¯ããã«ã åœå¶äŒæ¥ã§ãååŸã«èŠåŽããæ¿åºèšç»éšéã®èš±å¯ ãå¿ èŠã§ãããšããå®åçé害ããããããäœç€Ÿ ãã®å€§äŒæ¥ã¯ããã£ãŠæµ·å€ã§äžå ŽããŠãããéè¡è è³ã¯çæ貞ä»éã§ãããæé·äžã®äŒæ¥ã¯æ ªåŒåžå Ž ãæäŸã§ããããé·æçãªè³éãæ±ããŠããããã¡ ããé©åã«èŠå¶ãããæ ªåŒåžå Žã§ããã°ã決å®æš© ã¯å人æè³å®¶ã«å§ãããã決å®ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ã ãåœå®¶æš©åã¯çž®å°ãããã ããã¯äžåœã«ãšã£ãŠé倧 ãªåé¡ã«ãªããããããªãã ãŸããäžåœã«ã¯åµæš©åž å Žã¯ååšããªããæ¿åºã¯ãããäœãçŽæãããŠãã ãã®ã®ã ããã§ããŸãå®åãæš©éãææŸãããšã㪠ãã®ã§ããã
This is why there should be worries about the Chinese stock markets. They need to be brought in from outer space to play a role in the financial intermediation of a modern economy. Shanghai is still more like a gambling casino with the state as the banker and the punters gullible potential suckers. In some of the small brokerages you can actually see the punters wandering round in traditional Chinese pyjamas. The quoted companies are mainly state enterprises. Shanghai is not like London or New York or Hong Kong, where good performance and profits, and meeting the stock exchangeâs standards, will lead to the opportunity of a listing, and investors can judge whether å€åœäººæè³å®¶ããäžåœã®æåãªæ©é¢æè³å®¶ããäž they want to put their money in based on åœã®æ ªåŒåžå Žã§ã¯ãªãã®åœ¹å²ãæãããŠããªãã the appropriate prospectus. The Chinese å€åœäººã®åå ¥ã¯ãæè³æ Œæ©é¢æè³å®¶ãããã°ã©ã ãš markets have the extra bureaucratic hurdle åŒã°ããè€éã§å¶éçãªå¶åºŠã«ãã£ãŠé»ãŸããŠã of needing the approval of a planning ããããäžåœæ¬åã®èšŒåžååŒæã§å€åœäººæè³å®¶ã agency, which has proved stingy with its 人æ°å 建ãŠã®æ ªåŒãè³Œå ¥ããããšãçŠããããŠã permissions even to state companies, so ããäžåœåœå ã«ã¯ã«ã«ããŒã¹ïŒCalpers = California that several big ones have listed abroad Public Employeesâ Retirement SystemïŒã欧米 instead. Bank lending is short-term money, ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªå¹Žéåºéã«ããããã®ã¯ãªããåœç¶ã åžå Žã®å¥å šåã«è²¢ç®ãããŠã©ãŒã¬ã³ã»ããã§ããïŒ and growing companies need access to Warren BuffetïŒæ°ã®ãããªå€§æè³å®¶ãããªãããã longer term funds, which a stock market can ããããšããäžæµ·åžå Žã®äžèœã¯ãæ ªäŸ¡é«éš°ãæžå¿µ offer. Of course, a properly regulated stock ããæ¿åºãçžå Žåž«éã«ãäžãããã®ã¯å¿ ãäžããã market also leaves decisions in the hands of ãšããæèšãå©ã蟌ãããã«æå ã«æ瀺ãäžãã private investors and reduces the power of ãšããé°è¬èª¬ããŸãã¯äžéšã®ãã¬ãŒã€ãŒã3000ã the state to control all the decisions, which åžå Žã®ããžãã¯ãã³ããŒãšæ±ºããŠå£²ãå§ããã®ã may be a critical problem for China. China é£éåå¿ãåŒãã ãšãããã説ãªã©ã«ã€ããŠãè° also lacks a corporate bond market, though è«ãèµ·ããã®ãäžæè°ã§ã¯ãªãã the government has promised that it will ãã¡ãããããã§ãå€åœã®ãã³ãã£ãŒæè³è³é㯠ããã³ãã£ãŒæ develop one, and again, the bureaucrats are äžåœããç®ãé¢ããªãããã©ãŒæ°ã¯ã è³è³éã¯æè³ç®çã§äžåœåžå Žãã¶ãã€ããŠããŸã reluctant to give up control. Neither foreigners nor big Chinese ããæ€éæ¹æ³ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ©ãã§ããŸãããšææããã institutional investors play a role in the ã掻åããæ°éäŒæ¥ãžã®é·æçãªãã³ãã£ãŒæè³ Chinese stock markets. The foreigners are ãããã«å®çŸããŠãããããããããã§ã®æ¬åœã®å é¡ãªã®ã§ãã held at bay by a convoluted and limiting scheme called the Qualified Institutional ããšããäžçã®å·¥å Žããšããã®ãèæ§çãªè¡šçŸã§ Investor programme, and China does not ããã«ããŠããäžåœã¯å€åãç¶ããŠãããäŸãã°ã 2005幎ãš2006幎ã«ã¯ãç¡éã«å©çšå¯èœãšèããã allow overseas investors to purchase Yuan- ãŠããå®äŸ¡ãªåŽååãã€ãã«æ¯æžãå§ããããã dominated shares trading on the mainland ã§åã³ãäžçéè¡ã®ããããã»ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ããªã㶠exchanges. Nor is there any Chinese ãŒããŒãšããŠã®æå©ãªç«å Žãã次ã®ããã«èªãã4 domestic equivalent of Calpers or the big WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
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The few remaining hutongs (slums) in the centre of Beijing are an historic oddity and look distinctly slummy alongside the sparkling palaces to commerce.
pension funds of the West, let alone a Warren Buffet, which act to keep markets honest. So it is not surprising to hear disputes as to whether the Shanghai market fell because of a conspiracy â the government decided that it had gone too high and instructed its minions to teach the punters that what goes up can go down â or a cock-up â some players decided that 3,000 was a magic market number and began to sell, setting off a chain reaction. Of course, none of this has stopped foreign venture capital funds from looking at China, and Dollar notes that, âThere are venture capital funds wandering around China interested in investing, but they are worried about what their exit strategy is.â He adds that, âgetting long-term risk capital to the dynamic private firms, that is a real issue here.â
The government faces popular pressures that it is not easy for any prospering country to rein in Even as the fabled âworkshop of the worldâ China is changing, and one of the things that began to occur in 2005 and 2006 was the drying up of the seemingly endless supply of cheap labour. Again, the World Bankâs David Dollar is in a good position to observe and he notes that: âIn the last few years there has been a sharp increase in manufacturing wages and just ordinary worker wages in China. The days (of factories moving from the east coast to the hinterland in search of cheaper labour) are gradually ending. It is what you would expect, and thatâs a very healthy development, making peopleâs lives better and also pushing China out of its competitiveness at the low end of the manufacturing scale. So China is losing its comparative advantage in garments, footwear, the low end of electronics and 100
æåã¯ãŸããæ°ããªèª²é¡ãçã¿åºããã®ã§ãããçµ æžããŒã ã«ããå ¬å®³ã®æ¡å€§ã¯ã ãã®åœã蚪ãã誰 ããé¡ãèºã§å®æã§ããã»ã©ãæçœãªåé¡ãšãªã£ãŠ ãããããããã»ãã©ãŒæ°ã¯ããã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ç©å¥ãª èŠè§£ã瀺ããäžåœãèªå·±æ¬äœã«èããŠãæ±æã®æµ åã¯èº«ã®ããã§ãããšå説ããã ãéå»20幎éã«äž åœã®ã»ãšãã©ã®éœåžã¯ã倧æ°æ±æãæ¹åããŠããŸã ãã1986幎ã¯ãç²åç¶ç©è³ªã«ãã倧æ°æ±æãç³ç ççŒã«ããç €å¡µã¯ããªãã²ã©ããã®ã§ããã ããã ç €å¡µããçããå»ççµè²»ã¯ãåœå šäœã§ã¯ã£ãããšå çã«çž®å°ããŸããã ãšã¯ãããç¶æ³ã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠã²ã© ããã®ã§ãã倧æ°äžã«æµ®éããç²åç¶ç©è³ªã«é¢ã ãŠææªã®ç¶æ ã«ãããšãããäžç30éœåžã®ãã¡ã® 20ãäžåœã®éœåžãªã®ã§ãã
is increasingly importing components from Vietnam and Bangladesh because wages in China are maybe three times higher than in Vietnam or Bangladesh. âIt may be hard to convince each industry, but you donât want to be competitive in everything. The overall trade surplus is a problem, so if you are competitive in everything, thatâs a real signal that your äžçéè¡ã¯ã倧æ°ãšæ°Žã®æ±æã«ããå¥åº·è¢«å®³ã«ã ããGDPã³ã¹ãã«ã€ããŠç»æçãªç 究ãå®æœã㊠exchange rate is not appropriate. The wage ãããçµæã¯ãŸã åºãŠããªããããã©ãŒæ°ã¯ãã®ã rise is one factor in the adjustment . ãã«è¿°ã¹ãŠããã ã質çãªçµè«ãäžèšã§èšããªãã ã³ Success inevitably breeds new challenges. ã¹ãã¯ç倧ã ãšããããšããããŠã倧æ°ãšæ°Žã®æ±æã The pollution created by the booming æžãã察çãè¬ããããšã¯äžåœèªèº«ã®å©çã«å€§ã economy is one obvious problem that hits ãè²¢ç®ãããšããããšã§ããäžççãªç°å¢åé¡ã¯ã² any visitor in the face and lungs. David ãšãŸãèã«ãããŠãç°å¢æµåã®ããã®æè¡ãæŽ»çš Dollar takes a gentle approach, urging that a ããã°ãããã¯äžåœã®å©çã«ãªãã®ã§ããå€ãã®å Ž cleanup is in Chinaâs self interest. He asserts åãå¿ èŠãªèšåã¯ãã§ã«èšçœ®ãããŠããŸããåã«äœ¿ that, âin most Chinese cities the air pollution ãããŠããªãã ãã§ããããããèšåã皌åããã has improved over the past 20 years. In 1986 ã®ã«è¥å¹²ã®è²»çšã¯ããããŸãããçŠç¥é¢ã§å šäœç ã«ãã©ã¹ã®å¹æãããããããã§ãããã人ã ã¯é· particulates in the air and the grime through çãããŠç æ°ã§å¯èŸŒãæ¥æ°ãæžããåŒåžåšç³»çŸæ£ã the use of coal were pretty appalling. The æžå°ãããšãã£ãããã«ã§ããç§éãäžæµ·ãšéæ ¶ã§ health cost comes from the particulates and è¡ã£ãå é§çãªèª¿æ»ã«ããã°ã人ã ã¯ããããªç©º that has declined in China, measurably and æ°ãšæ°Žã®ããã«ã¯ã³ã¹ããè² æ ããŠãããŸããªã dramatically, but it is still bad. China still ãšèããŠããŸãããäžåœã倧æ°æµåã«çæããŠããå° has 20 of the 30 worst cities in the world in çæž©æåã®åé¡ã¯äžçäžãåãçµãã¹ã課é¡ãšã ãŠäŸç¶ãšããŠæ®ãããŠããã terms of suspended particulates.â The World Bank is doing a path-breaking äžåœã®ããäžã€ã®èª²é¡ã¯ãéèå¶åºŠæ¹é©ãå®æœãã study to calculate the GDP costs of air and ãããæ³çãªæ çµã¿ã§ãã£ãããšèŠå¶ããããšã§ water pollution on health. Results are not ããããã®ç®çã¯åã«éè¡ã®è²žä»ãæŽçããŠãã in but, Dollar says, âThe qualitative punch ã蚪ããæ¯æ°åŸéã«åããããã§äžå¯é¿çã«çºç line is that the costs are serious and that it is ããäžè¯åµæš©ã«ã€ããŠããã¡ããšåŠçã§ãããã very much in Chinaâs private interest to take ã«ãããšããããšã°ããã§ã¯ãªããã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ measures to reduce air and water pollution. ïŒADBïŒç·è£ã®é»ç°æ±åœŠæ°ã¯ããã®ããã«å¿ èŠãª ä»»åãšæéã«ã€ããŠã¯èªä¿¡ãæã£ãŠããã ãããã Ignore the global issues for the moment, it éèã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãã¯ãããäžåœã®åžå Žçµæžåã®é²å± would be in Chinaâs interest to use cleaner ã«é¢ããŠã¯ã¢ã³ããŒãœã³æ°ã»ã©æ¥œèŠ³çã§ã¯ãªãé» technologies. In many cases the equipment ç°æ°ã¯ãä»å¹Žã±ã³ããªããžã§è¡ã£ãè¬æŒã®äžã§ãäž has been installed. It is just not used. It is åœã®åœå¶éè¡ã¯éå¹çãªãŸãŸã§ãå·šé¡ãªäžè¯åµæš© going to cost a little bit more to use the ãæ±ããå±éºæ§ããããŸãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã ãäžåœã equipment, but it will have an overall positive WTOïŒäžç貿ææ©é¢ïŒã«å çããããã«ã¯ãéèåž welfare effect. People will live longer and å ŽãéæŸããŠå€åœäººãåå ¥ã§ããããã«ããå¿ èŠ have fewer sick days, respiratory illnesses, ããããŸããããã¯æããã«ãéå¹çãªåœå¶éè¡ã« and things like that. Our pioneering surveys ãšã£ãŠé£é¡ãšãªããŸãããããã®éè¡ã¯ãããŸã§ä»¥ in Shanghai and Chongqing show people äžã«äŒæ¥çµ±æ²»æ¹é©ãå®æœããçµå¶å¹çãé«ããè³ç£ å 容ãæ¹åããªããã°ãªããŸããã ãŸããéè¡ã®è³ are willing to pay for cleaner air and cleaner ç£å 容ã倧ãã決å®ããŠããåœå¶äŒæ¥ã«ã€ããŠãã water.â Cleaning up the air still largely leaves åŒãç¶ãæ¹é©ãæœããŠããããšãå¿ èŠãšãªããŸãã the challenge of greenhouse gases for the ããããã«åžå Žçµæžã®ããã®èŠå¶æ¹é©ãšãæèœãªäºº 4 rest of the world to cope with.
China
English language instruction. China could æã®ããç¬ç«ãã匷ãåžæ³å¶åºŠã«è£ä»ããããæ³ emerge as a base for IT and business äœç³»ãæ§ç¯ããããšãæ±ããããŸããåŸè ã®å®çŸã« process offshoring but, unless the country ã¯äžäžä»£ãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã addresses its looming labour shortage now, the global ambitions of Chinese companies äž åœ ã¯ æ¬¡ ã® çº å± æ®µ é ã« å ããæº å ã æŽã£ãŠã ãªããšããæèŠããã§ã«åºå§ããŠãããäžåœã« will probably be stymied.â åªç§ãªå€§åŠåæ¥è ãååã«ååšãããã©ããã Of course, massive foreign investment, McKinsey瀟ãæè¿èª¿æ»ãè¡ã£ããããã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ã estimated at $630 billion in 20 years, has ãã«å ±åãããŠããã ãMGI瀟ã®ææ°èª¿æ»ãæãã given China an industrial base, but much ã«ããããã«ã倧åŠåæ¥çã®æ°ã¯å€ããã®ã®ãä»å of its output is foreign driven, unlike India. 䟡å€ã®é«ãè·ã«å¿ èŠãªã¹ãã«ãåããè ã¯ãã®ã China needs to encourage internationally ã¡ã®ãããã§ãããªãããã®ãã人æç²åŸç«¶äºã competitive, home grown entrepreneurs æ¿åããŠããã outside the state sector. This, of course, ãäžåœã§ã¯ã倧åŠã®åºè³åœ¢æ ã®å€æŽãç£æ¥ã®ã㌠means improving the financial and legal ãºã«åãããã«ãªãã¥ã©ã ã®æ¹é©ããããŠè±èªæè² system, and also relaxing the grip of ã®æ¹åã«ãã£ãŠãåæ¥çã®è³è³ªãåäžãããé·æ government. In 2007 the famous MG car èšç»ãå¿ èŠã§ãããäžåœã¯ITç£æ¥ãæ¥ååŠçã®ãª marque was reborn in China, becoming ãã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã°ã®åºç€ãšããŠçºå±ããããšãã§ããã a product of Chinaâs state owned Nanjing ããããè¿«ãããåŽååäžè¶³åé¡ã«çŽã¡ã«å¯ŸåŠã㪠ããã°ãäžåœäŒæ¥ã®äžçé²åºã®å€¢ã¯ããããæ«æ Automobiles. ãäœåãªããããã§ãããã
Another challenge is to upgrade the financial system, and back it with a regulatory and legal regime, not merely to ensure that the banksâ lending is cleaned up and can withstand an economic slowdown that will inevitably happen and inevitably cause some loans to be non-performing. Asian Development Bank president Haruhiko Kuroda is sanguine about the task and the length of time it will take. He is less optimistic than Anderson about the progress towards a market economy, especially where the financial sector is concerned: âChinaâs state owned banks remain inefficient, with potentials for high levels of non-performing loans,â he said in a speech at Cambridge this year. âChinaâs accession to the WTO requires that it open its banking market to foreign participation. This poses clear challenges for these inefficient state banks, which must do more to improve corporate governance, management efficiency, and asset quality. This will also require continued reform of Chinaâs state owned enterprises, which largely determine banksâ asset quality. A further requirement is regulatory reform for a market economy and the development of a legal system with a competent, independent, and powerful judiciary. The latter may take a generation to develop.â Some commentators have already begun to say that China is not ready for the next stage in its evolution. McKinsey recently questioned whether China was producing sufficient numbers of well-qualified graduates. âWhile university graduates are plentiful, new MGI research shows that only a small proportion of them have the skills required for jobs further up the value chainâand competition for these graduates is becoming fierce,â reported McKinsey. âChina must undertake a long-term effort to raise the quality of its graduates by changing the way it finances its universities, revamping curriculums to meet the needs of industry, and improving the quality of
© Landov / UPPA / Photoshot
China still has 20 of the 30 worst cities in the world in terms of suspended particulates
Stephen Roach, chief economist of Morgan Stanley: The contradictions of a blended economy that tries to be state and market driven have produced one that has become seriously unbalanced.
Stephen Roach, chief economist of Morgan Stanley, asserts that the contradictions of a blended economy that tries to be state and market driven have produced an economy that has become seriously unbalanced. By Morgan Stanleyâs estimates, in 2006 fixed asset investment exceeded 45 percent of Chinese GDP, âa record for any major economy in the world. Japanâs investment ratio in the 1960s, the period of maximum rebuilding from the destruction of World War II, never exceeded 34 percent of GDP. Chinaâs annual growth in fixed asset investment has averaged 26 percent over the past four years. Should the investment boom continue at this pace, the odds of capacity excesses and a deflationary endgame will only increase.â Although administrative edicts helped to slow investment growth, bank lending went the other way, and the Shanghai stock market was one of the beneficiaries, riding to records until someone got a fever. Even though China is not a democracy, and the Communist rulers donât expect it to be ready for a hundred years â shorthand for never â the government faces popular pressures that it is not easy for any prospering country to rein in. But the Chinese rulers try. In early 2007 a document was circulating enjoining greater transparency in government â but its contents were top secret. Nevertheless, premier Wen Jiabao in his long opening address to the National Peopleâs Congress acknowledged the growing gap between Chinaâs rich and poor and said that bridging it was a government priority. Only days after the premier had spoken, unrest involving 20,000 people broke out in Zhushan in Hunan, central China. Riot police were forced to back
確ãã«äžåœã¯ã20幎éã§æšèš6300åãã«ã«ãå㶠巚é¡ã®å€åœæè³ãåŸãŠç£æ¥åºç€ãç¯ããŠãããã ãã®çç£ã®å€§éšåã¯å€åœäŒæ¥ããªãŒãããŠããã ã®ã§ããã ãããã€ã³ããšã¯éããšããã§ãããäžåœ ã¯ãåœé競äºåãæã€èªåã®äŒæ¥ãåœå¶äŒæ¥ãšã ãŠã§ã¯ãªãè²æããŠããå¿ èŠãããããã¡ãããã® ããã«ã¯ãéèããã³æ³å¶åºŠã®æ¹åãæ¿åºã®èŠå¶ ç·©åãé²ããŠãããªããã°ãªããªãã2007幎ã«æ åãªèªåè»ãã©ã³ãMGãäžåœã§åœå¶äŒæ¥ã®å京 汜è»ã®è£œåãšããŠçãŸãå€ãã£ãã Morgan Stanley瀟ã®ããŒããšã³ããã¹ãã ã¹ãã£ãŒ ãã³ã»ããŒãïŒStephen RoachïŒæ°ã¯ãåœå®¶çµ±å¶ãš åžå Žåçãäž¡ç«ãããããšããæ··åçµæžã®ççŸã® ããã«ãäžåœçµæžã¯æ·±å»ãªãŸã§ã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã倱ã ã€ã€ãããšæèšãããMorgan Stanley瀟ã®æšå®ã§ ã¯ã2006幎ã«äžåœã®åºå®è³ç£æè³ã¯GDPïŒåœæ°ç· çç£ïŒã45ããŒã»ã³ãè¶ éããŠããã ãããã¯äžç ã®ã©ããªçµæžå€§åœã§ãã£ãŠããèšé²çãªæ°å€ã§ãã 1960幎代ã®æ¥æ¬ã¯ã第äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸã®å£æ» ç¶æ ããæ倧éã«åŸ©èãé²ãã æ代ã§ãããããã®æ ã§ãããæè³æ¯çã¯GDPã®34ããŒã»ã³ããè¶ ããã ãšã¯ãããŸããã§ãããäžåœã®åºå®è³ç£æè³ã®å¹Ž éæé·çã¯ãéå»4幎éã«ããã£ãŠå¹³å26ããŒã»ã³ ãã«ããªã£ãŠããŸããä»®ã«ãã®ããŒã¹ã§æè³ããŒã ãç¶ãã°ãçç£èœåã®è¶ éã§ããã¬ã®å±æ©ã«é¥ã èŠèŸŒã¿ã¯é«ãŸãäžæ¹ã§ãããããæ¿åºã®ééã§æè³ æ¡å€§ã®é床ã¯åŒ±ãŸã£ããã®ã®ãéè¡ã®è²žä»ã¯å¥ã® æ¹åãžãšåãããäžæµ·ã®æ ªåŒåžå Žããã®æ©æµãå ããŠèšé²çã«å€ãäžããŠãã£ããããã¯èª°ããé« ç±ã«åããããŸã§ç¶ããã®ã§ããã ããšãäžåœãæ°äž»äž»çŸ©åœå®¶ã§ã¯ãªãã«ããŠãã㟠ããå ±ç£äž»çŸ©ã®æ¯é è éããã®å 100幎ã¯æ°äž»äž» 矩ãæ¡çšããªãã€ããã§ãã£ãŠãïŒèŠããã«ã決ã ãŠæ¡çšããªãïŒãããã§ãæ¿åºã¯ã©ã®ãããªç¹æ åœ å®¶ã§ãã£ãŠãçµ±å¶ããããã»ã©ã®æ°è¡ã®å§åã«çŽ é¢ããŠããã ãããäžåœã®æ¯é è éãåªåã¯ã㊠ããã2007幎ã®åãã«ããææžãæ¿åºå ã§å芧ã ããéææ§ãæ¡å€§ããŠããããšã瀺ããããã£ãšãã ãã®ææžã®å 容ã¯æ¥µç§ã§ããã ãšã¯ãããéŠçžã®æž©å®¶å®ïŒWen JiabaoïŒæ°ã¯ãå šåœ äººæ°ä»£è¡šå€§äŒéäŒåŒã®é·ãæŒèª¬ã®ãªãã§äžåœã® 貧å¯ã®å·®ãæ¡å€§ããŠããããšãèªãããã®è§£æ¶ã¯æ¿ åºã«ãšã£ãŠã®åªå äºé ã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãããã®ããã æ°æ¥åŸãäžåœäžå€®éšã«ããæ¹åç竹山ã§2äžäººèŠæš¡ ã®æŽåãçºçãããæ©åéãæ°è¡ã®åã§éåŽã匷 ããããã»ã©ã®æ¿ããã§ãã£ãããåœå±ãå ±éç®¡å¶ ã匷ããããã«ããã¹éè³ã®å€äžãã«å察ããã ã®æŽåã¯çºè¡šãããªãã£ãã æ° è¡ ã® æ è° ã® å¯Ÿ 象 ã« ãªã£ãŠ ãããã® ã® äž ã« ã 2006幎ã«èšé²çèŠæš¡ã®1å ãã«ã«éããåŸãæ¯æ 200åãã«ã«è¿ãããŒã¹ã§å¢ãç¶ããŠãããèšå€§ã« èšãäžãã£ãäžåœã®å€è²šæºåé«ããã£ãã ãã®å€ 貚ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯ç±³ãã«å»ºãŠã®éèååã§ãã£ãã 4
WiA Delegate Publication
101
Regional overviews
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3æã«ã財å倧è£ã®éäººæ ¶ïŒJin RenqingïŒæ°ã¯ãã® æ°ããæ©é¢ãå€è²šæºåé«ã®ãå©çã®æ倧åããè¿œæ± ããã§ããããšèªã£ãã ãããã ãã®æ©é¢ããã€å ¬åŒ ã«çºè¶³ããã®ãã«é¢ããŠã¯ãäžåœæ¿åºã¯æããã«ã ãŠããªãã
Dollar: It is very important that Chinese people understand that stock market prices can go down as well as up.
down before the masses, but the authorities imposed a news blackout on the protests against bus fare rises. Among the targets of popular pressure was the growing pile of Chinaâs foreign exchange reserves, which topped a record $1 trillion in 2006 and were still growing at close to $20 billion a month. Much of the money was in US dollar instruments, and China could not easily diversify into other currencies without swamping the exchange rates against it. Chinese critics demanded that the money should earn better returns, for example by investing in the stock market or real estate, something that central bankers and government officials, who are the ultra-conservative guardians of the
We will only find out how much real reform there has been in the financial system when there is some serious shock reserves, traditionally will not do. Chinaâs answer is to detach a large chunk of reserves, probably $200-250 billion, but after months of planning the amount was a state secret, and put it into an investment corporation. The new agency will seek to âmaximise the profitsââ of the reserves, Finance Minister Jin Renqing said in March, but Chinese officials declined to say when the agency would formally start. Some outside economists say that, for all Chinaâs success, it is on a collision course between the historical inheritance and the needs of the future. British economist Will Hutton, chief executive of the Work Foundation, says that Chinaâs âuneasy house between socialism and capitalism⊠is a system of Leninist corporatism â and it is this that is breaking down.â He draws attention to the âabsurdityâ of China lending to the US, through the current account surplus, which is then turned into purchases of US treasuries and other dollar instruments. âThe 102
äžåœã®æåã«ãšã£ãŠãæŽå²çãªéºç£ãšå°æ¥ã®ããŒãº ãšã®éã§è¡çªãèµ·ããã®ã¯é¿ããããªãã ãšèãã å€éšã®ãšã³ããã¹ãããããè±åœã®ãšã³ããã¹ãã§ã Work Foundation瀟ã®æé«è²¬ä»»è ã§ãããŠã£ã«ã»ã ããã³ ïŒWill HuttonïŒæ°ã¯ã ãäžåœã«ããã瀟äŒäž»çŸ© ãšè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ã®äžå®å®ãªåŠ¥åã¯âŠã ã¬ãŒãã³çã³ãŒ ãã©ãã£ãºã ã®ïŒã€ã§ããã ãããããä»åŽ©å£ãã ããšããŠããŸãã ãšèšãããããã³æ°ã¯ãçµåžžé»å㮠圢ã§äžåœãç±³åœã«å¯Ÿãã貞ãæãšãªã£ãŠããªããã ç±³åœåµããã®ä»ã®ãã«å»ºãŠã®éèååã®è³Œå ¥ã«è³ ç£ãããŠãŠãããšã ãäžæ¡çãã«æ³šæãä¿ãã ãäžåœ å ±ç£å ã¯åæååžåœã·ã¹ãã ãç¯ããŠããééã ãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãâŠãäžåœã®åžå Žãè³ç£ããã¯ã ããžãŒã¯ããŸã ã«18äžçŽã®æ°Žæºã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠã㟠ãããããã¯å€å 䞻矩ïŒæ¿æ²»ã»çµæžçæš©åã»ã³ã¿ãŒ ã®è€æ°æ§ïŒãã±ã€ãããªã㣠ïŒäººæš©ãæè²ãç§æè²¡ç£ å¶ïŒããããŠæ£åœåïŒèª¬æ責任ã粟å¯ãªèª¿æ»ãè¡šçŸã® èªç±ïŒ ãšããäžã€ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ãæ¬ ããŠãããã ã§ãã
Chinese Communist Party is repeating the mistakes of the Confucian imperial system⊠China had markets, property and technology in the 18th century; it fell behind because it lacked the âtrinityâ of pluralism (multiple centres of political and economic power), capabilities (rights, education and private ownership) and justification (accountability, scrutiny, free expression).â Chinaâs intriguing tussle between capitalism and socialism was given a new twist in March 2007 as Chinaâs so called äžåœã«ãããè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ãšç€ŸäŒäž»çŸ©ã®éã®èå³æ·±ã å°ç«¶ãåãã¯ã2007幎3æã«æ°ããªå±éãèŠããã rubberstamp parliament, the National äžåœã®ãããã圢åŒæ¿èªè°äŒã§ããå šåœäººæ°ä»£è¡š Peopleâs Congress, wrapped up session 倧äŒãäŒæãç· ãããã£ãŠç§æ財ç£æš©ãèªããç» and passed a landmark law to provide æçãªæ³åŸãæç«ãããã®ã§ãããäžåœæ¥å ±ã®å ± private property rights. The China Daily éã«ããã°ã ã2007幎10æ1æ¥æœè¡äºå®ã®å š247æ¡ reported that: âThe 247-article law, which ãããªããã®æ³åŸã¯ã ãåœå®¶ãå£äœãå人ã®è²¡ç£æš©ã¯ is due to come into effect as of October æ³åŸã®ä¿è·ãåãããããªãçµç¹ãå人ãããã䟵 1, 2007,stipulates that âthe property of the ç¯ããŠã¯ãªããªãããšèŠå®ããŠããããããã¯14幎㮠state, the collective, the individual and èšè°ãè²»ãããŠæç«ãããã®ã§ããããäžéšã®ç other obligees is protected by law, and no éå ¥ãå ±ç£äž»çŸ©è ã¯ãªãäžæºã§ãããäžåœãå ±ç£ units or individuals may infringe upon itâ.â 䞻矩ã®ïŒã€ã®åçãç Žã£ãŠç§ç財ç£æš©ãèªããŠã ãŸã£ãããšãæ¯æ²¢æ±äž»åžãå¢ã®äžã§åããŠãã㯠It had taken 14 years of debate, and still ãã ãšçºèšããŠããã some die-hard Communists were muttering that Chairman Mao Zedong must be turning 倧äŒéäŒã«ããã£ãŠæž©éŠçžã¯ãè æãäžå ãšãªã£ãŠ in his grave that China had overturned one æåŸæ Œå·®ãæ¡å€§ããŠãããäžåœèŸ²æå°åã®èª¿åã å±ã¶ãã§ãããšããããšãèªããŠããããã£ãšãæž© of the key principles of Communism, and æ°ã®è¡šçŸã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãããå瀌çãªãã®ã§ãã£ãã permitted individual property rights. ãçŸåšã®åªå 課é¡ã¯ãæè²ã®æ©äŒåçãæšé²ãã In closing the meeting, premier Wen also é²æ©çãªéçšæ¿çãå®æœããæåŸæ Œå·®ãçããŠç€Ÿ admitted that growing differences in income, äŒçå®å šã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ããŠããããšã«ãã exacerbated by corruption, were posing ãŸãããè æã®æ¡å€§ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã ãæš©åã®é床ã®éäž threats to the harmony of rural China. Wen ãšãå¹æçã§é©åãªèªå¶ãšåãç· ãŸãã®æ¬ åŠããå put it more diplomatically and said: âThe å ã§ãããšéé£ãããã®èª²é¡ã«åªå çã«åãçµã㧠priorities now are promoting equality in ããããšãçŽæããã education opportunities, adopting progressive ãã®ããã«ãå ±ç£äž»çŸ©è ãšåŒã°ããæ¯é è éãè³ employment policies, narrowing income gaps æ¬äž»çŸ©ã®åºç€åçã§ãã財ç£æææš©ãæ¿èªããã and building social security networks.â He ãšã§èªåéã«å¯Ÿããæ¯æã®äœäžã«æ¯æ¢ããããã blamed the increase in corruption on an âover- ããšããããããããã®ãããªåæã瀟äŒäž»çŸ©ççµ± concentration of power without effective and å¶äžã§åžå Žçµæžãæã¡ããŠãããšããããšããçºç ãããã®ã ã£ããšã¯ããªããšãç®èãªãã®ã§ãããâ proper restraint and oversightâ, and promised to address the issue as a priority. The irony was that the so-called Communist rulers had adopted a key principle of capitalism, property ownership, to try to shore up their sagging popularity, antipathy that had been unleashed by their attempts to set up a market economy under socialist control. g
Regional overviews
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SEZãšããæ°ããã³ã³ã»ããã®è³æ掟ã¯ã ã ããã«ããã€ã³ãã¯è¿ä»£çµæžå€§åœãžã®é ãçªé²ã§ããŸãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã ãšããã å察掟ã¯ã ãããã¯åœå ã®èŸ²æ¥ãç Žå£ãã ã ãã§ãªããä»ã§ããã貧ããæ°çŸäžã®èŸ² æ¥çµå¶è ãå°äœäººã®ç掻ãå°ç¡ãã«ãã ã€ã³ãã®éã®å¥¥åºã«ããç¥èãªãã®ã«è ãããšã«ãªããŸãã ãšäž»åŒµããŠããã
Indiaâs SEZs court controversy Men wearing turbans and sporting maharajah-style handlebar moustaches sat barefoot on the floor while they pondered whether the offer they were being tempted with was the chance of a lifetime or the potential loss of their livelihood and of their historic sacred inheritance.
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hey passed round a hubble-bubble water tobacco pipe and sucked thoughtfully. Their shoes, from simple homemade chappals (sandals) to high-performance athletic shoes, sat patiently by the edge of the blue vinyl mat. The men are farmers whose land the Reliance industrial group in cooperation with the Haryana state government wants in order to invest 400 billion rupee (about $9 billion) to build a 25,000 acres special economic zone (SEZ) just 65 kilometres 104
from Indiaâs capital New Delhi. Supporters of the new concept of SEZs say that they will allow India to go on a quick march towards becoming a modernised economic power. Opponents argue that the zones will not only destroy the countryâs agriculture, but will also betray something sacred deep in the soul of India as well as ruining the lives of millions of already poor farmers and peasants. In addition, opponents say that the government is effectively creating latter-day
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princely states, new corporate maharajahs who will have their own kingdoms with security and police forces who will be the new law in a once democratic land. It all seemed rather surreal out in the countryside. Here in a village in Jhajjar district in Haryana hardly a stoneâs throw from the laden lorries roaring into Delhiâs rapidly developing satellite city of Gurgaon, where hotel rooms run at $300-400 a night, the landscape is predominantly gentle pastoral. The 20th century is still filtering through. Stalls selling Coca-Cola and Pepsi are on the fringe of the village. The sights and sounds are those of the country, the lowing of cattle, chickens clucking, the occasional screech of a strutting peacock. Houses are predominantly build of brick and stone rather than the mud and thatch of poorer rural areas. Several more prosperous farmers just outside the village have ranch-style houses set in fields that are nicely irrigated and green with crops. The school, with its imposing gateway opening into a big mud field, sits proudly in the middle of a street of baked mud whose potholes ensure a drunken ride even in a four-wheeled drive vehicle. The school field also doubles as a community gathering place where the
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farmers, all men, meet. It also overlooks the street where there are two wells, the main source of the domestic water supply. All afternoon, women come with their pitchers to hand-pump water into them and carry them home on their heads for cooking the family meal and washing the clothes. The wells are also a meeting and chatting place for the women who linger longer than necessary after they have filled their pitchers to catch up on the gossip. All around, children flit mischievously, watching, listening to the arguments of their elders carefully. They are well fed and clothed and have shoes on their feet, which is not always the case either in the squatter areas of the big cities or in the rural areas. They almost all say they go to school, but hesitate to show off their writing skills. Altogether, say the opponents of the Reliance-Haryana scheme, more than 200,000 people risk being displaced if the SEZ goes ahead as planned, a bird sanctuary will be disturbed and a dental training institute opened in 2003 with 200 chairs for treatment, free of charge to the villagers of the whole area, may have to close for lack of patients on whom the students can train. Vandana Shiva, a physicist, self-styled eco-feminist and campaigner against the
æ ¡åºã¯èŸ²æ°ã®ç·éãéãŸãå°åã®éäŒå Ž ã«ããªã£ãŠãããããããã¯å®¶åºçšæ°Žã®äž» ãªæ°Žæºãšãªã£ãŠãã2ã€ã®äºæžãããéã ãèŠæž¡ãããååŸã®éäžã家æã®é£äºã®æ¯ 床ãæŽæ¿¯ã®ããã«æãããã³ãã§æ°Žãæ±² ã¿äžããæ°Žå·®ããé ã«ä¹ããŠå®¶ã«éã¶å¥³ éãäºæžã蚪ããŠãããäºæžã¯ã女æ§éã® äºæžç«¯äŒè°ã®å Žæã§ãããã女æ§éã¯æ°Ž ãæ±²ã¿çµãã£ãŠããªããªãåž°ãããšãã ã«å話ã«è±ãå²ãããã ãã®åãã§ã¯ãåäŸéãã¯ãããåãã倧人 éã芳å¯ããã®è©±ã«èãè³ãç«ãŠãŠããã åäŸéã¯è²è¶ãè¯ã身ãªãããã¡ããšã㊠ããã 倧éœåžã®äžæ³å æ å°åãå°æ¹ã§ã¯åžž ã«ãããšã¯éããªããã»ãšãã©å šå¡ãåŠæ ¡ ã«è¡ã£ãŠãããšçããããæåãæžããŠèŠ ããããšã¯ãªããªãæ¥ããããããã§ããã Relianceãšããªã€ãå·ã®èšç»ã®å察掟ã¯ã ãSEZã®èšç»ãé²ããããã°å šäœã§20äž äººä»¥äžãåå°ãçµãããé³¥é¡ä¿è·åºãç Ž å£ãããŸããåãå°åå šäœã®æ人ãç¡æ ã§æ²»çããããã«èšºçå°200å°ãæã㊠2003幎ã«éèšãããæ¯ç§ç ä¿®æããæ£è ãããªããªã£ãŠåŠçã®ç ä¿®ãã§ããªã㪠ãããã«ééããããåŸãªããããã㟠ããã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã
Palaniappan Chidambaram, said he was, âNot against SEZs as such, I am against the proliferation of SEZs.â
© Landov / UPPA / Photoshot
èªç§°ãšã³ãã§ããã¹ãã§ã ã°ããŒãã©ã€ãŒ ãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããæªéã«å察ãã掻åãã㊠ããç©çåŠè ã®ãã³ããã»ã·ãïŒVandana ShivaïŒæ°ã¯ãSEZããäŒæ¥ã«ããåå°ã®ã ã€ãžã£ãã¯ã ãšéé£ããŠããããã³ããæ°ã® 䞻匵ã®åºæ¬ã¯ãç¥èãªãã®ã§ããåå°ã¯ã æ®éã®ååã®ããã«äžçªé«ãå ¥æé¡ã瀺 ããå ¥æè ã«å£²ããããšãããããªæ±ã ããããã¹ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã¯å€§äŒæ¥ ã«å¯ŸããŠã§ããã°ãªãããã§ããã ãšãã ãã®ã§ããã ãã³ããæ°ã¯ã ãåå°ã¯äººéã®çèšã®åºæ¬ ãšãªããã®ã§ãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã ã人éãç èšãç«ãŠãé·å¹Žçåããããã®ç¥èãªãã© ã¹ãã§ããåå°ãšãããã®ã¯ãææ©çèè³ ã®äž»å°ã«ããåžå Žã§åæã«å£²è²·ã§ããå åã§ã¯ãããŸããããã®ãããªããšããã ã°äŒæ¥ãè³æ¬ãåºããŠé¶çŽ°èŸ²å®¶ããåå° ãåãäžããæ°ããã¶ãã³ããŒã«ïŒå°äž»ïŒã« ãªãããšãèªããããšã«ãªããŸããåå°ãš ã¯ã ãã®åå°ãèããæå ¥ãããé¢åãèŠã 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
evils of globalisation, damns what she calls the âcorporate hijack of landâ by the SEZs. The basis of her call is that land is sacred and should not be treated as a normal commodity to be sold to the highest bidder, and especially not to big corporations.
Ahluwalia pushes aside the fear that farmers may be tempted by large sums of money for their land and then squander it on drink or conspicuous spending âLand is the basis of our sustenance,â she says. âIt is a sacred trust for human sustenance and long-term survival. Land is not a commodity which can be bought and sold at will in a market driven by speculative finance, which allows corporate capital to dispossess small peasants of their land and become the new zamindars (landlords). Land must belong to those who till it, tend it and nurse it, and for whom it is a source of sustenance, and not to those for whom it is a means of accumulating wealth and speculative gain, or object of luxury resort and idle pastime.â It is a measure of the rapid pace of change taking place in India that hardly was the ink dry on the signatures and seals needed for passing the SEZ act than a host
of applications were made, and by early 2007 the government had approved nearly 400 zones and received proposals from state governments for 300 more. Some Indian state governments, including Haryana, which borders Delhi, Maharashtra, which includes Bombay, and Marxist-led West Bengal, which includes Calcutta, are planning as many as 20 SEZs in their territories. Previously, India had eight export processing zones, a modest average 200 acres in size, with about 800 individual units within all of them combined; all of these have been converted into SEZs. But the new SEZs are of a different scale entirely. The idea goes back to the year 2000 when Indiaâs commerce minister came away highly impressed by Chinaâs special economic zones and vowed to let hundreds of similar flowers bloom in India (even though China has only six, much bigger zones, and they were set up in the immediate context of Deng Xiaopingâs careful opening of the door to capitalism and the West using contiguity to Hong Kong and isolation from the rest of China as the basis of the original four). Indiaâs SEZs are supposed to be of a minimum of 1,000 hectares and will be blessed with a wide range of tax and other concessions, including income tax exemption for a block of 10 years in 15, exemption from duties on the import and procurement of goods for the development or maintenance of the zone, and they will be open to foreign investors. Foreign investors
è ããããŠãã®åå°ããçèšãåŸãŠããè ã«åž°å±ãã¹ããã®ã§ãããåå°ãè財ã®æ 段ãšããåå°ããææ©çå©çãåŸãè ãèŽ æ²¢ãªä¿é€å°ãéå±ãã®ããç®çãšããè ã«åž°å±ãã¹ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãã SEZæ³ãæ©æ¥ã«å¯æ±ºããã次ã ãšç³è«ã è¡ãããããšã¯ãã€ã³ãã«ãããæ¥é㪠å€åã®é²è¡ãç©èªã£ãŠããã2007幎åé ãŸã§ã«ã¯ãäžå€®æ¿åºã¯å·æ¿åºããåºãã ãç¹åºç³è«ã400件è¿ãæ¿èªãããã®ä»ã« 300件以äžã®ç³ã蟌ã¿ãåããŠãããã㪠ãŒã«é£æ¥ããããªã€ãå·ããã³ãã€ã®ãã ããã©ã·ã¥ãã©å·ãã«ã«ã«ãã¿ãããããã« ã¯ã¹äž»çŸ©ãæ¯é ãã西ãã³ã¬ã«å·ãªã©ã® äžéšã®å·æ¿åºã§ã¯ãå·å ã§20ãã®SEZèš ç»ãé²ããããŠããã ãããŸã§ã€ã³ãã«ã¯å¹³å200ãšãŒã«ãŒãšã ãæ¯èŒçå°èŠæš¡ã®èŒžåºå å·¥åºã8ã€ããã ãã®å å·¥åºå šäœã§çŽ800ã®å·¥å Žããã£ã ãããã®å šãŠãSEZã«å€æãããã ããããæ°ããSEZã¯ã¹ã±ãŒã«ãå šãéãã SEZæ§æ³ã¯ãã€ã³ãã®ååçžãäžåœã®çµæž ç¹åºã«å€§ããªæéãåããã€ã³ãã§ãåã ãããªæåäŸãäœçŸãäœãããšãèªã£ã 2000幎ãŸã§é¡ãããã ããäžåœã«ã¯ã¯ãã ã«å€§èŠæš¡ãªç¹åºã6ãµæããã®ã¿ã§ããã äžåœã§æåã«åµããã4ãµæã®ç¹åºã¯ãéŠ æž¯ãšé£æ¥ããŠããä»ã®å°æ¹ããã¯å€ç«ã ãŠããããšãå©çšããŠè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ãšè¥¿åŽè«ž åœã«éæžãéæŸãããšããé§å°å¹³ïŒDeng XiaopingïŒæ°ã®æ éãªè§£æŸæ¿çã®çŽæ¥ã® 延é·ç·äžã§èšçœ®ããããã®ã§ãã£ãã
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Ahluwalia does not endorse the idea that farmers may be tempted to accept large sums of money for their land and then squander it on drink or conspicuous spending.
106
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will be allowed to develop townships within the SEZs with residential, educational, health care and recreational facilities on a case by case basis. This particularly riles Vandana Shiva, who points out that in China the government continues to own the land on which the SEZs are based. This being democratic India, no sooner were the applications made to set up the SEZs than the protests also began to gather against the plans. Farmers protested against Reliance in Haryana and Muslim farmers on Indiaâs eastern coast set up barricades and dug up roads to prevent their land being taken over for an SEZ. Reliance also faced opposition in Maharashtra and so did Indonesiaâs Salim group in West Bengal. Tata Motors still faces protests against its plans to build a plant at Singur in West Bengal, even though this is not an SEZ project. Some cabinet ministers began to have second thoughts. The reformist finance minister Palaniappan Chidambaram, said in a January 2007 interview with the Indian Express newspaper that he was, âNot against SEZs as such, I am against the proliferation of SEZs.â He also warned about land takeovers: âThere is a sacred bond that binds the tiller with the land,â he added. âIf you want to snap that bond, then do so with great caution ... It is a minefield.â Finance ministry officials also fear that they could lose $20 billion in revenue, especially if industrialists relocate their factories from outside to inside SEZs. Ranguram Rajah, who was then the chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, also warned last year that SEZs would lead to more investment, but a lot less revenue for the government, and richer bureaucrats, their bank accounts fattened by the inevitable corruption opportunities. Montek Singh Ahluwalia, deputy chairman of the Planning Commission, a confidante of prime minister Manmohan Singh, tried to provide an economic perspective on the idea of SEZs. He laughed at the expression âlatter-day princely statesâ: âIt is a wonderfully Indian thing to say. One good thing about being a democracy is that these are the things that people can say.â He outlined the reasoning for the creation of the SEZ act that took effect from early 2006: âThe real logic behind the SEZs was that we need to create segments of really high quality infrastructure. With the lowering of tax rates and all the rest of it, mere duty-free type of access to imports is not the most important thing if you are trying to attract the sort of investment which is capable of producing high quality goods. What you need is to provide a quality of infrastructure that will make the producing unit competitive.
âIf that is the object, it canât be done across the country as a whole. Any effort to do it on a very broad base requires massive development of public infrastructure -and it is very difficult to use public money for that purpose.â Ahluwalia notes that politically it would be hard to put large sums of public money into building supermodern infrastructure at the expense of neglecting the fetid slums of Bombay. âThe logic was that the private sector would do it and they will take the risk and it will be their money,â Ahluwalia continues. âAll that you have to do is to notify the area as an SEZ so that enough of them will come and provide some basic road connectivity. And I think that has a certain appeal.â In terms of connectivity, indeed, the intended Haryana SEZ shows the keen eye of Reliance. In spite of the rural atmosphere there are two expressways to Gurgaon and Delhi as well as a railway line with container depot, all within a few kilometres. Ahluwalia brushes aside loss of revenue as of lesser importance, saying that tax or lack of it, âis not in my view very important. If the finance minister let it go through, fine, and if, after a couple of hundred SEZs, he shuts it off, that is also fine.â
Opponents argue that the zones will not only destroy the countryâs agriculture, but will also betray something sacred deep in the soul of India But Ahluwalia concedes that land and the way that it is acquired is an issue. As he talks it through, it is clear the issue is already a hot political potato -- though Ahluwalia comes to the planning job, which has cabinet rank, from senior bureaucratic positions and is not an avowed politician. He also disregards, at least from an experienced economistâs macro-economic point of view, the idea that SEZs pose a danger to Indiaâs food security, saying that the loss of good agricultural land would be insignificant, tiny compared to the ranges of productivity of Indian farmland, and âthe productivity increase of land is overwhelmingly the most important contributor to food security. âThe problem is the land acquisition issue. There are SEZs where guys just go and negotiate a purchase of land. Newspapers say Mukesh Ambani (of Reliance) is paying ten times (normal market prices). Thatâs fine. Market transactions, I donât think they pose a problem.â
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Regional overviews
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ã¢ãŒã«ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã¯çšåæžã«ã€ããŠã¯ãã ãã»ã©å¿é ã¯ãããŸããã ãšäžè¹Žãã次㮠ããã«èªã£ãŠããã ãçšåãçšåæžã¯ãã ã»ã©éèŠã§ã¯ãããŸããã財åçžããã ãšèšãã®ã§ããã°ãããã¯çµæ§ãæ°çŸã® SEZãå®çŸããŠããæ¢ãããšèšãã®ã§ãã ã°ããããçµæ§ã
The wells are also a meeting place for the women, who linger longer than necessary after they have filled their pitchers to catch up on gossip.
Ahluwalia is clearly a skilled economist who knows his way through the bureaucratic maze, and his fine Oxford-educated mind understands the economic consequences of the issues. He raises the interesting question of what is in the farmerâs best interests, and whether a farmer knows what is best for him. He pushes aside the fear that farmers may be tempted by large sums of money for their land and then squander it on drink or conspicuous spending and only then realise they have blown their inheritance. But he does raise the question of whether some of the protestors against SEZs are trying to perpetuate the caste system by keeping the farmers as farmers, rather than offering them or their children the opportunity of leaving the land to become workers in a Reliance or other factory, or computer programmers, or possibly even economists who would understand what is really at stake. Suppose, Ahluwalia suggests, Mukesh Ambani is prepared to pay large sums of money for farmland, and then the state government - which is responsible for land says that, no, you can only buy infertile land at half the price, then is the farmer jumping up and down for joy? âI know,â adds Ahluwalia, âthat in Punjab and in Andhra Pradesh farmers are very happy that the value of their land has shot up to numbers that they could not imagine. Obviously, this is a bit imaginary in that the values are high only because very small amounts are being purchased. If everybody tried to sell the land, it wouldnât be so.â 108
As regards consensual sales, he believes, âThere is a lot of complexity, but I think it is broadly manageable.â In his view the real problem is when farmers are effectively forced to sell their land for the SEZ, especially if the state government is a partner in the enterprise that is building it. âThe fundamental issue of principle, which I think that the government has recognised, is should you use the right of whatever these lawyers call âeminent domainâ to acquire land the way you do for a road when you are actually trying to build an industrial operation?â If land is being acquired to build a road, he says, âat least there is the feeling that if the state (acquires land for a road) it did it for a very widely disbursed flow of benefits. The benefits of a road accrue to huge numbers of people, mostly unidentified. It is very different from acquiring my land and converting it to a hotel and giving it to somebody who runs a major hotel chain because then I feel and I feel forever that it was taken away from me and given to this guy and what is its price now?â The solution, he suggests, is all the land acquired for SEZs should be consensually determined with the market price being set on it. âI donât think that an SEZ or an industrial park or a hotel complex can be called a public purpose. âThere is no doubt that there is a lot of concern in the country. Part of the problem is that because the land market is so distorted, land development is not very easy in the established cities, so a lot of the demand
ããããåå°ãšåå°ã®ååŸæ¹æ³ãåé¡ã§ ããããšã¯èªããŠããã話ãé²ãã«ã€ã ãŠãåé¡ããã§ã«åä»ãªæ¿æ²»åé¡ã«ãªã£ ãŠããããšã¯æããã§ãããã¢ãŒã«ã¯ãªã¢ æ°ã¯é«çŽå®åããé£åçŽã®èšç»æ åœã«ãª ã£ãããå ¬ç¶ããæ¿æ²»å®¶ã§ã¯ãªãã ãŸããSEZãã€ã³ãã®é£ç³§å®å šä¿éãè ã ããšããèãæ¹ããçµéšè±ããªçµæžåŠè ã® ãã¯ãçµæžç芳ç¹ããåŠå®ãã次ã®ããã« è¿°ã¹ãŠããã ãã€ã³ãã®èŸ²å°ããçç£æ§ãš æ¯èŒããå Žåã蟲æ¥ã«é©ããåå°ã倱ãã ãšã¯äºçŽ°ãªããšã§éèŠã§ã¯ãããŸãããé£ ç³§å®å šä¿éã«ãšã£ãŠã¯åå°ã®çç£æ§ã®å äžãäœããã絶察ã«å€§åãªèŠå ã§ããåé¡ ã¯åå°ã®ååŸã«ã€ããŠã§ãããã æ åœè ãè¡ã£ãŠåå°ã®è²·å亀æžãè¡ãSEZããã ãŸããæ°èã«ãããšã ïŒReliance瀟ã®ïŒã ã±ã· ã¥ã»ã¢ã ããïŒMukesh AmbaniïŒä»£è¡šã¯ïŒçž å Žã®ïŒ10åãåºããŠãããšå ±ããããŠã㟠ãããããçµæ§ãç§ã¯ãåžå Žã®ååŒãåé¡ ãåŒãèµ·ãããšã¯æããŸããã ã¢ãŒã«ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã¯æããã«åè ã®ãšã³ã ãã¹ãã§ãããå®åæ©æ§ãšããè¿·å®®ãè¿·ã ãã«é²ãè¡ãç¥ã£ãŠããã ãŸãã ãªãã¯ã¹ã ã©ãŒãã§æè²ãåããŠç£šãæãããç¥æ§ ã¯ããã®åé¡ã«ãã£ãŠçµæžã«ã©ã®ãããªçµ æãããããããã®ãã«ã€ããŠãç解ã ãŠããããããŠã ãäœã蟲æ°ã«ãšã£ãŠæãå© çã«ãªããããããŠãäœã蟲æ°ã«ãšã£ãŠæ ãå©çã«ãªããã蟲æ°ã¯ç¥ã£ãŠãããã ãš ããèå³æ·±ã質åãæããããŠããã ãã ãã ã蟲æ°ã¯å·šé¡ã®åå°ä»£éã«ç®ãããã ãããããªãããšããããŠãåŸãããå·šé¡ ã®éãé ã掟æãªæ¶è²»ã«æµªè²»ãããã®æ ã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãšèªåã®éºç£ã䜿ãæãã ãããšã«æ°ä»ããããããªãããšãã«ã€ã ãŠã®æããèæ ®ããŠããªãã ããã©ãããäœãš ãäžéšã®SEZå察掟ã¯ã åå°ãææŸããŠRelianceãªã©ã®å·¥å Žã®åŽ 4
India
for real estate development gets pushed into more peripheral areas and therefore these things acquire in the public mind the impression of a scam, in the sense that people donât see this as land that will attract 25 people to set up first-class manufacturing facilities, but probably one or two or those are hotel, conference centre and several residential houses. âI should mention,â Ahluwalia adds, âthat the central government has no role in any of this land stuff, (it) is a state government matter.â But the message and the strength of opposition have penetrated all Ahluwaliaâs high-flown economic and macro-economic considerations. âOriginally our view was that we have only opened a facility and those state governments that want to go ahead, can go ahead, and those that canât donât. But I think that it has gone beyond that and the centre has to signal something.â It already has, in that it has put a freeze on SEZs apart from the original 63 approvals. But this may be the classic case of too little, too late, and all the good potential of the idea has been lost because of the governmentâs failure to realise the strength of feeling on land, against big companies, and against foreign investors.
Involvement of state governments, which have historically been notoriously corrupt, also raises the spectre of corruption There has also been a lack of lateral or creative thinking. No one, so far, has suggested involving farmers or their families in the SEZ partnership, so that they could be encouraged, rather than parting with their land, to be a continuing part of the development of their home area. Involvement of state governments, which have historically been notoriously corrupt, also raises the spectre of corruption. Dirubhai Ambani, the now dead founder of Reliance, told me openly 25 years ago when he was beginning to expand his conglomerate that he had no problems with the trades unions, which were habitually bringing other companiesâ factories to a halt with strikes, âbecause I keep the leaders on my payroll. I have no problem with politicians. I pay them.â The real problem, a young and bright Indian friend assured me, is that, âour leaders never learn. They think that we are fools and blind to what they are doing. They never took the trouble to explain what the reasons were for the SEZs. They are the fools for thinking us to be fools and fooled.â g
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Regional overviews
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India: living in several centuries at once A cartoon showed it well: a bespectacled Chinese bearing a passing resemblance to President Hu Jintao was well in the lead in the hurdle race, but was being closely chased by a Sikh with wisps of beard getting in the way of his eyes.
B
oth were well ahead of the Japanese whose laces were coming undone, and the familiar goateed Uncle Sam, who had gone back to pick up his hat. That is one image that would not have been imagined even five years ago - of India chasing China hard for the title of the worldâs fastest growing economy. But growth of 9.2 percent in 2006 and similar or higher in 2007 tells part of the story of Indiaâs rise. Another sign of changing India came with the Forbes magazine list of the worldâs richest people, which showed that India had taken over from Japan with the biggest number of billionaires in Asia, 36 with a net worth of $191 billion - though if Hong Kong (21 billionaires) and China (20) are included together then greater China comes top, though their net worth is only $140 billion. Super entrepreneurs like Lakshmi Mittal (fifth in the world, worth $32 billion) might be counted out on the grounds that they are non-resident or overseas Indians - well, more like global Indians. But others like Mukesh and Anil Ambani ($20.1 billion and $18.2 billion respectively), the brothers who squabbled and split their fatherâs Reliance
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empire, are very much resident Indians and evidence of changing attitudes to the economy as a wealth producer. One more sign was the splashy headlines in the worldâs press when Mittal was involved in a fierce and ultimately victorious takeover battle for the European steelmaker Arcelor. After that Tata, the doyen of Indian homegrown industrial groups, paid $12 billion to beat a Brazilian group and win control of the Anglo-Dutch steelmaker Corus. For Ratan Tata, the head of the Indian group, and for India, it was a significant moment. Altogether in 2006 Indian companies made foreign acquisitions of $23 billion, while foreign companies spent $11.3 billion buying into India. The Indians have arrived on the world stage, in some ways as bigger players than the rapidly growing Chinese. The world is taking notice. Goldman Sachs, the investment bank, which in 2003 had predicted 5 percent long term growth for India, in 2007 revised its predictions to 8 percent a year in the period to 2020 and saw India as a rising global economic power, overtaking Italy, France and the UK by 2017, Germany by 2019, Japan by 2025 and the US by 2042.
ã€ã³ããå€åãã€ã€ããããšã¯çµæžèªForbesã® äžçåäžé·è ã©ã³ãã³ã°ãèŠãŠãåãããåäž é·è ã36人ïŒçŽè³ç£ã¯1911åãã«ïŒã®ã€ã³ã㯠æ¥æ¬ãæããã¢ãžã¢ã§æãåäžé·è ã®æ°ãå€ã åœãšãªã£ãããã ãéŠæž¯ïŒ21åïŒ ãšäžåœïŒ20åïŒã äžã€ã®åœãšããŠæ±ã£ãå Žåã«ã¯ãäžåœåã1äœïŒ çŽè³ç£ã¯1400ãã«ã®ã¿ïŒ ãšãªãã ã©ã¯ã·ã¥ãã»ãã¿ ã«ïŒLakshmi MittalïŒæ°ïŒäžç第5äœãçŽè³ç£320å ãã«ïŒãªã©ã®å€§èµ·æ¥å®¶ã¯ãéå± äœè ãããã¯å°å ïŒã°ããŒãã«ãªã€ã³ã人ãšåŒã¶æ¹ãé©åã ããïŒ ãšããçç±ã§é€å€ããããããããªãã ãããã å åŒãããã®æ«ãç¶èŠªãç¯ãäžããReliance財 é¥ãåè£ãããã ã±ã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã ããŒãïŒMukesh AmbaniïŒæ°ãã¢ãã«ã»ã¢ã ããŒãïŒAnil AmbaniïŒ æ°ïŒè³ç£ã¯åã 201åãã«ãš182åãã«ïŒãªã©ã®å äžé·è ã¯æ£çæ£éã®å± äœã€ã³ã人ã§ãå¯ãçã¿ åºããã®ãšããŠã®ã€ã³ãçµæžã«å¯Ÿããæèã®å€ åãç«èšŒããŠããã ãã1ã€ã®ãããã¯ãã¿ã«æ°ã欧å·ã®è£œéŒäŒç€Ÿ Arcelor瀟ã®è²·å亀æžãå§ããæçµçã«ã¯æåã ããããã€ãäžçã®å ±éæ©é¢ã倧ã çã«å ±éã ãããšã ã£ãããã®åŸãã€ã³ãåœå ã®ç£æ¥ã°ã«ãŒ ãã®èåãçååšã§ããTata瀟ã¯ããã©ãžã«ã® äŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã«æã¡åã£ãŠã120åãã«ã§è±åœãš ãªã©ã³ãã®è£œéŒäŒç€ŸCorus瀟ã®æ¯é æš©ãåŸãã äŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã®è²¬ä»»è ã©ã¿ã³ã»ã¿ã¿ ïŒRatan TataïŒ æ°ãšã€ã³ãã«ãšã£ãŠããã¯é倧ãªç¯ç®ã ã£ããå èšãããšãã€ã³ãäŒæ¥ã¯2006幎ã«å€åœäŒæ¥è²·å ã«230åãã«ãè²»ãããå€åœäŒæ¥ã¯ã€ã³ãäŒæ¥è²· åã«113åãã«ãè²»ãããŠãããã€ã³ãã¯æ¥æé· ãç¶ããäžåœãã倧ããªãã¬ã€ã€ãŒãšããŠããªã ãšãããŠäžçã®èå°ã«èžãåºãã ãããŠãäžçã¯ããã«æ°ã¥ããŠããã2003幎ã«ã€ ã³ãã®é·æçæé·çã5ïŒ ãšäºæ³ããGoldman Sachs瀟ã¯ã2007幎ã«2020幎ãŸã§ã®å¹Žéæé· çã8ïŒ ã«äžæ¹ä¿®æ£ããã€ã³ãã¯2017幎ãŸã§ã« ã€ã¿ãªã¢ããã©ã³ã¹ãè±åœã2019幎ãŸã§ã«ãã€ãã 2025幎ãŸã§ã«æ¥æ¬ããããŠ2042幎ãŸã§ã«ç±³åœã æãã°ããŒãã«çµæžå€§åœãšãªããšèŠèŸŒãã§ããã 倧ã çã«ã€ã³ãã«é²åºããæµ·å€ã®ãã©ã€ããŒã ãšã¯ã€ãã£ãã¡ã³ããã2005幎ã«ã¯æè³é¡ã20å ãã«ä»¥äžã«åå¢ãã2006幎ã®1ïœ9æã«54åãã« ã«å¢ãããã1250åãã«ã®éçšè³éãæã€ãšèš ããããã©ã€ããŒã ãšã¯ã€ã㣠ãã¡ã³ãã®æ倧 æã§ããBlackstone瀟ã倧ææ°èããã³ãã¬ã ã°ã«ãŒãUshodaya Enterprises瀟ã®æ ªåŒã2å 7500äžãã«ã§å ¥æããã ãã1ã€ã®ããç°ãªããããã¯2007幎2æã®ã€ ã³ãã®äºç®ãšãã圢ã§çŸããã欧米ã®ã¡ãã£ã¢ 4
India
Foreign private equity funds have also made a splash in India, doubling their investments to more than $2 billion in 2005 and more than doubling them again to $5.4 billion in the first nine months of 2006. Blackstone, the daddy of all private equity groups with a war chest reported at $125 billion, also took a $275 million interest in Ushodaya Enterprises, a leading newspaper and television group.
India has taken over from Japan with the biggest number of billionaires in Asia Another slightly different sign came with the Indian budget in February 2007, which was almost universally damned in the Western media as, at best, a lost opportunity. Finance minister Palaniappan Chidambaram put the emphasis on social spending on education and health, and on efforts to damp down rising inflation while encouraging agriculture. He was responding to an important political need, with national elections due in 2009. Indiaâs vice president Bhairon Singh Shekawat pointed to one of the difficult home truths of the economic miracle: it is intolerable to have a population of one billion people, of whom 260 million are dirt poor; in the worldâs biggest democracy, it is dangerous for any government to do so. India today shows all the mixed and mixed-up signs of an ancient civilisation reawakening. There is undoubtedly a new vitality and pride as you walk the streets of any big city. Roads are increasingly jammed with traffic, including Indian made cars and motorcycles, whose production
in 2006 topped one million and seven million respectively, trying to find a way ã§ã¯ãè¯ãèšã£ããšããŠã奜æ©ãéããããšã§ through between three-wheeled rickshaws, ãããšã»ãšãã©äŸå€ãªãæ¹å€ãããã財åå€§è£ marauding buses and cycles, the occasional ã®ãã¡ãã¢ãã³ã»ããã ãã©ã ïŒPalaniappan untended cow or tended bullock cart. ChidambaramïŒæ°ã¯ã蟲æ¥ãæšé²ããäžæ¹ã§æ Giant glass shopping malls are becoming è²ãšå»çãžã®ç€ŸäŒçæ¯åºãã€ã³ãã¬æå¶ã®è©Š ubiquitous, replete with the brand names ã¿ã匷調ãããããã ãã©ã æ°ã¯2009幎ã«æ§ of globalisation, such as McDonalds and ããå šåœéžæãšããéèŠãªæ¿æ²»ç®çããã£ãã KFC, with Wal-Mart to come, although high ã€ã³ãã®å¯å€§çµ±é ãã€ãã³ã»ã·ã³ã»ã·ã§ã«ã¯ãã ïŒBhairon Singh ShekawatïŒæ°ã¯ãé©ç°çãªçµæž fashion names such as Prada, Ferragamo, çºå±ã«ãããè³ã®çã話ã®1ã€ãšããŠã人å£10å Louis Vuitton, YSL, which are all over main 人ã®ãã¡2å6000äžäººã貧å°å±€ã«ãªã£ãŠããã street Beijing are missing, except for a ãšã¯èãããããããŸããŠäžçæ倧ã®æ°äž»äž»çŸ© Chanel shop in Delhiâs Imperial Hotel. åœã®æ¿åºã«ãšã£ãŠã¯å±éºãªããšã§ãããšããããš There is a new pride beginning to surface ãææããŠããã in India and the growing middle classes have access to most of the mod cons that ä»æ¥ã®ã€ã³ãã«ã¯ãå€ä»£ã®ææåœããŸã埩掻ã are taken for granted in the West, plus little ãŠããããšããããæ§ã ãªæ··æ²ãšãããããã extras like servants and drivers who barely èŠããã確ãã«å€§éœäŒã®è¡è·¯ãæ©ããŠãããšæ° ãã掻æ°ãšæºè¶³æãæããããã亀ééãå¢ã cost anything. India has become the fastest growing ç¶ããéè·¯ã§ã¯ã2006幎ã®çç£é«ããããã market in the world for mobile telephones 100äžãš700äžãäžåã£ãã€ã³ã補ã®èªåè»ãšãª with 150 million of them, sufficient to tempt ãŒããã€ããäžèŒªäººåè»ããã¹ãèªè»¢è»ãããŸã« Vodafone in 2007 to spend $11 billion for a è¿·ã蟌ãã§ããçãçè»ã®éãçž«ã£ãŠåãæã ãããšãããè³ãæã§èŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã¬ã© controlling stake in Hutchison Essar because ã¹åŒµãã®å·šå€§ãªã·ã§ããã³ã°ã»ã¢ãŒã«ã«ã¯ãã㯠Arun Sarin, the Vodafone chief executive ããã«ããKFCãªã© ïŒWal-Martã¯ããããé²åºïŒã predicts that Indian mobile use will hit 500 ã°ããŒãã«åã®ãã©ã³ãåãã²ãããåã£ãŠã million, or 40 percent of the population, ããããã®äžã«ã¯å京ã®å€§éãã§å¿ ãèŠããã within a few years. For those who lack PradaãFerragamoãLouis VuittonãYSLãªã©ã®ãª mobiles but want instant connectivity, small ãŒãã¯ãã¥ãŒã«åã¯èŠåœããããããªãŒã®ã€ã³ã booths even in remote places offer instant ãªã¢ã«ã»ããã«å ã«Chanelãããã ãã ã fixed line connections to the world at prices ã€ã³ãåœæ°ã«ã¯æ°ããªèªããçãŸããŠããŠããã counted by the second. Kamal Nath, Indiaâs ebullient commerce æ¡å€§ããäžæµéçŽã¯æ¬§ç±³è«žåœã§ã¯äžè¬çãªå®¶ minister, summed up the optimistic mood: é»ã®å€§åãæããå ããŠå¬äœ¿ãé転æãäœè³é âWe no longer discuss the future of India. ã§éãããšãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã We say, âthe future is Indiaâ.â ã€ã³ãã®æºåž¯é»è©±å å ¥è ã¯1å5000äžäººã«é But you donât have to look very carefully ãããã®æ°ã¯äžçäžã§ãããVodafone瀟ã®æé« to see that this booming economic miracle çµå¶è²¬ä»»è ã§ããã¢ã©ã³ã»ãµãªã³ïŒArun SarinïŒæ° is rather rougher and shabbier than Chinaâs. ã¯ã2007幎ã«ã€ã³ãã®æºåž¯é»è©±å å ¥è ãæ°å¹ŽåŸ It is especially apparent at the moment 5å人ïŒå šäººå£ã®40ïŒ ïŒã«éãããšäºæ³ããå瀟㯠of arrival and departure, where you are ããã«åºã¥ããŠ110åãã«ãè²»ãããŠHutchison processed quickly and efficiently in Beijing. Essar瀟ã®æ¯é æ ªåŒãååŸããã»ã©ã§ãããæºåž¯ é»è©±ã¯æã£ãŠããªããããã«é»è©±ããããã人 ã®ããã«ãç§åäœã®æéã§åºå®é»è©±ãå³åº§ã«å© çšã§ããé»è©±ããã¯ã¹ãé éå°ã§ããèšçœ®ãã ãŠããã
Giant glass shopping malls are becoming ubiquitous, replete with the brand names of globalisation.
ã€ã³ãã®åšå¢ã®ããåæ¥å€§è£ã®ã«ããŒã«ã»ãã€ã¹ ïŒKamal NathïŒæ°ã¯æ¥œèŠ³çãªã ãŒããããã€ãŸ ãã§èª¬æããã ãæã ã¯ããã€ã³ãã®å°æ¥ã«ã€ã ãŠè©±ãåãããšã¯ãããŸãããæã ã¯ãå°æ¥ã¯ã€ã³ ãã®ãã®ã ãšèšã£ãŠããŸãã
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ããããã€ã³ãçµæžã®é©ç°çãªæé·ã¯ãããã»ã© 泚ææ·±ãèŠãªããšãäžåœçµæžããäžèŠåã§å£ã£ ãŠããããšãåãããããã¯ç¹ã«å ¥åœãšåºåœã® éã«åãããå京ã®åºå ¥åœæç¶ãã¯è¿ éãã€å¹ ççã ã ããããããªãŒã§ã¯é·ãåŸ ã¡æéãäœå ãªãããããé£è¡æ©ã®ã²ãŒããæ¥ç¶ãããã®ãåŸ ã¡ãã¿ããŒãããå ¥åœå¯©æ»å Žã§æé«1æéåŸ ã¡ã 空枯ãåºãéäžã®ä¿å®æ€æ»ã§1æéåŸ ããããã ããã«ã®äºçŽããããŒã¯ã®10æããç¿å¹Ž3æã«ã ããŠ1æ³300ãã«ã§ããéšå±ã確ä¿ã§ãããã㣠ãœã©å¹žéã§ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®åºåã«ãããšã 豪å¢ãªã€ã³ããªã¢ã«ã»ããã«ã®ããŒã¯æã®å®¿æ³ æéã¯1æ³880ïœ1200ãã«ããããå京ã®ããã« ã®éšå±æ°ã¯ã€ã³ãå šäœã®ãããããå€ãã200ïœ 250ãã«ãåºãã°5ã€æã®é«çŽããã«ã«æ³ãŸãã ãšãã§ããã ïŒã€ã®ã¯ã£ãããšããéãã¯å»ºç¯ã§ãããäžåœã® 建ç¯äŒç€Ÿã¯ãã®ã¹ããŒããå¹çæ§ãäœæ¥ã®è³ªã®é« 4
WiA Delegate Publication
111
Regional overviews
ãã§äžççãªè©å€ãåŸãŠãããéãè³æã®éæ¬ ã¯æ©æ¢°ã«ä»»ãã人éãããã管çãããå京㫠ã¯å€ãè·¯å°ã«æ°ããã¬ã©ã¹åŒµãã®è±ªè¯ãªåæ¥çš 建ç©ã建ãŠããã æ¥æ¯ã«å€åããŠããã ãããã〠ã³ãã§ã¯å»ºç¯ã¯æéããããŠè¡ãªããããç·å¥³ ã®éå£ãã¢ã«ã¿ã«ãéã®æ£ãé ã«èŒããŠéã¶ã ã°ã§ãåäŸéã¯ã¬ããã¿ã§éã³ãæã«ã¯å°ã㪠ç©åãåãã«è¡ã£ããéãã ãããŠæäŒãã
In India construction is slow and involves gangs of men and women carrying mud or steel rods by the head load.
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æ¢ã«çºã®äžå¿éšã®äº€éæžæ»ã軜æžããã®ã«åœ¹ç« ã£ãããªãŒã»ã¡ãã延é·ã®å»ºç¯äœæ¥ã¯ãç·æ§ã®åŸ æ¥å¡ã¯å®å šãã«ã¡ããã被ããåäŸã¯èŠãããªã ãã®ã®ã人çè³æºã«å€§ããé Œããªãããã£ãããš é²ãã§ããã
But you have to play a waiting game in Delhi, waiting for a gate for your aircraft to dock, waiting for up to an hour in a scruffy immigration hall, waiting for an hour at fumbling security on the way out. When you look for a hotel, in India you will be lucky to get much for $300 a night in the peak October to March season, and the swanky Imperial advertises on internet sites for $880 to $1,200 a night at busy periods. In Beijing, which itself has more hotel rooms than the whole of India, you can get five star luxury for $200-250. One striking difference is in construction. Chinaâs construction companies are earning a global reputation for the speed, efficiency, and quality of their work, where machines do the heavy lifting and men control them. Beijing is changing daily with new glass palaces to commerce springing up in place of the old hutongs. But in India construction is slow and involves gangs of men and women carrying mud or steel rods by the head load, while their children play in the mud and sometimes help with the fetching and carrying of small articles. Extensions to the Delhi Metro, which has already done a lot to ease congestion in the city centre, are progressing slowly with a lot of emphasis on manpower in the construction work, though the male crew wear safety helmets and there are no children around. The quality of housing construction also leaves a lot to be desired by the standards of the rest of developing Asia. This is a depressingly important factor if the Delhi Master Plan for high-rise buildings takes off. If you look at the skyline of suburban Delhi or Mumbai (Bombay), it is very uneven and higgledy-piggledy. If you trespass inside even 112
äœå® 建èšã®è³ªãã¢ãžã¢ã®ä»ã®éäžåœã®æ°Žæºãã ããªãå£ã£ãŠãããé«å±€ãã«ã®ããªãŒåºæ¬èšç»ã å§ãŸããšãããã ããã¯æ°ããããã»ã©éèŠãªèŠ å ã§ãããããªãŒãããã¯ã ã³ã〠ïŒãã³ãã€ïŒã® ã¹ã«ã€ã©ã€ã³ã¯éåžžã«äžãããã§éç¶ãšããŠã ããæè¿å»ºã£ãå ±åäœå® ãã«ã®äžã«ãã£ããäŸµå ¥ ãããšããã®å€ãã«ç²æªãªå»ºç¯ã®å·è·¡ïŒç¹ã«é 管 å·¥äºãšãšã¬ããŒã¿ãŒèšåïŒãæ®ã£ãŠããã®ãåã ããã«ããããããã倧éœåžåã®äœå® äŸ¡æ Œãç¹ã« ã ã³ãã€ãšITéœåžã®ãã³ã¬ããŒã«ã¯ãåž°åœããæ° ã«ãªã£ãè£çŠãªå°åãã·ã§ãã¯ãåããã»ã©æ¥ éš°ããããã³ãã£ãŒãã£ãã¿ã«ã®ä»äºãããŠãã 倫ãšãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ããã€ã³ãã«ç§»ã£ãç±³åœæè³ ä¿¡èšäŒç€Ÿã®å ãããžã£ãŒã¯èšãã ãç§éã®äºç®ã¯ 150äžãã«ãšããªãå¥å šãªãã®ã§ããããã ã³ã ã€åéšã®äžçå°ã«ã¯æãå±ãããïŒå¹Žè¿ãæ¢ã ãŠãèŠã€ãããªãã£ããããäºç®ãåŒãäžããèŠ æŽãããæªããå ±åã§äœ¿ãå Žæãå£çã®å€§ããŠèŠ æ ãã®ããªããã«ã®3å¯å®€ãã³ã·ã§ã³ã«èœã¡çã ãŸããã
recently constructed apartment blocks, many of them bear the scars of shoddy construction and, especially, the plumbing and lift facilities. Yet prices in the metropolitan areas, especially Bombay and the IT city of Bangalore have soared to levels that have shocked wealthy ã€ã³ãã®æ°ããªçµæžæé·ãšç¹æ ã¯äžåçã«åå² members of the Indian diaspora tempted ãããŠããã2007ã2112幎ã®ç¬¬11åäºã«å¹Žèš to return home. âWe had a pretty healthy ç»ã«å¯Ÿããæ¿åºèšç»å§å¡äŒã®äŒç»æžã§ã¯åé¡ budget of $1.5m but were quickly priced out ã®äžéšãã«è§ŠããŠããããã®ææžã§ã¯ã2003ã of prime buildings in south Bombay; after 2007幎ã®8ïŒ åŒ·ã®æé·çããã€ã³ãçµæžã®å匷 looking for almost a year, we threw in the ããšå€ãã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®æŽ»åãåæ ãããèšé² towel, increased our budget and settled for çæ¥çžŸã§ãã£ãããšãææããåŸãã€ã³ãã§ã¯è²§ a small three-bed in a not-so-great building å¯ã®å·®ããŸããŸãæ¡å€§ããŠããããšãèªããŠã with no view and lousy common areas,â ãã says a former manager of a US mutual fund æ¥æé·ã®æäžã«ããã€ã³ãã«ãããŠã1.2ç¯ã§ã¯ who left New York for India with her venture ãç¹ã«1990幎代åã°ä»¥éãçµæžæé·ã¯å æ¬æ§ capitalist husband. ã«æ¬ ããŠããã ãšã®ãã¬ãã£ããªèŠæ¹ã瀺ããŠã
India has become the fastest growing market in the world for mobile telephones, with 150 million of them Indiaâs new found growth and prosperity has been unevenly divided. The government planning commissionâs approach document to the 11th five-year plan from 2007 to 2112 pointed to some of the problems. After reflecting that the growth of 8 percent plus over the 2003-2007 period was a record which âreflects the strength of our economy and the dynamism of the private sector in many areas,â the document admitted that India was increasingly a divided country. In the middle of Indiaâs booming success, paragraph 1.2 makes grim reading: âEconomic growth has failed to be sufficiently inclusive, particularly after the mid-1990s. Agriculture
ãããã®æç¹ãã蟲æ¥ã¯æé·ã®å¢ãã倱ãããã® åŸå±æ©ã«è¿ãç¶æ³ãšãªã£ããçµç¹ãããã»ã¯ã¿ ãŒã®å°±æ¥æ©äŒã¯æé·çã®äžæã«ããããããå¢ ããŠããªãã貧å°ç·ä»¥äžã®äººå£ã®æ¯çã¯äœäžã ãŠãããã®ã®ãäœäžã®ããŒã¹ã¯ç·©ããã ãæ é€å€± 調è ã®æ¯çãäœäžãã€ã€ããããã ããåé¡ã® èŠæš¡ã¯åŒãç¶ãéåžžã«å€§ãããéåžžã«å€ãã®äºº ã ã¯ãŸã å»çãæè²ãæž æœãªé£²ææ°Žãäžæ°Žèšåãž ã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãæããããã®ããçµæžæé·ã®æ©æµ ã享åã§ããã«ãããå人ãšããŠã®å¥³æ§ã®åŽå åžå Žãžã®åå ã¯å¢ãããã®ã®ãç·å¥³å·®å¥ãæŽå ã®è¢«å®³ã¯ãªããªããªãã ã€ã³ãã¯æ¢ã«éœåžãšèŸ²æãå¯è£å±€ãšè²§å°å±€ã®é ã§è²§å¯ã®å·®ã倧ããã蟲æ¥ã¯å°±æ¥æ©äŒã®65ïŒ ååŸãå ããŠããããåœå ç·çç£ãžã®å¯äžåºŠã¯ 20ïŒ ã«ãããªãã ïŒ è²§ããæã®çª®ç¶ã¯ã³ã©ã å ç §ïŒ1.7ïŒ ã«æ¥èœãã蟲æ¥ã®æé·çãšã¯å¯Ÿç §çã« 2æ¡è¿ãæé·çã§æ¥æ¿ã«äŒžã³ãŠãããµãŒãã¹éš éã§ããå°±æ¥æ©äŒã¯å°ãªãããã®å°ãªãéçšå£ã¯ ãã§ã«éã®åŒ·ã人éã«å åããããŠããã ïŒæ¥ïŒãã«ã§ç掻ããŠããã€ã³ã人ã®æ°ã¯è°è« ã®çã«ãªã£ãŠãããå¯å€§çµ±é ã¯2å6000äžäººãš è¿°ã¹ããã3å5000人ãšèšããšã³ããã¹ããããã4
Regional overviews
lost its growth momentum from that point on and subsequently entered a near crisis situation. Jobs in the organised sector have not increased despite faster growth. The percentage of our population below the poverty line is declining but only at a modest pace. Malnutrition levels also appear to be declining but the magnitude of the problem continues to be very high. Far too many people still lack access to basic services such as health, education, clean drinking water and sanitation facilities without which they cannot share in the benefits of growth. Women have increased their participation in the labour force as individuals, but continue to face discrimination and are subject to increasing violence.â India is already sharply divided between the urban and rural areas, and between rich and poor. Agriculture accounts for about 65 percent of the jobs, but contributes only 20 percent to gross domestic product. (See box for the plight of a poor village.) Agricultural growth slumped to 1.7 percent, in contrast to the rapidly growing services sector, which is almost in double digits, but provides few jobs and those only for the fortunate ones who have got a foot on the ladder. The number of Indians living on a dollar a day is disputed. The vice president said 260 million, but some economists say it is 350 million. The World Bank noted in its 2006 overview of India that, although the service sector provides opportunities for the few, 90 percent of Indiaâs people are trapped in low productivity, low wage jobs in the informal sector. Manufacturing, with some shining exceptions, has not grown as rapidly as services, hampered by poor infrastructure, red tape and restrictive labour laws, poor infrastructure, and uncertain power supplies. Certain areas and types of goods are legally restricted to small scale industries. Indiaâs manufactured exports were $37 billion in 2005, or 6 percent of GDP, whereas Chinaâs were $712 billion or 35 percent of GDP. According to the World Bank, India ranks 134 among 175 countries in the world for business friendly attitudes, although the
Kamal Nath: We no longer discuss the future of India. We say, âthe future is Indiaâ.
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bank said that things had improved in the main commercial centre of Bombay and in 2006 it took only 35 days to register a business, against 89 days in 2004. Chidambaramâs 2007 budget clearly had an eye on the 2009 elections and on various state elections before then. Previous governments had been unceremoniously turfed out of office because they had forgotten India was a democracy and failed to spread the benefits of economic reforms. His concentration on education and health spending are easy to understand: though India turns out 350,000 engineering graduates a year, millions leave school early without being able to read or write. Oxfam says that the dropout rate in primary schools was 38 percent in 2004.
Agriculture accounts for about 65 percent of the jobs, but contributes only 20 percent to gross domestic product Pressures for children to start earning early are all too evident in the countryside where they can be useful in minding cattle or helping their mother in the house, but even in downtown Delhi I found a Sikh boy working as a locksmith and key cutter, who gave his age as 13, though he had precious few customers at his distinctly old fashioned stall. Whether the spending will work is open to question. Chidambaran himself had previously complained about chronic problems of accountability in public services and questioned âthe logic of pouring more water down leaky pipes.â A recent World Bank survey found that 25 percent of government primary school teachers in India are absent from work, and only 50 percent of teachers are actually engaged in the act of teaching while at work. Foreign critics grumbled that the budget was silent about essential structural reforms still lacking, such as revisions to rigid labour laws that make hiring difficult and firing almost impossible, removing barriers to investment, increasing privatisation, getting rid of excessive and intrusive regulation, sharpening the financial system, all of which are needed if the modern sector of the economy is to keep powering ahead. âHave reforms gone into a deep slumber?â commented Ifzal Ali, chief economist of the ADB. India has come some way since C M Stephen, communications minister under Indira Gandhi, hit back at critics in parliament who complained about breakdowns in the telephone system by asserting that telephones were a luxury, not a right, and anyone dissatisfied with the service could return his telephone, since there was an eight year waiting list. Even so, there is still a pervasive babu mentality that the petty civil servant is a latter-day deity and that anyone who seeks a permit, especially a rich businessman or a foreigner, goes as a supplicant.
äžçéè¡ã¯2006幎ã€ã³ãæŠèŠãªããŒãã«ã ããµãŒ ãã¹éšéã¯éãããæ°ã®åœæ°ã«æ©äŒãæäŸãã ããåœæ°ã®90ïŒ ã¯çç£æ§ãäœãäœè³éã®èšæé ãã®è·ããæãåºãããšãã§ããªãã ãšæ³šèšã㊠ããã äžéšã®ç¹äŸã¯ãããã®ã®ã補é æ¥ã¯å£çãªã€ã³ ãã©ã圹æã®ç ©éãªæç¶ããå¶çŽã®å€ãåŽåæ³ã åœãŠã«ãªããªãé»åäŸçµŠã«ãããµãŒãã¹éšé ã»ã©æ¥æé·ããŠããªããç¹å®ã®å°åãååã®çš® é¡ã¯æ³åŸäžãå°èŠæš¡ãªç£æ¥ã«éå®ãããŠããã 2005幎ã®è£œé éšéã®èŒžåºé¡ã¯ãã€ã³ãã®370å ãã«ïŒåœå ç·çç£ã®6ïŒ ïŒã«å¯ŸããŠäžåœã¯7120å ãã«ïŒåœå ç·çç£ã®35ïŒ ïŒã ã£ãã ããžãã¹ç°å¢ã®æŽåã«é¢ããäžçéè¡ã®ã©ã³ã ã³ã°ã§ã€ã³ãã¯äžç175ã«åœã®ãã¡134äœãå ã ãããããã§ãã ã³ãã€ã®äž»èŠåæ¥å°åºã¯æ¹å ããäºæ¥ç»é²ã«èŠããæ¥æ°ã¯2004幎ã®89æ¥ãã 2006幎ã¯ããã35æ¥ã«ççž®ããããšãäŒããŠã ãã ãã ã ãã©ã 財 å 倧 è£ ã® 2 0 0 7 幎 ã® äº ç® ã¯ã 2009幎ã®éžæãšãã®åã®æ§ã ãªå·éžæãæãã ã«ç®æšã«ãããã®ã§ãã£ããéå»ã®æ¿åºã¯ã€ã³ ããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©åœã§ããããšãå¿ããçµæžæ¹é©ã® æ©æµãåºããããšãæ ã£ããããçªç¶èŸä»»ã«è¿œ ã蟌ãŸããŠãããããã ãã©ã æ°ãæè²ãšå»ç ãéèŠããŠããããšã¯ç°¡åã«ç解ã§ãããã€ã³ã ã¯æ¯å¹Ž35äžäººã®å·¥åŠå£«ãäžã«éãåºãããå°åŠ æ ¡ãäžéãèªã¿æžãã®ã§ããªãåœæ°ã¯äœçŸäžäºº ãããã Oxfamã«ãããš2004幎ã®å°åŠæ ¡ã®äžé éåŠè ã®æ¯çã¯38ïŒ ã ã£ãã åäŸãå°ããé ããéã皌ãå¿ èŠã«è¿«ãããŠã ãããšã¯ãçã®äžè©±ã家äºã®æäŒããããåäŸ ã®å€ã蟲æéšã§ã¯ããŸãã«ãæçœãªäºå®ã ãã ããªãŒã®åæ¥å°åºã§ããã客ã¯ã»ãšãã©ããªã ããªãå€é¢šãªå±å°ã§é ååž«å Œéµè·äººãšããŠåã 13æ³ã®ã·ãŒã¯æåŸã®å°å¹ŽãèŠãããã æ¿åºã®è²¡æ¿æ¯åºãå¹æããããããã©ããã¯ç åã®äœå°ããããããã ãã©ã æ°èªèº«ã以åå ¬å ± ãµãŒãã¹ã®éæ矩åã®æ ¢æ§çãªåé¡ã«èŠæ ã è¿°ã¹ã ã æ°ŽæŒãã®ããé 管ã«æ°Žãæµãç¶ããè« çãã«ç°è°ãç³ç«ãŠãããšããã£ããæè¿ã®äžç éè¡ã®èª¿æ»ã«ãããšãã€ã³ãã®å ¬ç«å°åŠæ ¡ã®æ åž«ã®æ¬ å€çã¯25ïŒ ã«éããå€åäžã«å®éã«æè² æå°ã«åŸäºããŠããæåž«ã¯50ïŒ ã«ãããªãã äºç®ã«ã¯ãéçšãå°é£ã«ããŠè§£éãäžå¯èœåç¶ ã«ããèéã®å©ããªãåŽåæ³ã®æ¹æ£ãæè³éå£ ã®æ€å»ãæ°å¶åã®æšé²ãé床ã§äŸµå ¥çãªèŠå¶æ€ å»ãéèã·ã¹ãã ã®æ¹åãªã©ãè¿ä»£çéšéã®çºå± ãæšé²ããããã®æ¥µããŠéèŠãªæ§é æ¹é©ã«ã€ ããŠã¯å šãèšåãããŠããªãããšãæµ·å€ã§æ¹å€ ãããã ãæ¹é©ã¯æ¢ãŸã£ãŠããŸã£ãã®ã§ããããã ãšã¢ãžã¢éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã®ããŒããšã³ããã¹ã ã§ããã€ãã¶ã«ã»ã¢ãª ïŒIfzal AliïŒæ°ã¯è¿°ã¹ãã ã€ã³ãã£ã©ã»ã¬ã³ãž ãŒ æ¿ æš© äž ã«ã³ãã¥ã ã±ãŒ ã·ã§ã³å€§è£ãåããC.M. ã¹ãã£ãŒãã³ïŒC. M. StephenïŒæ°ãè°äŒã§é»è©±ã·ã¹ãã ã®æ éãæ¹ å€ãã人ç©ã«å¯ŸããŠã ãé»è©±ã¯æš©å©ã§ã¯ãªããã ããåã§ããã8幎éã®é çªåŸ ã¡ãããã®ã§ãµãŒ ãã¹ã«äžæºãªãè¿åããŠãã ããã ãšèšã£ãæã ãã€ã³ãã¯ããçšåºŠçºå±ããã ãšã¯ãããäžçŽåœ¹ 人ã¯çŸä»£ã®ç¥ã®ãããªååšã§ãèš±å¯ã®å¿ èŠãªè ã ç¹ã«è£çŠãªå®æ¥å®¶ãå€åœäººã¯ãžããã ã£ãŠãé¡ ãããå¿ èŠããããšããäžæåã®èãããŸã è 延ããŠããã ããããé害ã«ãããããããèšç»å§å¡äŒã®å¯ äŒé·ã§ããã¢ã³ããã¯ã»ã·ã³ã»ã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢ ïŒMontek Singh AhluwaliaïŒæ°ã¯ã€ã³ãã¯æ£ããç®æšã«å 4
India
Pressures for children to start earning early are all too evident in the countryside.
In spite of all the obstacles, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, the deputy chairman of the planning commission, exudes optimism that India is on the right track. âWhen the reforms began there was doubt about whether we would generate growth and there was doubt about the equity issue,â he says. âThe record on growth is unambiguously positive. The record on equity is mixed. The trickling down concept is much more complex than people think.â
There is still a pervasive babu mentality that the petty civil servant is a latter-day deity But he hits back at the World Bank criticism that India is a relatively lousy place to set up a business. âIt is not a very intelligent metric that they are using, predominantly based on perceptions. A lot of it is in line with what we ourselves think. If you feel that the fact that World Bank also thinks so sanctifies the government of Indiaâs view, I am happy to have you quote it. Investors will have woken up to the truth long before the World Bank and the World Bank will document the change. They are an exceptionally poor predictor of almost everything. They did not predict the recovery other than in general terms.â Ahluwalia is cautiously optimistic that India will get the massive $350 million in infrastructure investment that it needs over the next few years. âThe bottom line is we have a framework of policy that is, as far as we can tell ex ante, satisfactory and good.
© David Lomax / Robert Harding / Rex Features
ãã£ãŠãããšãã楜芳çãªèŠæ¹ãããŠããã ãæ¹ é©ãå§ããæã«ã¯çµæžæé·ãéæã§ãããã©ã ãã¯äžç¢ºãã§ãå ¬å¹³ãã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠãçåã ãããŸããã ãšã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã¯èªãã ãçµæžæé·ã® å®çžŸã¯æããã«äžåãã§ããå ¬å¹³ãã®å®çžŸã¯äž æ§ã§ã¯ãããŸãããé貚浞é説ã®æŠå¿µã¯äžè¬ã« èããããŠããããããã£ãšè€éã§ãã ãããã圌ã¯ã€ã³ãã¯çžå¯Ÿçã«äºæ¥ãå§ãã«ãã åœã ãšããäžçéè¡ã®æ¹å€ã«åè«ããã ãäžçé è¡ã®äœ¿ã£ãŠãã枬å®ã®åºæºã¯äž»ã«èªèã«åºã¥ã ãã®ã§äœãç¥çã§ã¯ãããŸããããã®å€ãã¯æã èªèº«ã®èããšäžèŽããŠããŸããäžçéè¡ãåæèŠ ã ãšããäºå®ãã€ã³ãæ¿åºã®èŠæ¹ãæ£åœãšèªã ããšãèããªãã°ãç§ã¯ããªãããããåŒçšã ãããšã«å察ããŸãããæè³å®¶ã¯äžçéè¡ããã ãªãæ©ãçå®ã«æ°ã¥ããäžçéè¡ã¯å€åãææž ã«èšé²ããã§ããããäžçéè¡ã®äºæž¬ã¯ã¯ããã ããšãéåžžã«å€ãã®ã§ãã圌ãã¯äžè¬çãªèšã æ¹ã§ããå埩ãäºæ³ããŸããã§ããã ã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã¯ã€ã³ããä»åŸæ°å¹Žéã«å¿ èŠãšã ãã€ã³ãã©æè³ã«3å5000äžãã«ãšããå€§å¹ ãª éé¡ã確ä¿ã§ãããã®ãšèŠèŸŒãã§ããã ãäºå®ã® æ žå¿ã¯æã ã®ç¥ãéããç³ãåãªãæ¿çã®æ çµ ã¿ããããšããããšã§ããæã ã¯ã²ã©ãããããå¿ èŠãšããŠããŸããæã ã¯ãæã ã®èŠå®ããã€ã³ã ã©æè³ã¯åœå ç·çç£ã®çŽ4.7ïŒ ã ãšãã³ãã©ã®ã ãã«äœåºŠãç¹°ãè¿ããŠããŸãããããã¯5幎åŸã« 8ïŒ ã«åŒãäžããããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ããã¯æ é·çãèšç®ã«å ¥ãããšãä»åŸ5幎éã«ãããã€ã³ ãã©æè³ã¯çŽ3500åäžãã«ãšãªãã¹ãã§ããã æ¥å平垞éãã®å Žåã¯çŽ2200åãã«ã«ãããªã ãªãããšãæå³ããŠããŸããåŸã£ãŠæéèŠç¹ã¯ä» åŸ5幎éã«äœåã®1300åãã«ã®æè³ã確ä¿ãã ããšã§ãã
We need a hell of a lot. At various times the mantra we have used is that investment in infrastructure as we define it is about 4.7 percent of GDP. It should be raised to 8 percent at the end of five years. This would mean over the next five years, factoring in ããã®äžéšã¯å ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšãªããŸãããå°ãªã growth, that infrastructure investment should ãšã75ïŒ ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ããå¿ èŠããããšç§ be about $350 billion and on a business as ã¯èŠãŠããŸããäžè¶³é¡ã1300åãã«ã ãšãããã usual basis it would only be about $220 5幎éã§æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒããã¯900åãã«ä»¥äžãšã billion or something like that. So the name ãããšã«ãªããŸãããããã¯ç§ã®èãã§ã¯äžå¯èœ of the game is to get an extra $130 billion of ãªæ°åã§ã¯ãããŸãããã€ã³ãã¯äºæ¥èšç«ãæ è¿ããæ£ããç®æšãæã¡ãçµæžæé·çã¯é«ãã奜㟠investment in the next five years. âSome of that will be public sector, but ããæ¿çãå°å ¥ããŠããããšãäžçã®ã³ãã¥ãã my guess is that at least 75 percent of the ã£ã«ã¢ããŒã«ããã°è³éã確ä¿ã§ããã§ãããã äžåœãžã®æè³é¡ãèžãŸãããšãã€ã³ã人ã¯ãã£ãš investment has to be private sector. If it is a ç®ãèŠãããšèšã人ã ãçã«é©ã£ãå€æããã $130 billion gap, then you are talking of more ã°ãã€ã³ãã«æå©ãªãé©åãªè³éã®ååé ãè¡ãª than $90 billion plus from the private sector ãããã§ãããã in five years, in my view not an impossible figure. If we persuade the world community ã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã¯ãäžåœã¯äžçã®äœæ¥å Žãã€ã³ã㯠that India is open for business, that India is on äžçã®ãªãã£ã¹ã«ãªãããšããèŠæ¹ã«ãåè«ã ãããã¯å šãã®ãã³ã»ã³ã¹ã§ããæãåœã®å® track, Indiaâs growth is high, and the policies ãã are good - we will get the money. Given the æ¥å®¶éã¯è£œè¬ãèªåè»éšåãç¹ç©ïŒè¡£é¡ã¯ãŸã ã amount that China absorbs, any reasonable ãïŒããœãããŠãšã¢ããªãµãŒãããããŠéé ãªã©ã® judgement by people saying that the Indians æãé«åºŠãªè£œé åéã§ãå€åœã®ããã«éåžžã«ç«¶ have finally woken up will lead to an äºçãªç£æ¥ãéçºãããšæãããŸãã appropriate redistribution in favour of India.â ããããæ¥åžžååéã®å®åäžè¶³ãæ®å¿µããã ãæ He also criticises, âthe notion that China ãåœã«ã¯äžåœã®ã©ã³ãã·ã§ãŒãã»ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšç«¶ã will be the workshop and we will be the åãã補é æ¥è ã¯ããªãããã§ãããã¢ã«ã¯ãªã¢ office of the world. It is complete nonsense. æ°ã¯ã€ã³ã人ã¯äžåœè£œã®è£œåãè²·ãããšã«æµæ Our industrialists seem to have [developed] ãæããªãã£ããšé¢çœããã«èšããã©ã³ãã·ã§ãŒ very competitive industry in things like ãã売ãåºã30è»ã»ã©ãã人æ°ã®é«ãããªãŒã® pharmaceuticals, auto components, textiles åžå Žã«èšåããã ããäžåœè£œã®ã©ã³ãã·ã§ãŒã㯠- though not yet garments - software and 眮ããŠãããŸããããšããçæ¿ãå€ã«åºããŠãã even the research area AND in some of the åºãäžè»ãããŸãããã®åºã«ãããŠããååã¯æ most sophisticated manufacturing areas, ããã«éåžžã«ã¿ããŒããããã®ã§ãããã®ç·ã¯ ãããæå倧å€æ°ã®å©ããããšã ãšæã£ãã®ã§ such as forgings.â But he laments the failure in common items ããæ¬åœã«èå³æ·±ãã®ã¯ã以åã¯äžåœè£œã®åå of life: âWe donât seem to have manufacturers ã®è²©å£²ããããã£ãŠããå°å£²åºäž»éã¯ããã£ãã who can compete with Chinese lampshades.â ããã©ã³ãã·ã§ãŒãã売ãããšã§å€§ãããã§ãã He notes with amusement that Indians have ç¹ã«æ°ã¥ããããšã§ãããããã§ã¯ãšãŠãæè¡ã® 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
æåç·ãšã¯èšããªãã ãããã¯ããã§ãã ã§ããã ãã©ã³ãã·ã§ãŒããç³é¹žå ¥ããã·ã£ã¯ãŒã®ä»å±å ã§ããããã æ¥åžžç掻ã¯ããããéåžžã«ã·ã³ãã« ãªç©ã§æº¢ããŠããŸãããªãã¯ã¹ãã©ãŒãåºã®ã¢ã« ã¯ãªã¢æ°ã®ç掻ã¯ããããã·ã³ãã«ãªç©ã§æº¢ã ãŠãããããããªãããããã¯åœŒãšã€ã³ãã®äžè¬ 倧è¡ãšã®æ Œå·®ã瀺ã1ã€ã®äŸã§ããã
© Agustinus Wibowo / OnAsia.com
ã€ã³ãã®è£œé æ¥ã¯èºé²ãã寞åã ãšããèšç» å§å¡äŒã®äŒé·ã®èŠæ¹ã¯æ£ãããããããªãã Boston Consulting Group瀟ã®å°é家ã¯è£œè¬ã èª åè»éšåãèªåè»ããã³ãªãŒããã€ãªã©ã®åé ã§ãã€ã³ãã«ã¯äžççã«ç«¶äºã§ãã補é æ¥ã®åº ç€ã®å§ãŸãããããšèšãã
The number of Indians living on a dollar a day is disputed. The vice president said 260 million, but some economists say it is 350 million.
overcome their resistance to buying Chinese goods, and cites a popular Delhi market with âabout 30 shops that sell light shades. There is one shop that has a board outside which says, âWe do not sell any Chinese lampshades.â It is unambiguously the shoddiest set of products on the block. This guy thought it was very cute originally. What is really interesting is that all the petty shopkeepers who were earlier afraid of Chinese goods have worked out that can make a killing in selling better lampshades.â It is hardly the cutting edge of technology. âNo, but whether you call it lampshades, soap dishes, shower fittings, ordinary life is full of these very, very simple things.â The Oxford educated Ahluwaliaâs life may be full of these simple things, which is an example of the gap between him and the Indian masses.
Chidambaramâs 2007 budget clearly had an eye on the 2009 elections and on various state elections before then The planning chief may be right that Indian manufacturing is on the verge of emerging. Boston Consulting Group experts say that in areas like pharmaceuticals, auto components, cars and motorcycles, India has the beginnings of a globally competitive manufacturing base. But as far as the wider India is concerned there are several critical questions. One is how long Indians are prepared to continue living in different centuries at the same time. Another is whether Montek Singh Alhuwalia can get the infrastructure built on time. Another is whether the investors will come or will be scared off by the red tape, and one of Indiaâs problems is that there are national and state and local layers, and bureaucrats and politicians at all levels are anxious for their share of the pie.
One distinguished Delhi family has a differing view on the prospects for India continuing to shine. Prabhash Joshi, founder-editor of Janasatta, the Hindi daily newspaper, is worried about how India will cope with meeting the aspirations of a rising population that is consuming more energy and creating more pollution from a fragile resource base. Cities are already difficult to live in and by 2021, 40 percent of the population is projected to live in urban areas. Already, he worries, the rich are beginning to price the poor out of the market, and to get a child into the best Delhi schools parents have to pay many times the average income of an ordinary family. His daughter, Sonal, who is head of entertainment for new Delhi Television, probably the best of the multitude of television channels that have sprung up in the last few years and about to go to Bombay to start an entertainment channel for the station, professes no such worries. âYou want us to go back to the good old colonial days?â she asks, when growth was barely positive, famines were frequent and Indians had none of the happy prospects that she is confident that she and her children face. âThe future of this country is bright,â she asserts. Her brother Sopan, deputy editor of Down to Earth magazine and one of the brightest young journalists in Asia, has seen how bureaucrats and politicians have great dreams, but then put barriers in the way of fulfilling them or greedily siphon off the benefits so that even good projects collapse. He also questions whether Indiaâs leaders understand their own country and people well enough to create dreams for them. âBureaucrats are the worst: you can never tell them anything,â he accuses. âAt least with politicians, you can argue and they will listen and sometimes change their minds. As for Montek Singh Ahluwalia, I donât think he knows or understands the India of half a million villages.â g
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Regional overviews
Village India he boy painstakingly wrote his name, gripping the pen firmly as if it might slip away from him, forming his letters agonisingly slowly, first in English, then in Hindi, but with a neatness that would put most Western children to shame. It was nevertheless the hand of a child, with the letters touching, but not properly joined up. He wrote that he was Neeraj Kumar Sharma, and added the names of his father, Munha, followed by four uncles, before listing his mother, two brothers, one sister and three âantsâ and ending, in English, âmy familyâ. Dressed simply in a torn off-white vest, long light-mud coloured trousers and flipflops, with no trace of down, let alone a beard, on his cheeks, he looked at most 12 years old, but said that he was 15. He was nearing the end of his education at the local school just a kilometre down the road, since he was in class five, the highest he could go. He said that he would like to join class six in another town, but had no idea how to do it. Other children rushed around. How many of you, we asked in Hindi, can read and write your names like Neeraj. There was an embarrassed turning of heads. No one volunteered. This Indian village, where Neeraj lives, is hardly the end of the world. It is just 50 kilometres from Agra, home of the famous Taj Mahal. National Highway 3 running from Agra to Gwalior, and on to the commercial capital of Bombay, passes within a few kilometres. The last few years have seen some improvements to daily life. Most houses in the main area of the village are partly brick built under their thatch roofs, whereas 15 years ago only the village sarpanch (headman) had a brick house. Other houses then were mud built and had to be shored up each year after the annual monsoon rains. Amongst the villagers, several own bicycles and there are 10 tractors. There are a few tiny shops â well, that is a rather grand word, since the âshopsâ donât have a permanent building, let alone signboards or shutters, but are more like boxes that are opened up on the main street to sell tiny daily necessities such as betel nuts and paan, bidis (the local cigarettes) and sweets. But one shopkeeper sported a magnificent dangling gold nose-ring, so business is evidently not so bad. The foundations of real economic development are still missing. You have only to look down the main street, muddy and puddled with every passing rain shower, where only the lugubrious buffaloes and the dancing children seem at home, to realise that not a lot has really changed.
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The improvements to the village houses came from the earnings of men who had left the village to work outside. One man said that he drove lorries all over India, beyond Agra and as far as Bombay, though he had no work at the moment. But no one had succeeded sufficiently in the outside world to be able to relocate his family outside the village. As happens all over the world, conversation quickly turned to the unsettling vagaries of the weather. After grumbling about several years of drought, the villagers said last year had been better. The village has no easy means of storing water because of a layer of rock not far underground, another reason why there is no tube well because the rock inhibits deep drilling.
The brick road to the village was badly in need of repair and driving on it was like riding on corrugated iron with potholes. A loose sharp stone hidden under a puddle punctured our carâs radiator, and we had to drive 25 kilometres to find a repair shop. Coca Cola (or Pepsi) civilisation has not yet reached the village. It could not have done so, simply because the village has no electricity, and therefore no means of keeping the soft drinks cool. Electricity had been promised five years ago, but the villagers are pessimistic about the power lines ever reaching the village. There is no post office in the village, nor school. There is no telephone line, and nobody has a mobile telephone, which would be a waste of money since there is no reception available for the main Indian networks. There are no modern conveniences like water on tap, let alone flush lavatories. Daily ablutions are performed using water from the village wells. The village has not got a single tube well, although some of the tractors have a motor that was intended to power one. The grants are higher and the taxes lower for a tube well and these villagers are not stupid and know how to count money. Life is simple, still revolving round the sun and the seasons, and the annual rainfall. The villagers sleep on charpoys, simple home-made wooden framed beds with rope webbing that can easily be repaired, and can be brought in or out of the house for use during the day as makeshift tables. Most of the day will be spent in the fields where crops of bajra, gram and mustard are grown. The evening meal is cooked outdoors using firewood or dung cakes gathered from the buffaloes. The day does not end with the sun, but is extended to 20.00 or 22.00 by use of kerosene lamps, so that the card games that the men love can go on after dark in the absence of any other entertainment.
Precious little has been done in this village to stimulate minds or ambition
Few of the village children could read or write their names.
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The villageâs failure to join the modern world has political roots. A generation ago, when the Congress Party ruled India, all the villages around were dominated by Karan Singh Sharma, the uncle of Neeraj. The boy has the recognisable nose and hairline of the old man, who is now dead. In those days, Brahmins like Karan Singh ruled the roost to such an extent that untouchables and lower castes were not counted as part of the village. A visiting Brahmin woman friend from Delhi caused astonishment when she accepted water from a well used by lower castes. The old manâs domination has been swept aside and caste politics has come to Uttar Pradesh, often with a vengeance. The village has been relegated to the backwaters and the sarpanch for the group of villages comes from the neighbouring village that has the school and electricity. The most depressing realisation after a couple of hours in the village was that I could not see a single toy, no doll, teddy bear, tin soldier, no chalk or crayons, no posters of pop stars or footballers, no balloons nor balls, let alone books or newspapers or electronic games, none of the things that are taken for granted in the West or China or Delhi for that matter, none of the small things that encourage the imagination of children and young adults to work for a better life. Precious little has been done in this village to stimulate minds or ambition or yearning for a life beyond dependence on the changing seasons and the capricious monsoons. It is very sad to see the shining-eyed, obviously bright and energetic children, so quickly ground down by remorseless poverty. g
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Most of the day will be spent in the fields where crops of bajra, gram and mustard are grown.
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119
Regional overviews
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Photo courtesy of World Bank
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Making the road as smooth as silk for the CARâs The Silk Road was once the most important link between East and West, a vital series of stepping stones in laying the foundations of the modern world.
I
t was also pivotal in helping to develop the great civilizations of China, India, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Rome, but today it is a rocky road indeed, both literally and metaphorically. However, Juan Miranda, the director general of the Central and West Asia department of the Asian Development Bank, is an enthusiastic supporter of the revival of the road as an essential bringer of prosperity and peace to central Asia and making it again, in a true sense, the âcrossroads of the worldâ between China, India, Russia, the Middle East and Europe. The old and fabled road started in Changâan, the Xiâan of today, and was not so much a single road as a series of routes that spread from China and deviated north and south of the Tibetan plateau through to India, Asia Minor, and the Mediterranean. Miranda says his appetite for the area and the route was whetted when he visited Petra, which by some definitions was the western end of the route. But then he laughs and says that, âin another sense, London was the last point in the chain as the goods came to the East India dock for delivery beyond.â Alexander the Great was one of the first to open up the routes from the west, and his successors, the Ptolemies, expanded the links between Egypt and the Mediterranean and India. China made the opening from the east. Silk, of course was one of the main products traded from early Roman times. Marco Polo, the Venetian merchant, was a relative latecomer to the road. Gunpowder, 120
ãã€ãŠã¯å£®å€§ãªäžåœãã€ã³ãã ã¡ãœãã¿ãã¢ããã« ã·ã£ãããŒãã®ææçºå±ã«ãéèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæ 㣠ãŠããããçŸå®çã«ãæ¯å©çã«ããä»æ¥ã®ã·ã«ã¯ ããŒãã¯éºããéã§ããã ããããã¢ãžã¢éçºé è¡ïŒADB)ã®äžå€®ã»è¥¿ã¢ãžã¢å±é·ãã¢ã³ã»ãã©ã³ãïŒ Juan MirandaïŒæ°ã¯ã ã·ã«ã¯ããŒããåã³äžåœã ã€ã³ãããã·ã¢ãäžæ±ãããŠæ¬§å·ãçµã¶æ¬åœã®ãäž çã®äº€å·®ç¹ã ãšäœçœ®ä»ããäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã«ç¹æ ãšå¹³ åãå°ãããã®ãã®ãšããŠåŸ©èãããããšç±å¿ ã«åžæããŠããã å€ãããèªãç¶ãããŠããã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã¯ä»æ¥ ã®è¥¿å®ã§ããé·å®ãèµ·ç¹ãšããäžæ¬ã®éã§ã¯ãª ãäžåœãã幟æ¬ã«ãéã䌞ã³ãæåããããŠã ãããé«åã®åãšåãéã£ãŠã€ã³ããå°ã¢ãžã¢ãå° äžæµ·å°æ¹ãžãšç¹ãã£ãŠããã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ãã·ã« ã¯ããŒãã®è¥¿ã®çµç¹ãšãããããããã©ã蚪ã ããšãã«ããã®å°åãšã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã®åŸ©æŽ»ã«æã ã銳ããã ãããã ãå¥ã®æå³ã§ã¯ç©è³ãé¥ãæ± ã€ã³ãããã¯ãŸã§éã°ãããšããããšã§ããã³ãã³ ãçµç¹ã ãšãèšããã ãšç¬ããªããèªã£ãŠããã åãã«è¥¿ããã®ã«ãŒããéæããã®ã¯ã¢ã¬ã¯ãµ ã³ããŒå€§çã§ããã®åŸç¶ã®ããã¬ãã€ãªã¹çæ ã¯ãšãžãããå°äžæµ·å°æ¹ãæŽã«ã€ã³ããžãšäº€æè·¯ ãæ¡åŒµããŠãã£ããäžåœã¯æ±ããã«ãŒããåãé ãããå€ä»£ããŒãã®æ代ãããäž»èŠãªäº€æåã¯ã ã¡ããã·ã«ã¯ã§ãã£ããããæ代ãçµãŠãã«ã³ã» ããŒããããã¹ã®å人ãã·ã«ã¯ããŒããæž¡ã£ãŠã ã£ããç«è¬ãå°å·æè¡ãã³ã³ãã¹ãå°å³ãé è¹æè¡ ãªã©ãéã°ããæŽã«ã¯æåãä»æãããã¡ãå€ã ãŠäŒæããŠãã£ããæŽå²äžã ã°ããŒããªãŒãŒã·ã§ ã³ã¯ã·ã«ã¯ããŒããéããŠåããŠå®çŸããåœéç ãªæå亀æµãé·ãéç¶ããã
printing, the compass, maps, shipbuilding, as well as culture and the Buddhist religion were among the major items carried or modified by the trade links. Indeed, globalisation itself took its first steps on the Silk Road and the road sustained a truly international culture. However, the coming of the great ããããåžåœã®åèãæµ·äžèŒžéã®çºéãåŸã«ã¯ empires and greater use of sea, then air, 空路ãéãããããšã§æã®ã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã¯è¿ routes meant that the old Silk Road was åãããé£ã³è¶ãããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ããæ¢ bypassed and overflown. Even by the 19th ã«19äžçŽã«ã¯ãåã®ã«ãŒãã®äž»èŠäžç¶ç¹ã§ã century, Afghanistan, a key link in the ãã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã¯ãã·ã¢åžåœãšè±é ã€ã³ãã« southern part of the road was caught like 培åºçã«æŸåãããŠããããœããšãåžåœã®æ代 a bone chewed over by the old imperial ã«ãªããšãã«ãŒãã®ããªãã®éšåããã®é åã« powers of Russia and British India. With the çµã¿èŸŒãŸããããµãã«ã«ã³ã(Samarkand)ãšã coming of the Soviet empire, great chunks ã£ãå°åã¯èªãç¶ãããç©èªãã«ãªããããã© of the routes were absorbed into the USSR. (Bokhara)ã¯è«çåŠã®ææ¬ã§è§ŠããããçšåºŠã« Names of places like Samarkand faded into ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ãã the imagination of fables, while Bokhara ãããããœé£éŠã厩å£ããäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢å ±ååœè«žåœ ïŒCARsïŒCentral Asian Republicsã®ç¥ïŒ ãšåŒã° lived on in logic textbooks. But now after the break-up of the USSR ããäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã®åœã ãç¬ç«ããä»æ¥ããã©ã³ã and the coming of the independent states æ°ãšADBã§ã¯ç³æ²¹ã倩ç¶ã¬ã¹ããã³ãã®ä»ã®é± of central Asia, often known as the CARs ç©è³æºã®äº€æè·¯ãšããŠã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã埩掻ããã (for Central Asian Republics), Miranda and ãã®å°åã®å·¥æ¥åãæšé²ãã奜æ©ã§ãããšèã the ADB believe it is a good opportunity to ãŠããã revive the old trading ties of the Silk Road, ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ãæã€å·šå€§ãªå¯èœæ§ this time with opportunities for trading oil ã«ç®ãèŒãããã ãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢5ã«åœã®ãªãã§æ and natural gas and other mineral resources 倧ã®åœããŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã§ã人å£ã¯2600äžäººã§ and for stimulating industrialisation. ããã巚倧ãªåžå Žãããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã Miranda is enthusiastic about the [ä»ã§ã¯ã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³ã1500äžäººããã«ã®ã¹å ±å ãã«ã¯ã¡ãã¹ã¿ã³ããããã immense opportunities in central Asia: âWe åœãã¿ãžãã¹ã¿ã³ã donât have a huge population, 26 million çŽ600äžäºº] ããããèšå€§ãªç³æ²¹ãã¬ã¹ã綿ãé±ç© in Uzbekistan, which is the largest of the è³æºããããå°çäžã§ãããããæŠç¥çã«çµæž five central Asian countries, so there is not a çºå±ã«æŽ»ããã奜äœçœ®ã«ãããŸãããã ãããã huge market. [Of the others, Kazakhstan has ãè³æºã¯å ¬å¹³ãªæ¹æ³ãšããã¹ãã»ãã©ã¯ãã£ã¹ã 4
Central Asian Republics
15 million people, and the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan have about six million people each.] But we have a key location, strategically well positioned to take advantage of what are really vast resources of oil, gas, cotton and minerals. But these resources need to be tapped in a fair manner and following best practices. We have talent, but talent can be eroded, particularly if they donât invest in education and health. The region has culture, people, monuments, tradition.
Miranda and the ADB believe it is a good opportunity to revive the old trading ties âIt is potentially a link between east and west and north and south. The dynamics are that the commodities are produced in the region, and the markets are south, east and west. The problem is to get them there. Although geographically in terms of kilometres the region is physically close, the Silk Road is not as smooth as it may have been in years past.â Investment is needed, adds Miranda, in a whole range of things such, as roads, railways, communications, paperwork and customs harmonisation. This means that regional co-operation is essential. Indeed, a report from the United Nations Development Programme in late 2005 warned that, âOnly if central Asian countries and their neighbours create borders that allow people to connect with each other without fear, without undue loss of time and without bribes, will they succeed in achieving economic prosperity, social progress, human security, and political stability for their people.â
In an effort to encourage the regional 以ã£ãŠéçºãããå¿ èŠããããŸããADBã«ã¯ãã countries to co-operate, the ADB and other ããèœåããããŸããããããç¹ã«æè²ãå»çã« multilateral bodies like the UNDP, World æè³ããªããã°ããã掻ããããªãã§ãããã Bank, IMF, Islamic Development Bank ãã®å°åã«ã¯ç¹æã®æåãæ°æãéºè·¡ãäŒçµ±ãã and European Bank for Reconstruction ããŸãã and Development helped eight countries to set up the Central Asian Economic ãæ±è¥¿ãæŽã«ã¯ååã®æ¶ãæ©ãšãªãå¯èœæ§ãã ããŸãããã®å°åã«ã¯è³æºããããæ¶è²»åžå Žã Co-operation Programme, or Carec as it åãæ±ãããŠè¥¿ã«æ§ããŠãããçºå±ã®å¯èœæ§ãç§ inevitably is known. The eight participating ããŠããŸããåé¡ã¯ãã®å°åãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãé£ã countries are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China ããšããç¹ã§ããã·ã«ã¯ããŒãã¯è·é¢çã«ã¯è¿ã (because of its Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous ã®ã§ãããæã®ããã«èžã¿åãããéã§ã¯ãã㟠Region), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, ããã Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The ADB serves as the Carec secretariat. Carec ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ãéè·¯ãééãéä¿¡ãå¶åºŠãšé¢çšã®èª¿ stands for four things: connectivity, better åãªã©åºç¯å²ã«æž¡ãæè³ãå¿ èŠã ãšææããã business environment, better regional public ãã®ããã«ã¯å°åçãªååã¯æ¬ ãããªãã goods, better capacity within the countries 2005幎æ«ã«çºè¡šãããåœé£éçºèšç»(United themselves. Within the four areas the focus Nations Development Programme)ã®ã¬ããŒã ãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ãšãã®è¿é£è«žåœãäžå®ãæ±ãã is on four vital issues, explains Miranda, ã¯ã namely transport and logistics, energy, ã«ãæéãæå¹ã«äœ¿ããè³è³ã匷èŠããããšãªã building capacity and trade facilitation â âIf çžäºã«äº€æµã§ããªããŠã¯å°åã®çµæžçãªç¹æ ã you canât get the stuff out at competitive 瀟äŒçé²æ©ãå®å šãªç€ŸäŒãæ¿æ²»çå®å®ãéæã rates, youâre not going to get anywhere,â ãããšã¯ã§ããªãããšèŠåããŠããã adds the ADB director general in practical äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢è«žåœã®çžäºååãä¿é²ããããã down to earth mode. ADBä»ãåœé£éçºèšç»ãäžçéè¡ãåœééè²šåº Mirandaâs speech is a mixture of the jargon éãã€ã¹ã©ã éçºéè¡ã欧å·åŸ©èéçºéè¡ãšã beloved of the multilateral institutions, such ã£ãåœéæ©é¢ã®ååãåŸãŠãåå°åã®8ã«åœã§ as âbest practicesâ and âcapacity buildingâ, æ§æãããäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢å°åçµæžååããã°ã©ã along with a cheerleaderâs enthusiasm, as ïŒCentral Asian Economic Co-operationïŒãç¥ã he switches between âtheyâ â meaning the ãŠCarecãšããæ©æ§ãåµèšãããããã®8ã«åœã¯ countries â and âweâ â meaning himself as ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ãã¢ãŒã«ãã€ãžã£ã³ãäžåœ (æ°ç㊠the director general and clearly a part of the ã€ã°ã«èªæ²»åºãäžåœã«åž°å±ãããã)ãã«ã¶ãã¹ team, responsible for leadership, not merely ã¿ã³ããã«ã®ã¹å ±ååœãã¢ã³ãŽã«ãã¿ãžãã¹ã¿ã³ã for cheering. âWe are in a global business,â ãŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã§ããããã®äžã§ADBã¯Carecã® è£å©æ©é¢ãšããŠã®åœ¹å²ãæ ã£ãŠãããCarecã¯ãå° he adds. âThey are not into it.â Cheering and leading are both clearly åå ã®çžäºäº€æµãäºæ¥ç°å¢ã®åäžãå°åã®å ¬å ± necessary. The region has tremendous 財ã®æ¹åãçç£èœåã®åäžãç®æããŠããããã© potential but has to catch up on neglect and ã³ãæ°ã¯ãã®4ã€ã®ç®çã®éæã«åããŠãé茞㚠on the aftermath of dissolution of the Soviet ããžã¹ãã£ãã¯ã¹ããšãã«ã®ãŒãèœåè²æã貿æä¿ é²ã®4ã€ã®éèŠèª²é¡ã«æ³šåãããšèªãã ããã®4〠empire. The Soviet years were difficult ones ã«äŸ¡æ Œç«¶äºåããªããã°åœéåžå Žã§åã€ããšã¯ for the nationalist feelings in central Asia, but ã§ããªãã ãšããã®ãå±é·ãšããŠã®ãã©ã³ãæ°ã® the command economy had its comforts and å·éãªèŠæ¹ã§ããã provided a market and a source of help when ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã®äžã§ã ããã¹ãã»ãã© ã¯ãã£ã¹ãããèœåè²æã ãšãã£ãåœéæ©é¢ã§å¥œã ã§äœ¿ãããçšèªãšãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢8ã«åœãæããšã ã«ã¯ã圌ãããADBã代衚ããŠèªããæããšãã«ã¯ ãæã ã ãšããèšèã䜿ã£ãŠããã ããã«ã¯ãå㪠ãææ¯ã圹ã§ã¯ãªãæå°çãªåœ¹å²ãæ ãã®ã ã ãš ãã匷ã責任æãæããããã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ãæ ã ã¯ã°ããŒãã«ãªäºæ¥ãæšé²ããŠãããã圌ã㯠ããã«åå ããŠããŸããã ãšææããã
© Rafoto
æ¿å±ãšæå°åãå¿ èŠãªã®ã¯æããã§ãããäžå€® ã¢ãžã¢ã¯å€§ããªãçºå±ã®å¯èœæ§ãç§ããŠããã ãããŸã§ã®é ããåãæ»ãããœé£åžåœåŽ©å£åŸã® æ··ä¹±ããç«ã¡çŽããªããã°ãªããªãããœé£éŠäž ã®äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã¯åœå®¶äž»çŸ©ã«ã¯èŠé£ã®æ代ã§ã㣠ãããçµ±å¶çµæžã«ã¯ãããªãã®å¿å°è¯ããããã åžå Žã圢æããäžæ¯æ°ã®æã«ã¯æ¯æŽããã£ãã ç¬ç«ã®è奮å·ãããã¬ä»æ¥ã§ã¯ãäžå€®ã¢ãžã¢è«ž åœã«ã¯èªãã®é²è·¯ã決ããæ°ããåžå Žãåµèšã ãæ©äŒããããæã«ã¯æµå¯Ÿçãªè¿é£è«žåœãšåŠäœ ã«ååããŠããããåŠã°ãªããã°ãªããªããç¬ç« ãåã¡åŸããã®ã®ãæ¿æ²»çãªå©æš©çµ¡ã¿ã§åœå¢ã éãããŠããåœãããã
The eight participating countries are Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China (because of its Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
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WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
economies were in difficulty. In the still heady excitement of being independent, the central Asian republics can make their own decisions and have opportunities for new markets, but also have to learn how to co-operate with sometimes prickly neighbours. Some of the countries have already found that having won independence, entrenched political interests do not relish opening the borders. UNDP warned that without regional cooperation across a wide range of issues, the countries would find it difficult to fulfil their potential and could face unrest. Its report said that: âThe political push for change will likely have to come from the top leadership, or from the enlightened self-interest of the elites as they recognise that in the longer term they will also benefit substantially from a more competitive, dynamic and rapidly growing regional economy â one based on integration and co-operation.â On the other hand, the UNDP continued, the drive for change âcould also come from those who feel most oppressed by closed borders and corrupt officials, the people in the border communities who are the most negatively affected and most prone to turn to radical and potentially violent methods.â Co-operation does not mean a return to the closed or centrally planned economies, but permitting integration and encouraging competition, not an easy conjunction, which in turn means borders open for trade and investment, linked infrastructure, shared water and energy, common standards of environmental and health protection and a free flow of ideas and experiences. The inheritance is awkward, and progress since the break up of the Soviet empire in 1991 has been stumbling. Although boundaries may be clearly marked on the map, the different peoples sprawl across them, linked by their faith in Islam. Afghanistan, though it was never quite part of the Soviet empire, has a multitude
of different peoples and tribes besides the majority Pashtuns, including substantial ã競äºçã§ãã€ãããã¯ãªæ¥éã«æé·ããçµæž ã®æ¹ãèªåéã«ãšã£ãŠãæå©ã ãšèããåèã numbers of Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmens. ãããšãªãŒãå±€ã«ãªãã Miranda sketches some of the differences between the countries. âKazakhstan ãäžæ¹ã§ãééçãªç€ŸäŒã§æ±è·å®åã«ããæã (population 15 million, per capita income æå§ããã人ã ããæãäžå©çãèãéæ¿ãªæŽ $2,260, according to ADB statistics, but $9.100 åçæ段ã«ã蚎ããå¯èœæ§ãããåœå¢ã«ãã£ãŠ according to the CIA on a purchasing power åæãããæ°æãæ¹é©ã®åååãšãªãåŸãããšæ parity or ppp basis) is a rich, fast growing æããŠããã economy where the ADB is mainly involved ååãšããã®ã¯ééççµæžãããã¯äžå€®æ¿åºã« with the private sector.â In fact Kazakhstan ããèšç»çµæžãžã®ååž°ãæå³ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã offers a good example of how painful life å°åã®çµ±åãå¯èœã«ãã競äºãä¿é²ãããã®ã§ was outside the Soviet umbrella. Its GDP ãªããã°ãªããªããå®æãªé£åž¯ã§ã¯ãªãã貿æãš shrank by 25 percent in the 1990s. It is the å€åœããã®æè³ãåãå ¥ããã€ã³ãã©ãçµã°ãã largest of the central Asian nations and the æ°Žãšãšãã«ã®ãŒãå ±æãããç°å¢ä¿è·ãšå»çã® ninth largest in the world, almost four times å ±éã®åºæºã確ç«ããããããšã¢ãã®äº€æµãèª bigger than Texas. Besides enormous fossil ç±ã«è¡ãããå¿ èŠãããã fuel reserves, it has considerable agricultural åå°åã¯è² ã®éºç£ãå€ãæ±ãã1991幎ã®ãœããš potential from the vast steppes. ãåžåœåŽ©å£åŸãæ¿æ²»çãçµæžçãªæ¹é©ã¯é²å±ã ãŠããªããåœå¢ã¯å°å³äžã§ã¯æ確ã«æãããŠã ãã®ããç¥ããªãã ãããããã®äžã«ã¯ã€ã¹ã©ã æãšããä¿¡ä»°ã§ç¹ãã£ãå€ãã®éãæ°æããã¡ã ã¡ã«æ£ãã°ã£ãŠããã®ã§ããã ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã¯ ãœããšãåžåœã«ã¯çµã¿èŸŒãŸããªãã£ããã®ã®ã å€æ°ã®ãã·ã¥ããŠã³äººã®ä»ãããªãã®å€æ°ãå ã ããŠãºãã¯äººã ã¿ãžã¯äººã ãã«ã¯ã¡ã³äººãªã©ã§æ§æ ãããå€æ°æåœå®¶ã§ããã
Although boundaries may be clearly marked on the map, the different peoples sprawl across them, linked by their faith in Islam
ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ããããã®åœã®ç¹åŸŽã«ã€ããŠãã ãã€ãŸãã§çŽ¹ä»ããã ãã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³(ADBã®çµ±èš ã«ããã°ã人å£1500äžäººãäžäººåœããã®å¹Žå㯠2260ãã«ãCIAã®è³æã§ã¯è³Œè²·å平䟡ã§9100ã ã« ) ã¯ è± ã 㪠åœã§ çµ æžãæ¥ æ é·ããŠããŸãã ADBã¯äž»ã«æ°éãšã®ååãæšé²ããŠããŸãããå® éã«ã ãœé£éŠåŽ©å£åŸã®çµæžãåŠäœã«èŠé£ã®éã® ãã§ãã£ãããåŠå®ã«ç€ºãäŸã¯ã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³ã ãããŠä»ã«ãªãã1990幎代ã«GDPã¯25%çž®å°ã é¢ç©ã§ã¯äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢æ倧ãäžçã§ã第9äœããã ãµã¹å·ã®çŽ4åã®åºããæã€ãåç³çæã®åèµ éãè±å¯ãªã°ããã§ãªããçžåœèŠæš¡ã®èŸ²æ¥ãå¯ èœã«ããåºå€§ãªèåãæ§ããŠããã
âAzerbaijan,â says Miranda, âis another extreme, growing at 35 percent a year, the fastest in the world thanks to oil exports, but not all nice for your health since you have to sterilize the money somewhere so that it does not destroy the achievements.â The population of Azerbaijan is 8 million and income is $950 according to the ADB, $7,300 according to the CIA. Corruption is rife, according to the CIA, which says that parts of the country are the most polluted on earth. Tajikistan (population 6.8 million, income per head $280 according to the ADB, $1,300 according to the CIA) is the poorest of the former Soviet republics, with only small amounts of oil and little arable land. Kyrgyz Republic with a population of 5.2 million
ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ã ãã¢ãŒã«ãã€ãžã£ã³ãç¹ç°ãªåœã§ã ç³æ²¹ã®èŒžåºã§å¹Ž35%ã®çµæžæé·ãéæããŠã㟠ãããèšå€§ãªç³æ²¹åå ¥ã掻ãããŠç£æ¥ã®è£Ÿéã åºããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ãšææãããADBã®çµ±èš ã«ããã°ãã¢ãŒã«ãã€ãžã£ã³ã®äººå£ã¯800äžäººã äžäººåœããã®å¹Žåã¯950ãã«ãCIAã®çµ±èšã§ã¯ 7300ãã«ãšãªã£ãŠãããCIAã«ããã°ãæ±è·ãè 延ããŠãããäžéšã®å°æ¹ã¯å°çäžã§æãå ¬å®³ã ã²ã©ããšå ±åãããŠããã
For thirty years, Afghanistan has been torn apart by war and is still so insecure that it is simply ânot on the radarâ for most investors.
© Brent Lewin / OnAsia.com
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122
äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢æ倧ã®åœããŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã¯äžäººåœ ããã®å¹Žåã460ãã«ã賌買å平䟡ã§ã¯2000ã ã«ã§ã倩ç¶ã¬ã¹ãšéã®åèµéã¯çžåœéã«ã®ãŒãã ãŸãã綿ã®çç£éã¯äžç第4äœã茞åºéã§ã¯äžç 第2äœã§ããã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ã ããŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã¯ å°åçååã«ã¯ããŸãç©æ¥µçã§ã¯ãããŸãã㧠ããããä»ã§ã¯[ããžã¹ãã£ãã¯ã¹]ã®éèŠæ§ãèª èãããã®å°ççåªäœæ§ãèªåœã®ããããããŠå° åã®ããã«æŠç¥çã«æŽ»ããããã©ããçå£ã«æ€ èšããŠããŸãã ãšèªãã 4
Central Asian Republics
© Ami Vitale / Alamy
ãã«ã¯ã¡ãã¹ã¿ã³ã®äººå£ã¯650äžäººãäžäººåœãã ã®å¹Žåã¯1340ãã«ã賌買å平䟡ã§ã¯8900ãã« ã§ãCarecã«ã¯å çããªããšããéžæãããã ãã® åœã¯å€©ç¶ã¬ã¹ã®åèµéãè±å¯ã ããå éžåœã®ã ãã«èŒžéäžã®åé¡ãæ±ããŠãããæ¿åºãå€åœäºº ãšå€åœããã®æè³ã«å¯ŸããŠæççãªããšãçºå± ã劚ããèŠå ãšãªã£ãŠããã ããããæè¿éžåºã ããæ°Â©å€§çµ±é ã¯äžåœãžã®èŒžåºãèŠéã«å ¥ãã ã¬ã¹ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®å»ºèšèšç»ãæããã«ããŠã ãã
Azerbaijan is growing at 35 percent a year, and average annual income is $950, according to the ADB.
and income of $400 or $2,000 according to the CIA ppp basis, is only slightly richer. Besides being landlocked like the rest of central Asia, it is also a mountainous country, making communications difficult, though it possesses the worldâs largest natural growth walnut forest. Uzbekistan, the biggest of the CARs with income of $460 according to straight currency conversions and $2,000 according to ppp, has considerable reserves of gas and gold and is the worldâs fourth biggest cotton producer and second biggest exporter. âThe Uzbeks, who were less enthusiastic about regional cooperation are now embracing the term âlogisticsâ to see whether they can take advantage of their strategic position to yield results for themselves and for others,â adds Miranda.
The private sector is always awake, but has not yet really turned up Turkmenistan, with 6.5 million people and income of $1,340 or $8,900 according to ppp, chose not to join Carec. It has rich but untapped gas reserves and the problem is how to release them through a landlocked country. The task was made more difficult by a government suspicious of foreigners and foreign investment, but the country under a newly elected president has plans to build gas pipelines, including to China. Then there is Afghanistan (population 24 million, per capita income $200 or $800 by ppp), torn apart for 30 years by the quarrels of others and still racked by insecurity which frightens investors. The country has 75 approved political parties, but an electricity supply of a couple hours a day. Miranda talks of âa country which we all loveâ haunted by the daily presence of the past. The ADB and other donors are working to finish the ring road round Afghanistan, which would link Kabul and Qandahar with Heart, as well as providing arteries to
the rest of the nation and the world and prove that there is an option for Afghanistan other than continuous infighting: to regain its position at the crossroads of the world linking east and west and the once and future empires of India, China, Iran and the Middle East and the West. With the threat of the Taliban making a comeback and pervasive corruption â a police superintendentâs job paying $60 a month was sold for $100,000 to the highest bidder last year â the question is whether the aid givers can sow the seeds and show the fruits of a better life before the Islamic ideologues can wreck them. Miranda exudes an infectious enthusiasm. He wants to get Russia, Pakistan and Turkmenistan to join Carec and to get Japan, the US and the Europeans involved. Competition between aid donors is not a problem, but co-ordination and co-operation is important. Altogether, he says, there are $2.3 billion in funds available for the period 2006-2008. âThe requirement is much bigger than what any of us or all of us can do.â He talks of the successes of building electricity transmission lines from Tajikistan to Kabul and from Uzbekistan to Kabul, the latter in co-operation with the Indian government. Miranda claims that âthe line between, âjust leave me aloneâ and âletâs work together,â that line is being blurred.â He and the bank are working to speed up customs clearances: âWe are not asking that they be done in minutes, as they are done in Singapore, but to get them down to days, to a single day.â That is one indicator of the rocky state of the road. Another is the as yet limited role of the private sector. Miranda adds: âThe private sector is always awake, but has not yet really turned up. It will do, like it has done in other parts of the world when the business environment is predictable, the enabling conditions are in place. Where there is uncertainty, there is no private sector.â Clearly, there is still a long way to go before the Silk Road can again be one of the facts of central Asian life rather than fable. g
ãããŠã ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã¯ (人å£2400äžäººãäžäºº åœããã®å¹Žå200ãã«ã賌買å平䟡ã§800ãã«)ã ä»åœéã®å¯Ÿç«ã«30幎éã«äºã£ãŠåœåãåŒãè£ ãããçŸåšãæ²»å®ãæªãããã«å€åœäººæè³å®¶ã å¯ãä»ããªãã ãã®åœã«ã¯75ã®æ£åŒã«ç»é²ãã ãæ¿å ãããããé»åäŸçµŠã¯1æ¥ã®ãã¡æ°æéã ããšããç¶æ³ã«ããã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ã ãçŸåšãéå» ã®æŽå²ã«åãæãããŠããã誰ããæããå¯ã ãåœã ãšãããADBãã¯ãããšããæŽå©æ©é¢ã¯ã« ããŒã«ããã«ã³ããã«ãçµç±ããŠãã©ãŒãã«è³ ãç°ç¶éè·¯ã®å®æã«åãå ¥ããåæã«å°æ¹ãæŽ ã«ã¯äžçã«ç¹ããå¹¹ç·éè·¯ã建èšããŠå æŠã«æ ãæ®ããã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã«åžæã®ç¯ããšããããš ããŠãããæ±æŽãšè¥¿æŽãæŽã«ã¯éå»ãšæªæ¥ã®ã€ã³ ããäžåœãã€ã©ã³ãäžæ±ãããŠè¥¿æŽãçµã¶äžç㮠亀差ç¹ãšããŠå床äœçœ®ä»ããããšããè©Šã¿ã§ã ãã ã¿ãªãã³åŸ©æŽ»ã®è åšãšãæšå¹Žã¯æ絊60ãã«ã®èŠ éšè·ã10äžãã«ã§ç«¶ãèœãšããããªã©æ±è·ã絶 ããªãäžã§ãçä¿¡çãªã€ã¹ã©ã æåŸã«ç Žå£ãã ãåã«æŽå©ã®çš®ãæãããç®ã«èŠããããã¡ã§ ææãå®çŸã§ãããã®ãã©ãããšããçåãã ãã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã®ç±æãå šèº«ããåºãŠãããããªã説 åŸåãããã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ãã·ã¢ãããã¹ã¿ã³ã ã ã«ã¯ã¡ãã¹ã¿ã³ã®Carecãžã®å çãšã æ¥æ¬ãç±³åœã 欧å·ã®æ¯æŽãæãã§ãããæŽå©æ©é¢ã®éã§ã®ç«¶ äºã¯é害ã§ã¯ãªãã調æŽãšååãéèŠãªã®ã§ã ãã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ã2006-2008幎ã«ã€ããŠã¯ç·é¡ 23åãã«ã®æŽå©è³éã調éã§ãããšèšãããã ãŠãã¿ãžãã¹ã¿ã³ãšã«ããŒã«ãçµã¶éé»ç·ãã€ã³ ãæ¿åºã®ååãåŸãŠå®æãããŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ãš ã«ããŒã«ãçµã¶éé»ç·ã«è©±ããåã¶ãšã ããã®å° åã®çºå±ã¯ç§éã ãã§ã¯å®çŸã§ããŸããã ãšèª ãã ãã©ã³ãæ°ã«ãããš ãã»ã£ãšããŠããã ãš ãäžç·ã« ãããã ãšããçžåããç«å Žã®å¢çç·ãææ§ã« ãªã£ãŠããŠãããADBã¯ãã©ã³ãæ°ã®äž»å°ã§è¿ é ãªéé¢æç¶ãã®å®çŸãç®æããŠããã ãã·ã³ã¬ã ãŒã«äžŠã¿ã®è¿ éãªåŠçã§ã¯ãªããæ°æ¥æãããšã ãã1æ¥ã§æžãŸããããæ±ããŠããã®ã§ããã ãã® ãã£ãïŒã€ã®ããšãããã ããããä¹ãè¶ããŠã ããªããã°ãªããªãé害ãåŠäœã«å€ããã窺ã ããæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãæªã ã«ç©æ¥µçã«ãªã£ãŠã㪠ãããšãã ãã®èŸºã®åé¡æèã瀺åããŠããã ã ã©ã³ãæ°ã¯ãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯åžžã«æ©äŒã窺ã£ãŠã ãŸããã ãŸã æ¬æ ŒåããŠããŸãããäºæ¥ç°å¢ã®å° æ¥ãèŠéããããã«ãªããäºæ¥åã®æ¡ä»¶ãæŽã ã°äžçã®ä»ã®å°ååæ§ã«ä¿é²ãããã§ããããå è¡ããèªããªããªãã§ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ããåŸ ãŸããã ãšææããŠãããã·ã«ã¯ããŒããç©èªã ã®äžçããåã³äžå€®ã¢ãžã¢ã®çŸå®ã«ãªããŸã§ã« ã¯ããŸã 解決ããªããã°ãªããªãå€ãã®èª²é¡ã ããã®ã¯ééããªããâ
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Regional overviews
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Thailandâs military manoeuvres inhibit investors When Thailandâs military took power in a bloodless coup last year, it was the countryâs first in 15 years, but the 18th since it became a constitutional monarchy in 1932...
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n 2006, tanks were out in the heart of Bangkok protecting the important government buildings, but strangely their gun barrels were garlanded, and the soldiers attending them were pressed with food and flowers by local people, who saw them as saviours. Yes, it was odd - and it has become even odder. Now, the flower decorated tanks have largely been withdrawn but the soldiers are still in charge, though they are blundering around in trying to resolve the contradictions of running a relatively sophisticated emerging market country. Thailand, already a tiger cub economy, looked likely to grow into one of the strongest and best developed, but sadly the miracle has been put on hold and growth is falling towards 4-5 percent. Worse, Thailand has lost its way. It would be far-fetched to claim that it is heading down the path of its neighbour Burma (Myanmar) where a bunch of thuggish generals have managed to turn one of the most bountifully endowed countries into a backward swamp. But what is happening in Thailand illustrates the importance of making political progress in tune with economic development. There are many positives, of course: Thailand has shown the claws of a tiger cub with rapid growth that has lifted the country, with its population of 65 million, into the ranks of middle-income states. The Asian Development Bank gives per capita income as $2,540 in 2004, but the CIA in 124
2007 estimates that on a purchasing power basis income is $9,100. The economy is diversifying nicely from its firm agricultural base and has a strong industrial sector, particularly in the production of cars and car parts, where Thailand has become the worldâs second biggest maker of pick-up trucks. Electronics, textiles & garments, and agricultural products are also strong performers. Tourism, booming because of a warm year-round climate, good beaches, a splash of colourful culture and history, and the welcoming attitude of the people of âThe Land of Smilesâ, also brings in about $15 billion. In an international study conducted by leading universities round the world, Thailand comes top of the world for its entrepreneurial spirit, with more than 50 percent of its working population counted as entrepreneurs. Unfortunately, while the economy has made superb progress, Thailandâs political system has spluttered and stuttered through 18 coups since the abolition of absolute monarchy in 1932. In September 2006, after Bangkok had been disrupted by months of street protests, a group of military officers took advantage of the absence at the United Nations in New York of the controversial âcaretakerâ prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra to conduct a bloodless coup, claiming - as the military are wont to - that they were acting âto
2006幎ãéŠéœãã³ã³ã¯ã®äžå¿ã«æŠè»ãåº åãäž»èŠæ¿åºåºèãé²è¡ããããå¥åŠãªã ãšã«é身ã«ã¯è±èŒªããããããèŠåŒµãã®å µ 士ãæäžäž»ãšã¿ãªãäœæ°ã¯é£æãè±ãå·® ãåºããã確ãã«å¥åŠãªå æ¯ã§ãã£ãããã ãŠãããã«å¥åŠãªããšã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ããè±ã§ 食ãããæŠè»ã®å€§åã¯ãã§ã«æ€éãããã ããŸã ã«è»æ¿ãç¶ããŠãããæ¯èŒçé²ãã æ°èåžå Žåœãéå¶ããããšã®ççŸããŸã〠ããªããã解決ããããšããŠããã ãã§ã«ã¢ãžã¢ã®ã¿ã€ã¬ãŒçµæžåœãžã®éã æ©ã¿ã€ã€ããã¿ã€ã¯æã匷åã§çºéãã çµæžãžãšæé·ãèŠèŸŒãŸããŠããããæ®å¿µãª ãããã®æé·çã¯4ã5%ã«äœäžãããã ã«å¥è·¡ã¯æ£äžãç¶æ ãšãªãã ãã¿ã€ã¬ãŒã« ããã«çãŸã£ãŠããã ããã«æªãããšã«ã ã¿ã€ã¯æ¹åãèŠå€±ã£ãã® ã§ãããå¶æªãªè»éšãè³æºã«æµãŸããåœã åæ代çãªæ³¥æ²Œã«åŒããã蟌ãã§ããŸã£ã é£åœã®ãã£ã³ããŒãšã¿ã€ãåãèœãèžããš ããã®ã¯èšãéãã§ãããã ã¿ã€ã®ç¶æ³ã¯ã çµæžçºå±ãšå調ãã圢ã®æ¿æ²»çåé²ãå® çŸããããšã®éèŠæ§ã瀺ããŠããã®ã§ããã ãã¡ããååããªéšåãå€ã ãããäººå£ 6500äžäººã®ã¿ã€ã¯ãã¿ã€ã¬ãŒã«ãã ãšããŠã® å®åã蚌æããé«åºŠæé·ãéããåœæ°æåŸ ã§ã¯äžäœã¯ã©ã¹ã®ä»²éå ¥ãããããã¢ãžã¢ éçºéè¡ïŒADBïŒã«ããã°ã2004幎ã®äººå£ äžäººåœãã®æåŸã¯2540ãã«ã§ãã£ãããç±³ äžå€®æ å ±å±ïŒCIAïŒã¯2007幎ã®è³Œè²·åã㌠ã¹ã®æåŸã9100ãã«ãšè©Šç®ããã å åºãªèŸ²æ¥åºç€ãã匷åãªå·¥æ¥éšéãŸã§ ã¿ã€çµæžã®å€è§åãæåããŠããããšã¯ã ããã¯ã¢ãããã©ãã¯ã®çç£ã§ã¯äžçç¬¬ïŒ äœãšãªã£ãŠããèªåè»ãèªåè»éšåã®çç£ ã§ã¯ç¹ã«é¡èã«çŸããŠãããé»åãç¹ç¶ã»è¡£ æã蟲æ¥è£œåãšãã£ãéšéã®æé·ãå 調㧠ãããäžå¹ŽãéããŠæãããçŽ æŽãããã㌠ããšè²åœ©è±ããªæåæŽå²ããããŠã埮ç¬ã¿ ã®åœãã®äººã ã®æè¿ã§èŠ³å æ¥ã掻æ³ã§ãçŽ 150åãã«ãã¿ã€ã«ãããããŠããã äžçã®äž»èŠå€§åŠãå®æœããåœé調æ»ã§ã¯ã ã¿ã€ã¯èµ·æ¥å®¶ç²Ÿç¥ã«ãããŠäžçã®ãããã« ã©ã³ã¯ãããåŽå人å£ã®50ïŒ ãèµ·æ¥å®¶ãšã ããã çµæžã¯ãã°ãããé²æ©ãéããããæ¿æ²»å¶ 床ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ®å¿µãªãã1932幎ã®çµ¶å¯Ÿç å¶å»æ¢ä»¥æ¥18åã®ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãçµéšããŠã® ã¯ã·ã£ã¯ããŠããã 2006幎9æããã³ã³ã¯ã§æ°ãæã«ãããè¡ é ãã¢ã§æ··ä¹±ãç¶ããåŸããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã® 4
Thailand background. He too came from an old business family of Chinese origin and åœé£åºåžã®ããã«è³åŠäž¡è«ã®å€ããæ«å®ã carefully cultivated his military and police éŠçžã§ããã¿ã¯ã·ã³ã»ã·ãã¯ããïŒThaksin connections, so this allowed him selectively ShinawatraïŒæ°ãäžåšã®ææ©ãçãã ãå¹³å to co-opt security forces and business ãšç§©åºããç¶æããããã®è¡åãšããè»éš leaders useful to him. ã®æ±ºãæå¥ãæ²ããŠå°æ ¡ã®äžå£ãã¯ãŒãã¿ Critics concede that Thaksin used the ãŒãèµ·ããããç¿æ¥ãè»äºæ¿æš©ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãã㪠levers of power brilliantly, though they 宣èšãè¡ãã ã¿ã¯ã·ã³éŠçžãåçºããã complain that, like a latter-day Roman emperor, he used all democratic means, ãæã ã¯æ«å®éŠçžããã€ãŠãªãã»ã©ã®ç€Ÿ along with his financial strength and a äŒã®æºãè æãçžæ 䞻矩ãçããããç¬ç«æ© takeover of radio and television stations, é¢ã劚害ããããããŠæ©èœäžå šã«é¥ãã to ensconce himself as a virtual dictator. ããšã®èŠè§£ã§äžèŽããŸãããããæ«å®æ¿åº Local Thai blogs talked of âPresident ã®çµ±æ²»ãèš±ãããã°ãåœã«æ害ãäžããã Thaksinâ, even though Thailand has a ãšã«ãªãã§ãããã圌ãã¯ç¹°ãè¿ãåœçã䟮 highly revered monarch - King Bhumipol 蟱ããŠããŸããã ãããã£ãŠè©è°äŒãè³æ¥ Adulyadej - who in 2006 celebrated 60 æš©åãææ¡ããŠç¶æ³ãçµ±å¶ããæ£åžžåŸ©åž°ã years on the throne and is the worldâs äžèŽå£çµãå®çŸããããšãå¿ èŠã«ãªããŸã longest reigning monarch. ãã
maintain peace and orderâ. The following day the junta produced its bill of charges against Thaksin, proclaiming: âWe agreed that the caretaker prime minister has caused an unprecedented rift in society, widespread corruption, nepotism, and interfered in independent agencies, crippling them so they cannot function. If the caretaker government is allowed to govern it will hurt the country. They have also repeatedly insulted the king. Thus the council needed to seize power to control the situation, to restore normalcy and to create unity as soon as possible.â Western diplomats were appalled, with some seasoned observers claiming that all that Thaksin had done was the same as US President George W Bush or UK Prime Minister Tony Blair - try to manipulate and control as many levers of power as possible. Thaksin had been elected by a landslide in 2005, even though the 2006 elections, which he won virtually without opposition, were declared unconstitutional. Thais, especially the Bangkok elite, did not view Thaksinâs rule as benevolently as that. The former police lieutenant colonel became a billionaire businessman using his connections to get into computer software, and then to set up Thailandâs largest mobile telephone network as part of the Shin Corporation business empire. He then turned to politics, and after the 1997 financial crisis established a political party with the patriotic name Thai Rak Thai (Thais love Thais). He rode a wave of popularity to victory in 2001 and then unveiled âThaksinomicsâ, boosting the economy, especially in rural areas, by spending measures, although critics said that the measures led farmers and the poor into debt. Backed by his great wealth, Thaksin pursued populist power and was unafraid to clash with the traditional Thai elite: the monarchy, the armed forces, bureaucracy, and rich business interests, many of Chinese
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It would be far-fetched to claim that it is heading down the path of its neighbour Burma
Military officers took advantage of the absence of the controversial âcaretakerâ prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra to conduct a bloodless coup.
西åŽå€äº€å®ãã¯ä»°å€©ãããäžéšã®ããã©ã³ ã®ãªãã¶ãŒããŒã¯ã¿ã¯ã·ã³éŠçžãããããš ã¯ãžã§ãŒãžã» Wã»ããã·ã¥ ïŒGeorge W BushïŒ ç±³éŠçžããããŒã»ãã¬ã¢ ïŒTony BlairïŒè±éŠçž ãšåãã§ãã§ããéãå€ãã®æ¿æ²»çãã³ã® æäœãšå¶åŸ¡ãããããšããã ãã§ãããšäž» 匵ããã ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯2005幎ã®éžæã§ã¯å° æ»ãç倧åã§éžåºãããããå®è³ªçã«æµæ ãŒãã§åå©ãåãã2006幎ã®éžæã¯éæ² ã§ãããšå®£èšãããã
Thaksin won a new election in April 2006 with 57% of the vote, but was soon confronted by massive street demonstrations in Bangkok against his dictatorial ways, ã¿ã€äººãç¹ã«ãã³ã³ã¯ã®ãšãªãŒãå±€ã¯ã ã¿ã¯ which included ignoring the parliament ã·ã³æ°ã®ããæ¹ãããã»ã©å¥œæçã«ã¯èŠãŠ whose majority gave him his power and treating his cabinet as a rubber stamp. ããªãã£ããå èŠå¯äžäœã®ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯äºº Just when it seemed that the protests were èãå©çšããŠãœãããŠã§ã¢æ¥çã«é²åºããå® running out of steam, Thaksin sparked new æ¥å®¶ãšããŠåäžé·è ã«ãªã£ããããã«å·šå€§ outbursts when it was announced that his äŒæ¥Shin Corporation瀟ã®äžéšãšããŠã¿ã€ family had sold its 49 percent stake in Shin æ倧ã®æºåž¯é»è©±äŒç€Ÿãèšç«ããããã®åŸã Corporation to Temasek Inc, the Singapore æ¿çã«é²åºã1997幎ã®éèå±æ©ã®åŸã«ã¯ government owned flagship, for 73.3 billion ã¿ã€ã©ãã¯ã¿ã€ïŒã¿ã€æåœå ïŒ ãšããæåœç baht, or about $1.9 billion, without paying ãªååã®æ¿å ãç«ã¡äžããã any tax on the deal. The howls of outrage united nationalist ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯å€§è¡ããã®æ¯æã®å¢ãã«ä¹ã£ ãã¿ã¯ã·ã³çµæž sentiments (the telecommunications empire, ãŠ2001幎ã®éžæã§åå©ãã including a mobile telephone leader, a åŠããæ«é²ãäºç®æ¡å€§æ¿çã§èŸ²æéšãäžå¿ ããããªãããã® television company, and a satellite company ã«çµæžã掻çºåãããã had been sold to a company dominated by æ¿çã§èŸ²æ¥é¢ä¿è ã貧å°å±€ã¯åéããã a foreign government) with anger that a rich ããã«ãªã£ããšã®æ¹å€ã济ã³ãŠããã business got away without paying a satang in tax and left unanswered questions about the ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯å·šé¡ã®è³ç£ã«æ¯ããããŠãã legality of the deal. The deal had supposedly ã¥ãªã¹ãçæš©åè¿œæ±ãè¡ããç宀ãè»ãå®å been struck by Thaksinâs children, the ããã®å€ããäžåœç³»ã§å ããããè±ããªå® owners of the shares after he became prime æ¥çãªã©ãäŒçµ±çãšãªãŒãå±€ãšã®è¡çªãæ minister, but most Thais believed that a ããªãã£ããã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°èªèº«ãäžåœç³»å®æ¥ domineering personality like Thaksin must 家ã®å家ã®åºèº«ã§ãããè»ãšèŠå¯ã®äººèæ¡ have been actively involved, given the sale 倧ãæ éã«è¡ã£ãããã«å ¬å®ãå®æ¥çã® of the flagship, the size of the deal, and the äžå±€éšã§èªåã«éœåã®ãã人èãäœãããš fact that he shared his household with his ãã§ããã children who are inexperienced and in their æ¹å€ããåŽãã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯æ¿æ²»ç圱é¿å early 20s. Korn Chatikavanij, head of J P Morganâs ã®äœ¿ããããããŸãã£ãããšã¯èªããŠãã operations in Thailand until he became a ããããŒãåžåœæ«æã®çåžã®ããã«ããã politician and was elected a Democrat ãæ°äž»æ段ãšçµæžåãããŠã©ãžãªããã¬ã Party member of parliament in the 2005 å±ãè²·åããŠãäºå®äžã®ç¬è£è ã®å°äœã«å® elections, launched a stinging attack on äœãããšéé£ããŠãããã¿ã€ã«ã¯2006幎㫠the legality of the Shin-Temasek deal, åšäœ60幎ãç¥ãäžçã§æãåšäœæéã®é· claiming that it âwas possible because of a ãåœçã«ãªã£ããããã³ã»ã¢ãã¥ã³ã€ããŒã series of policies designed to aid and abet ïŒBhumipol AdulyadejïŒåœçããããåœæ° 4 Shin Corp companies, ranging from illegal WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews amendments of concession terms to waivers of tax payments, be it customs duty on imported satellite equipment, or excise tax obligations on mobile phone revenues. âIt was possible also because the revenue department sided with the family in allowing them to get away with not paying income tax in a series of transactions dating back to 1999 right up to the day before the Temasek deal itself. âIt was possible because the Telecom Act was amended to allow the foreign ownership limit to rise from 25 per cent to 49 per cent - one day before the transaction.
Thaksin sparked new outbursts when it was announced that his family had sold its 49 percent stake in Shin Corporation to Temasek Inc âIt was possible because the Shinawatra family colluded with Temasek in setting up an ownership structure that the commerce ministry has subsequently concluded was illegal. âFurthermore, it may have been possible because Thaksin had always illegally owned the shares sold to Singapore and, perhaps worst of all, was in a position to make formal and informal side agreements with Singapore to assure them of future benefits related to the transaction.â Several months after their takeover, Thailandâs coup leaders are still floundering. They promised that they would only be in office for a year and would hand over to a new government chosen by elections under a new constitution. Progress has been slow in writing the constitution in such a way as to ensure that neither Thaksin nor a similarly
autocratic figure can attain power. Getting to grips with possible abuses of power and corruption under Thaksin, as well as unearthing any illegalities in the Shin deal, are also taking an age. Meanwhile, Thaksin has been touring neighbouring countries and presenting himself as a maligned leader who only wanted to do good for the Thai people. Visits and media interviews in Singapore, Indonesia, China, Hong Kong, and Japan hardly dispel the idea that he has given up politics. In a pathetically softball interview with CNN, the deposed Thai leader claimed that âenough is enoughâ, he was retiring from politics. He presented himself as a hard-done-by leader who had only tried to âserve the peopleâ - a saintly figure rather than the ruthless political leader or successful business billionaire that Thais loved or hated. Mr Thaksin talked of his âbeliefâ in the kindness of the Thai king and of the national âspiritâ and tradition of amnesty and added, âwe forgive each othersâ (sic, CNN transcript). But he was not pressed on what forgiveness he was seeking and for which misdeeds. He added that if he were allowed to return to Thailand, his strongest desire was to rebuild national harmony and end the political crisis. His wish to do this âoutside the political arenaâ was rightly seen in Thailand as a red flag signalling that the former leader is not finished as a political force. The military coup-makers have to face questions as to whether they are competent to run the government of this rapidly growing emerging market country. They took over claiming that they had to rescue Thailand from Mr Thaksinâs baneful and corrupt influence. Yet their inability to uncover hard evidence of corruption bears a similarity to the US quest for weapons of mass destruction in Saddam Hussainâs Iraq.
ã®å°æ¬ãéããŠããã«ãããããããåœå ã«ãã¿ã¯ã·ã³å€§çµ±é ãã«ã€ããŠæžããããã ã°ããã£ãã ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯2006幎4æã®ç·éžæã§åŸç¥šç 57%ã§åéžããããããã®çŽåŸãã³ã³ã¯åž å ã§ã¯ãéåæ°ç²åŸã«ããéŠçžãšããŠä¿¡ä»» ãåããè°äŒãç¡èŠããŠå é£ãè¿œèªæ©é¢ãš ããŠæ±ããªã©ã®å°æšªçãªããæ¹ã«æè°ãã 倧èŠæš¡ãªè¡é ãã¢ãèµ·ãã£ããæè°ã®å¢ã ãè¡°ããããšæããããŸãã«ãã®ãšããéŠ çžã®å®¶æãShin Corporationç€Ÿæ ªã®49ïŒ ã ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«æ¿åºç³»ã®å€§äŒæ¥Temasek瀟 ã«å£²åŽããããšãçºè¡šããã¿ã¯ã·ã³åé¡ã åã³å °ãåã£ãããã«åŽåºããŸãããç·é¡ 7330åããŒãïŒçŽ190åãã«ïŒã®ãäžåèª²çš ãããªãååŒã§ãã£ãã æ€æ¿ã®åµãæåœå¿ïŒæºåž¯é»è©±ãããäŒæ¥ã ãã¬ãäŒç€Ÿãè¡æäŒæ¥ãå«ã巚倧éä¿¡äŒæ¥ ã°ã«ãŒããå€åœæ¿åºç³»ã®äŒæ¥ã«å£²ããã ããšã«ããïŒ ãšè£çŠãªäŒæ¥ãçšãéãååŒ ã®åæ³æ§ã«ã€ããŠãäžåã«ãããŠããããš ãžã®æããçµã³ä»ãããååŒã¯éŠçžå°±ä»»åŸ ã«è©²åœæ ªåŒãååŸããã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã®åäŸã ã¡ãè¡ã£ããã®ã ããã¿ã€ã®äººã ã®ã»ãšã ã©ã¯éŠçžã20代ååã®ãã®ãããªããšã«çµ éšã®æµ ãåäŸãšåå± ããŠããäºå®ãããå° æšªãªã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯å·šå€§äŒæ¥ã®å€§è²·åååŒ ã«ç©æ¥µçã«é¢äžããã¯ãã ãšèããã æ¿æ²»å®¶ãšãªãã2005幎ã®éžæã§æ°äž»å ã ãåœäŒè°å¡ã«éžåºããããŸã§ã ã¿ã€ã®J P Morgan 瀟ã®äºæ¥è²¬ä»»è ãã€ãšããŠããã³ ã«ã³ã»ãã£ãã£ã«ãã³ãžïŒKorn ChatikavanijïŒ æ°ã¯Shin Corporation瀟ãšTemasek瀟ã®å åŒã«å¯ŸããŠæ¿ããæ¹å€ã济ã³ãããShinã° ã«ãŒããæŽå©ããã³å¹å©ããããã®äžé£ ã®æ¿çã«ãã£ãŠå¶æ¥æš©ã«é¢ããæ¡ä»¶ãé æ³ã«å€æŽãããããšã«ãããèŒžå ¥è¡ææ©åš ã®é¢çšãæºåž¯é»è©±äºæ¥åå ¥ã®å èš±çšãªã© ã®å çšæªçœ®ãå¯èœã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ãã ãããã¯åœçšåºã1999幎以æ¥Temasek瀟 ã®ååŒã«ãããè«žå¥çŽã§æåŸçšã®äžæ¯ æããèš±ããŠã¿ã¯ã·ã³å®¶ã®å³æ¹ã«ã€ãã ããã§ããããŸãã ããã¯ååŒã®åæ¥ã«é ä¿¡æ³ãæ¹æ£ãããå€åœäººã®æ ªåŒä¿æã®äž éã25ïŒ ãã29ïŒ ã«åŒãäžãããããã ã«å¯èœã«ãªããŸãããããã¯ã¿ã¯ã·ã³å®¶ã Temasek瀟ãšçµèšããåŸã«ååçãéæ³ãš çµè«ã¥ããæ ªåŒä¿ææ§é ãèšå®ãããã ã«å¯èœã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããããã«ã·ã³ã¬ã㌠ã«ã«å£²åŽãããæ ªåŒãã¿ã¯ã·ã³å®¶ãåžžã« éæ³ã«ä¿æããææªãªããšã«ã¯ååŒã«é¢é£ ããŠãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãšã®éã§å°æ¥ã®å©çã ä¿èšŒããå ¬åŒãéå ¬åŒãªè¿œå åæãçµã¶äœ 眮ã«ãã£ãããã«å¯èœã«ãªã£ãã®ãããã ãŸããã © Suthep Kritsanavarin / OnAsia.com
The new showpiece Suvarnabhumi international airport was replete with corruption, according to Tortrakul Yommanak, a director of Airports of Thailand.
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The current head of the Privy Council, Prem Tinsulanonda, is close to the king.
However, in the case of the Thai rulers, it may be their own failings or the collusion of the bureaucracy, since there are plenty of suspicions of wrongdoing. Leave aside the Shin deal, the new showpiece Suvarnabhumi international airport was replete with corruption, according to Tortrakul Yommanak, a director of Airports of Thailand. âThe corruption disease spread like when one was bitten by a vampire, he or she turned into another vampire and bit other people more,â Tortrakul said in a television interview. The new rulers took the disastrous decision to go ahead with the opening of the airport in late September as Thaksin had scheduled, but in 2007 had humiliatingly to reopen the old Don Muang airport to take some of the strain off the new airport as cracks were found in a runway and taxiways. The decision to allow the airport to open on schedule was merely one in a series of economic decisions that showed how out of their depth the junta were. They also announced plans to restrict foreign ownership of Thai companies, probably directed at Temasek, but also potentially threatening a string of foreign companies in the modern Thai economy. Equally badly thought out were hastily imposed capital controls which sent the stock market plummeting. Thais also suffered with early measures to curb the popular lottery, and a ban on advertising alcohol was later retracted. Probably the most appropriate word to apply to the new rulers is bizarre. When they came to power, the agenda should have been clear - to justify their takeover by producing hard evidence that Thaksin had been corrupt and was damaging the country, and to restore confidence among Thais and foreign investors that they could hold the reins until a new constitution and elections could be prepared - and then get out. Instead, they indulged themselves with a mixture of policies that were irrelevant and others, such as restrictions on foreign
ownership and on capital inflow, that should be tackled by an elected, not a æç«ã¯é ã ãšããŠé²ãã§ããªããã¿ã¯ã·ã³ æ¿æš©äžã§ã®æš©åæ¿«çšãè æã®ææ¡ãShin瀟 caretaker, government. In February 2007, still more bizarrely, ã®å£²åŽã«ããããäžæ£è¿œæ±ã«ãæéãã the rulers appointed Somkid Jatusripitak, ãã£ãŠããã deputy prime minister under Thaksin and äžæ¹ã ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯è¿é£è«žåœãåãã ã¿ã€åœ a key architect of Thaksinomics, to be their æ°ã®å©çã®ããã ãã«åããã«ãããã special envoy to travel abroad and explain ããããããåããæå°è ã§ãããšã®ã€ã¡ âsufficiency economicsâ, a Buddhist idea dear to King Bhumipol that the junta had ãŒãžãåºããããšãããã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãã€ã³ adopted as its economic philosophy. There ããã·ã¢ãäžåœãéŠæž¯ãæ¥æ¬ã蚪ãåæãå was such an outcry that Somkid resigned ããŠããæ¿çãããã§ã«å»ã£ã人ç©ãšã®æ before taking up his post, leaving the junta ãã¯åŠããªããCNNãšã®ããããªã»ã©ã€ãŸ looking stupid again. ããªãã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§ãè¿œæŸãããã¿ã€ã® Tapping Somkid (a key lieutenant of ãªãŒããŒã§ããã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯ãããååã ã Thaksin and architect of Thaksinomics) for ãšæèšããæ¿çãåŒéããã ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯ã¿ the job of salesman for the junta was the ã€ã®äººã ã«æããæãŸããå·é ·ãªæ¿æ²»æ final straw for Pridyathorn Devenakula, å°è ãæåããäŒæ¥ã®åäžé·è ã§ã¯ãªãã deputy prime minister and finance minister. ãåœæ°ã«å°œãããŠãã²ã©ãæ±ããåãã㪠Even though Somkid had abandoned the job before taking it up, Pridyathorn said he ãŒããŒãšããŠã®æ®æè çãªå§¿ãèŠããããš had had enough of rifts in the government ããã and personal media attacks on him. Critics ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯åœçã®åªãããžã®ã確信ããåœ said that this just showed how much at sea æ°ã®ã粟ç¥ããç®ããŒãã®äŒçµ±ãšããããšã« the new rulers were, since Pridyathorn had 觊ãã ãç§ãã¡ã¯èš±ãããã ãšä»ãå ããã ã been the economic supremo and had been ããã©ã®ãããªèš±ããã©ã®æªæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠæ± responsible for the much criticised imposition ããŠããã®ãã«ã€ããŠã¯è¿œæ±ãããªã㣠of controls on foreign capital inflow and for ã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã¯ããåž°åœãèš±ããããªãã badly articulated attempts to curb foreign ãã ownership of Thai companies. Although åœæ°èª¿åãå建ãæ¿æ²»å±æ©ãçµããããã ã¿ã¯ã· he was respected as central bank chief ãšãæã匷ãæãããšãä»ãå ããã before joining the junta, the critics said that ã³æ°ã¯ããããæ¿æ²»ã®äžçã®å€ã§ãè¡ãããš Pridyathorn did not understand markets.... ãæãã§ãããåœç¶ãªããã¿ã€åœå ã§ã¯æ¿ 治圱é¿åã倱ãããŠããªãããšã瀺ãèµ€ ä¿¡å·ãšã¿ãªãããŠããã
The military coup-makers took over claiming that they had to rescue Thailand from Mr Thaksinâs baneful and corrupt influence
Thailand in 2007 has many forces grasping for a slice of its attractive economy, including economic nationalists resentful of foreigners, and well-meaning Buddhists who see the country going to rack and ruin under fully fledged capitalism that has tempted even some abbots to own Mercedes cars and take mistresses in disobedience to vows of poverty and celibacy. Several leading bankers told me that, âa powerful group of influential Thais believes that business here should belong to Thais, not foreigners.â Peter van Haren, head of the Joint Foreign Chambers of Commerce in Bangkok, noted some of the government measures with concern, saying that, âItâs clear these moves are going to discourage new investors.â Probably the most influential person under the military junta is former armed forces head, former prime minister and current head of the Privy Council, Prem Tinsulanonda, who is close to the king. Premâs own rule in the 1980s epitomised that of a grandfatherly benevolent despot, caring but firm, running a technocratic government. Banker turned politician Korn warned that Thailand has moved on in the 20 years since Prem was in power: âThailand has
ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒãèµ·ãããè»äºæ¿æš©ã¯æ¥éã«æ é·ããŠããæ°èåžå Žåœã®æ¿æ²»ãéå¶ãã èœåãæã£ãŠãããã ãšããåãã«èªåèª çããããšã«ãªãã ã¯ãŒãã¿ãŒã¯ãã¿ã€ãã¿ ã¯ã·ã³æ°ã®æ害ã§è æãã圱é¿åããæã ãããšãã䞻匵ã§è¡ãããã ãããè»äºæ¿ æš©ãæ±è·ã®ç¢ºåºãã蚌æ ãæãã¿ã«ã ã ãªãã®ã¯ãç±³åœã«ãããã»ã€ã³æ¿æš©ã®ã€ã© ã¯ã®å€§éç Žå£å µåšæ¢ããšäŒŒãŠããã ããããªãããã¿ã€ã®æå°è ã®å Žåãäžæ£ ã®çããå€åã«ããã®ã¯ãè»äºæ¿æš©ã®äž æéãå®åã®çµèšããããããããã㪠ããã¿ã€ç©ºæž¯å ¬å£ã®ãã«ãã©ã¯ã«ã»ãšãã 㯠ïŒTortrakul YommanakïŒå±é·ã«ãããšã Shin瀟ã®ååŒãå¥ã«ããŠããã¹ãã«ããã æ°åœé空枯ã¯æ±è·ãŸã¿ãã§ããã ãã«ãã© ã¯ã«æ°ã¯ãã¬ãã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã§ãè æ㯠åžè¡é¬Œã®é€é£ãšãªã£ãè ãåžè¡é¬Œãšãªã£ãŠ å¥ã®äººã襲ãããã«åºãããŸãã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠã ãã æ°æ¿æš©ã¯ãã¿ã¯ã·ã³æ°ãèšç»ãã9ææ«ã® é枯ãå®æœããããšã決å®ããããæ°ç©ºæž¯ ã®æ»èµ°è·¯ãèªå°è·¯ã«äºè£ãèŠã€ãã£ãã ãããã®äžéšãè©ä»£ãããããã«2007幎㫠ãªã£ãŠå±èŸ±çã«ããã³ã ã¢ã³æ§ç©ºæž¯ã®äœ¿çš ãåéããããåŸãªãã£ãã æ°ç©ºæž¯ã®é枯ãäºå®éãè¡ã£ãã®ã¯ãè»äº æ¿æš©ã®åéäžè¶³ã瀺ãããŸããŸãªçµæžæ¿ ç決å®ã®ã²ãšã€ã«éããªããè»äºæ¿æš©ã¯ã¿ ã€äŒæ¥ãžã®å€åœããã®åºè³çãå¶éãã 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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Regional overviews
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èšç»ãçºè¡šãããTemasek瀟ã念é ã«çœ®ã ãæªçœ®ã§ãããšæãããããçŸåšã®ã¿ã€çµ æžã«ãããå€åœäŒæ¥ã«è åšãäžããå¯èœæ§ ããããæ§æ¥ã«èª²ããããè³æ¬å¶éãæ€èš ããŸãããæ ªäŸ¡ã®æŽèœãæããããŸããã¿ã€ ã§ã¯åæã«å°å ¥ãããŠãã人ã ã奜ãå®ã ããžã®å¶éæªçœ®ãåœæ°ãèŠãããŠãããçŠ æ¢ãããŠããã¢ã«ã³ãŒã«é£²æã®åºåã¯åŸã§ æ€åãããã
Korn Chatikavanij, a Democrat Party member of parliament launched a stinging attack on the legality of the ShinTemasek deal.
moved on since Premâs era, and we are a much more open economy, much more market-based now. Fifteen or 20 years ago, exports were 15 per cent of gross domestic product; now they are 70 to 80 per cent. We have a vibrant capital market that did not exist when Prem was around. We are greatly reliant on foreign capital and the free movement of capital. The world has moved on, yet the rulers are still operating as if the world is as it was when they were at their prime.â Korn is correct. Thailand does have contentious issues with foreign capital, which has often bribed or circumvented its way round the rules. But even more than in the 19th century, when the then Siam did a hypnotic dance with imperial powers to evade the close embrace of any one of them, Thailand needs foreign investments and capital to sharpen its competitive edge and to help to tackle glaring domestic problems, such as the urban-rural divide, rebellion in the Muslim south, the backward educational system that encourages rote-learning rather than individual thinking, and the fact that many of its entrepreneurs are microentrepreneurs, street hawkers, hairdressers, locksmiths, printing companies, that cannot get access to loans or capital that has concentrated on the elite. Ironically, the hated and feared Thaksin was the man who led the way to open the countryside, however bad his methods. Ironically too, Thaksin proved that a country may have a near perfect constitution, but that this counts for little if it can be abused and sidestepped, and judges and bureaucrats bribed. Thailand will have to face the fact that it has to fight for capital with China and, indeed, with Vietnam, which is becoming the new darling of investors because of its dedicated, hard working and cheap labour, and a government that has clear rules of foreign engagement. Memo to Bangkok and to foreign tourists: the south of Vietnam has wonderful beaches too. g
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CS_AD_213x276_ADB(01).indd 1
13.03.2007 14:31:20 Uhr
Regional overviews
Temasek pays for skating on thin ice Temasek Holdings is very much Singapore Inc. Its single shareholder is the government of Singapore, through the ministry of finance. t holds majority or controlling stakes in the bluest of the blue chip companies of Singapore, such as PSA International, Singapore Airlines, Singapore Telecommunications, Singapore Press Holdings, DBS Bank. Temasek itself is rated AAA by Standard & Poorâs and Aaa by Moodyâs. In rare encounters with the media, Temasek executives have stressed that the government does not interfere in Temasekâs operations, just as Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, who is married to Ho Ching, the chief executive of Temasek, insisted at the height of the controversy over the purchase of Shin Corporation that the government was not involved. âItâs a commercial proposition. If it doesnât work out, thatâs Temasekâs fault and it has to answer for it,â he told Reuters. âItâs their job to safeguard the resources and invest them optimally.â In what was presumably an accident, some journalists last year got a draft internal document to help Temasek staff answer frequently asked questions. Among them: Q: âThe Singapore Government is Temasekâs only shareholder. How can Temasek make investments based purely on commercial principles? Surely the shareholder can and does impose its noncommercial agenda onto Temasek? A: âAll our investment and business decisions are taken independently by our own board and management, based on commercial considerations. The Singapore government is not involved. A majority of our board members are prominent business leaders from the private sector. We have one nominee director from our shareholder on our board. He is one amongst a group of very experienced, steady, and thoughtful directors. All board decisions are made on a commercial basis. Q: âYour CEO is also the PMâs wife. The PM is also the minister for finance, heading MoF which is your shareholder. Is her appointment politically motivated? Wouldnât there be conflicts of interest? A: âWe are not here to discuss politics since we are not politicians or a political organization. Our CEO is accountable to the board of directors, headed by an independent chairman, just like any other commercial organisation.â There is an element of disingenuousness in this. Temasekâs chairman is a former foreign minister and the chairman of the Economic Development Board and the permanent secretary of the ministry of finance are among the great and good of the board. 130
© Patrick Beckers 2003
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Temasekâs Singapore headquarters.
Temasekâs foray into Thailand to snap up Shin Corporation was very much in keeping with its efforts to diversify its portfolio outside Singapore. By the end of its 2004-05 financial year only 49 percent of the Singapore $105 billion portfolio was in Singapore. Temasek has bought bank shares in China (Bank of China, China Construction Bank and China Minsheng Bank), India (ICICI Bank) and Indonesia (Bank Internasional and PT Bank Danamon). The $1.9 billion purchase was not even Temasekâs biggest purchase of 2006. Buying the 12 per cent stake in Standard Chartered Bank from the estate of Khoo Teck Puat, estimated at $4 billion, was bigger. But Shin was the most controversial, and raises questions about whether Singaporeans understand the jealousy that its success may cause among neighbours. Buying a key company from Thailand was already skating on tricky ice. That the package included a television channel and a satellite company, as well as the mobile telephone operation, should have signalled that the ice would be subject to nationalist global warming. Structuring it through
nominee companies that might fail the Thai ownership stakes was surprising. Buying from the Shinawatra family, whether Thaksin himself was involved or not, should have had the deal ringed with âDANGER - thin iceâ notices. Given the daily demonstrations in Bangkok against Thaksin, a more prudent investor might have walked away, especially one so closely connected with the government that would have to bear the backlash. It is not fair to blame only Temasek. When the deposed Thaksin himself visited Singapore he got a grubby pale pink carpet reception, no 21-gun salute or state dinner or speech to parliament, but a âprivateâ meeting with the deputy prime minister and the opportunity to sound off to assorted media. A prominent Thai opposition politician asked pointedly: âHow would Singapore react if Bangkok was used as a base for interviewing and airing anti-Singapore government comments by Singapore exiles. The new Thai rulers of course misunderstood and exaggerated the dangers. No less a figure than coup leader General Sonthi Boonyaratglin expressed fears that the purchase of Shinâs mobile telephone and satellite arms meant that: âThe army has a problem because our communications and information sent over mobile phones or via satellite could appear in Singapore. Although Singapore is not our enemy, we are economic rivals. They could be informed of secrets in the army and in the economic sector.â Temasek naturally denied that there were any reasons for such fears, and indeed any self-respecting military would have encoded its signals to keep them from any prying eyes or ears. Leaving aside whether there were any illegalities in the purchase - denied, of course, by Temasek, which insists that it obeyed the law - the Singapore flagship faces a large financial loss on the deal, not to speak of the political fallout. It would be interesting to know what minister mentor and Singaporeâs latter-day (after Thomas Stamford Raffles) founding father Lee Kuan Yew really thinks. When in office he preached the importance of integrity and being careful not to deal with business executives whom he suspiciously regarded as out for a fast buck. He famously resisted money from banker-hotelier Khoo Teck Puat to set up a charitable foundation in exchange for granting Khoo permanent residence in Singapore. The old Singapore under the older Lee would surely have kept a carefully measured distance from Thaksin Shinawatra. g
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Executive Director Ho Ching is married to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong: executives have stressed that the government does not interfere in Temasekâs operations.
WiA Delegate Publication
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The corporate perspective
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äžçéè¡ããã³æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®æ¯æŽãè¡ãåœéé èå ¬ç€ŸïŒIFCïŒInternational Finance CorporationïŒ ãå«ãåœééçºéè¡ã«å¯ŸãããããŒãã»ãã¹ã¿ã ïŒRobert BestaniïŒæ°ã®æ¹å€ã¯çãŸããšãããç¥ã㪠ãã
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Flying the flag for private enterprise
PricewaterhouseCoopersã Citibankã Bank of Americaã® çµå¶å¹¹éšãæŽä»»ãããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ã2001幎ã«åéå¿ ç·åç·è£ã®æèãåããŠãå®è³ªçã«äŒæ¢ç¶æ ã ã£ã æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ã®æŽ»æ§åã®ããã«ã¢ãžã¢éçºé è¡ã«åå ããã ããã«ããåå±ã¯ãã®ç¶æ ããèŠäºã« è±ç®ãã èå ã济ã³ãããšãšãªã£ãã
Robert Bestani is uncompromising in his criticisms of the multilateral development banks, including the World Bank and its pro-private sector arm, the International Finance Corporation.
ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ãæ°éã»å ¬å ±ãåããã倧ããªçµç¹ã¯ æ代ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠåãããšãé£ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠãããäž ã§ããå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯æ¬è³ªçã«è·ãããŠããã巚倧 ãªåœééçºéè¡ãèšç«ãããåœæã«ã€ããŠãã¹ã¿ ãæ°ã¯ãã®ããã«èªãã ãçµæŠåŸã«éçºè³éãå¿ èŠ ãšããç¹å®ã®åé¡ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã«çµæŠåŸã«åµã ããŸãããåœæã®èŠè«ã¯è³éãäŸçµŠããããšã«ãã ãŸãããããããã®æ代ã®åé¡ã ã£ãããã§ããåœ æã®è³éã®ã£ããã¯30ïŒ ã«ãéããŠããŸãããæ°è åœã«åããããè³éã«ã¯éããããã貎éã ã£ãã® ã§ããããã§ã ãããã®åœééçºéè¡ãèšç«ãããŸã ãããã®äœ¿åœã¯ãæ°èåœã®ããã®è³éãäœãšããã éããŠæ¬éšã«éçŽãããããèè³è³éãšããŠçµã¿ç« ãŠãŠäŸçµŠããããšã«ãããŸããã
H
e has lambasted the MDBâs understanding - or misunderstanding - of the private sector as out of date, wasteful, stupidly competitive, and indicative of a total failure to realise their true competitive advantage. Their advantage is not money, he says, but the bank flag. The flag? Yes, he insists, the world and particularly Asia is awash with money. But the flag brings a more precious commodity, the ability to create dialogue with governments, to bridge the gaps between the private and public sectors, and to make sure that investment dollars are well spent on worthwhile projects. The former Citibank, Bank of America and PricewaterhouseCoopersâ executive was brought to the Asian Development Bank by former president Tadao Chino in 2001 to revive the virtually moribund private sector operations department. By his own account he has succeeded brilliantly, and from a Cinderella department, the private sector has become the belle of the ball. Bestani says that big institutions, whether private or public sector, find it hard to move with the times. But the public sector has an inbuilt protection. When the big multilateral development banks were established, he says, âThey were created in the post-war period to address a particular problem which was the need for development funds. The modality of the day back then was to provide money because that was the problem of the time. There was a 30 percent 132
funding gap. There was precious little money going to the emerging countries. So all of these institutions were put together with the mission to go out and scrape together whatever funds there were for the emerging countries, bring it back to our home offices, package it up nicely and deliver it. âThat was important and that functioned for a good 40 or 50 years. But today there is ããããããéèŠã§ããããããã40幎ïœ50幎ã®é no shortage of money. Today it is estimated ã¯æå¹ã«æ©èœããŸããããšããããçŸåšã¯è³éäžè¶³ that there is between 4 and 7 trillion dollars ãšããç¶æ³ã¯ååšããŸãããçŸåšã®æšèšã«ããã°ã of surplus money awash in Asia looking for ã¢ãžã¢ã«ã¯4å ãã«ïœ7å ãã«ã®äœå°è³éã溢ãã a home. Moreover, there is money from the æè³å ãæ¢ããŠããã®ã§ããããã«ãç±³åœãšæ¬§å·ã United States and Europe trying to come ãã®è³éãã¢ãžã¢ã§ã®æè³å ãæ¢ããŠããŸããæ°è åœã®è²¯èçã¯å é²åœãäžåã£ãŠããŸããããã«ãé to Asia. âThe emerging countries have a higher å»30幎ã®éã«è³æ¬åžå Žã¯åçã«æ¡å€§ããŸãããåŸã£ ãŠãäŒæ¥ãããã¯åœãåãããå·šé¡ã®è³éãåãã savings rate than the developed countries. åŽã«ãšã£ãŠã¯è³æ¬åžå ŽããçŽæ¥ãã€å®¹æã«è³éã Additionally in the last 30 years there has 調éããããšãå¯èœãªã®ã§ãããã¡ããéçºã®ã㌠been a dramatic rise in the capital markets. ãºã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠé«ãã®ã§ãããåœééçºéè¡ãèªè So large borrowers, whether they are ããå¿ èŠãããã®ã¯ãæåã®åœ¹å²ã¯ãã§ã«éæãã companies or countries, can go directly to ãŠçµäºããŠãããããããã¯æ°ããæ¹åã«åããŠã the capital markets and borrow very easily. ãå¿ èŠããããšããããšã§ãã These institutions have to see that, yes, ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã«æåŸ ãæãã次ã®ãã development is still very much needed, but ã«ç¢ºä¿¡ããŠããã ã倧ããªæ¿åºã®æ代ã¯äžçäžã§çµ the old job is done and finished with, and ããããšããŠãããããããã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãäž»æµã« they need to move on.â ãªããŸãããã®ããšãæ確ã«ç€ºããŠããADBã®äžæ Bestani pins his faith on the private æŠç¥ã§ã¯ãæè³ã®è§Šåªãšãªãããšãã€ãŸãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ sector, and believes that: âThe days of ãŒãæ¯æŽããããšãäž»èŠç®æšãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã big government everywhere are much ããããªããããã¹ã¿ãæ°ãçŸè·ã«å°±ãã2001幎 diminished, so private sector is the direction ã«ADBã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ãåãæ±ã£ãæ°èŠæ¡ for the future. The bank has all but said that 件ã®åèšé¡ã¯5800äžãã«ã«ãããªãã£ãããã¹ã¿ explicitly and the medium term strategy ãæ°ã¯èªãããã«çºè¡šããã ãæšå¹Žã15åãã«è¿ã says that the principal goal of the bank è³éäŸçµŠãè¡ããŸãããããã«ãåµåãšè³æ¬ã®äž¡é¢ is catalysing investment, which is the ã§ã®åçãèŠããšãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ã®ADBã«å¯Ÿ ããå¯äžã¯2å6800äžãã«ã«éããŠããŸãã ããã 4 private sector.â
Private enterprise
But when he took over in 2001, the private sector department of the ADB handled a mere $58 million in new financings. Last year, he is proud to report, âWe did financings of close to $1.5 billion. On top of that we earned, if you look at our debt and equity earnings taken together, $268 million for ADB. Which says two things: those are resources that the institution can turn around and use for other activities, grants, disaster relief in the face of the tsunami; but also, if we made $268million, since we only do 25 percent of any particular transaction, it means that we have contributed at least $1 billion to real wealth generation in Asia.â
Today it is estimated that there is between 4 and 7 trillion dollars of surplus money awash in Asia looking for a home Besides the quality of his staff Bestani attributes his success to his new strategy: âWe have essentially thrown out the old way of approaching the private sector that has been adopted by all the MDBâs in the past. We have thrown out the core model which was that we are the lenders of last resort. I donât believe in that approach. it is a recipe for disaster. I frequently call it the dead cat syndrome. We have said something radical hereâthat money is not our core product.â Bestani says that when he arrived in Manila, he startled colleagues in the ADB by asking them what their core product is: âI could see people throwing up their hands and saying, âwe thought we had an experienced banker here and this poor sod doesnât even know what we do. Money is our core product, you idiot.â âAnd I said, âNo, itâs not true. Money is not your core product. Asia is awash with money, so why are you choosing to play
in a commodity field where the commodity is in rampant oversupply?â Thinking about it further, I came to the conclusion that the old job of providing money as a good commercial bank is completely over. I came to the startling conclusion that the core product is no longer money, but is now the flag of the bank.â For emphasis, he picks up a small flag of the ADB and puts it down with an emphatic thump. ADB funds can come in the form of debt, equity, mezzanine finance, guarantees, risk insurance, and since Bestani arrived, local currency finance. âIt boggles my mind that these institutions never did local currency financing when this was whatâs desperately needed,â he says, taking another sideswipe at the lack of imagination in the development banks. He continues: âDespite having that full toolkit, money is not our core product, but with the money we give you get the flag and it is infinitely more important. You cannot buy it. What happens when the ADB is brought in to a transaction is that it implicitly brings the flag with it. What does that flag give you? It gives you protection from capricious government intervention; it gives you credibility; it gives you visibility; and it gives you a dialogue with the government to help effect regulatory change that may be needed to make conditions better for this industry and hopefully for other industries as well.â Bestani pours scorn on other development banks: âI donât see them as rivals since all of them are still playing the money game. They say they are not but, let me give you an anecdote. I had to call a particular head of the IFC operations in one of our countries about something completely extraneous. We took care of that very quickly and made some small talk and said, âwell, howâs business?â The guy said that things were really tough. âThereâs so much money in all the banks here. They are all flush with money.
ã®æ°åã¯ãADBã財æ¿æ¯æŽã接波被害ã«å¯Ÿããæ æŽãšãã£ãä»ã®æŽ»åã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã®è³æºãæ〠ããšããããŠæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ã«ãã2å6800äž ãã«ã®åçãäžããæã ã®ååŒãå šäœã®25ïŒ ãã å ããŠããªãããšãããã¢ãžã¢ã«ãããå¯ã®åœ¢æã« ADBãå°ãªããšã10åãã«å¯äžããããšã®2ã€ãæ å³ããŠããŸãã ãã®ææã®èŠå ãšããŠããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ã¹ã¿ããã®èœ åã«å ããŠæ°ããæŠç¥ãæããŠããã ãåºæ¬çã«ã¯ã å šãŠã®åœééçºéè¡ãæ¡çšããŠããåŸæ¥ã®æ°éé è¡ã«å¯Ÿããåãçµã¿æ¹æ³ããè±åŽããã®ã§ããæã ãæåŸã®è²žãæãšãªããšããã³ã¢ã¢ãã«ãæšãŠå»ã£ ãã®ã§ããç§ã¯ãã®åŸæ¥ã®æ¹æ³ãä¿¡ããŠããŸããã ããã¯éåžžæã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæ段ã ããã§ããç§ã¯ãã° ãã°ãåŸæ¥ã®ããæ¹ããããããã£ãã ïŒãã®æ¬æ¥ã® 圹å²ãçµããïŒ ã»ã·ã³ãããŒã ã ãšåŒãã§ããŸãã ãã ã§ã¯ãè³éã¯æã ã®ã³ã¢ååã§ã¯ãªããšããæ¥é²ç ãªçºèšãããŠããŸãã ããã©ã«çä»»ããæããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ã³ã¢ååã¯äœã ãšãã質åãããŠADBã®ååãé©ãããã ãçæã åºããŠã ãçµéšè±ããªéè¡å®¶ãæ¥ãã¯ããªã®ã«ãæ ã ãäœãããŠããã®ããåãããªãåããªå¥Žã ã ãš åããŠãããšãããæ³åã§ããŸããã ã銬鹿ã ãªãè³ éã«æ±ºãŸã£ãŠãããããªããããç§ã¯ã ãããã¯éãã ãšçããŸãããè³éã¯ADBã®ã³ã¢ååã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ ããã¢ãžã¢ã«ã¯éã溢ããŠããã®ã«ããªããäŸçµŠé å°ãªç¶æ ã«ããåéã§ç«¶åããããšãéžæããã® ãïŒãã®çåã«ã€ããŠããã«æ·±ãèããŠãããšãéè æ©é¢ãšããŠè³éãäŸçµŠãããšããæãªããã®ä»äº ã¯å®å šã«çµãã£ããšããçµè«ã«éããŸãããã€ãŸãã æã ã®ã³ã¢ååã¯ãã¯ãè³éã§ã¯ãªããéè¡ãšãã æå°ãªã®ã ãšããã·ã§ããã³ã°ãªçµè«ã«è³ã£ãã®ã§ ããããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ãã®èšèã匷調ãããã®ããã«ã ADBã®å°ããªæãåãäžããŠãã³ãšçœ®ããã ADBã®è³éã¯ãåå ¥ããæ ªäž»ã«ããè³æ¬éæ åºãå£ åŸåµãä¿èšŒã ãªã¹ã¯ä¿éºãšããæ§æã§ãã£ããããã¹ ã¿ãæ°ãçä»»ããåŸã¯çŸå°é貚ã«ããè³é調éã å ãã£ãããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ãADBã®ãããªåœééçºé è¡ãã絶察ã«å¿ èŠãªããšã§ããã®ã«ãé¢ããããçŸ å°é貚建ãŠã®è³é調éãè¡ã£ãŠããªãããšã«é©ã ãããŸããã ãšè¿°ã¹ãéçºéè¡ã®æ³ååã®æ¬ åŠã«ã æ¹å€ã®çå ãåããã ãè³éã¯ç¢ºãã«æçšãªè³æºã§ ãããæã ã®ã³ã¢ååã§ã¯ãããŸããã ããããè³é ãããããšã§æã ã¯æãæã«å ¥ããããšãã§ããŸãã ãã®æ¹ãã¯ããã«éèŠã§ããæãè²·ãããšã¯ã§ã㟠ãããADBãååŒã«åå ãããšããããšã¯ããã®ååŒ ã«ADBã®æãæã¡èŸŒãããšãæå³ããŸãããã®æ㯠æè³å ã«äœãäžããã®ã§ããããïŒããã¯æ¿åºã«ã ãæ£æçãªä»å ¥ã«å¯Ÿããé²åŸ¡æ段ãšãªããä¿¡é Œãšå åšæãäžããŸãããããŠæã ã®æ¥çã ããã«ã¯ä»ã®ç£ æ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠã®æ¡ä»¶ãæ¹åããããã«å¿ èŠãªèŠå¶æ¹ é©ã®å®æœãæ¯æŽããããã®æ¿åºãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ãè¡ãæ© äŒãäžããŠãããŸãã
© AP / Empics / Mustafa Quraishi
Bestani was brought to the Asian Development Bank by former president Tadao Chino. Chino is pictured here on a visit to Hyderabad in India.
ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ä»ã®éçºéè¡ã«ç®èãªç®ãåããã ãä»ã®éçºéè¡ãã©ã€ãã«ãšã¯èããŠããŸããã圌 ãã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠãããŒã²ãŒã ã«èããŠãããã㧠ãã圌ãã¯ããã§ã¯ãªããšèšããŸãããç§ã®èšã£ãŠã ãããšã蚌æãããšããœãŒãããããŸããä»äºãšã¯ ç¡é¢ä¿ã®ããšã§ãããåœã®IFCéšéé·ã«é»è©±ãããŸã ããèŠä»¶ã¯ããã«çä»ããå°ãäžé話ãããŠã ãããž ãã¹ã®æ¹ã¯ã©ãã§ããïŒã ãšè³ªåãããšãããéåžžã« å³ãããšããè¿äºã§ããã ãã©ã®éè¡ãè³éãäœã£ãŠ ããã®ã§ããéã溢ããŠããã®ã§ãããã®çµæãå©ç çãå§çž®ãããŠããŸããå°å ã®éè¡ãšç«¶äºããããš ãéåžžã«é£ãããªã£ãŠããŸããã圌ã®çºèšå 容ã¯ç§ ã®æããŠããããšã確èªãã圢ãšãªããŸããã圌㯠è³éãšããããããµããååãæ±ãåžå Žã§ç«¶äºã㊠ããã®ã§ããéã圌ã«ãšã£ãŠã³ã¢ååãªã®ã§ãããã ãŠã圌ã¯æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšçŽæ¥ç«¶äºããŠããã®ã§ãã ã ãã¯æã ã絶察ã«é¿ããããšããŠããããšã§ãã ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯å¢ããã1æã®çŽãåãã2ã€ã®åãäž éšãéãªãããã«æããå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ ãŒã®ç¶æ³ãè¡šããŠãããšèª¬æããã ããã®2ã€ã®åã éãªã£ãéšåãã€ã³ãã©ã ãšèããã°ãéè¡ã¯å€ã
WiA Delegate Publication
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The corporate perspective
What thatâs done is that it has compacted margins. It is so hard to compete with the local banks.â He had just confirmed all my worst fears. He is playing in a commodity market, which is cash, money is his core product, and he is in direct competition with the private sectorâwhich is something we desperately try to avoid here.â Excitedly, he takes a piece of paper and draws two circles with some overlap to represent the public and private sector operations. âWe know that thereâs an overlap area that if you think about it is infrastructure, banking, a whole raft of things in here. We have defined this as our core market because this is where you need a dialogue with the government and the flag is the most powerful tool. If I am out here at point in the middle of the private sector territory, then I have no dialogue and I donât bring anything to the game, other than pure commodity money. I donât want to be there. âThe only time I want to be there is if there is a general vacuum, like for example, Afghanistan. There were no banks in Afghanistan five years ago, so we went in and we started a bank. But you wonât find me starting a bank in Thailand or Philippines or anywhere else. Why? because it is in direct competition. âI was talking to a representative of one of the MDBâs and said to him what kind of deals are you doing? He said vineyards and breweries. The IFC did a pig farm in China. For the love of God, is that what you need a multinational forâto do a pig farm? It will be a cold day in hell before you find us doing pig farms or vineyards or breweries.â Bestaniâs ADB is concentrating on infrastructure and the financial sector,
which, he says, âis not a small market. This ã®éšåãããã«å±ããã®ã§ããããã¯æã ã®ã³ã¢åž is trillions of trillions of dollars, far more å ŽãšèããŠããŸããããã§ã¯æ¿åºãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ãå¿ èŠã§ than we as an institution can do.â ãããæãæã匷åãªæŠåšãšãªãããã§ããæã ãã He goes back to anecdote to tell of the ã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®çžåŒµãã®äžã»ã©ã«ããå Žåãæ¿åº bankâs leverage: âAbout eight years ago ãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ã¯äŒŽãããã²ãŒã ã«æã¡èŸŒããã®ã¯ããã ADB helped finance a power plant, state of ãµããååã§ããè³éã ããªã®ã§ããããã«ã¯äœçœ® the art, and for the first six years or so it ããããããŸããããã®å Žæã«ããããšèããã®ã¯ã was doing very very well, humming away, å¯äžãããã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã®ããã«ç空å°åž¯ã«ãªã£ ãŠããæã§ãã5幎åã ã¢ãã¬ãã¹ã¿ã³ã«ã¯éè¡ãå š producing low cost electricity, employing ããããŸããã§ãããããã§ãæã ãåºãããŠãã£ãŠã people, paying taxes, being a good corporate éè¡ãéèšããã®ã§ããããããªãããç§ãã¿ã€ãã citizen, doing all the things that you would ã£ãªãã³ãããã¯ãã®ä»ã®åœã§éè¡ãå§ããããšã¯ expect it to do. ãããŸããããªããªããçŽæ¥ç«¶äºããããšã«ãªããã âThere were new elections in the country ã§ãã a few years ago and the new government ãç§ãããMDBã®ä»£è¡šè ãšè©±ããŠããŠã ã©ã®ãã㪠came in and basically said, âwe did not ãããžã§ã¯ããè¡ã£ãŠããããšèããŸããã圌ãã like what the s.o.b.s that preceded us ã¯ãããŠæ œå¹ãšããŒã«éžé ãšããçããããŸããã did, and we are going to renegotiate all IFCã¯äžåœã§é€è±æ¥ãžã®èè³ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãããäž the contracts. They went to the sponsor äœå šäœãäœã®ããã«åœééçºéè¡ãé€è±æ¥ã«å¿ èŠ company of this power plant business and ãªã®ã§ããããïŒæã ãé€è±ããããŠæ œå¹ããã㯠told them they were going to pay less for ããŒã«éžé ãšãã£ãäºæ¥ã«é¢ããããšã¯èããã㟠the electricity bought and to raise the taxes. ããã The company said, âWait a minute, we have ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã®ADBã¯ã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãšéèã» all these contracts with the government.â ã¯ã¿ãŒã«åãå ¥ããŠãããã©ã¡ãããå°ããªåžå Žã§ã¯ The government replied, âTough luck.â The ãããŸãããå·šé¡ã®è³éãå¿ èŠã§ãADBãåãæ±ãã company said, âWhy are you punishing us ãšã®ã§ããéé¡ãã¯ããã«è¶ ããŠããŸãã this way? We are doing exactly what we ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ADBã®åªäœæ§ã瀺ããšããœãŒããæ« promised to do.â The government said, âIt is é²ããŠãããã ãçŽ8幎åãADBã¯ææ°åŒçºé»æã®è not just you; we are going to do this to the è³ã«åå ããŸããããã®çºé»æã¯ãããã6幎éã« entire industry.â ããã£ãŠéåžžã«å¥œèª¿ã«çšŒåããäœã³ã¹ãã®é»æ°ãç âSo after much effort and discussion with ç£ããåŸæ¥å¡ãéããçšéãæããããäŒæ¥åžæ°ãšã the government, they gave up and came to ãŠæŽ»åããæåŸ ãããå šãŠã®ããšãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããã us and said âIs there anything you can do to æ°å¹Žåã«ãã®åœã§éžæãè¡ãããæ°ããæ¿æš©ãæš¹ help. This is going to be a disaster, not only ç«ãããŠæ¬¡ã®ãããªåºæ¬æ¹éãæããã«ããã®ã§ãã for our efforts in this country by putting us ãæã ã¯ãåæ¿æš©ãè¡ã£ãŠããããšãè©äŸ¡ããŠãã ããå šãŠã®å¥çŽã«ã€ããŠå亀æžãããããæ°ããæ¿åº into a loss-making position? Our masters ã®æ åœè ã¯ãã®çºé»æã®ã¹ãã³ãµãŒãšãªã£ãŠãã back home donât know the difference äŒç€Ÿã蚪ããè³Œå ¥é»åã®æéãåŒãäžããŠãçšéã between this country and Cambodia.â åŒãäžãããšç³ãå ¥ããŸãããäŒç€ŸããåŸ ã£ãŠãã ã âWe said, âYes, this is exactly where we ããæã ã¯æ¿åºãšå¥çŽããŠããã®ã§ãããããšãããšã can really be effective.â We went to the æ¿åºã¯ãæ®å¿µã ããããããªãããšèšããŸããã ããªã government and in the nicest, most diplomatic ãã®ãããªæ±ããããã®ã§ããïŒæã ã¯çŽæããé terms, we said to them essentially get your ãã®ããšãããŠããŸããããšããåè«ã«å¯ŸããŠæ¿åºã¯ã ãããªãã®äŒç€Ÿã ãã§ã¯ãªããæã ã¯åãããšãç£ æ¥çå šäœã«å¯ŸããŠè¡ãã€ããã ãã ãšçããŸãããæ¿ åºãšã®åºŠéãªã話ãåãã®åŸã亀æžããããããäŒ ç€ŸåŽã¯ADBã«å©ããæ±ããŸããã ãããã¯éåžžäºæ ã§ããæ倱ãåºãŠæã ã®åªåãæãªãããã ãã§ã¯ ãããŸãããæã ã®èŠªäŒç€Ÿã¯ãã®åœãšã«ã³ããžã¢ã® éããç解ããŠããŸããããæã ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«çã㟠ããã ãããããåé¡ãããæã ã®ç䟡ãçºæ®ã§ãã æ©äŒã§ããããããŠãæã ã¯ãã®åœã®æ¿åºã蚪åãã æãç¹çŽ°ãã€å·§ã¿ãªèšãåãã§ãã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã ãæãåŒãããã«äº€æžããŸããããã®åŸã次ã®ãã㪠äŒè©±ãç¶ããŸããã
There were no banks in Afghanistan five years ago, so ADB went in and started one. Noorullah Delawari, the Governor and President of the Afghanistan Bank shows coins of 1, 2 and 5 Afghanis.
æ¿åºæ åœè ïŒãããã¯ã©ãªãïŒ ç§ïŒADBã§ãã æ¿åºæ åœè ïŒãããã©ãããã®ïŒ
© Shah Marai / AFP / Getty Images
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© Olivier Nilsson / OnAsia.com
Private enterprise
Bestani: The IFC did a pig farm in China. For the love of God, is that what you need a multinational forâto do a pig farm?
hands off this project. They said, âWho the hell are you?â We said, âWe are ADB.â They said, âYes, so what?â âWe responded that, âWhen we sit here with you, this is not me Bob speaking, not my colleagues from the resident mission, but in a very real sense we are speaking to you on behalf of the 68 governments that make up ADB. We MDBâs have these very strange structures. If I do half a billion dollar transaction, or I do a million dollar transaction, it has to be reviewed by the board, which means that the board sends out the documents to 68 governments and they all examine it, opine on it and all of that is distilled down to a board vote approving the project.â âSo essentially what I said is that, âWe are speaking with the authority of the 68 governments that make up ADB, and we are here to tell you that this was a fair, honest, well-structured, developmentally important project and we are telling you to get your hands off of it, back off.ââ âIn fact three really good things happened from that discussion. First of all, we backed them off of that particular power plant. Second of all, it became very clear that they could not bash the entire industry and leave the foreigners alone, so they had to back off what they wanted to with the entire industry. Then the icing on the cake came when the sponsor came to us and said, âThis is really good and can you do this everywhere? We showed them other examples of our intervention. They said, âThis is fabulous. Wherever you guys want to work, we are interested.â Today, we are talking about power plants in eight separate countries. âThe irony of the whole story is that if you understand that money is not your core product any more, you end up lending infinitely more money, and that is what has happened.â He cites other examples of
leverage and synergy if the bank does not ãŠéèŠãªãããžã§ã¯ãã§ãããä»å ¥ãæ§ããããã«ã follow the money but the flag, for example é¡ããããããšããããšã§ããçµæãšããŠããã®è©±ãå the Chad-Cameroon pipeline, where the ãã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªææããããããŸããããŸãããã®çº World Bank cooperated with Exxon-Mobil. é»æã«å¯Ÿããæ¿åºã®ä»å ¥ãäžæ¢ãããããšãã§ã Bestani warns that it is hard to change, ãŸããã次ã«ãå€åœäŒæ¥ãå«ããŠç£æ¥çå šäœã«å§å especially for a big concern: âEvery new ããããããšã¯ã§ããªããšããããšãæããã«ãªãã technological innovation, every new wave è¡ãããšããŠãã匷硬çããæãåŒããããåŸãª of new technology has always been led ããªããŸãããäœè«ã§ããããã®åŸãçºé»æã®ã¹ãã³ ãµãŒãšãªã£ãŠããäŒç€Ÿã®ä»£è¡šè ãã ãçŽ æŽãããã by a new group of companies. Every new ãšããã£ãŠãããŸãããä»ã§ãåãããšãã§ããŸãã wave of business processes is always led by ãïŒããšèšãããŸãããæã ã¯ãããŸã§è¡ã£ãŠããä» a new group of companies. Why? Because å ¥ã®äŸã話ããŸããã ãçŽ æŽãããã ãã¯ADBãé¢ãã the old ones have a very difficult time of ãããšããä»äºã§ããã°ã©ãã§ããç§éã¯èå³ãã changing the paradigm of how they go ããŸãããšããã³ã¡ã³ãã§ãããçŸåšãæã ã¯8ã«åœã§ about doing their business. As a result the çºé»äºæ¥ã«ã€ããŠäº€æžäžã§ãã lifespan of the companies on the Fortune ãç®èãªããšã«ãè³éãæã ã®ã³ã¢ååã§ãªãããš 500 list or whatever list you want has ãç解ãããšãçµæãšããŠç¡éã«å€ãã®è³éã貞ã been dramatically dropping over the years åºãããšã«ãªããå®éã«ããããç¶æ³ãçããŠãã because in the private sector if you start ã®ã§ããããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ãADBãè³éã§ã¯ãªãæãã³ slowing down, one of two things happens ã¢ååãšããå Žåã«åŸãããã¬ãã¬ããžãšã·ããžãŒ to youâeither you get run over or you get ã®å ·äœäŸãšããŠãäžçéè¡ããšã¯ãœã³ïŒã¢ãŒãã«ãš eaten or both. But the MDBâs are somewhat å ±åã§é²ããŠãããã£ãïŒã«ã¡ã«ãŒã³ã®ãã€ãã©ã€ immune to this. But they are still operating ã³çãæããã according to the old model, where their job ãã®äžæ¹ã§ããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯å€§èŠæš¡ãªçµç¹ã«ãšã£ãŠå€ was to find money, bring it home, package it ããããšã¯é£ãããšææããã ãæ°ããæè¡æ¹é©ãæ° and present it like a good commercial bank. ããæè¡ã®æ³¢ãå å°ããã®ã¯å šãŠæ°èäŒæ¥ã§ããæ° Those days are over, those days are over for ããæ¥åããã»ã¹ãæåã«å°å ¥ããã®ã¯åžžã«æ°è the commercial banks. For me looking at all äŒæ¥ã§ãããªãã§ããããïŒæ¢åã®äŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠãã these institutions, it is, as Yogi Berra said, ãŸã§ã®ããžãã¹ã®ããæ¹ãå€§å¹ ã«å€ããããšã¯éåžž ã«é£ããããã§ãããã®çµæã ãã©ãŒãã¥ã³500瀟ã déjà vu all over again. ãã®ä»ã®ã©ã³ãã³ã°ã«æ²èŒãããäŒæ¥ã®å¯¿åœã¯å¹Ž âWe have three core products: the first ãè¿œãããšã«çããªã£ãŠããŸããããã¯ãæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ is risk mitigation on a whole variety of ãŒã§ã¯æ¥çžŸãäœäžãå§ãããšæ€éã«è¿œã蟌ãŸãã products; second is the expertise we bring ããè²·åãããããã©ã¡ããã®éããã©ãããšã«ãªã to the task; and third is the role we uniquely ããã§ãããšããããåœééçºéè¡ã¯ããããå³ãã can fulfil, which is being honest broker to ç°å¢ãšã¯ããæå³ã§ç¡çžãªçµç¹ã§ããäžæ¹ã§ãè³é ãéããéçŽããŠãåºåããåæ¥éè¡ã®ããã«è²žãä» the market.â
Bestani says that when he arrived in Manila, he startled colleagues in the ADB by asking them what their core product is
ãããšããå€ãã¢ãã«ã«äŸç¶ãšããŠåŸã£ãŠéå¶ãã ãŠããã®ãäºå®ãªã®ã§ãã ããããæ代ã¯çµãã㟠ãããåæ¥éè¡ã®ãããªåœ¹å²ãæããæ代ã¯çµã㣠ãã®ã§ããçŸåšã®åœééçºéè¡ãèŠããšã ãšã®ã»ãã© ïŒYogi BerraïŒéžæã®ããŸãå床åãããšãåã³ç¹°ã è¿ãããŠããã ãšããåå¥éãã®ç¶æ³ã«ãããŸããæ ã ã®ã³ã¢ååã¯3ã€ãããŸãããŸããå€å²ã«ãããé èååã«é¢ãããªã¹ã¯äœæžã§ãã第äºã¯æ¥åã«é¢ã ãå°éç¥èã§ãããããŠç¬¬äžã¯æã ã ããæããã ãšã®ã§ãããåžå Žã«ãšã£ãŠå ¬æ£ãªä»²ä»è ã«ãªããšã ã圹å²ã§ãã
Again, he goes back to his notepad and draws a pair of pliers to illustrate the unique comparative advantage of the multilaterals: ããã§ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ããŒããåã³åãåºãããã³ãã® âIf you look at the public sector, they have a çµµãæããŠåœééçºéè¡ã®æã€ãŠããŒã¯ãªæ¯èŒåª top down approach by virtue of where they äœæ§ã説æããŠãããã ãå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãèŠããšãã sit. We, sitting on the ground as we do trying ã®çœ®ãããŠããäœçœ®ãé«ãããšãããããããŠã³æ¹ to do transactions, grounded in the day to åŒãšãªã£ãŠããŸããå°é¢ã«åº§ã£ãŠæ¥ã ã®çŸå®ã«æ ¹ã day realities, have a bottom up approach. ããæ¥åãè¡ã£ãŠããæã æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ããã 㢠I think that this makes a great deal of ããæ¹åŒã§ããããã¯å®ã«çã«å¶ã£ãããšã ãšæã ãŸãããããŠãå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã®éã«ç¶ sense. But it becomes really significant and ç¶çãªå¯Ÿè©±ãããã°ãæ¬åœã®æå³ããããåãæ㣠powerful if you have this ongoing dialogue ããã®ã«ãªããšæããŸããç§ã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå± between the public sector and the private ã¯ãããã仲ä»çãªåœ¹å²ãæŒããããšãã§ãããã㯠sector of the particular institution. 倧ããªåãšãªããŸããæã ã¯ADBã®å ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæ âWe in this department can play this åœéšéã«å¯ŸããŠæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãæ¥åžžçã«çŽé¢ããå intermediary role and it can be very é¡ã課é¡ãé¢å¿äºã«ã€ããŠã¢ããã€ã¹ãã圌ãã¯æ¿åº powerful. We can advise our public sector ã®èãæ¹ãåªå äºé ãäœã§ãããæã ã«ã¢ããã€ã¹ colleagues on what the day to day problems ããããšãã§ããŸããããããæ å ±äº€æã¯éåžžã«éèŠ ãããããŠã³ãšããã ã¢ãããçµã¿åããã and issues and concerns of the private sector ã§ããã ããšã§ããã³ãã§ç©ãæãæã®ããã«éåžžã«å€§ã㪠are, and they can advise us on what the åãçãŸããã®ã§ãããã³ãã¯å šãŠã®å·¥å ·ç®±ã«ã㣠priorities of the government are and what ãŠãã©ãã§ã䜿ããå匷ãå³æ¹ã§ããåè«ã§èšãããš the governmentâs views areâ so this iterative ãããã®ã§ãããæšå¹ŽADBãããŽãå€æŽããæã«ã dialogue is terribly important, and with this ç§ã¯ãã³ããããŽãšããããšãææ¡ããŸããã幞ã㪠top down and bottom up approach, you ããšã«ãè³¢æãªäººãã¡ã®æèŠãéããŸããã have a very powerful pincer action. 圌ã®ãã³ãã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã¯ãæè¿è¡ã£ãè¬æŒãèŽã âA pair of pliers is a very powerful tool ã«ããŠããBPçµå¶å¹¹éšã®æ³šæãåŒãããšã«ãªã£ãã that belongs in every toolkit, wherever. ã 圌ãã¯ è¬ æŒ ã® åŸ ã§ ç§ ã®ãšãããŸã§ æ¥ ãŠãB P 㯠4 I jokingly say to people that last year we WiA Delegate Publication
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© Rex Features
The corporate perspective
Infrastructure, such as this road building project in Pakistan, is something that Bestani intends to concentrate on.
changed our logo and I proposed that the pliers be the logo of the ADB, and then I add that fortunately wiser minds prevailed.â The pliersâ image caught the attention of some BP executives in the audience for one of his presentations: âThey came up to me afterwards, and said a double A-rated organisation like BP that made billions of dollars and could borrow in any corner of the planet did not need ADB money. âThey made this very clear to me, but said, âWe are doing a mega-project in Indonesia, $6.9 billion to provide gas to the entire Pacific basin. We all know that this is very important, but quite honestly we are worried about political instability in Indonesia, we are worried about corruption and frankly we have to move some indigenous people in pristine jungle area. And although we, BP, have gone way out of the way to say that we are environmentally friendly company, our flag is green, our logo is a flower, nobody believes us because we are an oil company. ââTake all of that together, we donât need your money, but we like the idea of the flag, and we like it so much that would like to borrow a big flag. Would you lend us a billion dollars?â We had to say to them, âLook guys, our board is not ready for us to make a billion dollar loan to one entity, however strong it is, though I would be happy to lend five billion dollars out of my own pocket. It is a great company. We asked them to cut if down to $350 million, and it has been very successful. âBy being this honest broker in the middle, we can go to the company if it ever comes to it, and say these are the sorts of things you should do to keep out of hot water and we can also go to the government and assure them that this is a company that is trying to comply and do everything they can. 136
âThe beauty of this whole approach is that it is equally as relevant in China as it is in the Maldives. Everybody wants us with them. This business model is relevant everywhere.â Bestani says his department has made loans as small as $500,000 and as high as $350 million. It is stil the smallest or second smallest ADB department in terms of staff: 40 professionals, about 70 altogether, including the secretaries, tea boys and cleaning crew. The IFC has 80 people in China alone. But this year, he predicts, the private sector department will be ADBâs biggest in terms of the dollar value of its activities. Even so, not everyone in the bank gets it. Because of the squeeze on space, it was suggested that his department move out of headquarters to a nearby place with more space. Bestani explodes: âI said over my dead body. There is no way that I will move because if we moved out we would immediately start developing a different culture from the rest of the institution. I would stop running into my director general colleagues in the hallway and cafeteria. I donât want to be like the IFC. In every place, even in Washington, they are in a different building. It is completely wrong. One of the advantages is that we are in the same building, we run into each other all the time, and that facilitates dialogue. I donât own the flag. The public sector colleagues are the ones who own it, tend it, have the dialogue with the government. For me to be effective I need to work hand in hand with the public sector colleagues. That is why I used the image of pliers, a very powerful tool. But if you take out the pin that holds the two together - that is our dialogue with the public sector - then you have two pieces of junk metal and canât do anything.â g
AAæ Œä»ããåããŠããæ°ååãã«ã®å£²äžé«ã®åª è¯äŒæ¥ã§ãããå°çäžã®ã©ãã§ãåå ¥ããè¡ãããš ãã§ããã®ã§ADBã®è³éã¯å¿ èŠãšããªããšã¯ã£ãã è¿°ã¹ãäžæ¹ã§ã次ã®ãããªè©±ãããŠãããŸããã ãæ ã ã¯ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã§ç·é¡69åãã«ã«äžãã倪平æŽå° åå šäœã«å€©ç¶ã¬ã¹ãäŸçµŠãã巚倧ãããžã§ã¯ãã å®æœããŠããŸãã ãããéåžžã«éèŠãªãããžã§ã¯ã ã§ããããšã¯çãã®äœå°ãç¡ãã®ã§ãããæ£çŽã« èšã£ãŠãåœç€Ÿã¯ã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã®æ¿æ ãäžå®å®ãªããš ãæ±è·ã«ã€ããŠæžå¿µããŠãããååçŽå ¥ã«èšãã°ã åçæã«äœãäžéšã®åçã®äººã ã移転ãããå¿ èŠ ããããŸãããããŠãBPãšããŠã¯ç°å¢ã«ããããäŒæ¥ ã§ããããšã宣èšããç·ã®ç€Ÿæãæ¡çšããããŽã«ã¯ è±ããã¶ã€ã³ããŠããã®ã«èª°ããããä¿¡ããŠãã㪠ãã®ã§ããããã¯æã ãç³æ²¹äŒç€Ÿã ããã§ããçµè« ããèšããšãåœç€Ÿã«ã¯ADBã®è³éãå¿ èŠãããŸãã ããæã ã¯ããªãã®èšãæã®èãæ¹ãæ°ã«å ¥ããŸã ããéåžžã«æ°ã«å ¥ã£ãã®ã§ã倧ããªæã«åãå ¥ãã ããšæããŸãã10åãã«èè³ããŠãããŸããã ãšèã ããã®ã§ã次ã®ããã«çããããåŸãŸããã§ããã ã æã ã®çäºäŒã¯1瀟ã«10åãã«ãèè³ããçšæ㯠ãããŸããã ã©ã®ããã«å€§ããªäŒç€Ÿã§ãåãã§ããäœ ããç§ãããæã£ãŠããã°åãã§50åãã«è²žããŸã ãããBPã¯çŽ æŽãããäŒç€Ÿã§ããæã ã¯3å5000äžã ã«ãŸã§æžé¡ããããã«é Œã¿ãŸãããçµæã¯ããŸãã ããŸããã ããã®ããã«å ¬æ£ãªä»²ä»è ãšãªãããšã§ãæã ã¯äŒ æ¥ã蚪ããŠå±éºãé¿ããããã«è¡ãã¹ãããšã㢠ããã€ã¹ãããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ¿åºã«å¯ŸããŠã§ããããšã¯ äœã§ãå®è¡ããäŒç€Ÿã§ãããšç¢ºçŽããããšãã§ã㟠ãã ãã®æ¹åŒãçŽ æŽãããã®ã¯ããããäžåœã§ã§ã ã¢ã«ãã£ãŽã§ã§ãåãããã«é©çšã§ããç¹ã«ãã㟠ããæã ã¯å šãŠã®äººã ããæ±ããããŠããŸãã ãã®ã ãžãã¹ã¢ãã«ã¯ã©ãã§ãé©çšå¯èœã§ãã ãã¹ã¿ãæ°ãçããæ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ãè¡ã£ãŠ ããèè³é¡ã¯50äžãã«ãã3å5000äžãã«ãŸã§ãš å€å²ã«ããã£ãŠãããä»ã®ãšããåå±ã¯ADBã®äžã§ æãå°ããæ¹ã«å±ããŠãããå°éè·å¡ã¯40åãç§æžã ãè¶æ±²ã¿ãæž æãå«ããè·å¡æ°ã¯çŽ70åã§ãããäž æ¹ãIFCã¯äžåœã ãã§ã80åã®è·å¡ãæããŠããã ãªãããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ä»å¹Žã®æ°éã»ã¯ã¿ãŒæŽ»åå±ã ADBã®æŽ»åã«å ããå²åïŒãã«ããŒã¹ïŒã¯æ倧ã«ãª ãã§ããããšäºæ³ããŠããã äœããADBã®èª°ããããæã£ãŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã ADBè¡å ã®ã¹ããŒã¹ã足ããªããªã£ãŠããããšããã åå±ãæ¬éšãåºãŠè¿ãã®æœèšã«ç§»è»¢ããããšãæ æ¡ãããŠããã ããããªããããã¹ã¿ãæ°ã¯ããã«æåºå察ããŠã ãã ã絶察ã«ç§»è»¢ããŸãããæ¬éšããåºãŠããŸã£ããã çŽã¡ã«ä»ã®éšéãšç°ãªãæåãè²ã¡å§ãããã㧠ããç§èªèº«ãå»äžãé£å ã§ä»ã®éšéã®ååãšé¡ãå ãããããšããªããªãã§ããããIFCã®ããã«ãªããã ã¯ãããŸãããIFCã¯ã¯ã·ã³ãã³DCã§ãããéãå»ºç© ã«å ¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ããã¯å šãã®ééãã§ããæã ãå ã建ç©ã«ããã¡ãªããã®ã²ãšã€ã¯ãéãéšéã®äººé å士ãåºäŒããäŒè©±ãããæ©äŒãããããšã§ããç§ ãæãæã£ãŠããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããå ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ ãŒã«å±ããååã¯ãæãææããããã管çããæ¿åº ãšå¯Ÿè©±ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããæã ãææãäžããã«ã¯ã å ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒã«å±ããååéãšå¯æ¥ã«ååããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ããããã³ããšãã匷åãªå·¥å ·ã®ã€ ã¡ãŒãžãæ瀺ããçç±ã§ãã ãããããã³ããæ§æã ã2ã€ã®æãçããŠãããã³ãå€ããŠããŸãããšã¯ã å ¬å ±ã»ã¯ã¿ãŒãšã®å¯Ÿè©±ãç¡ããªãããšãæå³ãã2æ¬ ã®åœ¹ã«ç«ããªãéå±ãæ®ãã ãã§ãã ããã§ã¯äœã ã§ããŸãããâ
The corporate perspective
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Sixt sense will be missing from Kyoto Frank Sixt will not be going to the Asian Development Bank annual meeting in Kyoto. In fact, Frank Sixt does not even know much about the ADB, but his absence will be a pity for the ADB.
A
pity because Frank Sixt is precisely the kind of man that senior ADB executives would greatly benefit from getting to know, both on a professional and on a personal level. He is the chief financial officer of the Hong Kong based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa, the major vehicle of billionaire Li Kashing, who rose from being a sickly, penniless refugee to become a manufacturer of plastic flowers and then to be one of the worldâs richest people in command of a business empire operating in more than 50 countries worldwide with assets in construction, real estate, plastics, cellular telephones, satellite television, cement production, pharmacies and supermarkets, hotels, transportation, airports, electric power, steel production, oil and gas, ports and shipping. Sixt himself, a Canadian, graduated in law and is responsible for Hutchison Whampoaâs leading edgeâ critics say bleeding edge -- 3G telecom interests, though he had problems trying to understand his BlackBerry during our meeting. He was closely involved in the deal in which Hutchison sold its Indian telecoms interests to Vodafone for $11 billion, a neat $9 billion profit on the original investment. Hutchisonâs treasury operations, which Sixt looks after, are themselves an important profit centre for the company and add almost $1 billion to earnings, although Sixt says, âWe donât consider ourselves to be asset managers, but custodians and managers of liquidity as
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part of the business of a conglomerate, very different from trying to be a fund manager.â In several interviews Sixtâs favourite phrase was âblue chipâ, which he used as both a noun, to mean Hutchison Whampoa, one of Asiaâs leading blue chips and as an adjective, to describe how the company behaves, in a blue-chip way. Professionally, many of the Hutchison companies, particularly in energy and infrastructure, are involved in businesses
ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ã倧å¯è±ªã®æåèª ïŒLi Ka-shingïŒ æ°ã®çµå¶ããã³ã³ã°ãããªããã®äž»èŠäŒç€Ÿ ã§éŠæž¯ã«æ¬æ ã眮ãHutchison Whampoa瀟 ã®æé«è²¡å責任è ïŒCFOïŒã§ãããæåèª æ° ã¯ç æ°ãã¡ã§äžæãªãã®äº¡åœè ãã身ãèµ· ãããŠãã©ã¹ããã¯ã®é è±ã®è£œé ãå§ããäž ç50ã«åœãè¶ ããŠæŽ»åããããžãã¹åžåœã çããäžçææ°ã®å¯è±ªãšãªã£ãããã®è³ç£ ã¯å»ºèšãäžåç£ã ãã©ã¹ããã¯ãæºåž¯é»è©±ãè¡ æãã¬ããã»ã¡ã³ã補é ãè¬å±ãã¹ãŒããŒã ããã«ãé茞ã空枯ãé»åã補éãç³æ²¹ã¬ã¹ã 枯湟ããã³æµ·éã«ããã£ãŠããã ã«ããåœç±ã§æ³åŠéšãåæ¥ããã·ã¯ã¹ã æ°èªèº«ã¯ãè©è«å®¶ããåºè¡ããæå³ããã ãªãŒãã£ã³ã°ã»ãšããžãšè©ããHutchison Whampoa瀟ã®ãªãŒãã£ã³ã°ã»ãšããžã§ã ã第äžäžä»£éä¿¡äºæ¥ã®è²¬ä»»è ã§ããããš ã¯ãããã®äŒè«äžã«èªåã®BlackBerryæº åž¯ç«¯æ«ã®äœ¿ãæ¹ã«èŠåŽããŠãããã圌㯠Hutchison瀟ãææããŠããã€ã³ãã®éä¿¡ äºæ¥ã110åãã«ã§Vodafone瀟ãžå£²åŽãã åœåã®æè³ãã90åãã«ãšãã倧ããªå©ç ãäžããæ¡ä»¶ã«å¯æ¥ã«é¢ãã£ãŠããã ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ãæ åœããHutchison瀟ã®è²¡å 掻åã¯ãããèªäœãäŒç€Ÿã®éèŠãªåçã»ã³ ã¿ãŒã«ãªã£ãŠããã10åãã«è¿ãã®åçã èšäžããŠããããã£ãšãã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ãç§é ã¯è³ç£ç®¡çã§ã¯ãªããã³ã³ã°ãããªããã»ã ãžãã¹ã®äžéšãšããŠæµåæ§ã®ä¿å®ãšç®¡çã ããŠãããšæã£ãŠããã ãã¡ã³ãã»ãããŒãžã£ ãŒãšãªãããšããŠãããšããã®ã§ã¯å šããã ãŸããã ãšè¿°ã¹ãŠããã ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ããã€ãã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã®äžã§ ããã«ãŒã»ãããã ãšããèšèã奜ãã§äœ¿ã£ ãŠãããã圌ã¯ãããã¢ãžã¢ã®è¶ åªè¯äŒç€Ÿ ã§ããHutchison Whampoa瀟ãæå³ãã åè©ãšããŠã䜿ããåæã«äŒç€Ÿã®è¡åæ§åŒ ãè¿°ã¹ããšãã«ããã«ãŒã»ãããçã«ã ãšãã ããã«åœ¢å®¹è©ãšããŠãçšããŠããã
Li Ka-shing, founder of Hutchison Whampoa, was a peniless refugee who rose to become one of the worldâs richest men.
Hutchison瀟ã®äŒæ¥ã®å€ããç¹ã«ãšãã«ã® ãŒãšã€ã³ãã©é¢ä¿äŒæ¥ã¯ãã®æ¥åäžã§ãçº å±éäžåœã«ããã30åã®ã¢ãžã¢ã®äººã ã® ç掻ãåäžãããããšADBãç©æ¥µçãªæŽ»å ãããŠããåéã«é¢ãã£ãŠãããå瀟ã®æ¬ æ å°ã¯éŠæž¯ã§ãããã ã¢ãžã¢ãšãªãŒã¹ãã©ãª 4
Sixt sense
Many of the Hutchison companies are involved in businesses where ADB is active âThe starting point is making sure that debates are held on the basis of the facts and that we understand the facts. The fact that is most often left out of the discussion is that China actually does not have anywhere near the trade surplus that it appears to have because it has a very significant trade deficit with the rest of Asia. This is not about China and America and China and Europe. This is basically about the engine of Asia as a whole, and that needs to be recognised.â He believes that China is trying to redirect the economy, âand basically trying to direct investment and policies to stimulate domestic consumption. And that is everything from buildings to the railroads and roadsâyou forget how basic these things are: you canât have consumers if you donât have a distribution network to get goods to consumers. So the starting point actually is things like road and rail infrastructure and competition restructure inland and that is a big part of the National Peopleâs Congressâ âharmonious societyâ platform.
ã¢ã§ã®å£²äžã¯46%ã«éããªãã ã¡ããã©ã·ã¯ ã¹ãæ°ãåžå Žã®ååã«ã€ããŠåœéçãªã ãžã§ã³ãæããã°ãªããªãããã«ããã®æŽ» åã¯äžççã«åºãã£ãŠããã ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°å人ãšããŠã¯æç¶å¯èœéçºã«ã€ ããŠåŒ·ãé¢å¿ãå¯ããŠããããŸããéåžžã« èå³æ·±ã人ç©ã§ãæ ç»ãé»åã®è±éïŒè»å» ãã·ã¥ãŒã³ã®ç涯ã ïŒäž»æŒ ããã«ãã»ãµã¶ãŒ ã©ã³ãããã¬ã³ã»ãã¬ã³ïŒã®äžã§äœ¿çšããã æ²ã®ãã¡2æ²ãææããæèœæº¢ããé³æ¥œå®¶ ã§ãããã © Uden Graham / RedlinkImage
where ADB is active in trying to build a better life for the three billion Asians in developing countries. The company has its headquarters in Hong Kong but is active throughout the world, with only 46 percent of its revenues in Asia and Australia, so it has a global outreach, just as Sixt has to have an international vision of what the markets are doing. Personally, Sixt is keenly interested in sustainable development issues. He is also an interesting guy, and a talented musician who wrote two musical scores for the movie Bethune (starring Donald Sutherland and Helen Mirren). Since he wonât be In Kyoto, we asked Sixt for his views about issues of concern to the ADB and delegates to the annual meeting. Sixt applauds the rapid growth in world trade which has, âlifted more people out of poverty in the last 15 years than has ever been done in history, and that is true to a very large extent in China, and to a meaningful extent in India.â Unfortunately, he acknowledges, it has created trade imbalances that wonât be unwound easily. But he urges that fingers should not be pointed against China in spite of the stresses that have led the US to press China to revalue the currency. Sixt believes that it is important to manage the imbalances, âas part of the development profile of the world as a whole. If we donât succeed in managing the balances, we land ourselves with significant sectoral shocks to the economy that will be bad for all players involved, American consumers, European consumers, and Chinese producers.
Sixt: The starting point actually is in things like road and rail infrastructure.
ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã京éœç·äŒã«åºåžããªãããšã ããç§éã¯ADBãšå¹Žæ¬¡ç·äŒåºåžè ã«ãšã£ãŠ ã®é¢å¿äºé ã«ã€ããŠã®æ°ã®èŠè§£ã䌺ã£ãã ãäžç貿æã®æ¥æ¿ãªæé·ã¯éå»15幎ã§å 代æªèã®æ°ã®äººã ã貧å°ããææžããŸã ããäžåœã§ã¯ãããç¹ã«é¡èã«è¡šããŠã㟠ãããã€ã³ãã§ãçžåœææžãããŸããã ãšã· ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯è¿°ã¹ãŠããã
ãããŠæ®å¿µãªããšã«ãäžç貿æã®æ¥æ¿ãªæ âThe truth is that the introduction of é·ãç°¡åã«ã¯è§£æ¶ã§ããªã貿æäžåè¡¡ã ã WTO and the privatisation of state-owned çã¿åºããŠãããšããããšãèªããŠããã enterprises in China have been as much of ãããããšãäžåœã®é貚åè©äŸ¡ãæ±ãã㢠a shock, in a sense, to potential Chinese ã¡ãªã«ã®å§åã®åå ãšãªã£ãŠããã¹ãã¬ã¹ consumers as losses of jobs in manufacturing ããã£ããšããŠããäžåœãæ匟ããŠã¯ãªã㪠in the eastern seaboard of the US or more ããšå説ããŠãããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ãäžçãå š - because social safety nets, which were äœãšããŠçºå±ããŠãããšãã®äžåŽé¢ãšããŠã part of the established fabric of China, äžåè¡¡ã管çããããšã倧åã§ãããšä¿¡ã disappeared. And healthcare has a cost, and ãŠããã ãå衡管çãããŸããããªããã°ã education has a cost. Retirement savings are çµæžã®ããåéã§éåžžã«å€§ããªã·ã§ãã¯ã a necessity, but are not met by a complete çããããšã«ãªããŸããããã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ¶ system of pension and annuity systems. ãšãŒãããã®æ¶è²»è ãããã«äžåœã® âSo if you look at the policy thrusts in the è²»è ã finance sector, they are very much aimed çç£è ãšããé¢ä¿è å šå¡ã®äžå©çãšãªãã® ãŸãå§ãã«ãç§éãäºå®ãç解ããè° at developing secure sources of potential ã§ãã savings, reducing the perilous cost of health è«ãããã«åºã¥ããŠãããããšã確èªãã ãã®è°è«ã§äžçªå¿ããã care and the cost of education, so that people å¿ èŠããããŸãã in China will start to rebuild enough of a ãŠããã®ã¯ãäžåœã«ã¯è²¿æäœå°ããããã level of security so that they are prepared to ã«èŠããŸããå®éã«ã¯ãã®ãããªãã®ã¯ãª save less and spend a little bit more.â ããšããäºå®ã§ããããã¯äžåœãã¢ãžã¢ã® He points to moves to let the currency ãã以å€ã®åœã«å¯ŸããŠéåžžã«å€§ããªè²¿æ appreciate, so that it has now moved èµ€åãæ±ããŠããããã§ãã ããã¯äžåœå¯Ÿ through the 7.80 rate of the Hong Kong ç±³åœãäžåœå¯Ÿæ¬§å·ã®ããšã§ã¯ãããŸããã dollar against the greenback, and Beijingâs tightening of reserve requirements and ããã¯åºæ¬çã«ã¢ãžã¢ã®çœåŒåå šäœã«ã€ ããŠã§ãã£ãŠããã®ããšãèªèããªããŠã¯ãª raising of interest rates. He judges that it, âis definitely yielding ããªãã®ã§ãã positive results. Nobody would say perfect ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯äžåœãçµæžã®æ¹åãå€ããã results but definitely positive results.â Sixt ãšããŠãããšä¿¡ããŠããã ãåºæ¬çã«äžåœã¯ sees the proof in things like the growth åœå æ¶è²»ãåºæ¿ãããããªæè³ãšæ¿çãç® of retailing in second and third tier cities, æãããšããŠããŸãã ããã¯å»ºç©ããééã which has allowed rapid expansion of éè·¯ãŸã§ãã¹ãŠã«åœãŠã¯ãŸããŸããç§éã¯ã Hutchisonâs Watsonâs pharmacies, âwhich ãããããã«åºç€çãªèŠçŽ ã§ããããå¿ã was unthinkable five or ten years ago. You would not have imagined putting ãŠããŸããååãæ¶è²»è ã«å±ããæµéããã a Watsonâs store in a second or third tier ã¯ãŒã¯ããªããã°ãæ¶è²»è ã¯ååšããªãã® city in China. There would have been no ã§ããã§ãããåºçºç¹ã¯å®éã«ã¯éè·¯ãé purchasers for the goods. Now we have éã®ã€ã³ãã©ããããã¯åœå ã®ç«¶äºã®æ¹é© more than 200 stores in China, growing at ãšãã£ããã®ã§ããããå šåœäººæ°ä»£è¡šå€§äŒ ãšãããã©ãããã©ãŒ close to 100 a year. The limiter on growth is ã®ã調åã®ãšãã瀟äŒã not consumer demand, but is the ability to ã ã®å€§ããªéšåãå ããŠããã®ã§ãã get and train good people to manage large ã äž åœ ã äž ç 貿 æ æ© é¢ïŒ W T O ïŒ W o r l d retail distribution operations, which is a very Trade OrganizationïŒã«å çããåœæäŒæ¥ã people intensive business.â Watsons, he adds, âis a very busy æ°å¶åããããšã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ±æµ·å²žã®è£œé organisation that has grown extremely æ¥ããã®ä»ã®å°åã§å€±æ¥ãçãããšãã rapidly over the last few years. It has grown ã ãã§ã¯ãªããããæå³ã§äžåœã®æœåšçæ¶ 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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The corporate perspective
substantially in Europe. Watsons has presences in Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine.â At last, suggests Sixt, the great myth of China as the billion-person market is becoming a fact. âThat is the most important trend of our time,â he says that China is growing ânot merely as an exporter but also as a consumer.â
The fact that is most often left out of the discussion is that China actually does not have anywhere near the trade surplus that it appears to have For all this, Sixt does not recommend setting the renminbi free. âNot at this hour. I think that there is considerable work to be done in the market infrastructure, whether you are talking about capital markets or equity capital markets, whether you are talking about insurance and pensions, all of the things that you need in place to balance where homes for savings can be. To simply open up the countryâs full capital account, making the currency tradable for anything else by anybody at any time, at this point would not be advantageous from Chinaâs point of view or a stabilising factor for Chinaâs economic development.â He also believes that China is on the right road to making the renminbi convertible. The next steps are, âBasically some of the steps that they are taking,â and he cites continuing banking reforms and privatisations. âThree of the policy banks had their objectives realigned with development of interest structure and sensible commercial lending bases. All of that is very necessary to succeed. âIf by making the RMB fully convertible you create a global choice as to where savings can be placed, China has first to be sure that it has a full balance and a full menu
of domestic options for its savings because it è²»è ãžã®ã·ã§ãã¯ã§ããããšããã®ãäºå® still needs to direct savings into development ã§ãããªããªãäžåœã®ç¢ºç«ããå¶åºŠã®äžéš into missing bits of infrastructure, missing bits ã§ãã£ã瀟äŒçãªã»ãŒããã£ãããããªã of the educational and healthcare system, the retirement and pension, the distribution ãªã£ããããåŸã£ãŠå»çã«ã¯ãéãæããã infrastructure. You name it, there is still a æè²ã«ããéãæãããŸããéè·ã®åãã lot to be done to complete the process of ããããšãå¿ èŠã«ãªããŸãããæ©çµŠã幎é improvement of the lot of that part of China å¶åºŠã§ã¯è³ãããŸããã that has not benefited all that much from the ãéèéšéæ¹é©æ¿çãèŠãã°ããã®æ¿çã export trade boom and WTO access.â æœåšç貯èã確å®ã«ã§ããããã«ããæ段 But Sixt is relaxed about Chinaâs trillion ãéçºããé«é¡ã«ãªããããªãå»çè²»çšãš dollars of exchange reserves and does not æè²è²»çšã®åæžãç®çãšããŠããããšã¯æ foresee that an attempt by China to diversity ããã§ããããã«ãã£ãŠäžåœã®äººã ãå å out of US dollars might, as he puts it, âscupper the dollarâ. This is âa popular mythâ, he ãªç€ŸäŒä¿éæ°ŽæºãäœãçŽãããšãã§ãã貯 says, since, âThe truth is that I believe there èãããå°ãªãããŠãã®åãæ¯åºã«åãã has been a substantial reallocation over the ãšãã§ããããã«ãªãã§ãããããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ° course of the last several years and the extent ã¯ãé貚ã®éš°è²Žã容èªããåãã®ããã«çµ to which foreign currency reserves, not just æç±³ãã«ãçŸåš7.80éŠæž¯ãã«ã«ãªã£ãŠãã in China but around the region, are held in ããšããå京æ¿åºã«ããæºåé éã®åŒç· ã US dollars has actually been going down, so ãšéå©åŒäžãã«ã€ããŠãææããŠããã that the exposure in terms of the investment ãããŠæ¬¡ã®ããã«å€æããŠããã ããã㯠are not that great. I would put the risk of a è¯ãçµæãçãã§ããŸããå®å šã ãšã¯ã central banker-led intervention which causes a brusque cascade of volatility to the currency ããèšããŸããããééããªãè¯ãçµæ markets and sends the dollar reeling as small ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ã2é¡ã»3é¡ I think that central bankers are a lot smarter ã®éœåžã«ãããå°å£²ã®æé·ããã®èšŒæ ãš ããŠèŠãŠãããããã«ãã£ãŠHutchison瀟 than that, including Chinaâs. Sixt says that as a CFO of a major ã®Watsonâsè¬å±ã®æ¥æé·ãèŠèŸŒãŸããŠã ãããã¯5幎åã10幎åã«ã¯èããã㪠Asian-based multinational company, he ãã is interested in the development of Asian ãã£ãããšã§ããäžåœã®2é¡ã»3é¡ã®éœåžã« markets and creation of a common Asian Watsonâsè¬å±ã®åºèãåºåºããããšãªã©èª° currency unit. âClearly,â he says, âwhen ãæ³åã§ããã§ãããããŸãããã®ååã賌 you have exposure in any of a number of å ¥ããæ¶è²»è ãããŸããã§ãããçŸåšãæ countries what you need to do is have some ã ã¯äžåœã«200ãè¶ ããåºèãæã¡ã幎é sensible level of local currency hedge, in 100åºèè¿ãå¢ããŠããŸãã ããããæé·ã terms of the liability side against the asset å¶éããŠããã®ã¯æ¶è²»è ã®éèŠã§ã¯ãªãã side, on the revenue side, in local currency. That mix will depend on the business, 倧èŠæš¡å°å£²ã®æµéäºæ¥ã管çããåªç§ãª because some businesses, even though they 人æãç²åŸãèšç·Žãããšãããéåžžã«åŽå are sited abroad, in effect have US dollar éçŽçãªäœæ¥ã§ãã revenue-based streams and some businesses ããã«ãWatsonâsè¬å±ã«ã€ããŠãã ããã㯠have local currency revenue streams and 倧å€ã«å¿ããçµç¹ã§ã ãã®æ°å¹Žéã§ãšãŠã foreign cost structures because you have to æ¥éã«æ¡å€§ããŸããã ãšãŒãããã§ã¯ã㪠buy equipment abroad.â ãã®æé·ãéããŸãããWatsonâsè¬å±ã¯ã ãŒã©ã³ãããã³ã¬ãªãŒããã§ã³å ±ååœã ã¹ã㎠ã§ãã¢ãã©ããŽã£ã¢ã ãªãã¢ãã¢ããã·ã¢ããŠã¯ ã©ã€ãã«é²åºããŠããŸãã
Photo courtesy of Hutchison Whampoa Ltd
æåŸã«ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ãäžåœã10å人ã®ã㌠ã±ããã§ãããšãã倧ããªç¥è©±ãäºå®ã«ãª ãã€ã€ãããšç€ºåããŠããã ãããã¯ç§éã® æ代ã®æãé倧ãªãã¬ã³ãã§ãäžåœã¯å㫠茞åºåœãšããŠæé·ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãæ¶è²» è ãšããŠãæé·ããŠããã®ã§ãã
The Hutchison Whampoa business empire operates in more than 50 countries worldwide with assets in construction, real estate, plastics, cellular telephones, satellite television, cement production, transportation, airports, electric power, steel production, oil and gas, ports and shipping, pharmacies, hotels, and (above) supermarkets.
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ããã«ãé¢ããããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯äººæ°å ã® èªç±åã¯å§ããŠããªãã ããã®æç¹ã§ã¯ãŸ ã ã§ããåžå Žã®ã€ã³ãã©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã ãè³æ¬åžå Žããã³ãšã¯ã€ãã£è³æ¬åžå Žãªã® ããä¿éºã幎éã®åžå Žãªã®ããåãããã ãã¹ãä»äºãçžåœãããšæããŸãã ããªã ãã°ãªããªãã®ã¯è²¯èã®äžå¿ãšãªãã¹ã ãã®ã®åè¡¡ãå³ãããšã§ããåçŽã«åœã®å š ãŠã®è³æ¬åå®ããªãŒãã³ã«ãã誰ã§ãã〠ã§ãã©ã®ãããªé貚ãšã§ããã®åœã®é貚ã ååŒã§ããããã«ããã®ã¯ãçŸæ®µéã§ã¯äž åœã®èŠç¹ããã³äžåœçµæžçºå±ã®å®å®åèŠ çŽ ããããã°åŸçã§ã¯ãããŸããã 4
Sixt sense
Asian markets are still underdeveloped, ãŸããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯äžåœã人æ°å ãä»é貚 he adds. âWhereas I have a very full range ãšäº€æã§ããããã«ããããšã¯æ£ããéžæ of options as between bank markets, bond markets, structured markets, you name it, if ã§ãã£ããšèããŠããã次ã®æ®µéã¯ãåºæ¬ç I want to hedge my exposure in the likes of ã«äžåœããšã£ãŠããã¹ãããã®ããã€ãã㧠sterling or the euro or, of course, in dollars, ããããã®äŸãšããŠéè¡æ¹é©ãšæ°å¶åã®ç¶ç¶ ã 3ã€ã®æ¿çéè¡ã¯ããã®ç® I have a full range of choices because there ãæããŠããã çãå©çæ§é ãšåççåæ¥è²žåºããŒã¹ã®é is a lot of depth across all markets. âIn Asia we are still too concentrated in çºã«å調æŽããŸãããããã¯ã©ããæåã® commercial bank lending, and the smaller the ããã«å¿ èŠãªãã®ã§ãããã人æ°å ãå®å š currency pool you go into the more concentrated ã«äº€æå¯èœã«ããã°ã ã©ãã«è²¯èãããã you are. There is an absence of bank and ã«ã€ããŠäžççãªéžæãããããšãã§ãã commercial paper markets. Again, every central ããã«ãªããäžåœã¯ãŸãåœå ã®è²¯èã®ãªã banker and every economic policy maker in the ã·ã§ã³ããã©ã³ã¹è¯ãå®å šã«æŽããããšã倧 region is aware of it and trying to take steps åã«ãªããŸããããã¯äžåœããŸã 貯èããé to stimulateâbut there is room for much more development, room for example, to free up the çºãæ¬ åŠããŠããã€ã³ãã©ãæè²ãå»çã·ã¹ value in real estate through the development of ãã ã®æ¹åãéè·éã幎éãæµéã®ã€ã³ãã© ãªã©ã«åãå¿ èŠãããããã§ãã茞åºã㌠mortgage market and asset backed securities.â In spite of the arrival of REITS (real estate ã ãšWTOå çãããã»ã©æ©æµãåããŠã㪠investment trusts) in places like Singapore ãäžåœã®å€ãã®å°åã§æ¹é©ããã»ã¹ãçµäº ãŸã å€ãã®ããšãããªãã and Hong Kong, adds Sixt, âIf you compare ãããããã«ã¯ã the available sources of liquidity in relation ã°ãªããŸããã to real estate development and investment in ããããäžåœã®æã€3å ãã«ã®è²¿æé»åã« and around Asia to the comparable panoply ã€ããŠã¯æ¥œèŠ³çã§ãã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°èªèº«ã®ããã« of sources in the US or in Europe, it is still a ããã«ããã£ã€ãã ãŠãäžåœãç±³ãã«ã®åã night and day comparison.â åæ£ãããããšã«ã¯ãªããªããšäºæ³ããŠã ãã ãããã¯æ ¹æ ã®ãªãäœã話ã§ããéå»æ° 幎éã§éåžžã«å€§ããªååé ãè¡ãªãããŠã ããšããã®ãçå®ã ãšæããŸããäžåœã ã ã§ã¯ãªãã ãã®åšèŸºè«žåœã§ä¿æããŠããç±³ã ã«ã«ããå€è²šæºåã®èŠæš¡ã¯å®éã«ã¯æžå°ã ãŠããŠãããæè³ã®ç©å·®ãã§èŠããšãšã¯ã¹ã ãŒãžã£ãŒã¯ããã»ã©å€§ãããªãã®ã§ããç§ã¯ äžå€®éè¡ã®äººéãäž»äœãšãªãä»å ¥ã®æ¹ã«ãª ã¹ã¯ããããšæã£ãŠããŸããä»å ¥ã¯é貚åžå Ž Why has the development of Asian markets ã«çªç¶ã®ãã©ãã£ãªãã£ãŒãèµ·ãããŠã ãã« been so slow? Sixt believes that: âPart of it ã匱ããã®ã®ããã«åæºãããŸããç§ã¯äž is because of the multifarious currencies. It was slow in Europe until the euro. In a way åœãå«ããŠäžå€®éè¡ã®äººéã¯ãã£ãšã¹ã㌠the dollar is the euro of the United States, a ãã«ãªãã¹ããšæã£ãŠããŸãã common currency for all of the states. The lack ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ã¢ãžã¢ãæ ç¹ãšãã巚倧å€åœ of a common monetary base makes it more ç±äŒæ¥ã®æé«è²¡å責任è ïŒCFOïŒ ãšããŠã㢠difficult because you are dealing with situations ãžã¢åžå Žã®çºå±ãšå ±éã®ã¢ãžã¢é貚åäœã® denominated in so many currencies. åµèšã«èå³ãæã£ãŠãããšèªã£ãŠããã ãã âThere have often been suggestions that ãã€ãã®åœã«ãšã¯ã¹ããŒãžã£ãŒãããå Žå it would be very interesting to form an Asian ã«å¿ èŠãªããšã¯ãè³ç£ã«å¯Ÿããè² åµã®ãã currency unit. I am no economist, but I am ãžãåçåŽã«ãããåççãªæ°Žæºã®çŸå°é intrigued by that idea. Basically, anything that increases liquidity means that markets 貚ãããžã§ãããã®å 容ã¯ããžãã¹ã«ãã㟠ãšããã®ãããããæµ·å€ã«æåšããããž can be more effective and that more can ãã get done. From my point of view, it would ãã¹ã§ãã£ãŠãå®éã«ã¯ç±³ãã«ãããŒã¹ã« mean that cost of capital would be easier åå ¥ããããã®ããããå¥ã®ããžãã¹ã§ã¯ã to manage, which would mean that greater ã®åœã®é貚ã«ããåå ¥ãåŸãŠæ©æã®æµ·å€èª¿ exposures would be easier to manage.â éã§å€åœã«è²»çšãæ¯æããšããæ§é ã«ãªã£ Sixt points out the overlap between ãŠããããšãããããã§ãã Hutchison Whampoaâs interests and those ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ã ã¢ãžã¢åžå Žã¯ãŸã æªéçºã§ã of the ADB, telecoms, ports, property and ãããšãä»ãå ããŠããã ãéè¡åžå Žãåµåžåž retail, electricity generation and natural gas å Žã ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒãã®ã®ããŒã±ã ãããã®ä» distribution, infrastructure. âWe build cities,â he says. âWe build an awful äœã§ããç§ã«ã¯éåžžã«å¹ åºããªãã·ã§ã³ã ã©ã®ããŒã±ãããéžæã®å¹ ãåºã lot of housing that ends up making cities. We ãããŸãã ãã«ãå«ããŠãè±ãã³ãããŠãŒããªã©ã® are quite keenly aware of changing needs, for ã®ã§ã ã©ã® example in mass residential and the need to build ãšã¯ã¹ããŒãžã£ãŒããããžããããã°ã more energy efficient and more water efficient ãããªãã®ãéžæããããšãã§ããŸããã¢ãž housing from the way they have been framed in ã¢ã§ã¯ãŸã ããŸãã«åæ¥éè¡è²žåºã«éäžã the past. We will be very involved by definition.â ãŠãããããé貚ã®ããŒã«ãå°ãããã°ã It is indeed a pity that Sixt will not be in Kyoto to ã®éäžã¯ãŸããŸã匷ããã®ã«ãªããŸããé share common experience and perspective. g
Clearly, when you have exposure in any of a number of countries what you need to do is have some sensible level of local currency hedge
è¡ãäŒæ¥ã®çºè¡ããã³ããŒã·ã£ã«ããŒã㌠ã®åžå ŽããããŸããã ãã®å°åã®äžå€®éè¡ ã®äººã ãæ¿ç決å®è ã¯èª°ã§ããã®ããšã«æ° ãã€ããŠããŠåºæ¿çãåãããšããŠããã® ã§ãããããã«ã¯ã¢ãŒã²ãŒãžã®ããŒã±ããã è³ç£ãæ ä¿ãšããåµåžãéçºããããšã«ã ã£ãŠäžåç£ã®äŸ¡å€ãèªç±ã«ããããšãªã©ãã ã£ãšçºå±ãããäœå°ããããŸãã äžåç£æè³ãã©ã¹ã ïŒREITSïŒreal estate investment trustsïŒãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ãéŠæž¯ ãšãã£ãéœåžã§å§ãŸã£ãŠããããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ° ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢ãšãã®åšèŸºã®äžåç£éçºãšæè³ ã®é¢é£ã§åŸãããæµåæ§è³æºãç±³åœãæ¬§å· ã®å€æ§ãªåããããšæ¯èŒãããšã ãŸã æŒãšå€ ã»ã©ã®éãããããŸãã ãšå ããŠããã ãªãã¢ãžã¢åžå Žã®éçºãé ããŠããã®ã ã ãããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ãã®ããã«èããŠããã ããã®çç±ã®äžã€ãšããŠé貚ãããŸããŸã§ ãããšããããšããããŸãã欧å·ã§ããŠãŒã ãã§ããåã¯çºå±ãé ãã£ãã®ã§ãããã æå³ã§ãã«ã¯ç±³åœå ã®ãŠãŒãã§ãå šå·ã®å ± éé貚ãªã®ã§ããå ±éã®é貚ããŒã¹ãæã ãªãå Žåãéåžžã«å€ãã®é貚ã§è¡šç€ºããã ç¶æ³ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããšã«ãªããããç©äºãã㣠ãšé£ãããªããŸããã¢ãžã¢é貚åäœãåµèšã ããšããã®ã¯éåžžã«èå³ã®ããããšã ãšãã èšãããŠããŸããç§ã¯çµæžåŠè ã§ã¯ãã㟠ãããã ãã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã«æ¹ãããŠããŸããåº æ¬çã«æµåæ§ãå¢å ããããšããããšã¯äœ ã§ãããåžå Žã®å¹çãè¯ããªããããå€ãã® ããšãå¯èœã«ãªããšããããšãæå³ããŸãã ç§ã®èŠæ¹ãããããšã ããã¯è³æ¬ã³ã¹ãã®ç®¡ çã楜ã«ãªãããšã¯ã¹ããŒãžã£ãŒã倧ãã㪠ã£ãŠã管çã楜ã§ãããšããããšãæå³ã㟠ãã ã·ã¯ã¹ãæ°ã¯ãHutchison Whampoa瀟㚠ADBã®é¢å¿ããé»æ°éä¿¡ã枯湟ãäžåç£ãå° å£²æ¥ãçºé»ããã³å€©ç¶ã¬ã¹ã®äŸçµŠãã€ã³ãã© ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒã§äžèŽããŠããããšãææã ãŠããã ãç§éã¯éœåžãäœããŸããç§éã¯éåžžã«å€ ãã®å®¶ã建ãŠãããã¯æçµçã«è¡ã«ãªã㟠ããç§éã¯ããšãã°å€§èŠæš¡äœå® ãªã©ã§ã㌠ãºãå€åããŠããããšãéåžžã«ããç解ã㊠ããŸãã ãã®ããŒãºã¯éå»ã«äœããããã®ã ãããšãã«ã®ãŒå¹çããã£ãšé«ããæ°Žã®å©çš ããã£ãšå¹ççãªå®¶ãžã®ããŒãºã§ããåœç¶ ã®ããšãªãããç§éã¯ãããã£ãããŒãºã«æ·± ãé¢äžããããšã«ãªãã§ãããããã·ã¯ã¹ãæ° ã京éœã®ç·äŒã§å ±éããçµéšãšèŠéããå ãã¡åãããšãã§ããªãã®ã¯ãéåžžã«ã«æ® 念ãªããšãšããããâ
WiA Delegate Publication
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The corporate perspective
ç©ãããªåµãäž çãå¹ãã¬ãã
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èåãã®ã©ã³ã«ã¹ã¿ãŒäººã ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã»ãã³ã ã¹ã ïŒBrian TempestïŒæ°ã¯ã ã€ã³ãã®è£œè¬ã¡ ãŒã«ãŒãRanbaxy瀟ã®æé«é¡§åå Œåç· åœ¹å¯ äŒé·ãšããç«æŽŸãªè©æžãããããRanbaxyãš ããååãè³ã«ããããšããªããšèšã人ã¯ã ããªãã ãã§ã¯ãªãã
An affable storm blowing across the world Brian Tempest, a bluff Lancastrian, rejoices in the splendid title of chief mentor and executive vice chairman of the Indian pharmaceutical company Ranbaxy. If you have never heard of Ranbaxy, you are hardly alone.
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ew people in the world could recite the names of the top ten branded pharmaceutical makers and maybe one in a hundred people know who the worldâs top maker of generic pharmaceuticals is. (It is Teva, from Israel, with 2006 sales of more than $8 billion.) Ranbaxy comes eighth or ninth among the generics, depending on who is doing the counting, with sales of $1.4 billion. But it is growing, âHeading for the top five,â says Tempest: it now makes 80 percent of its sales abroad from its base in the Indian industrial city of Gurgaon, about 45 minutes (or sometimes three hours) drive from Delhi and is beginning to get name recognition in Europe, Japan and the US because of its takeover bids, most recently for the generic arm of Merck, and its global joint ventures. Behind an affable manner, Tempest hides a shrewd brain and an intimate knowledge of medical drugs gained from 26 years in the business. The chairman of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), the worldâs second biggest pharmaceutical company with sales of $35 billion) called him âa pirateâ, but Tempest is unusual in that he spent 13 years with the big pharmaceutical companies, including time with Glaxo, before turning pirate. The curse of âpirateâ comes from the accusation that the big companies spend all the money to make the path making breakthroughs with wonder drugs, and then the generics come and steal the business and flood the world with cheap copies. But these days, especially now that
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India has accepted World Trade Organisation obligations on intellectual property, the drugs world is getting complicated. Ranbaxy itself is one of the leading holders of US patents, and in their buccaneering role the pirates can present themselves as the honest guys trying to get miracle medicines to the masses, not pandering to well paid doctors and politicians. What also sets Ranbaxy and its chief mentor apart is not merely their increasing global reach but their understanding of the pharmaceutical business and of social, economic, health, political and management practices round the world. If you go to the US â or the USA, as Tempest, correctly, calls it each time â you may think that nothing exists outside its shores. Tempest can talk with meticulous knowledge of the $600 billion pharmaceutical business and big pharma (the leading brand companies like GSK , and Pfizer), API (active pharmaceutical ingredients, the raw materials for generic drugs), USFDA, big molecules, GMP (good manufacturing practices, not always practiced in China) R+D and all things technical; but he can also tell you about the lamentable state of Indian infrastructure, as opposed to the âmarvellousâ network in China, about the organisation of the drugs business in the US, the big differences that national boundaries make even inside a supposed European Union, and the implications of former Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumiâs battle to open up the postal service.
èªç€Ÿãã©ã³ãå»è¬åãçç£ãã補è¬äŒç€Ÿ ã®äžäœ10瀟ãæãããã人ã¯äžçã§ãå° ãªãã ããããäžçã§æ倧ã®ãžã§ããªã㯠ïŒåŸçºïŒå»è¬åã¡ãŒã«ãŒãšãªããšãããã ã100人ã«1人ã§ããã ïŒçã¯ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ã® Teva瀟ã§ã2006幎ã®å£²äžãã¯80åãã«ã è¶ ããïŒã調æ»ãã©ã®æ©é¢ã®ãã®ãã«ãã ãã売äžé«14åãã«ã®Ranbaxy瀟ã¯ãžã§ã ãªãã¯è£œè¬äŒç€Ÿã®äžã§8äœã9äœã«ã©ã³ã¯ ãããŠããããããå瀟ã¯æé·ããŠããã ãããã«äžäœ5瀟ã«å ¥ãã ããã ãšãã³ãã¹ ãæ°ã¯èšããã€ã³ãã®ããªãŒããè»ã§ãã ã45åïŒæã«ã¯3æéïŒã®ç£æ¥éœåžã°ã«ã¬ãª ã³ã«æ¬ç€Ÿã眮ãRanbaxy瀟ã¯ããã§ã«å£²äž ãã®80ããŒã»ã³ããæµ·å€ã§äžããæè¿è¡ã£ ãMerck瀟ã®ãžã§ããªãã¯éšéãªã©ã®å ¬é æ ªåŒè²·ãä»ããå€æ°ã®ã°ããŒãã«ååŒäº æ¥ã®ããã«ã欧米ãšæ¥æ¬ã§ãèªç¥ãããã ãã«ãªã£ãŠããã ç©è °ã®æããããã³ãã¹ãæ°ã ãã ãã®å®ã ã·ã£ãŒããªé è³ã®æã¡äž»ã§ãããå»è¬åã« é¢ããŠã¯æ¥ç26幎ã®çµéšãæã€äºæ é㧠ããã350åãã«ã®å£²äžããèªãäžç第2㮠補è¬äŒç€ŸGlaxoSmithKlineïŒGSKïŒç€Ÿã®äŒé· ããã¯ãæµ·è³ã ãšåŒã°ãããã³ãã¹ãæ°ã§ã ãããæµ·è³åãã以åã«Glaxo瀟ãå«ã倧 補è¬äŒç€Ÿã§13幎éåãããšããç¹ã§æ®é ãšã¯ç°ãªãã ãæµ·è³ã ãšå©ãããã®ã«ã¯ãã ãããã倧æäŒç€Ÿã¯å€é¡ã®è³éãã€ã蟌ã ã§ç¹å¹è¬ã®éçºãå®çŸããããããã«ãžã§ ããªãã¯ã¡ãŒã«ãŒãçŸããŠããžãã¹ãçã¿ åãããã£ãšããéã«äžçäžã«å®äŸ¡ãªã³ã ãŒååãã°ããŸããŠããŸãã®ã§ããã ããã æè¿ãã€ã³ããäžç貿ææ©é¢ã®ç¥çæææš© èŠå®ãåãå ¥ããããšããã補è¬æ¥çã®ç¶ æ³ã¯è€éåããŠãããRanbaxy瀟èªèº«ãç±³åœ ã®ç¹èš±ä¿ææ°ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãããã¯ã©ã¹ã«ã ãã ãŸãæµ·è³éã®ã³ããŒåå補é ã«ã€ã㊠ããé«æåŸã®å»è ãæ¿æ²»å®¶ã«ããããã®ã§ ã¯ãªãã倧è¡ã®æã«ç¹å¹è¬ãå±ããããšã ãè±éçè¡çºãšããŠèŠãããããã«ãªã£ãŠ ããã Ranbaxy瀟ãšãã®æé«é¡§åãä»ç€Ÿãšéããš ããã¯ãäºæ¥ãäžççãªåºãããèŠããŠã ãããšã ãã§ã¯ãªãã補è¬æ¥ãå«ãååœã® 瀟äŒã»çµæžã»å»çã»æ¿æ²»ã»çµå¶æ £ç¿ã«ç²Ÿéã ãŠããç¹ã§ãããç±³åœãåŠããã³ãã¹ãæ°ã æ£ç¢ºã«åŒã¶ãšããã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã«è¡ã ã°ããã®åœå€ã«ã¯äœãååšããªããã®ãã ã«æããŠããŸããããããªãããã³ãã¹ã 4
An affable storm
In China there is this great government that actually knows exactly what it is going to do and tells everyone to do it âThere are 117,000 MScs in chemistry a year coming out of India, and something like 3,500 in the UK. There is a huge surge of science. Chemistry departments are being closed down in the universities in the UK, and physics is even worse than chemistry. Last year at Delhi University, the most favoured degree course was physics - so there is night and day between the east and the west in the education of science.â The implications are obvious: Tempest draws attention to some showing how the west is becoming dependent on the east. âThe last set of data showed that 43 percent of the APIs registered with the FDA (the US Food and Drug Administration) are coming from India and 17 percent from China. Thatâs why it is commonly said that the supply chains of generic medicines are controlled by Indians. If you take the product licences, which are the regulatory approvals for the tablets and capsules with the FDA, currently 25 percent are coming from India. You have a lot of strength of Indian companies in America, and you have a lot of American companies dependent on Indian companies for their API. âAdding to that is the issue of productivity of R+D in India, which is significant. This is why on the discovery side, as well as the generic side, the world is beating a path to India.â It saddens Tempest, who has a PhD from Lancaster University, that even if the UK and the West try to remedy their science deficit, it will be at least 10 years before the results come through. Not everything in the Indian pharmaceutical industry is rosy. âThe biology side needs to be stronger,â says Tempest. âWhen you run discovery, you need to have as many biologists as chemists. Another problem is that people worship monkeys here, and in the development of medicines, you need to
do experiments on primates, so you have æ°ã¯ã6000åãã«åžå Žã®è£œè¬ããžãã¹ãšå€§ to go to China or Singapore or to central Europe. Also there is quite a following for æ補è¬äŒç€ŸïŒGSK瀟ãPfizer瀟çã®æåãã© dogs in India. When you do toxicology, you ã³ãã¡ãŒã«ãŒïŒã«ã€ããŠããŸããAPIïŒãžã§ã start with the rats and the rodents - thatâs no ãªãã¯å»è¬åã®åè¬ã§ããå»è¬åæå¹æ issue here - but when you move into the dogs åïŒãUSFDAïŒç±³åœé£åå»è¬åå±ïŒã倧ååã GMPïŒäžåœã§ã¯å¿ ãããå®ãããŠããªãå» and monkeys, that is a sensitive matter.â A worse problem is that having made è¬å補é 管çåºæºïŒãR&DïŒç 究éçºïŒ ãšã the drugs, Ranbaxy and other companies ã£ããã¯ãã«ã«ãªäºæã«ã€ããŠéåžžã«æ£ have to raid their own medicine chests to 確ãªç¥èãæ«é²ããããããŠãŸããã€ã³ãã® handle the headaches in shipping the drugs ã€ã³ãã©ãåããããç¶æ ã«ããããšãã out. It might be regarded as something of ããšå¯Ÿç §çãªäžåœã®ãèŠäºãªããããã¯ãŒ a miracle that Ranbaxy got the award in 2005 from retail giant Wal-Mart as the best ã¯ãç±³åœã®è£œè¬æ¥ççµç¹ãåœå®¶é£åäœã§ã supplier of pharmaceuticals, especially ã欧å·é£åã®äžã«ããããåœããšã®å€§ã㪠given the wretched state of Indiaâs potholed éãããããŠæ¥æ¬ã®å°æ³çŽäžéåéŠçžãè©Š roads and congested red tape ridden ports ã¿ãéµæ¿æ¹é©ãåãŒã圱é¿ã«ã€ããŠæèŠ and airports. âWal-Mart is a very demanding ãèªãã®ã§ããã customer,â says Tempest, who is able to boast that: âWe can make products in the è±åœäººãšããŠã®æãå ¥ãã倱ã£ãŠããªã Himalayas and can take them to our US ãã³ãã¹ãæ°ã¯ã欧米ã®å€§åŠçã¯ååŠãæ ã〠logistics centre in Jacksonville in seven or ãã£ãŠå°æ»ããªããªã£ãŠããŸã£ããšåãã eight days and sell to Wal-Mart. Short-term ã³ãã§ã¯ãžã§ããªãã¯å»è¬åã®è£œé ãæ¡å€§ we can do that in spite of all the holes in the ãããŸãå®å®éçºç 究ïŒå€§æ補è¬äŒç€Ÿã®äž road and the troubles in the airports and the å¿çäºæ¥ã§ããïŒ ãé²ãã§ããŸããã ããã ports. But the issue is that if we are going ä¿ãæ ¹æ¬çãªèŠå ã¯ãç§åŠåéã«ãããæ to grow as we think we are going to grow, è²ã®åŒ·ãã«ãããŸããååŠãšæ°åŠã®æè²ã in five years [Indiaâs poor infrastructure] will åããå°éæè¡è ã®æ°ãåé¡ãªã®ã§ãã ã strangulate it unless that is put right. I think ã£ãšãçç©åŠã«é¢ããŠã¯ããã§ããªãã ãã the government understands it, and [prime ãšãããã minister] Manmohan Singh has made lots of ã¯äžåœã®ã»ãã匷ããšãããŸãã ååŠã匷ãããšãããããçºå±ãå¯èœã«ã comments about what needs to be done. âBut there is so much money that needs to ãŠããã®ã§ãããããšã¯å¯Ÿç §çã«çŸåšã®æ¬§ be invested and I donât think that the Indian ç±³ã§ã¯ãååŠè ã«ãªãããè ãªã©çç¡ã§ government has got all that money and it will ããåŠçãã¡ã®åžæè·çš®ã¯æ³åŸå®¶ãå»è ã be down to these private public partnerships ããžãã¹ãã³ã§ããç§åŠå°æ»ã®åŠçæ°ãèŠ and it will be down to tolls. It does not matter ãã°ãããããåãããŸãã whether you talk to the IT sector, Wipro or Infosys, everybody has the common view ãã€ã³ãã§ã¯å¹Žé11äž7000人ãååŠã®ä¿® - got to get the infrastructure improved, 士å·ããšããŸãããè±åœã§ã¯3500人çšåºŠã§ otherwise it will strangulate the growth which ããç§åŠã®äººæ°ã«ãããŠå€§ããªããããèµ· is going great guns at the moment.â ãã£ãŠããŸããè±åœã®å€§åŠã§ã¯ååŠç³»ã®åŠ éšãçžæ¬¡ãã§ééãããç©çåŠã«ããã£ãŠ ã¯ããããã²ã©ãç¶æ³ã§ããäžæ¹ãæšå¹Žã®ã ãªãŒå€§åŠã§æã人æ°ããã£ãã®ã¯ç©çåŠ ç§ã§ããã ãã®ããã«ç§åŠæè²ã«é¢ããŠã¯ æ±è¥¿ã§æçœãªéããçŸããŠããŸãã
© NewsCast
There is something in Tempestâs heart that will be forever English, and he laments the way that chemistry in western universities has become a dark place where students fear to go. âThe fundamental driving force behind the generics, and also in the discovery space (the main business of big pharma), in India is the educational strength of science. The number of people who are trained and developed in chemistry and maths - biology not so much, China is stronger in biology - it is the strength of chemistry which is driving all this momentum. You compare it to what is happening in Europe and the USA where nobody wants to be a chemist. They want to be lawyers, medics and businessmen, and you can see that in the numbers of people who are educated in science.
Tempest was called âa pirateâ by the (then) chairman of GlaxoSmithKline, Richard Sykes.
ãããæå³ããŠããããšã¯æããã§ããã 西æŽãæ±æŽã«å€§ããäŸåãå§ããŠãã蚌æ ãšããŠããã³ãã¹ãæ°ã¯ããã€ãã®äºæ㫠泚æãä¿ãã ãææ°ã®ããŒã¿ã§ã¯ãç±³åœé£å å»è¬åå±ïŒFDAïŒã«ç»é²ãããŠããAPIã®ã ã¡43ããŒã»ã³ããã€ã³ãã17ããŒã»ã³ãã äžåœã®ãã®ã§ããããžã§ããªãã¯å»è¬åã® ãµãã©ã€ãã§ãŒã³ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ããŠãã ã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã§ãããšäžè¬ã«èšãããŠããã® ã¯ãã®ããã§ããé å€ãã«ãã»ã«ã®è£œé èš± å¯ãšããŠFDAãçºè¡ãã補é ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ã« ã€ããŠããçŸåšã¯25ããŒã»ã³ããã€ã³ã㮠補åã«äžããããŠããŸããã€ã³ãäŒæ¥ã¯ç±³ åœã«ãããŠå€ãã®åŒ·ã¿ãæã£ãŠããŸããã ããŠãAPIã«é¢ããŠã¯ããããã®ç±³åœäŒæ¥ã ã€ã³ãäŒæ¥ã«äŸåããŠããã®ã§ãã ãããã«å ããŠæ³šç®ãããŠããã®ããã€ã³ ãã«ãããç 究éçºåã®é«ãã§ããæ°è¬é çºã§ããžã§ããªãã¯è£œé ã§ãã ããããäžç 4 WiA Delegate Publication
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The corporate perspective
Poor infrastructure is the short-term issue, but close after that India has to square up to issues of pollution affecting its air and water. One issue is the cleanliness of water, which is dreadful in urban India, though Ranbaxy has invested heavily to clean up its own supplies. âI can take you to some of our plants, and we have fish swimming in the water coming out of them. We have sufficient cleaning things going out that the water coming out of our API plants is cleaner that than across the road in the dykes.â
These days, especially now that India has accepted WTO obligations on intellectual property, the drugs world is getting complicated
ã¯ã€ã³ããžã®éãåãéããŠãããšããã ãæ以ã§ãã ã©ã³ã«ã¹ã¿ãŒå€§åŠã®å士å·ãæã€ãã³ãã¹ ãæ°ãåãããã«ãããšãè±åœããã®ä»ã® 欧米諞åœãç§åŠæè²ã®ç«ãŠçŽããå³ã£ããš ããŠãããã®ææãçŸããã®ã«ã¯å°ãªããš ã10幎ã¯ãããã§ãããã ãšã¯ããã ã€ã³ãã®è£œè¬ç£æ¥ãå šãŠã«ãã㊠ãã©è²ã ãšããããã§ã¯ãªãã ãçç©åŠæ¹é¢ ã¯ãã£ãšåŒ·åããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ãšãã³ã ã¹ãæ°ã¯èšãã ãæ°è¬ã®éçºã«ã¯ååŠè ãšå ããããçç©åŠè ãå¿ èŠã§ãããããã1〠ã®åé¡ã¯ãã€ã³ãã§ã¯ç¿ãä¿¡ä»°ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãª ã£ãŠããããšã§ããå»è¬åã®éçºã«ã¯éé·é¡ ã®åç©å®éšãããå¿ èŠãããããã ããã« é¢ããŠã¯äžåœãã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã ãŸãã¯äžå€®ãš ãŒãããã«è¡ããªããã°ãªããŸããã ãŸã〠ã³ãã«ã¯ç¬ã®æ奜è ãå€ãããŸããæ¯ç©æ€æ» ã¯ããºãã霧æ¯åç©ããå§ããŸãããã㯠åé¡ãªãã®ã§ãããç¬ãç¿ã䜿ã段éã«ãª ããšã æ éãèŠããé£ããåé¡ãšãªããŸãã ããã«æ·±å»ãªã®ã¯ãRanbaxy瀟ãã¯ãããš ãã補è¬å瀟ãåºæ¥äžãã£ã補åãèŒžåº ããããšãããšãããŸãã«ãå€ãã®é£é¢ã®ã ãã«èªç€Ÿã®é çè¬ã«ããã¿ã€ãå Žåãå°ãª ããªããšããããšã§ãããã€ã³ãã®éè·¯ã¯ç©Ž ãŒãã ããã§ã枯ã空枯ãæ··éãã²ã©ãã圢 åŒçãªæç¶ãã®å€ãã«ãèŠããããããã ãããæšæºããç¶æ³ãæãã°ãRanbaxy瀟 ã2005幎ã®å»è¬åæåªç§ãµãã©ã€ã€ãŒãš ããŠå·šå€§ã¹ãŒããŒã®Wal-Mart瀟ãã衚地 ãããããšã¯ãäžçš®ã®å¥è·¡ã ãšãèããã ãã ãWal-Mart瀟ã¯å€§å€èŠæ±ã®å€ãååŒå ã§ãã ãšãã³ãã¹ãæ°ã¯èšãããããŠã ããã ãç§ã©ãã¯ãããã©ã€ã§äœã£ã補åããç±³åœ ã®ãžã£ã¯ãœã³ãã«ã«ãããã瀟ã®ç©æµã»ã³ ã¿ãŒã«7æ¥ã8æ¥äžã«é éããŠWal-Mart瀟 ã«è²©å£²ããããšãã§ããŸãã ãšèªãããã«èª ãã ãéè·¯ã®ç©ŽãŒãã空枯ã»æž¯æ¹Ÿã§ã®æéã ãã£ããšããŠããçæçã«ã¯ããããããšã å¯èœãªã®ã§ãã ãããåé¡ã¯ãä»åŸãçŸåšã® äºæ³ã©ããã®æé·ãç¶ããããšããŠãã 〠ã³ãã®å£æªãªã€ã³ãã©ãæ¹åãããªãé ãã5幎åŸã«ã¯æé·ãæ¢ãŸã£ãŠããŸããšãã ããšã§ããã€ã³ãæ¿åºã¯ãã®åé¡ãèªèã㊠ãããšæããŸãã éŠçžã®ïŒœãã³ã¢ãã³ã»ã·ã³ ïŒManmohan SinghïŒæ°ããå¿ èŠãªæªçœ®ã« ã€ããŠå€ãã®æèŠãåºããŠããŸãã
Photo courtesy of Ranbaxy
But water supply is also a problem. âOne of the centres for pharmaceuticals in India is Hyderabad,â says Tempest, âand there is not much water there, so that it has to be shipped in in tankers. The available amount of water per person in India is declining every year.â He contrasts India with China: âInfrastructure is wonderful in China. The difference between China and India is that in China there is this great government that actually knows exactly what it is going to do and tells everyone to do it. The roads are all straight, and the private sector disappears. Here you have got this great private sector going like the clappers, but the public sector is not doing well. If only the public sector could just become like the private sector we would be going even more. [In India] if you want to put a road this way,
there is a challenge and somebody argues this way and somebody argues another and before you know it there is a whole debate going on. âWhen you go to Shanghai, and you see everything, it is just spectacular. [Besides infrastructure] China is cleaner, and also the rubbish is picked up. You donât see piles of rubbish by the side of the road where people live. It is all taken away.â So does he prefer a benevolent dictatorship? I am not saying what I prefer. That is a very complicated story.â How about Singapore? âSingapore is lovely, amazing,â he adds. Tempest has looked at China, but Indian companies find it easier to sell to the West: âThe Chinese generic market is difficult. There are companies there which arenât necessarily working at GMP, good manufacturing practices meaning quality controls and so on, with hugely low prices. A number of them are owned by the government. So in China we are present with generic products, but we also have products with a certain level of protection. If you are dealing with companies without GMP - and not one Chinese generic company has yet filed on the USA - then you just get cut to ribbons. Although Tempest says that good chemists and biologists, understanding of the raw materials and processes, good manufacturing and good understanding of markets are the main ingredients of success in generics, it is clear that it is more complicated than this. Leave aside the fact that there is some crossover between big pharma and the generics â and that some big pharma are getting some of the processes done by generic companies in India â a successful company has to do what he calls âsome very elegant chemistry thinking.â Thatâs because a single drug molecule will have as many as 100 separate patents on it,
Ranbaxy comes eighth or ninth among the generics, depending on who is doing the counting, with sales of $1.4 billion.
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© Narendra Chikara / OnAsia.com
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Tempest laments the way that chemistry in western universities has become a place where students fear to go.
all expiring at different times. Big pharma naturally wants to do âevergreeningâ, building new patents on old ones to ensure eternal protection, so the generics have to do some creative thinking and patenting of their own. Perhaps the most promising new market opportunity is Japan, the second biggest in the world. Thanks to special relationships between Japanâs big pharma and doctors, generic penetration is only 5 percent of the market even when drug patents have expired, against 80 percent in most Western markets. But when Koizumi took on the postal workers, he also dealt a blow to the doctor lobby in its cosy and profitable relationship with big pharma.
Poor infrastructure is the short-term issue, but close after that India has to square up to issues of pollution Given the dramatic aging of Japanese society and the massive government debts, Tempest says that Japan needs to reduce its health bill and opening the door to generics is one easy way. If the generics can expand their share to 25 percent, that would be a market that goes from $3 billion to $15 billion. But he is sanguine about how easy it will be, and Ranbaxy has formed 50-50 joint ventures instead of trying to go it alone. Japan Inc is already at work, he says, with the government forcibly encouraging mergers of big pharma and telling smaller companies to get into generics. Japan is different from the West, he notes. âThey are not just going to allow sales and jobs to disappear.â g
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