VERNACULAR HOUSING

2020

VERNACULAR HOUSING THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE SIYUMEEGZIABEHER SHAWL

DILLA

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND COTM BSc THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE ADVISOR: SELAMAWIT T. (MSc)

VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE BSC THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE

BY SIYUMEEGZIABEHER

SHAWL

THESIS ADVISOR: SELAMAWIT TEKLU (MSC)

DILLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND COTM

Feb 2020 Dilla, Ethiopian

VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF ‘GEDEO ZONE’

[siyumeegziabeher shawl]

This thesis is submitted to dilla university college of engineering and technology, school of architecture and CoTM, architecture program, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the bachelor of Science Degree in Architecture

[February 2020 GC]

Approved by the Examining Board:

Selamawit T. (MSc)

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Advisor

Signature

Date

________________________ ________________________ ________________________ External Examiner

Signature

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________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Internal Examiner

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________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Chair Person

Signature

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DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my own and is an original work and has not been presented in a degree in any other university, and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged, following the scientific guidelines of the Institute.

Student`s Name: SIYUMEEGZIABHER SHAWL DEJENE Email: pitsiyum@gmail.com

Signature: _________________________

Certification Here with, I state that SIYUMEEGZIABHER SHAWL DEJENE has carried out this research work on the topic “vernacular housing, the case of ‘Gedeo zone’ “ under my supervision and it is sufficient for submission for defence.

Selamawit Teklu (M.Sc.)

Signature: ___________________________

Date:

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Vernacular housing, the case of ‘Gedeo zone’

ABSTRACT

V

ernacular houses are built by available resources within a traditional technological context. It also refers to the workmanship of the indigenous

housing experts and the dwellers. Vernacular houses are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them. Gedeo, the study area, is one of the zones of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People Regional State (SNNPRS) in Ethiopia. The general objective of the study is to analyse the features of Gedeo vernacular houses, enhance and renovate the houses. The study identifies the characteristics of Gedeo vernacular houses from the point of view of form, function and building material. The study employed case study method where the data collection tools were interviews, focused group discussions and personal observation. In doing so, the study took in to account two case woreda found in the zone based on climate variation. The result implies the housing condition is low standard and it also impact on other health related problem for the resident.

The finding indicate that Gedeo have mainly two types of hoses called bete negus(gojo) and ‘Foko’. They used local material like bamboo, earth, enset (falls banana), wood and thatch for constructing their house. Housing provides the scenario for family life, recreation, rest, sleep and social interaction. perhaps, the housing condition is poor inadequate and unhealthy.

Conclusion of this thesis is that in the study area need better rural house which have great potential for future rural housing in Ethiopia, to improve their living standard and reduce impact on their health status. The housing must be durable, higher-standard, low-cost housing for the rural society and contextually appropriate.

Finally, it is proposed two prototype designs that enhance the living condition and promoting a system of construction that meets the climate constraints of the region and is easy to implement by local workers.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am would like to give the greatest gratitude for all that was around me by helping and encouraging me in the search of wisdom all these five and half years in school of architecture at Dilla university. I am gratefully to acknowledge my supervisor Selamawit T. (MSc), for her continuous assistance, support and for her invaluable comments and continuous follow-up throughout my research.

The collaboration I obtained from the officials and experts of the Gedeo zone, ‘wenago’ ‘woreda’ and ‘Bule’ woreda culture tourism and sport Bureau was quite positive and helpful. I would, therefore, like to express my gratitude to them for the support and hospitality they show me when I was in rural woredas for data collection in the research area. I also would like to express my thanks to those local elders and traditional housing experts who kindly and generously participated in my in-depth interviews and focused group discussions. I would also like to thank tourism bureau representative, for devoting their time to facilitate time and place for focus group discussions and translate interviews.

I would also like to thank my Almighty GOD, I would like to praise for His blessings and blissfulness, He gave me to pass all these moments and finalize the paper and also To all family members had always been there to support me no matter how far or occupied they are. They had all the love and faith in me to complete my study.

Siyumeegziabher shawul February 2020

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

Vernacular housing, the case of ‘Gedeo zone’

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1 1.1

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................................................... 2

1.3

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS GOAL/OBJECTIVES .......................................................................... 2 1.3.1 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.4

SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 3

1.5

RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................................................. 3

1.6

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................... 3

1.7

RELEVANCE OF THE THESIS.......................................................................................................... 4

1.8

RESEARCH DESIGN DIAGRAM .................................................................................................... 4

1.9

LOCATION & DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS............................................................... 4

PART II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................7 2.1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 7

2.2

selection of METHOD ..................................................................................................................... 7

2.3

SELECTION OF CASES ................................................................................................................... 7

2.4

PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION .............................................................................................. 8

2.5

TYPE AND SOURCES OF DATA ................................................................................................... 8

2.6

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ............................................................................. 8

2.7

TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 9

2.8

REFLECTION ON THE METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 9

2.9

PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................... 10

2.10 OUTPUTS AND REPORTS ............................................................................................................ 10 PART III: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................11 3.1

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 11

3.2

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................... 11

3.3

CHARACTERISTICE OF VERNACULAR BUILDINGS ............................................................ 12

3.4

Requirements of Building............................................................................................................. 13

3.5

The Eco-friendly Building Material............................................................................................ 14

3.6

FACTORS INFLUENCING VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ..................................................... 16

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3.6.1 Climate and the Need for Shelter ................................................................................ 16 3.6.2 Materials, Construction, and Technology ................................................................. 16 3.6.3 Site 20 3.6.4 Building Layout and Size ................................................................................................. 20 3.6.5 Défense ............................................................................................................................... 21 3.6.6 Economics .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.6.7 Religion .............................................................................................................................. 22 3.7

Housing Innovations in Rural Ethiopia ....................................................................................... 22

PART IV: DATA PRSENTATION AND ANALYSIS ..........................................................25 4.1

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 25

4.2

GEDO RURAL VERNACULAR HOUSING CHARACTER, FUNCTION.................................... 28 4.2.1 TYPE OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING ................................................................. 28 4.2.2 FUNCTIONS AND PROGRAM OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING .................... 31 4.2.3 CONSTRUCTION OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING ........................................... 33 4.2.4 Material .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.5 Tools used for construction .............................................................................................. 35 4.2.6 Gedeo vernacular housing Compound. ........................................................................ 37

4.3

Background Characteristics of Respondents............................................................................ 37

4.4

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING .................................................................................... 39 4.4.1 Performance Requirements ............................................................................................ 39 4.4.2 User Requirement .............................................................................................................. 44 4.4.3 Functional requirement ..................................................................................................... 45 4.4.4 Statutory Requirements .................................................................................................... 46

4.5

FACTORS INFLUENCING Gedeo VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ....................................... 47 4.5.1 Climate and the Need for Shelter ................................................................................ 47 4.5.2 Materials, Construction, and Technology ................................................................. 47 4.5.3 Site 48 4.5.4 Building Layout and Size ................................................................................................. 48 4.5.5 defence ............................................................................................................................... 48 4.5.6 Economics .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.5.7 Religion .............................................................................................................................. 48

4.6

TRANSFORMATION OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSES ..................................................... 49

PART V: SUMMSRY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION & RECOMMANDATION ...................51

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

Vernacular housing, the case of ‘Gedeo zone’

5.1.1 types and futures of Gedeo vernacular house And How they construct their house.................................................................................................................................... 51 5.1.2 architectural characteristics and modifying factors in Gedeo vernacular house.................................................................................................................................... 52 5.1.3 transformation taking place in Gedeo vernacular house ......................................... 53 5.2

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 54

5.3

recommendation............................................................................................................................ 54

PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL ....................................................................................55 6.1

ANALYSIS ON GEDEO VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ......................................................... 55

6.2

THE PROPOSED DESIGN CONCEPT ......................................................................................... 58 6.2.1 Typology one design concept ........................................................................................ 58 6.2.2 Typology two design concept ........................................................................................ 58

6.3

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROPOSAL...................................................................................... 59 6.3.1 Typology one..................................................................................................................... 59 6.3.2 Typology two ................................................................................................................... 61

6.4

Sections and details ..................................................................................................................... 63

6.5

Proposed Materials ...................................................................................................................... 65

6.6

building system & technology .................................................................................................... 67

Works Cited .......................................................................................................................69 Appendices........................................................................................................................71 APPENDIX I - QUESIONER FOR RESIDENT .......................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX II INTERVIEW QUESTION FOR CRAFTSMAN/PROFESSIONALS ................................ 72 APPENDIX III – data from gedeo zone finance and revenue ......................................................... 74 APPENDIX IV - LETER OF COPERATION FROM SECTOR GOVERMENTAL OFFICE .................... 75

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1-1RESEARCH DESIGN DIAGRAM. .......................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 3-1 SUSTAINABLE RURAL DWELLING UNIT. PICTURE OF THE SECOND UNIT IN GUBRIE 2016-02-18 ..................................................................................................................... 23 FIGURE 3-2PLAN AND SECTION OF SRDU (THE CIRCULAR VERSION). FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: THE BOTTOM FLOOR, THE UPPER FLOOR, A CROSS-SECTION. ......................................... 24 FIGURE-4-1 MAP OF THE RESEARCH AREA CASES .......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 4-2‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’ MAP’ ......................................................................................... 27 FIFURE 4-3ATO BERSUYESA GOLATA ................................................................................................. 28 FIGURE4-4 SKETCH OF VERNACULAR HOUSES GEDEO ‘FOKO’ AND BETE- NEGUS ............. 29 4-5 VERNACULAR HOUSE TYPE OF GEDO BET-NEGUS AND ‘FOKO’......................................... 29 FIGURE 4-6 SHEKA TYPOLOGY BUILT BY BAMBOO...................................................................... 30 FIGURE 4-7 ATO GELELE OSOLS ......................................................................................................... 30 4-8 BUYOOTIMINE THATCHED ROOF ................................................................................................ 30 FIGURE 4-9 OFEA: FALSE BANANA ROOFING ................................................................................. 31 FIGURE 4-10 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF BETE NIGUS AND VERNACULAR HOUSE PLAN..... 31 FIGURE 4-11 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF BETE NIGUS VERNACULAR HOUSE ELEVATION..... 31 FIGURE 4-12GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF BETE NIGUS VERNACULAR HOUSE ELEVATION ...... 31 FIGURE 4-13 FUNCTIONS AND PROGRAM OF GEDEO VERNACULAR HOUSING ................. 32 FIGURE 4-14 PLANS OF DIFFERENT TYPOLOGY OF GEDEO VERNACULAR HOUSING ........ 32 FIGURE 4-15 STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................... 33 FIGURE 4-16 GEDEO VERNACULAR HOUSE UNDER MAINTENANCE.......................................... 34 FIGURE 4-17 TEMPERATURE & THERMAL COMFORT VS WAY OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION42

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

Vernacular housing, the case of ‘Gedeo zone’

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3-1 ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE TO SELECTION OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS 19 TABLE 4-1 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS BY ‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’’ IN RURAL ‘KEBELA’) 26 TABLE 4-2 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS BY ‘‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’’ IN RURAL ‘KEBELA’) 27 TABLE 4-3PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT OF HOUSEHOLD UNITS BY SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, IN ‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’’ AND ‘‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’’, (N=14) 37 TABLE 4-4PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY SELECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, IN ‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’’ AND ‘‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’’, (N=14) 38 TABLE 4-5 PRECIPITATION EFFECT ON THE HOUSE IN ‘WONAGO AND ‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’’ 43 TABLE 4-6EXPERIENCED PROBLEMS WITHIN THE SAMPLE HOUSEHOLD 45 TABLE 4-7 SATISFACTION ON THE HOUSE IN SAMPLE HOUSEHOLD 46

LIST OF CHARTS CHART 4-1PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT OF HOUSEHOLD UNITS BY SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, IN ‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’’ AND ‘‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’ 38 CHART 4-2 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY SELECTED SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, IN ‘‘WENAGO’ ‘WOREDA’’ AND ‘‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’ 39 CHART 4-3 APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE FORM 39 CHART 4-4 APPEARANCE OF COMPOUND WALL OF HOUSES IN ‘WENAGO’ AND ‘BULE’ WORDA. 40 CHART 4-5 APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE IN ‘WONAGO ‘WOREDA’ AND ‘BULE’ WOREDA’: N=14 41 AS SHOWN IN CHART 4-6 43% OF THE HOUSE HAVE TWO DOORS. 22% HAVE ONE DOOR AND ONE WINDOW 14% HAVE ONLY ONE DOOR 7% OF THE HOUSE WITH TWO DOORS AND TWO WINDOWS. 41 CHART 4-7 ACCESS AND EGRESS OF THE HOUSE IN ‘WONAGO AND ‘BULE’ ‘WOREDA’’ 41 CHART 4-8 SANITATION OF THE HOUSES 44 CHART 4-9 NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE HOUSE 45

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CSA = Central Statistics Agency GDP = Gross Domestic Product GTP = Growth and Transformation Plan Ha = Hectare MDGs = Millennium Development Goals NGOs = Non-Governmental Organizations SNNP = Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples SRDU = Sustainable Rural Dwelling Unit UN = United Nations UN-HABITAT = United Nations Human Settlement Programme

LIST OF LOCAL NAMES ‘BETE-NEGUS’E: type of house that is mostly built in most of rural Ethiopia areas. It is circular cylindrical shape wall with conic roof shape on the above. This type of house found in most of Gedeo zone rural areas but they have a variety in construction material base on the area climatic condition and other factors. ‘‘Foko’’: is a little hunt rectangular shape Sheka: is bamboo steam Buyoo: is thatch roofing material

Enset/ Ofea: (False banana): - the most common agricultural plant in Gedeo zone. It used to make different cultural foods.

Kocho: - is a very common and organic Gedeo zone cultural food, made from ‘enset’ EDA/ BADINA/ FRONT SAPCE: Function as children bed, living, dining space and gust bed.

GADA/ BACK SPACE: Use as bed room, kitchen, cattle barn and store DAGAMA: It is a storage space 1.5-2m above

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

1

INTRODUCTION

PART I: INTRODUCTION

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND

Ethiopia has an estimated population of 99 million people, 83% of whom live in rural areas (Factbook, 2016). The houses in these areas have often a low standard and are incompatible with the current transformative political, economic and social forces (Alemayehu, 2015) Ethiopia boasts a proud history of habitation in the many and varied climates using clever and innovative solutions, with materials sourced from the local environment. Local building cultures in the different territories of Ethiopia show a huge diversity depending on the variation of climates, altitudes, cultures, materials, and know-how. The chikka house (wood structure and earth and straw filling) is the most common design and is found almost everywhere in the country beside ‘Gojo’ is the most practiced vernacular/indigenous housing in history of Ethiopian architecture. It is still a widespread practice in the rural towns of the country. Roundhouses (tukuls) and thatch roofs are very common throughout Ethiopia, but CGI sheet roofs are becoming ubiquitous with the shapes of the houses progressively adopting a rectangular plan. (Shelter cluster, December 2018; Shelter cluster, December 2018) The rural populations live largely under difficult conditions dominated by poverty and lack of access to knowledge on alternative, appropriate construction technologies that can exploit local resources leading to a low-cost construction. According to the Five-Year Government’s Program for 20082012 (GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION PLAN II EFY 2008‐2012 (2015/16‐2019/20), the National Government set the following objectives for the Rural Housing Development Projects and states as follow: ▪

To construct 1.7 million housing units in the 17,000-rural development centres during the 2nd GTP period 2015/16 to 2020/21(2008 to 2012EFY/.

▪

To create 4,200 micro and small enterprises that participate in the production and construction of rural housing development projects during the 2nd GTP period 2015/16 to 2020/21(2008 to 2012EFY/.

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▪

To establish a system for 8,400 extension agents who participate and support in the rural housing development projects during the 2nd GTP period 2015/16 to 2020/21(2008 to 2012EFY/.

South Nation Nationality People (SNNP) region is the third largest populated region of Ethiopia having a population of 15 million according to CSA (Central Statistics Authority), 2007 census which has seen an increment of 44.2% from 1994 census. According to Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopian) and ICF International, (2012) SNNPR population grows by 4.9% per annum which should be taken as main problem of the region, moreover it is noted that the majority people is below poverty line.

The country is facing economic problems and not least it is affecting the housing in the country. Issues such as poor economic growth. In rural areas, people are living in mud houses under primitive conditions. The primary functions of a building, protection against external elements, are not adequate in the traditional mud houses that are the traditional house. They are in many ways insufficient as residence and unhealthy to live in.

The economic conditions for people in rural areas means that the prospects of building modern houses are very limited. Inexpensive and sustainable design solutions are required to give as many people as possible a chance to build a better ‘Gojo’ house.

This thesis paper is conducting a study on a specific area in Ethiopia, Gedeo zone. This research study the history, value, spatial and cultural aspects of the vernacular housing of the Gedo zone, correspondingly, the Existing building techniques and the vernacular housing situation in the Gedo zone are analyzed and evaluated. The research describes the surrounding factors that directly or indirectly have an impact on the building design and construction work of the vernacular housing.

Questions being asked are: How the Gedo peoples construct their house? How can better houses be constructed?

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Rural territories of Ethiopia show a huge diversity depending on the variation of climates, altitudes, cultures, materials, and know-how and the crafts are clever and innovative solutions, with materials sourced from the local environment. Local building cultures in the different has its social and cultural value. The major problem is the wellbeing and health of the residents beside the spatial issue and the structures don’t meet current need.

Gedeo zone vernacular housing is not documented or published for further studies and for cultural preservation purposes. This is also another major problem of the area in which it could easily vanish because of the current transformation.

1.3 ARCHITECTURAL THESIS GOAL/OBJECTIVES ARCHITECTURAL THESIS GOAL

First and for most, the goal of this thesis is towards the study and documentation of the original vernacular housing of Gedeo zone, Ethiopia. Based on the study of the vernacular architecture of the study area the study produces a prototype of a better and transformed Gedeo vernacular house.

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1.3.1 1.3.1.1

OBJECTIVES General objective The general objective of the study is to analyze the features of Gedeo vernacular houses, enhance and renovate the houses.

1.3.1.2

Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study are: a. To study and document Gedeo vernacular house. b. To study the vernacular architecture characteristics of Gedeo house. c.

To study the transformation taking place in Gedeo vernacular house.

d. To enhance and renovate Gedeo vernacular house.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Woredas of Gedeo Zone are: ‘Bule’, Dilla Zuria, Gedeb, Kochere, ‘wenago’, Yirgachefe the spatial scope of the study is covers two woredas of Gedeo zone those are ‘Blue Woreda and ‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’. From both woredas the studies particularly held in Sokicha Keblel, Wonago ‘woreda’ and Aosomincho Kebele, ‘Bule’ Woreda.

The study investigates traditional and vernacular resident buildings in rural area.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS To achieve the objectives of the research the study determines the way of renovating and the significance a formation of Gedeo vernacular houses. From this perspective, the following research questions are formulated in relation with the specific objectives of the study. a. What are the types and futures of Gedeo vernacular house? And How they construct their house? b. What are architectural characteristics and modifying factors in Gedeo vernacular house? c. why transformation take place in Gedeo vernacular house? d. How to enhance Gedeo vernacular house?

1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Results of this study are subject to some limitations. First of all, because of the limitation in data source, were transportation; location of the study rural ‘kebele’ and sampled household unit in far distance or in remote area, therefore challenging to move around. Language also another barrier, but to solve by using translator even though it has constraint to understand all communication and ask a question as you want.

This study assumes detail observation and discussion is the most effective means of data collection to study housing unit. For instance, this study looks at only 14 sample household unit from selected two rural ‘woreda’. There are similar characters, which do not necessarily additional units to investigate.

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1.7 RELEVANCE OF THE THESIS On the first very beginning, this study is significant to show the vernacular house of Gedeo people. The documentation of this study will help for conserving the Gedeo people cultural house because due to the current transformation it will be disappeared. The second significance is the enhancing process, beside the conservation the enhancement of the rural house brings a better dwelling unit for the rural community.

litrature review cases study methode background study

anlysing and interpretation

Reserch question

1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN DIAGRAM

finging and recomandation design proposal

Figure 1-1research design diagram.

1.9 LOCATION & DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS INTRODUCTION Gedeo is a Zone in the South Nation Nationality and People Regional State (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. This Zone is named after the Gedeo people, whose homelands lie in this zone. The zone is well known by producing high quality coffee (Yirgacheffe-Coffee) to international market. Gedeo is bordered on the east, south and west by the Oromia region, and on the north by sidama. Dilla is the administrative center; other towns include Yirgachefe (which is provider of internationally high quality of organic coffee), Wonago, Fisahagenet Chelelekitu Gedeb and Bulle.

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

PART I: INTRODUCTION

History The origin of the Gedeo is not well known. Tadesse Kippie Kanshie mentions one story in which the Gedeo trace their origin to the aboriginal tribe called Murgga-Gosallo, perhaps the earliest people to have lived in the area. (Kanshie, 2002) Another Gedeo tradition traces their origins to one Daraso, who was the older brother of Gujo the ancestor of the Guji Oromo, and Boro ancestor of the Borana Oromo, two pastoral groups who live to the east of the Gedeo (Debelo)this tradition may have its origins in an Oromo practice of mass adoption of indigenous ethnic groups, known as guddifacha.

(Debelo) Daraso is said to have had seven sons from two wives, from whom were descended the seven Gedeo clans: Doobba’a, Darashsha, Gorggorshsha, Hanuma, Bakarro, Henbba’a and Logoda. These are organized into two classes or "houses": shoole baxxe (the senior) to which the first four belong and sase baxee (the junior) to which the last three belong. The shoole baxxee comprises more than twenty-five sub-tribes while the sase baxxe consists of ten sub-tribes, all of which are exogamous.[ (Kanshie, 2002)To these seven clans specific roles were attributed, which meant only a given clan or subclan contributed members from its ranks for the role of leadership while other clans or sub-clans performed duties associated with ritual, traditional medicine, etc. Accordingly, the Aba Gada used to be chosen from the Logoda and Henbba'a clans. (CSAE: Ethiopian Village Studies,, June 1996) Incorporation into expanding Ethiopia empire in 1895 led to numerous social upheavals. In areas where the Gedeo "submitted peacefully" local administration was not disturbed, but in those that required military action, military governors ruled and at times became feudal lords. The incorporation seriously affected their socio-economic, political and cultural autonomy. For instance, the Gedeo were barred from using their baallee tradition in their day-to-day lives, except in religious rituals, leading to social disintegration, and loosened the social ties amongst the different tribes. Those who fought against the Ethiopian empire had their land confiscated and were reduced to gebbars, the Ethiopian equivalent of serfs. The local landlords, known as naftagna and balabat, were entitled to take one-third (siso) to onehalf (gama) of whatever the gebbars produced. The landlords emphasized production of coffee due to its importance as a cash crop—to the benefit of the landlords, not the Gedeo peasantry. On top of this, the gebbars and their families were required to perform unpaid work for the landlords.

The gebbars also had to contribute asrat (one-tenth of the total produce) to the Ethiopian Church. The landlord also controlled the social life of a gabbar, requiring them to seek his permission before proposing a marriage for his children or to send his children to school. (Kanshie, 2002) However, one authority holds that the greatest administrative action that changed the lives of the Gedeo was during the 1920s when measurement of land through qallad (a rope or leather thong about 66–67 meters long) was introduced. The process of measuring land brought many previously unoccupied lands, and formerly forested areas that had been under the control of the traditional authorities, into the hands of the national authorities. This forced the ordinary Gedeo to abandon their traditional lands where they grew ensete (as the landlords claimed rist and maderia rights over measured lands), and towards peripheral areas in search of unoccupied and forested lands. This migration led to assimilation of different clans, eliminated traditional no-man's zones and encouraged clearing of forested areas for the purposes of growing mixed coffee and ensete. (Ethiopian Village Studies: Adado, 1996) Protestant missionaries arrived in the early 1950s. They established two churches, the Ethiopian Kalehiywot Church and Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekaneyesus. Of these, the Ethiopian Kalehiywot Church attracted the bulk of the Gedeo population and exerted a far-reaching influence. The missionaries found their evangelical work quite easy, for they had only to substitute the Christian God for the Mageno, the Supreme Being of the Gedeo. Moreover, before the Christian missionaries arrived there was virtually no formal education among the Gedeo. The handful of government schools were in the towns. The missionaries quickly identified this gap and used it to their advantage, establishing Bible and elementary schools. Gedeo were so eager to learn how to read and write, that elementary schools had to offer evening classes for the adults, lit by kerosene lamps. As Tadesse Kippie Kanshie writes, "These schools not only taught religious cadres but also cadres of change (Kanshie, 2002).

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The landlords, well aware of the consequences, were vehemently opposed to any education of the Gedeo, and worked against the efforts of the missionaries, by limiting their movement in the countryside in various ways. While the missionaries relied on the help of their converts to circumvent the effect of these limitations, the local elites also struck against them. Some, such as Murtti Obese, one of the first converts to evangelize to the Gedeo south of Dila, lost his life in 1970 while in the remote areas of Hagere Mariam woreda, and Tesfaye Argaw was murdered while on a similar mission in the lowlands.

(Kanshie, 2002)

Physical features Location Gedeo Zone is Located in 369 km from Addis Ababa to southeon Addis Ababa-Moyale international road and 90 km from Hawassa (capital city of the region) in South Nation Nationality and People Regional State (SNNPRS). On the basis of the current border delineation, the land area of the region is estimated at 1347.04 square kilometers. Geographically, the Zone is located North of Equator from 50 53’N to 60 27’N Latitude and from 380 8’ to 380 30’ East, Longitude. The altitude ranges from 1500 to 3000m.

Climate The zone has sub-humid tropical climate receives mean annual rainfall 1500 with range of 1200 and 1800 mm. The rainfall pattern is bimodal, with short rain season between March and May accounting for 30% of total rain fall and long rain season between July and October accounting for more than 60 % of total rainfall. The mean monthly temperature is 21.5 oC with mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature of 25 oC and 18 oC, respectively. The Zone experiences three distinct agro ecologic Zone Namely ‘Dega’ (30%), ‘Woyina Dega’ (67%) and ‘Kefil-Kola’ (3%).

Demography Based on figures from the CSA, in 2005 this zone has an estimated total population of 820,944; of which 411,163 were males and 409,781 were females with annual growth rate of 2.9%. 118,440 or 14.4% of its population are urban dwellers. Gedeo zone is one of the most densely populated regions in the country with an estimated population density of 617.53 people per square kilometer.

Economy Agriculture is the base of the economy of the zone. It provides employment for an estimated 89 percent of the population and accounts for about 65 percent of the zone gross domestic product. Coffee, hides and skins are the major agricultural export products of the zone which has lion's share from the region.

For example, 0n average 26,660 tons of clean coffee supplied to the central market (Addis Ababa) annually which is about 30 % of coffee supplies by the region. And about 260,781 hides & skins also supplied to the central market. However, increases in agricultural output and productivity are constrained by several factors including traditional farming methods, natural resources degradation and limited use of modern technologies. Furthermore, rapid growth of population has resulted in fragmentation and reduction of farm sizes, adversely affecting the production and productivity of food crops.

Natural Resources Forests Bamboo forest covers a total of some 2300 hectares, out of which 1542 hectares are state forest.

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2

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH

PART II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PART II: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter mainly contains the method chosen for the study, source and type of data, selection and analysis techniques. Besides, it presents the validity and reliability of the research together with reflection on the methodology used.

2.2

SELECTION OF METHOD According to research methodology research’s (Yin, 2009) design is the logical sequence that connects the empirical data to a studies’ initial research questions and ultimately to its conclusion. In this case, a research design is a logical plan for getting from here to there, where here may be defined as the initial set of questions to be and conclusions to be drawn. In the process of the research there may be found steps like collection and analysis of relevant data. Based on this concept, the research chose case study method as a preferable design to produce sufficient information and get a thick description of the nature of the vernacular houses. This method is appropriate to answer ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions by giving extensive and in-depth description of some social phenomenon. This study took place in a specific place by having a look at the phenomena in detail. It is mainly aimed to come up with the characteristics and the enhancement of Gedeo vernacular houses.

2.3 SELECTION OF CASES two case areas are selected which are known by the Woreda Administration. One of selected ‘woreda’ is closer to the Zonal Town while the second cluster is 45 KMs away from the Zonal Town. Both cases are administered separately. the two case are located in different climatic condition. this the reason is that the research wanted to know if the closeness of the cases to the town has influenced helps to come up with the necessary information to compare the nature of the transformation of the Gedeo vernacular houses in the two environments

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2.4 PURPOSE OF DATA COLLECTION The study is mainly to address the characteristics and the enhancement of the original vernacular houses.

The data is collected to explore and define the nature of vernacular houses and changes they are undergoing.

2.5 TYPE AND SOURCES OF DATA The research used primary and secondary data. The primary data was gathered from interviews, focus group discussions and observation. The secondary data was gathered from researches conducted in books written regarding the study area.

The study mainly used tools like in-depth interview, focused group discussion and direct observation to collect the data. Additionally, sketches, mappings, voice recording, pictures and documents as data collection technique are use.

In-depth Interview According to Yin (Yin, 2009), interview is one of the most used sources of data for case study information.

In-depth interview is instrumental to produce and establish cases. The in-depth interview is used to find out facts and opinions about the determining factors for the formation and transformation of the Gedeo vernacular houses. It was held with the community elders individual residential compound owners and housing experts who were thought to have deep understanding of the housing tradition of the community.

It helped the research to dig out sound information of the Gedeo housing culture.

Focused group discussion Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a method of data collection which is frequently used to collect in-depth qualitative data in various descriptive studies such as case studies, phenomenological and naturalistic studies (Organization, 2013.). The main goal of Focus Group Discussion is to provide an opportunity for the participants to talk to one another about a specific area of study. The facilitator is there to guide the discussion.

As Yin (Yin, 2009) points out, it is a data collection tool which gives space for the target group to comment on each other’s response and give more reliable and valuable information. So, the research used it with the respected Gedeo elders, clan leaders, and assistants to clan leaders and traditional housing experts separately and in a mixed manner. From the discussion, diverse and multi–directional information that helped the study to see things from different angles were raised.

Direct Observation Yin (Yin, 2009), states that case study creates opportunity for direct observation. Observational evidence is often useful in providing additional information about the topic to be studied. For this reason, the research employed observation as a data collection tool. I had spent days with the target population during the data collection period. This gives me an opportunity to gather actual data through my personal observation. Direct observation was an ample data collection tool in that it enabled me to comparatively see the theoretical concepts studied in the class and what was practically taking place. Besides it helped to grasp the top important data for the study

2.6 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Two factors are in place for the selection of the cases, looking for the place which was assumed to be contain the typical cultural house the first factor. The second factor is location and climate condition of the village Gedeo contains basically two different climatic conditions. Two villages where selected.

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Purposive random sampling was used to select different buildings with different types. These sampling techniques were selected based on: (i) (ii) (iii)

the experience gained during the selection of the study area the purpose of the study and based on the recommendation of Gedeo zone culture, truism and sport office professionals.

CASE ONE In rural area of ‘‘wenago’ woreda’ there is Seventeen (17) ‘kebeles’ and one ‘kebele’ (sokicha kebeles) purposely selected on the recommendation of ‘‘wenago’ woreda’ culture, truism and sport office professionals on the basis of a cultural house existence in the area. Six (6) sample household unit respondents were selected from ‘kebele’ using a guidance of the area cultural house expert. Also, two (2) cultural house expert respondent were selected by ‘kebele’ officials and five (5) society members respondent where selected for FGD (focus group discussion) in general thirteen (13) respondent were selected. Since the numbers of households in each ‘kebeles’ different, sample was selected to ensure representativeness of the sample.

CASE TWO In rural area of ‘blue woreda’ there is 15 ‘kebeles’ and one ‘kebele’ (A’osolemajo kebele) purposely selected on the recommendation of ‘‘Bule’ woreda’ culture, truism and sport office professionals on the basis of a cultural house existence in the area. Six (8) sample household unit respondents were selected from ‘kebele’ using a guidance of the area cultural house expert. Also, three (3) cultural house expert respondent were selected by ‘kebele’ officials and six (6) society members respondent where selected for FGD (focus group discussion) in general seventeen (17) respondent were selected. Since the numbers of households in each ‘kebeles’ different, sample was selected to ensure representativeness of the sample.

In general, the study conducts thirty (30) purposely selected respondent in which fourteen respondents (14) were household respondents, Also, five (5) cultural house expert respondent were selected by ‘kebele’ officials and eleven (11) society members respondent where selected for FGD (focus group discussion)

2.7 TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS The data gathered for the study was first presented and then analyzed using pictures, drawings, maps, sketches and tables. The analysis was done in line with the research questions. That means the research questions were taken as topics and the data in both cases were analyzed separately and together based on their nature. Moreover, the data gathered from different individuals on the same issue was presented and analyzed one after the other. It is triangulated to clearly identify the key point. After that, it was interpreted by giving necessary explanations about each and every of the data analyzed.

2.8 REFLECTION ON THE METHODOLOGY The study used mostly qualitative method to analyze and interpret the data. It enabled the research to comprehensively present all the information gathered from the target population and flexibly discuss every bits and pits of information in a way reader can easily understand them. With no doubt, it is appropriate method that helped the study to come up with the intended result.

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This study follows a qualitative data analysis approach was exploratory and seeks to explain ‘how’ and ‘why’ a particular phenomenon, or program, operates as it does in a particular context. As such in the study, qualitative research investigates i) ii) iii)

local knowledge and understanding of housing condition; people’s experiences, meanings and relationships and social activity and contextual factors (e.g., social interaction and cultural practices) that marginalize impact a housing. Qualitative data was non-numerical, covering images, videos, text, sketch and spoken words. Qualitative data was gathered through individual interviews, detail observation and focus group discussions using semi structured or unstructured topic guides.

Software such as Microsoft office Word, Microsoft office Excel used to write texts, create tables and graphs. This software is also used to analyse and present the surveyed data from questionnaires and interviews. Software like Photoshop, sketch up used to present the data graphically.

Percentages are calculated by multiplying the proportion by 100. Proportions and percentages can be easier to understand and interpret than examining raw frequency data and are often added into a frequency table.

2.9 PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES Illustrations that were easily understood and could be translated were used to present the analysed data, results and proposals. Tables, maps, contextual photography are self-explanatory and used in such a way that they could explain a certain relationship among issues.

2.10 OUTPUTS AND REPORTS This research paper contains remedial solutions for possible problems that revealed through the research process. The solutions are design modifications which are shown by illustrating the existing housing supporting with tables and photographs. This paper will be reported in both hardcopy and Soft copy for Dilla university, college of engineering and technology, school of architecture and CoTM, chair of architecture office.

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3

LITERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED

PART III: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER THREE PART III: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses related literature to the basic research questions. It is organized based on the basic questions of the research having topics and sub topics.

3.2 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE THEORY, MEANNG AND CONCEPT It’s a difficult task to get a single definition of vernacular architecture because there are so many parameters attached to vernacular. Besides, there are contradictions among the theorists and researches to recognize the vernacular architecture as architecture.

The book called what is vernacular style? defines vernacular architecture as: Vernacular architecture is architecture characterized by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical, whether residential houses or built for other purposes.

(Fewins, 23 May 2019) The Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture of the World defines vernacular architecture as: Comprising the dwellings and all other buildings of the people. Related to their environmental contexts and available resources they are customarily owner-or communitybuilt, utilizing traditional technologies. All forms of vernacular architecture are built to meet specific needs, accommodating the values, economies and ways of life of the cultures that produce them. (Olive, Encyclopidia of Vernacular Architecture , 1997) Frank Lloyd Wright on his part described vernacular architecture as:

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"Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling."

Suggesting that it is a primitive form of design, lacking intelligent thought, but he also stated that it was still better particularly in Europe.

Amos Rapoport was one of the first persons to develop a new way of studying traditional house forms with specifically developed methods. Traditional house is, in whatever culture, always an accumulation of various and different lines of development (Egenter, 2005). Rapoport creates his factors-analysis on vernacular houses of different elements like the roof, the entrance gate; windows and wall have their own development.

With regard to socio cultural factors, house forms can also be strongly related to patterns of cultural behavior, cultural values and world views. Lewis Henry Morgan researched this concept using factor analysis method and by identifying various types of social behavior and customs which could be related to their houses among Indian tribes (Egenter, 2005). The development of houses is from the simplest shelter to the complex one. Most of the vernacular houses are qualified as vernacular because of the construction materials, space and form. Materials, construction, and technology are best treated as modifying factors, rather than form determinants, because they decide neither what is to be built nor its form – this is decided on other grounds (Rapoport, 1969).

3.3 CHARACTERISTICE OF VERNACULAR BUILDINGS The description of scholars on the characteristics of vernacular building can be summed up as: lack of theoretical or aesthetic pretensions working within the site (e.g. fitting in micro-climate); respect for other people and their houses and hence for the total environment; man-made as well as natural; and working within an idiom with variations within a given order. There are many individual variations within a framework which can be adapted in various ways. Although a vernacular always has limitations in the range of expression possible, at the same time it can fit many different situations, and create a place at each. It is, of course, precisely this limitation of expression which makes any communication impossible.

To communicate, one must be prepared to learn as well as use the language- which implies the acceptance of authority, trust, and a shared vocabulary.

Another characteristic of vernacular is its additive quality, its un-specialized, open-ended nature, so different from the closed, final form, typical of most high-style design. It is this quality which enables vernacular buildings to accept changes and additions which would visually and conceptually destroy a high-style design (Bruno Taut,1958).Vernacular is also characterized by the greater importance and significance of relationships between elements, and the manner in which these relationships are achieved, rather than by the nature of the elements themselves. This, however, leads us into the realm of urban design.

Vernacular houses are the results of the collaboration of many people over many generations as well as the collaboration between makers and users of buildings and other artifacts. Since knowledge of the traditional model is shared by all, there is no need for drawings or designers. A house is meant to be like all the well-built houses in a given area. The construction is simple, clear, and easy to grasp. Since everyone knows the rules, the craftsman is called in only because he has a more detailed knowledge of these rules. Size, layout, relation to bite, and other variables can be decided by discussion and, if necessary, set down in a written contract. The aesthetic quality is not specially created for each house – it is traditional and handed down through the generations. As we shall see below in our discussion of

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Gedeo vernacular houses, tradition has the force of a law honored by everyone through collective assent.

It is thus accepted and obeyed, since respect for tradition gives collective control, which acts as a discipline.

3.4 REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDING In order to be successful, the design and construction of a building has to consider a variety of issues. Or, to put this in another way, a building/housing, once it has been built, must fulfil certain criteria. These may be considered as being: Functional requirements, Performance requirements, statutory requirements and User requirements. (Watt, 1999) Functional Requirements Every building, regardless of its original, intermediate or ultimate use, can be expected to fulfil certain basic functional requirements. These requirements are primarily concerned with protection from the external environment, human comfort, and organization of activity and space. Other functional needs might include the creation of a particular sense of identity or place, and the control of competing or conflicting internal uses.

Performance Requirements For a building to be successful, it must satisfy the basic functional requirements noted above. The way in which it meets these demands, both as a building and as a collection of related and interrelated parts, may be determined by how it performs in relation to a number of defined performance measures or standards.

The performance requirements of a building and its various elements may be considered: Access and egress, appearance, durability, dimensional stability, strength and stability, weather exclusion, sound control, thermal comfort, fire protection, lighting and ventilation, sanitation, security and cost. Many of this performance requirements are from the basis of statutory and non-statutory demands that need to be met, both in relation to new buildings/housing and the continued use of those already in existence.

Statutory Requirements There are various statutory and non-statutory requirements that make demands on those who design, build, manage, repair, maintain, occupy or demolish building. In practice, many of these demands are made in relation to health, safety and well-being of such persons. (Watt, 1999) User Requirements According to Watt, (1999) the user of a building can expects to live or work in a space that satisfies basic human requirements and, in addition, certain needs that are specific to the activities being performed. The ways in which these are met, and whether one is in conflict with the other, is a measure of how appropriate the building is for the activity or activities in question. Fitness for purpose is thus an important measure of how a building matches the requirements of its user.

User requirement studies attempt to identify purpose in terms of activities (the things people do) and human needs (physical, psychological, physiological and social), and for a building to be fit for its purpose it must allow its occupants to carry out their activities economically and conveniently, and have a satisfactory environment to suit the user. Such a study will typically consider the following: classification of user (task orientation); analysis of activities (social interaction); requirements of space (circulation in and around buildings); environmental conditions (sensory stimulation); structural implications (compatibility) and cost (improvements).

Where buildings are designed or adapted for specific needs, these basic requirements may be replaced or supplemented by further considerations. These may be prescriptive in nature and, as such, might include requirements under specific headings (such as floor loadings or lighting levels). In such a situation, study of the particular needs of the user will assist in identifying what the buildings has to provide in order to satisfy user activities and human necessity.

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The user requirements within a particular building may at times conflict with the structural, material and/or environmental needs of the building or its contents. This may be particular concern when dealing with historic buildings, where careless alterations or adaptations can cause irreparable damage both to the structure and fabric of the building, and the aesthetic qualities of its spaces. Where such conflict exists, it is important that the needs of both the building and its user(s) are clearly recognized, and the implications of bias or compromise fully understood.

This traditional approach works because there is a shared image of life, an accepted model of buildings, a small number of building types, and, finally, an accepted hierarchy and hence an accepted settlement pattern. As long as the tradition is alive, this shared and accepted image operates. When tradition wanes, the picture changes. Without tradition, there can no longer be reliance on the accepted norms, and there is a beginning of institutionalization.

3.5 THE ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIAL Building materials play a significant role in sustainable architecture. The choice of materials is crucial from the perspective of both the thermal performance and the environmental impact of the building.

Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSB) are made of a compacted mixture of soil and a stabilising agent such as lime or cement. They are formed in moulds that form grooves within the blocks such that they interlock horizontally and or vertically.

This technical note focuses on the use of Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks as an alternative building material.

Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSB) are made of a compacted mixture of soil and a stabilising agent such as lime or cement. They are formed in moulds that form grooves within the blocks such that they interlock horizontally and or vertically. UN-Habitat (2015) This technical note focuses on the use of Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks as an alternative building material.

URBANENERGYTECHNICALNOTE

Types of ISSBs Depending on the machine, different types of ISSBs can be produced:

Section

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Section

Source: UN-Habitat (2009) Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks: Appropriate Earth Technologies in Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat BACHELOR THESIS PROJECT

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3.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 3.6.1 Climate and the Need for Shelter For Rapoport (Rapoport, 1963) climatic determinism has been widely accepted in architecture as well as in cultural geography, although in the latter it has been recently found rather less favorable. One need not deny the importance of climate to question its determining role in the creation of built form. In architecture the climatic determinist view, still rather commonly held, states that primitive man is concerned primarily with shelter, and consequently it is imperative that climate determines form. Among the Gedeo, maternity houses are constructed with exceptional thicker walls and roofs in order to maintain temperature.

We therefore build houses to keep in a consistent climate, and to keep out predators. We grow, gather and eat food to keep our metabolism (Rapoport, 1963). While this is questionable in regard to either housing or food today, it is not true even for primitive man, who has many dwelling variants and food taboos and restrictions within his economies of scarcity.

3.6.2 Materials, Construction, and Technology Local materials shaped the country’s-built heritage and still shape most of rural houses. Nowadays they continue to be used and industrial building materials are also present, being generally expensive and low quality comparing to neighboring countries. The government is still active in retailing construction materials and some subsidies remain in place. Nevertheless, material production and supply are moving to market-based economy with market prices. The cost of construction materials in 2012 was a high proportion of the total construction cost, around 70 per cent in the formal sector. Raw materials (bamboo, wood, leaves, straw) are not anymore always available close to the communities and they are also becoming costly to purchase

The first factor influencing the development of vernacular construction practices is related to the availability of local building materials. in many areas, the locally available resources have governed the use of the following constituent materials for walls: adobe (mud blocks or whole walls), masonry (stone, clay, or concrete blocks) and timber. Frequently, a combination of materials has been used in the construction. For example, the use of timber elements within walls found in Pombalino buildings in Portugal (WHE report 92 cited by the writer) and in traditional construction the crucial point is ensuring its resistance to earthquake and other natural disasters.

Earthen dwellings utilize mud walls or adobe block walls. This type of construction is widespread in many different cultures, especially among poor populations that do not have access to more sophisticated building materials. Adobe construction offers a very limited seismic resistance; however, there are a few strategies for improved earthquake resistance of these buildings. One of the strategies is good choice of building shape (preferably a circular floor plan). In order to achieve desirable seismic performance, it is crucial that the floor plan be absolutely regular. If possible, it should be symmetrical in both orthogonal directions. Using walls with timber reinforcements is another strategy in place. Timber reinforcement can be added to increase ductility and secure the connections given it is adequately protected against humidity and insects (such as termites in Africa and India). This ensures long-term

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structural integrity and use of a lightweight roof to reduce the mass on top of the walls; a secure roof-to wall connection is essential for satisfactory earthquake performance

The Bhonga house in Gujarat, India (WHE Report 72) and the Yomata house in Malawi (WHE Report 43) are typical examples of traditional earthen dwellings. Two versions of Bhonga roofs have been identified: the traditional thatched roof, and a more modern clay tile roof. Clay tile roofing has probably been adopted because it provides superior thermal comfort when compared to the thatched roof.

However, it adversely affects the seismic response of these buildings because of larger overhead masses.

Also, the tiles pose a hazard as they often fall if they are not properly attached to the roof structure.

The importance of the roof type in traditional adobe buildings has been confirmed in earthquakes. A lightweight roof, such as the thatched roof, typical for traditional housing construction.

The most widespread vernacular housing construction involves the use of masonry walls as the loadbearing structure. The simplest technique is based on the use of sun-baked blocks, generally classified as adobe, described in the previous section. The use of burnt clay bricks is widespread where wood or coal fuel is available. Clay brick is a traditional building material used for centuries in many parts of the world. Stone is the locally available material in some regions. Unshaped stone blocks collected in the field have also been used for housing construction for centuries, mainly in the form of uncaused (random) stone-rubble construction. In some cases, the stones have been shaped, usually by hand tools. Such construction is called “dressed-stone masonry.” Examples of this construction are found in Nepal (WHE Report 74, WHE Report 47), India (WHE Report 18, WHE Report 80), and Slovenia (WHE Report 58).

Examples of traditional wooden houses are found throughout Japan (WHE Report 88) and the Russian Federation (WHE Report 56). The advantages of timber housing construction stem from the use of timber, a lightweight and ductile building material. A critical issue in timber construction is related to the connections (floor-beam, column– beam or panel-beam) and their ability to transfer the forces from one building member to another and then down to the foundation. It should be noted that the wood is quite vulnerable to the effects of humidity and insects. Moreover, the use of timber construction is limited by the local availability of suitable wood materials. Yurta, a traditional dwelling in Kyrgyzstan, is an example of earthquake resistant timber construction as indicated in the report. The load-bearing structure consists of wooden poles forming a frame enclosed by felt tension cloth. These dwellings consist of a circular plan and are extremely lightweight (Kyrgyzstan, WHE Report 35).

The Pombal no buildings (Portugal, WHE Report 92) have been used in Portugal since the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake. They represent an early form of braced frame timber construction, where the wooden frame is filled with brick masonry or adobe blocks. Similar forms of earthquake-resilient vernacular construction, timber braced frame construction with masonry in fills, are found in Turkey (himis), Kashmir, India (dhajji-dewari)2, and also in Northern Europe and Italy (where they have even been included in seismic regulations).

Bahareque, a traditional construction found in El Salvador, consists of timber studs, with wood or bamboo lath forming a mud-filled pocket in the wall (somewhat similar to the North American form of timber construction). This type of construction has also been exposed to numerous earthquakes in the region and has generally performed very well.

As it shall be detailed in chapter 4, construction materials in Gede

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MATERIAL

IMPACTS

BENEFITS

BETTER PRACTICES

TIMBER

• Extraction can cause forest destruction, • A renewable resource, if well managed.

• Do not overdesign/overspecify landslides, land degradation, and habitat where possible, conduct proper destruction and can increase flood risk, flash • Encourages community self-reliance as it makes structural design and calculate flooding and further droughts and a downward timber needs accordingly. self-building possible. Wood reduces the spiral of increased hardship. economic dependence on the construction materials market, preventing indebtedness. It may • Minimise cutoffs.

• In protected areas, gangs are reported to contribute to local economy, through livelihoods illegally fell trees for great profit, while for local communities.

• Treat timber properly to ensure its influential locals also violate laws to collect long-term durability. There are firewood. certainly several recipes to treat • Community forestry projects can reduce human/ timber that may vary locally • Tree production is not engaged in most refugee depending on the availability of wildlife conflict and provide sustainable hosting areas with wood instead being sourced products. livelihoods to neighbouring communities. from natural forest and bushland. The absence of tree production - encompassing the • Environmental Policy in Ethiopia dictates that • Minimise the use of timber for supporting functions of input supply, research, formwork, prefer reusable modular farmers must have approval from a government knowledge and skills - means increased formwork instead. forester to cut down their trees. pressure on natural assets.

• Forestry has recently emerged as a priority for • Encourage timber reuse (e.g., door • During times of famine or financial hardship, and window frames, roof members). the Government of Ethiopia from both a households often harvest local wood for selling commercial and environmental standpoint. as charcoal. This has had great impact on the Mitigating the impacts of climate change is • Chemically treated timber cutoffs environment. particularly important in areas such as Gambella should be considered hazardous and where heavy rains cause flooding and topsoil never be used as firewood.

• Transport can further damage forests and rural erosion, which deforestation can only exacerbate. roads.

• Thinnings from new established forests can be • Where processing takes place, poorly utilised for firewood within two years with managed mills cause solid-waste pollution, construction timber available within 3-4 years of noise and air pollution. establishment after an initial investment of species development of 4-5 years.

• Using toxic chemicals for treatment causes environmental and health hazards.

• Attempts to control illegal logging have been known to cause conflicts with local forest communities.

BAMBOO

• The importance of bamboo as a local resource • The high strength, low cost, rapid growth and high • Bamboo harvested during the rainy makes it essential to consider the effects of availability of bamboo makes this an ideal season will be of better quality for large-scale procurement on regional bamboo resource. construction. stocks and set systems to mitigate potential negative impacts.

• Replenishes rapidly and over-extraction can • Encourage reuse (e.g., door and usually be managed, unless there is massive window frames, roof members).

• Bamboo is commonly a community resource and demand due to larger scale destruction. therefore the voice of the community is • Never dispose of chemically treated important at all stages of bamboo and • Good crop management practices can increase bamboo in streams, wetlands, or bamboo products' procurement. bamboo crop yields by up to 400%. coastal areas.

• Overharvesting means that greener bamboo is • Minimal impact on natural forests.

• Chemically treated offcuts and being used while it does not meet the standard waste are hazardous and never be of dryness required to extend its longevity. used as firewood.

• It encourages community self-reliance as it makes self-building possible. Bamboo reduces the • Poor practices that often occur after a major economic dependence on the construction • There are certainly several recipes disaster can devastate crop outputs for many materials market, preventing indebtedness. It may to treat bamboo that may vary years or in some cases permanently. contribute to local economy, through livelihoods locally depending on the availability for local communities. of products.

• Given its invasive nature, bamboo can quickly take over nearby forests.

• The complex root system of bamboo can be used to stabilize unstable embankments and slopes.

THATCH

• Natural or farmed vegetation (e.g., palm • No requirement for quarried materials or clay. leaves, reed, grasses) is used in thatching.

Without proper management, negative impact • No firewood or energy requirement. on forests and natural vegetation may ensue.

• Household or small-scale industrial material.

• Material needs seasoning.

• Use local knowledge where possible.

• Use basic building designs.

• Can support indigenous livelihoods and valorize local knowledge.

• Support local livelihoods and industries.

• Does not harm the environment since it is biodegradable.

• Consider fire risk in planning and design since thatch is combustible.

• Many types of thatch are a bi-product of agriculture (Maize stalks, banana leaves etc.) • It may contribute to local economy, through so would go to waste if not used for thatching livelihoods for local communities. or animal feed.

• Has a limited lifespan, due to its susceptibility to rot and insect infestation But, if smoked by indoor fire, this lifespan may increase.

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EARTH

IMPACTS

BENEFITS

• Earth is a healthy material without toxic • Used for thousands of years in Ethiopia compounds (unless contaminated with toxic (wattleand-daub -chikka-, earthen floors, waste). plasters...). These building cultures result from knowledge, knowhow and a collective intelligence improved over generations, through trials, failures • Possibility of quarry problems (availability). and successes.

• The extraction of earth can be done for the benefit of the development of environmental • Local material, does not need transportation. elements • Earth does not create pollution and waste. (canals, retention basins, plinths...).

• Recyclable if it is not stabilised.

BETTER PRACTICES

• Make use of local knowledge and local building cultures.

• Extracted earth can benefit the creation of canals, retention basins, plinths, etc.

• Improve wall resistance with plinths built with stone, concrete or other inert materials.

• Avoid the implementation of massive earth walls in high flooding prone areas.

• Great variety of solutions, which allows for high levels of comfort if combined with knowledge on • Support local livelihoods/ industries. the bioclimatic conditions of each site.

• Effective regulator of humidity in indoor spaces, • Only use in areas where earth can be extracted without causing which increases comfort. hazards or environmental impacts.

• Encourages community self-reliance as it makes self-building possible. Earth reduces the economic • Improve resilience of the surface by smearing with an earth-based dependence on the construction materials market, plaster on an annual basis. preventing indebtedness.

• Stimulates local activity by favouring production, • Soil from termite mounds is naturally sieved by the termites, making it a processing and trade at the local level. good material for soil blocks and plastering.

STONE

• Extraction of rock from quarries involves • Stone has been used for thousands of years in blasting. Quarries cause noise, dust, air Ethiopia (highlands). These building cultures result pollution, habitat destruction and vibration if from knowledge, know-how and a collective not properly managed. intelligence improved over generations, through trials, failures and successes.

• Unplanned rock quarrying can cause landslides and hydro-geological impacts. Without • Local stone does not require transportation and planning and protection blasting leads to does not create pollution and waste. occupational hazards.

• Recyclable.

• Transport may affect rural roads.

• Great variety of solutions, which allows for high • Extraction may leave large pits which can levels of comfort if combined with knowledge on cause health hazards. the bioclimatic conditions of each site.

• Stone construction in zones that are prone to • Effective regulator of temperature (thermal earthquakes, should be carried out with care. inertia) in indoor spaces, which increases comfort.

Some Ethiopian constructions in such zones use the ‘monkey head’ timber cross-banding • Stone construction may encourage community selftechnique to reduce damage during reliance as it makes self-building possible when earthquakes. locally available. It reduces the economic dependence on the construction materials market, preventing indebtedness.

• Make use of local knowledge and local building cultures where possible.

• Use good packaging/loading practices when transporting.

• Design and construct properly to ensure long-term durability.

• Only use in areas where stone can be extracted without causing hazards or environmental impacts.

• Use as much as possible earth mortars. Use preferably local lime mortars when earth is not suitable.

• Building with stone can stimulate local activity by favouring production, processing and trade at the local level.

Table 3-1 Environmental Guide to Selection of Common Building Materials

Source: Most of the content has been contextualized for Ethiopia adapted from WWF, 2016: Environmental Guide To Selection Of Common Building Materials.

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3.6.3 Site It is difficult to be certain that any consistent theory of site has ever been proposed. However, there have been attempts to explain the form of such settlements as Italian hill towns and villages in the Greek islands-hence also house form-in terms of terrain, lack of land, and so on. There is the ecological determinism of Evans-Pritchard and others regarding the Nuer in the Sudan and the work of Brockmann in Switzerland attaching a great deal of importance to this aspect (Evans-Pritchard, 1960).

It would be wrong to minimize the importance of site for primitive and vernacular builders, but one can question the determining influence of the site on house form. The importance of site is shown by the almost mystical attachment of primitive, and even peasant, cultures to the land, testified to by the care with which land is treated and houses placed on it. This attachment can lead to persistence of sites because of their traditional nature.

The impact of site on crops is more critical than on house form, yet even crops in one particular area may change as they have done in Ceylon from spices to coffee, to tea, to rubber, and may change again. Of course, there are physical limits – one cannot grow pineapples in Greenland – but there are many choices for any area (Febvre, 1922). Similar site conditions can also result in very different house forms, and similar forms can be built on very different sites. Water, as a site, for example, can be handled by building over the water as pilots, building on the shore, or using a floating house. Site makes some things impossible – one cannot have a floating house where there is no water – but all the forms have been used and all have variants.

Very similar sites often show very different forms; for example, on the coast one can aim for the view or turn away from it. Even sites as forceful as mountains, deserts, and jungles have produced great variations in house forms. As it is noted, site influences both the city and the house, but it does not determine form. We might say with Vidal de la Blache cited in (Amos., 1969.) that “nature prepares the site and man organizes it to enable him to satisfy his desires and his needs.” In one sense, the effect of site is cultural rather than physical, since the ideal site depends on the goals, ideals, and values of a people or period, and choice of the “good” site-whether lake, river, mountain, or coast-depends on this cultural definition. Use or non-use of mountains may be due not to their difficulty as sites but to the attitude taken toward them. (Deffontaines, 1962).

Site selection may be due to supernatural aspects or may depend partly on the political and social viewpoint, as in Islam, where in some periods coastal sites were sought for cities, while in others inland locations were preferred. (Issawi, October 27-29, 1966). Within cities, preferred sites have varied in similar ways. Typical of Moslem cities is the location of “nobler” crafts immediately around the Mosque and “baser” ones further out, a pattern independent of the nature of the physical site. It was brought to Mexico by the Spaniards (who probably got it from the Arabs), and in the same area we find both Indian towns with a random distribution of trades and Spanish towns with the “Islamic” pattern of “noble” trades and rich houses clustered around the Plaza.

3.6.4 Building Layout and Size Another determining factor is the building layout, that is, the typical shape of a building plan, usually related to many cultural, historical, and urban planning traditions. Three main plan shapes have been identified in traditional buildings, namely circular, rectangular and linear plan (row houses or wagonhouses in Romania). The circular floor plan offers the best resistance to earthquake forces. The third and final aspect relates to the size of a building. Based on their size, these buildings can be classified as:

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single story and multistory buildings. The size of the building is governed by its particular use. For example, a dwelling can be used for sleeping only, for sleeping and eating, or for mixed use (sleeping, eating, and working). Clearly, the mixed-use buildings necessitate construction of an additional floor, which calls for increased wall loadbearing capacity, especially if these walls also need to withstand earthquake effects. It should be noted that the building size is also related to the population pattern and housing density in a given area. For example, single-story buildings are common for rural areas, whereas multistory buildings are most often found in densely populated urban areas.

3.6.5 DĂŠfense Typically, when social explanations of house form are proposed, defense and economics are most commonly considered. Defense has been cited more to account for tight urban patterns than to explain the form of dwellings, but even in this respect it does not provide a fully adequate explanation.

Prehistoric Crete provides a good instance of an area where defense could not have been the reason for the tightly clustered settlements, which must be attributed to the gregarious instincts of the people.

This gregariousness, which applies to the Mediterranean as a whole, still prevails today. There are few isolated farms in Crete, although there may be some isolated huts occupied during certain periods of the year. The Cretan’s house is in the village, if possible. The unsociable Englishman prefers to live near his work even if he has to walk miles to visit his neighbors, his pub or his chapel. The social Greek prefers to live in a crowded village among his friends and his cafe, even though he may have to walk miles to till his fields or trim his vines, and I think the prehistoric Cretan was like him. (Hutchinson, 1962).

The compact towns have been attributed to the needs of defense, lack of money (so that the houses themselves had to form the city wall), lack of arable land and the need to conserve it, and the need for shading for climatic reasons. Since all of these undoubtedly play a part, no single causation is possible; we need also to consider the element of choice, as exemplified by a love for crowding.

3.6.6 Economics Economics has been widely used to explain settlement and building form, and its importance is indeed great. In an economy of scarcity, the need to survive and to use resources maximally is so great that these forces may be expected to wield tremendous power. If, even under those conditions, economic forces are not dominant, then the argument for economics as gear & ally determining form becomes rather suspect. Even in economies of scarcity there are many examples of herders living among agricultural people and not only failing to accept the economy available, but despising it and the people who practice it. The Babenga and the Pygmies exchange agricultural products and game without giving up their way of life (Rasmussen, 1960). The Masai, Bakitara, and Banyankoli in East Africa avoid the economic possibilities of the examples around them, and use their cattle unwisely in economic terms because of the social and religious importance of cattle (Mikesell, 1962).

Since houses are less critical for survival than food, we would expect them to be even less affected by sheer economic necessity. In Annam, as soon as a peasant has money, he builds a house, beautiful but not comfortable, and beyond his means; there are more rich houses there than rich families (ibid).

Generally, since people with similar economies may have different

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moral systems and worldviews, and since the house is an expression of the worldview, economic life has no determining effect on house form. Even lack of labor specialization, so typical of primitive communities, and to lesser extent vernacular builders, may be socially and culturally rather than economically motivated and specialized labor may be despised. Even collaborative building may be due not to economic needs or complexity of task, but be socially motivated. An example is the Cebuan dwelling in the Philippines: which would be more economical if built differently, but social cooperation, good will, and community are the dominant factors (Hart D., 1959); (Redfleld, 1953).

Economic factors are also taken into account when the Gedeo build houses – which is a quite expensive engagement. However, as it will be considered in chapter 4, the Gedeo give much weight to cultural values.

3.6.7 Religion Possibly as a reaction to the physical determinism so common in writings on the subject, there is also an anti-physical determinism, which neglects a whole set of important material factors and attributes the form of houses to religion. This view has been expressed best by Deffontaines and Mircea (Eliade, 1961).

The latter takes the more extreme position which he sums up as “the sacredness of the house” and succeeds in demonstrating that the house is much more than shelter. It becomes clear that this alternate view explains many aspects of the house at least as well as the physically oriented view of the house as shelter. However, the religious view is oversimplifying in trying to attribute everything to a single cause.

It is one thing to say that the dwelling has symbolic and cosmological aspects, that it is more than a device for “maintaining the equilibrium of the metabolism,” and another to say that it has been erected for ritual purposes and is neither shelter nor dwelling but a temple.

Once again, the general point, even if accepted, fails to account for form, and the specifics need to be considered. If we accept that the house belongs to the woman and is primarily related to her, and that man therefore visits the woman and her bed, the actual forms and devices used are very different indeed. Religion alone cannot account for this, so there must be other forces involved – a view strengthened by the fact that even today there are differences in the men’s and women’s domains in the American and English house (kali E. T., 1966). Similarly, the sacredness of the threshold and portal, and hence the separation of the sacred and profane realms, can be achieved through the use of numerous and varied forms.

3.7 HOUSING INNOVATIONS IN RURAL ETHIOPIA The first two SRDU-houses were built in Gurage, 175 km south-west of Addis Ababa, project site no. 1.

Gurage is located 15 km from Wilkeite, and 500 m from Wilkeite University area. The next unit is located in Agena, project site no. 2. Another one was built by TVET on the TVET compound in Wolkite, project site no. 3. Finally, four houses are in the village of Wita, 8 km north of Butajira. This is project site no. 4. It had been observed that rural housing was substandard, and the research team aimed to improve this in terms of house durability, indoor standard, water sanitation opportunity, separation between people and cattle, energy generation through biogas, local materials that will be cheap to access and impact the environment less than current housing. The problem of on-going deforestation led the architects to choose earth blocks (so called Adobe blocks) for wall construction, and bamboo for both ceiling and roof. The idea was to draw lessons from traditional vernacular architecture to design a new

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type of unit, with higher standard of living, and sustainable environmentally, economically, and socially, the so-called triple bottom line. Environmental sustainability ensures that the environment will not be harmed by pollution or unsustainable use of raw materials. The economic sustainability consists of making the house affordable for local people in the rural area, so that they can continue to build this type of house in a long-term perspective. The social sustainability focuses on the society aspects-that it suits the aim of the group and that the local people’s needs are fulfilled. (Yitbarek Alemayehu, 2015) The process was to study the need in rural Guraghe and to develop a house design that would be an innovation in the geographical area. The house was to be in harmony with the ethical and social aspects of the Guraghe community. In the house design, the future of the planet was taken into account, and local resources were the basis for the building materials. This would also lead to a very economical house, which would be cheap to construct for local farmers, a part of the economical sustainability. Finally, the unit was meant to suit different income groups. (Yitbarek Alemayehu, 2015) SRDU Compared to Current Houses One change relative to both traditional and modern rural houses is that an SRDU has an upper floor designed for bedrooms. It also has cattle shed connected to the house, which can be reached from inside.

The waste from the cattle is to be used for a biogas energy system, which is installed on the compound.

An SRDU brings many changes and the most important ones are described in comparison to both traditional and modern Guraghe houses.

.

Figure 3-1 Sustainable Rural Dwelling Unit. Picture of the second unit in Gubrie 2016-02-18

MATERIALS

Traditional house: Walls are built with wood and plastered on the interior with earth. Paint may occur but is uncommon. The roof is thatched with grass. The need for wood for traditional houses is high. The picture shows a “gojo” house under construction.

Modern house: The walls are made in the same way as for the traditional houses, but rectangular and often higher. The house front is usually painted in bright colours. The roof consists of corrugated iron sheets.

SRDU: Earth blocks from the walls and bamboo forms the outer roof and inner ceiling.

TECHNIQUES Traditional house: Vertical wooden poles are put into the ground for the walls; sometimes the wooden elements are extended by nailing them to each other. Horizontal wood is integrated with the vertical, and the walls are plastered on the interior, and to some extent on the exterior with earth-straw mixture.

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Many times, the external plastering disappears with rain during rainy seasons. The roof-structure is woven in the same way as the walls, and is thatched with grass bundles.

Modern house: The walls are built with the same technique as the traditional house. Corrugated iron is bought in sheets and screwed onto the rafters. To compensate for the bad indoor climate that iron sheet roofing brings, the walls are built very tall. In the urban areas, an indoor ceiling is often used which insulates and keep the house cool during the day and warmer during the night, but this is not common in rural areas.

SRDU: The walls are made out of earth bricks according to the Adobe technique, which traditionally has not been used in the area. The roof consists of multiple layers of bamboo leaves, an alternative to the traditional thatched roof. The ceiling consists of woven bamboo, a technique that has not been used in the Guraghe zone.

The bottom of the walls (up to a half meter in height) have a surface of river stones added in the plastering, of size 10-40 mm. This will protect the Adobe blocks against rain destruction.

FOUNDATION Traditional house: No special foundation is constructed.

Modern house: Either no special foundation is constructed, or an un-reinforced concrete foundation on stones is casted.

SRDU: The foundation is like that of the modern house with stones, and reinforcement is prepared beneath the coming walls as beam reinforcement.

FLOORS Traditional house: Stamped earth floors. It sinks successively when cleaning it and has to be refilled. For a sleeping place, a carpet is laid out.

Modern house: The floors are covered by a thin layer of concrete, or they are stamped as in the traditional houses. Many times, the floor is covered with a plastic or a woven straw carpet.

SRDU: Concrete floors, both the bottom and the upper floor.

SPATIAL DIVISION Traditional house: The house consists of one room, although sometimes a wall is present, from the centre pole to the outer wall, which divides the family’s sleeping place from the cows, goats and chickens on the other side. The cattle are bound to the right, the fire place is in the middle, and to the left the family sleeps at night on carpets which are laid out.

Modern house: The house is usually divided into several rooms.

SRDU: Separate dwelling areas within the house. One to two bedrooms, one kitchen, one living room, toilet and storage, all separated by walls partly or fully. The SRDU is also usually relatively larger, with its 65m of living space.

Figure 3-2Plan and section of SRDU (the circular version). From left to right: The Bottom Floor, The Upper Floor, A Cross-Section.

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4

AND ANALYSIS

DATA PRSENTATION

PART IV: DATA PRSENTATION AND ANALYSIS

PART IV: DATA PRSENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of the overall finding of the study under Gedeo cultural house characteristics in terms of construction material and method, spatial arrangement of the house (functionality)and socio-economic profile of the population.

The information is organized and presented in line with the basic research questions. Then, it is analyzed using sketches, maps, pictures tables and charts.

[CASE ONE] [CASE TWO]

LEGEND

Figure-4-1 map of the research area cases

Sources: CSA

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CASE ONE This case study located at Gedeo zone, ‘‘wenago’ woreda’ sokicha kebeles.

Table 4-1 Distribution of sampled households by ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ in rural ‘kebela’)

Rural Kebele Population size No. Name of ‘kebele’ 5570 1. Deko Karasoditi 7596 2.

3929 3. Bebala buqisa 11587 4. Sugale 6009 5. Tumata chirecha 5292 6. Tokicha Hassa haro 9750 7.

9779 8. Kalecha 11364 9. Wotiko 8190 10. Gelelcho Halimo 6364 11.

9371 12. Dobota 7791 13. sokicha

‘Kebele’ Land size

Selected ‘kebela’ for sampling

520ha 800 ha

Selected as reserve

800ha

Selected for data collection

Jemijemo 9402 800ha Mokonisa 13791 960ha Dodoro 7900 800ha Banko akoto 9258 960ha Source: based on ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ administrative office, ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ agricultural office and ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ health office

14.

15.

16.

17.

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Figure 4-2‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’ map’

Source: ‘wenago’ ‘woreda’ administer office, 2017.

CASE TWO This case study covers ‘blue woreda’, A’osolemajo kebele of the Gedeo zone administration area Table 4-2 Distribution of sampled households by ‘‘Bule’ ‘woreda’’ in rural ‘kebela’)

Rural Kebele

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

Leldach

Population size

male

female

Sika Elalecha Loke

3015 2828 3486 2915 6418 3771 6752 4419 3649 5717

1470 1438 1791 1446 3242 1938 3389 2244 1837 2836

1545 1390 1695 1469 3176 1833 3363 2175 1812 2881

Suke

3493

1718

1775

Koleshakar

4958

2461

2497

Herede 1st Kalo 2nd Kalo Basura Dero Adado A'osolemajo

BACHELOR THESIS PROJECT

Selected ‘kebela’ for sampling

Selected for data collection

27

1 Agamsa 3 1 Kochore 4 1 Gubato Aware 5 Total

5684

2797

2887

4473

2248

2225

3840

1873

1967

65416

32726

32690

Source based on Gedeo zone finance and revenue office,

4.2 GEDO RURAL VERNACULAR HOUSING CHARACTER, FUNCTION 4.2.1

Figure 4-3ATO BERSUYESA GOLATA

TYPE OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING

House is a very essential commodity for human Bing indeed the Gedeo people constructed their homes correspondingly to other Ethiopian peoples.

Gedeo vernacular houses are classified in to two major house types. The first one is called ‘‘Bete-negus’’ or ‘gojo’ the second Gedeo vernacular house is called ‘‘Foko’’. According to FGD with Gedeo vernacular house experts and community members there was a man who is known as a father of Gedeo people ‘Abageda dereso’. A them that time most of the Gedeo people built a hunt called ‘‘Foko’’ After ‘Abageda dereso’ most things had changed and he built a home called ‘‘Bete-negus’e’. ‘‘Bete-negus’e’ is a type of house that is mostly built in most of rural Ethiopia areas. It is circular cylindrical shape wall with conic roof shape on the above. This type of house found in most of Gedeo zone rural areas but they have a variety in construction material base on the area climatic condition and other factors.

Bet-negus also classified in to three based on roofing material those are sheka, buyootimine and ofea According to the FGD and house experts the name given to this type of house because of the economical and political status of the owner of the house.in the previous year’s riche peoples had built this house that is why they call it ‘Bete-neguse’ Meaning: house of king

Ato Bersuyesa is one of the traditional house experts on Gedeo zone. He lives at bule woreda osnimago kebel and He is 75 years old. He get the knowledge of the building house from his father. He owned ‘Betenegus’ at the village. He built most of the house in the village.

He was kind enough to agree for my interviews.

‘‘Foko’’ is a little hunt rectangular shape. According to the FGD and house experts This type of house is built by poor peoples and use for temporary hunt in the farm land. It is rare to see this house now a days.

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The Gedeo people name their house ‘Foko’. ‘Foko’ is a hunt that built by poor peoples in the society and also ‘Foko’ built for temporary housing in the farm land like coffee farm. Most of the time the society have a culture not to show their status by saying they have bet Negus or gojo so they call their house ‘Foko’ collectively.

BET-NEGUS

‘FOKO’

figure4-4 Sketch of vernacular houses Gedeo ‘Foko’ and bete- negus

4-5 vernacular house type of Gedo bet-negus and ‘Foko’

‘Bete-negus’ ‘‘Bete-negus’e’ is a type of house that is mostly built in most of rural Ethiopia areas the so called gojo. It is circular cylindrical shape wall with conic roof shape on the above. This type of house found in most of Gedeo zone rural areas but they have a variety in construction material base on the area climatic condition and other factors.

Bet-Negus classified in to three based on roofing material those are sheka, buyootimine and ofea SHEKA Sheka typically built by bamboo material. Sheka used bamboo many for roofing likewise for covering the wall and flooring built by bamboo material is used in type of house. It is a cylindrical shape wall with conic roof on the top. It is more afford by peoples with good economy status because of the cost of bamboo.

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Figure 4-7 shake typology built by bamboo

BUYOOTIMINE Buyoo is local name for thatch roofing material. Buyootimine is a bet-nigus that use thatched roof. This material is available with cheap price for the rural peoples.

Figure 4-6 ATO GELELE OSOLS

4-8 Buyootimine thatched roof OFEA Ofea most known material in the area that is used for many purposes in the day to day activity of Gedeo people such us it is used as food. ofea is local name for false-banana it has alternative name ‘enset’ in Amharic.

Ofea is a bet-nigus that use false banana as roofing. This material is available with cheap price for the rural peoples.

30

Ato Gelegele is one of the traditional house expert on Gedeo zone. He lives at ‘wenago’ sokicha Keble and He is 55 years old. He gets the knowledge of the building house from his father. He owned hunt constructed by ‘ofea’ at the village. He built most of the house in the village. He was kind enough to agree for my interviews and show me around the village.

VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

PART IV: DATA PRSENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Figure 4-9 ofea: false banana roofing

as side bet Negus hunts have typical space arrangement and form. The appearance of these house demonstrated graphical below on plan elevation ad section below

Figure 4-10 Graphical analysis of bete nigus and vernacular house plan Figure 4-11 Graphical analysis of bete nigus vernacular house elevation

Figure 4-12Graphical analysis of bete nigus vernacular house elevation

4.2.2 FUNCTIONS AND PROGRAM OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING The Gedeo vernacular house contains basically two functions ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space.

EDA/ BADINA/ FRONT SAPCE

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Function as children bed, living, dining space and gust bed.

GADA/ BACK SPACE Use as bed room, kitchen, cattle barn and store DAGAMA It is a storage space 1.5-2m above eda Barn Domestic animals such as hens, goat, sheep, cows and other animals /cattle/

Figure 4-13 FUNCTIONS AND PROGRAM OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING

Figure 4-14 plans of different typology OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING

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4.2.3

CONSTRUCTION OF Gedeo VERNACULAR HOUSING

Season of construction Gedeo peoples construct their hunts during winter/ begena season.

Average construction time Gedeo people spent 5 up to 10 days of average construction time.

Steps of construction Construction in Gedeo peoples have a cultural tread that the first wood column placed by the father or the first elder in the family. The steps construction of the house demonstrated on figure below

Site clearance

Roof purlin and rafter constructed

Thatch, bamboo or false banana cotted on the top of the roof

Pit excavation

Erection of ‘meseso’/central wood column

mud/’bambe’ plaster in to the wall

Erection of wood/’Terbe’ in to the excavated soil verticaly.

Bracing the wood wood/’Terbe’ by bamboo or thin logs.

Nails or rope/’tisho’ used for bracing

If possible Woven bamboo dressed in to the wall and floor

Figure 4-15 steps of construction of Gedeo house

Maintenance Gedeo vernacular house have age of 5 and 6 year in use without maintenance indeed factors like workmanship and material strength have value on the time of maintenance. Most of maintenance practical on the roof and wall.

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Figure 4-16 Gedeo vernacular house under maintenance

DIMENSION AND SIZE Gedeo house expert use their arms to measure length in the construction field 1 arm is proportionally equaling to 50cm. Size of the hunts starts from 5 arm of radius up to 12 arms of radius. In some case 16 arms of radius hunts built.

4.2.4 Material Materials used in Gedeo vernacular houses are local materials and they are environmentally friendly.

Those materials are: •

Bamboo/ ‘sheko’

•

Thatch/’senbelet’

•

Wood

•

Mud /’chika’

•

False-banana/ ‘ enset’/ ‘ofe’

•

Rush / ‘shenbeko’

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Figure 4-17 Materials used in Gedeo vernacular houses

4.2.5

Tools used for construction

Tools used for construction in Gedeo vernacular houses are: Metredia/meson: Tegera/metrebiya Fass Bilama

Figure 4-18 Tools used for construction in Gedeo vernacular houses

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Figure 4-19 photo of Tools used for construction in Gedeo vernacular houses

Figure 4-20 materials and form of Gedeo vernacular houses

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4.2.6 Gedeo vernacular housing Compound.

Gedeo house compound mostly walled by bamboo and wood, in some case there is no wall to define the compound. There are activities that done outside the house like bathing, draying coffee or other pulse, laundry and home farming. The most the compound space is covered by greenery. Around the house there are a lot of trees planted this mechanism used for cooling the house in hot season.

In some house compounds there are more than one house, traditional and korkor houses. In this case they use the traditional house for storage, kitchen or barn.

Figure 4-21 Gedeo vernacular housing Compound.

4.3 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS This session consists of the overall finding of the study under physical housing characteristics in terms of construction material and method, spatial arrangement of the house (functionality), and socio-economic profile of the population. The study was conducted on conducts thirty (30) purposely selected respondent in which fourteen respondents (14) were household respondents, Also, five (5) cultural house expert respondent were selected by ‘kebele’ officials and eleven (11) society members respondent where selected for FGD (focus group discussion) of the two representative woredas.

Demographic, socio-economic, physical and psychological factors of the households are directly or indirectly related to characteristics their housing and life style. Therefore, the demographic and socioeconomic of sample respondent in the study areas are presented and discussed briefly in this section as follows: Table 4-3Percentage distribution of respondent of household units by selected demographic characteristics, in ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ and ‘‘Bule’ ‘woreda’’, (n=14) HOUSEHOLD SIZE 1 UP TO 3 4 UP TO 6

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLD PERCENTAGE (%) OF HOUSEHOLD 2 14.2% 6 42.8%

≥7 6 TOTAL 14 GENDER OF HOUSEHOLD No. of House owners OWNERS FEMALE 2 MALE 12 TOTAL 14 Source: Computed from surveyed data, 2019.

BACHELOR THESIS PROJECT

42.8% 100 Percentage (%) of Member 14.2% 85.7% 100.00

37

According to table 4.1 the number of the household size for family member that vary from equal or greater than 7 and from 4 up to 6 are 42.8% equal count based on the collected data. The remaining 14.2% household size were family member contain 1 up to 3 family members. Based on the computed data most of the house family member lays on 4 up to 6 and 7 and above From the 14 respondents of the house hold members 85.7% of the house owners are males the rest 14.2% of the house owners are females. In most case of the area the house owner is the father while the father dies or lost the mother will be the owner of the house.

This data demonstrated in pie chart below.

FAMILY MEMBER SIZE

GENDER OF HOUSEHOLD 14%

14%

1 up to 3

43%

Female

4 up to 6

Male

≥7

43%

86%

chart 4-1Percentage distribution of respondent of household units by selected demographic characteristics, in ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ and ‘‘Bule’ ‘woreda’

Table 4-4Percentage distribution of respondents by selected socio-economic characteristics, in ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ and ‘‘Bule’ ‘woreda’’, (n=14) EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD

NUMBER OF POPULATION

PERCENTAGE (%) OF MEMBER

PRIMARY SECOND CYCLE (5-8 GRADE) SECONDARY FIRST CYCLE (9-10 GRADE) NOT EDUCATED

5

36%

3

21%

6

43%

TOTAL

12

100.00

WORK OCCUPATION

Number of Worker

Percentage (%) of Worker

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY FARMING 12 GOVERNMENTAL 2 WORK TOTAL Source: Computed from surveyed data, 2019.

38

86% 14% 100.00

VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

PART IV: DATA PRSENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Based on the table 4.2 the educational status of the household 43% of the respondents are not educated. Primary Second Cycle (5-8 grade) and Secondary First Cycle (9-10 grade) educational status of the household are 36% and 21% respectively. According to the data most of the household are not engaged with the formal education and most of the house hold s are farmers.

This data demonstrated in pie chart below.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD Primary Second Cycle (5-8 grade)

36%

43%

WORK OCCUPATION OF HOUSEHOLD 14%

Secondary First Cycle (910 grade)

21%

Farming

86%

Governmental Work

Not educated

chart 4-2 Percentage distribution of respondents by selected socio-economic characteristics, in ‘‘wenago’ ‘woreda’’ and ‘‘Bule’ ‘woreda’

4.4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING Housing must satisfy certain criteria These may be considered as being: performance requirements, user requirements, functional requirements and statutory requirements. (Watt, 1999) 4.4.1

Performance

Requirements

A. Appearance Appearance means the looking of buildings or houses; context and characteristics of buildings or houses. In this research study to indicate the appearance of the performance requirements of the ‘Wonago ‘woreda’ and ‘Bule’ woreda’, the research used the field observed data and questioners collected for analysing.

According to the data computed 71% of house where circular hunts traditional houses the rest 29% of the house where rectangular houses.

APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE FORM

circular hunts

29%

71%

rectangral house

chart 4-3 appearance of the house form

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39

The circular houses or bet-nisus divided in to three appearance 1. A Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered with grass or thatched (Circular Huts /Home/) 2. Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths.

3. Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered with bamboo sheaths

The walling where wood wall covered with mud, wood wall covered with waved bamboo ‘Satera’ and plastic sheets and wall most part covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths, old clothes and some part un covered

apperance of compund wall Eucalyptus wood wall covered with mud 14%

Eucalyptus wood wall covered with waved bamboo ‘Satera’ 29%

57%

Eucalyptus wood wall most part covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer leaf sheath, old clothes and some part un covered chart 4-4 appearance of compound wall of houses in ‘wenago’ and ‘Bule’ worda.

Figure 4-22appearance of compound wall of houses in ‘wenago’ and bule worda

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Appearance , Performance Requirements Rectangular house its roof constructed from Eucalyptus wood rafter and purlin covered with grass/ thatched\.

2

Rectangular house its roof constructed from Eucalyptus wood rafter and purlin covered with corrugated iron sheet.

2

Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered bamboo and bamboo leaf.

3

Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer leaf sheath.

4

Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and covered with grass (Circular Huts /Home/)

7 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

chart 4-5 Appearance of the house in ‘Wonago ‘woreda’ and ‘Bule’ woreda’: n=14

Source: Computed from surveyed data, 2019.

B. Access and Egress As shown in chart 4-6 43% of the house have two doors. 22% have one door and one window 14% have only one door 7% of the house with two doors and two windows.

Access and Egress of the house With only one door 14%

With one window and one door 43% 22%

With two windows and one door With two windows and two doors

7%

14%

With two doors

chart 4-7 Access and Egress of the house in ‘Wonago and ‘Bule’ ‘woreda’’

C. Strength and Stability Ability and resistance of material, rigidity of joints; Strength: the capacity of the individual elements, which together make up a structural system, to withstand the loads that are applied to them.

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Stability: - the capability of a structural system to transmit various loading safely to the ground. (web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture1/1_lecture1.html – Architectonics –the science of architecture) With regards of the data collected the structural material used for the house is wood and bamboo, from cart 4 57% have eucalyptus wood wall covered with mud, 29% wall covered with waved bamboo ‘Satera’ and plastic sheets and 14% wall covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths, old clothes and some part uncovered

Figure 4-23 strength and appearance of compound wall of houses in ‘wenago’ and ‘Bule’ worda

D. Thermal Comfort it is described by natural ventilation, heating and cooling, occupancy, heat gains, proper orientation of building, proper ventilation, using shading devices, proper lighting, creation of microclimate, and preventing infiltration. From the sample huts, of the two-case area 6 and 8 house where investigated in ‘wenago’ and ‘Bule’ woredas respective. ‘Bule’ have cold weather and ‘wenago’ have hot temperature the type of the compound walls varies in to those areas. because the eucalyptus wood wall are not covered properly to keep the inside at normal room temperature as a result they have no thermal comfort, and 57% huts have moderate room temperature because the eucalyptus wood wall are covered with mud to keep the inside at normal room temperature as a result they have relatively good thermal comfort.

Figure 4-24 Temperature & thermal comfort vs way of house construction

E. Precipitation Precipitation affects the design of housings in several different ways. One of the primary requirements for any housing is that it should keep the interior space dry. All roofs and walls must therefore shed rainwater and design requirements are the same everywhere in this respect. Walls that fail to keep moisture out under severe conditions of wind driven rain may still be considered satisfactory in areas where these conditions are rare. The rainwater collected by a sloping roof is concentrated along a line under the eaves. The capacity of the drainage system should depend on the maximum rainfall rate.

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Table 4-5 precipitation effect on the house in ‘Wonago and ‘Bule’ ‘woreda’’

Precipitation Number of Houses A. Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and 7 covered with grass (circular hut with thatched roof) Roof that satisfying the basic functional 3 requirements Roof that don’t satisfying the basic functional 4 requirements B. Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and 4 covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths.

Roof that satisfying the basic functional 3 requirements Roof that don’t satisfying the basic functional 1 requirements C. Huts its roof constructed from bamboo and 3 covered with bamboo and bamboo leaf.

Roof that satisfying the basic functional 2 requirements Roof that don’t satisfying the basic functional 1 requirements

Percentage (%) 31.67

20.00 11.67 26.67

18.33 8.33 16.67 13.33 3.33

F. Lighting and Ventilation According to the data computed most of the house have less light and ventilation. Opening have a vital role in light ventilation. 43% of the house have two doors. 22% have one door and one window 14% have only one door 7% of the house with two doors and two windows.

G. Sanitation sullage and solid waste. Sullage is wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms and laundries is called sullage. It can contain disease-causing organisms, particularly from soiled clothing, but its main health hazard occurs when it collects in poorly drained places and causes pools of organically polluted water that may serve as breeding places for Culex mosquitoes. This Solid Waste- Rats, hens, and other animals, which may be carriers (reservoirs) of disease-causing organisms are attracted to discarded food, cloth, and other components of solid waste. Small rainwater collections in solid waste may serve as the breeding places for Aedes mosquitoes, vectors of the dengue virus. According to chart, from those huts within 67% people are not living together with domestic animals and within the rest 33% people are living together with domestic animals’ genus of mosquitoes transmit malaria do not breed in polluted water.

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sanitation of the house

Huts used only shelter for Human residence

33%

67%

Huts used as shelter for Human and Domestic Animals

chart 4-8 sanitation of the houses

Figure 4-25Toilet type and Waste disposal system from Domestic Animals

4.4.2 User Requirement The user of a building can expects to live or work in a space that satisfies basic human requirements and, in addition, certain needs that are specific to the activities being performed. The way in which these are met, and whether one is in conflict with the other, is a measure of how appropriate the building is for the activity or activities in question.

As shown in the chart 9 63% of the hunts have 2 rooms. The Gedeo vernacular house contains basically two functions ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space. 25% of the hunts have 3 rooms this hunt adds separate and separate cattle barn in addition to ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space. 12% of the hunts have only one room those houses are ‘Foko’ or rectangular hunts

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number of rooms In the house 12% 25%

1 room 2 room 3 room 63%

chart 4-9 number of rooms in the house

4.4.3 Functional requirement Housing, regardless of its original, intermediate or ultimate use, can be expected to fulfil certain basic functional requirements. These requirements are primarily concerned with: Protection from the external environment The housing condition of the study area that shown on, from cart 4 57% have eucalyptus wood wall covered with mud, 29% wall covered with waved bamboo ‘Satera’ and plastic sheets and 14% wall covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths, old clothes and some part uncovered.

Based on the sample; the household members challenged by different problem in the study area. This problem comes from the house itself and also by the environment. The housing unit did not provide the basic requirement for the resident. Some of the problem was it affect the health of the housing member (rain, wind, cold, smell & smoke in the house), space problem to work out different activity and the house not protect from weather such as wind, cold, rain.

Table 4-6Experienced problems within the sample Household

Experienced problems within the House/ Number of Household Protection A. Roof

Percentage (%)

Roof that satisfy the basic functional 9 requirements Roof that don’t satisfy the basic functional 5 requirements Total 14 B. Wall

66.67

Wall that satisfy the basic functional 4 requirements Wall that don’t satisfy the basic functional 10 requirements Total 14 C. Floor

35

BACHELOR THESIS PROJECT

33.33 100

65 100

45

floor that satisfy the basic functional 9 requirements Floor that don’t satisfy the basic functional 5 requirements Total 14

66.67 33.33 100

Human comfort Based on the sample; the household members challenged by different problem in the study area. This problem comes from the house itself and also by the environment. The housing unit did not provide the basic requirement for the resident. Some of the problem was it affect the health of the housing member (rain, wind, cold, smell & smoke in the house), space problem to workout different activity and the house not protect from weather such as wind, cold, rain.

Table 4-7 Satisfaction on the house in sample household

Satisfaction on the house/Human comfort Number of Household Happy 2 Un happy 12 Total 14 Reason for Unhappiness Affect our health (rain, wind, cold, smell & 4 smoke in the house) Space problem in the house for different activity 7 Don’t Protect from weather such as wind, cold 3 Total 14

Percentage (%) 6.67 93.33 100 46.67 39.99 6.67 100

Statutory Requirements

4.4.4

There are various statutory and non-statutory requirements that make demands on those who design, build, manage, repair, maintain, occupy or demolish housing. In practice, many of these demands are made in relation to: 1.

THE HEALTH: - Housing should provide a safe and healthy environment for its in habitants.

Many technical, social, planning and policy factors relating to housing may affect physical and mental health and social wellbeing. These factors can be expressed in terms of basic human requirements that can accordingly be incorporated into housing standards, polices and goals of attainment relevant to an individual county’s needs, resource and priorities. No universal interpretation of healthy housing is possible, but typical requirements can form necessary basis. General healthy housing needs: - It must protect the transmission of communicable diseases (housing layout, space and density); it must fulfil with physiological needs; and its design or construction no cause injury to health, but based on the above result & healthy housing requirements there are a problem on health in the study area.

2.

SAFETY: - According to (Empirical evidence from Hong Kong (unpublished PHD Thesis), the university of Hong Kong; 2006) You Y. Safety performance of housing/ buildings: - consideration for structural safety, fire and life safety, human comfort, the physical condition of building elements and service systems.

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

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3.

WELL-BEING: - problem classified as:

Physical well-being - Pollution- air quality, water quality, noise & Energy (equipment, design, minimum temperature within the house) and prevention of droughts caused by uptight doors and windows, Prevention of diseases- parasites, building material, obesity, Prevention of domestic accidents- falls, means of escape from fire, prevention of death due to carbon monoxide poising, physical handicapsdisabled people, children, elderly & Natural and Technological risks- extreme temperature, floods, earthquakes.

Mental well-being - Depression & Degradation of self-esteem and rise of stress due to the immediate environment, housing quality, maintenance, Multiple occupations- definition of a maximum number of people occupying the dwelling in order to avoid lack of privacy, regulations concerning green spaces to offset high population density, Behavioural problems and violence- reduce vandalism & deterioration of common space, graffiti ….

Social well-being – includes social and economic life, transportation & social fairness, and the question of access to the dwelling.

4.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING GEDEO VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 4.5.1 Climate and the Need for Shelter For Rapoport (Rapoport, 1963) climatic determinism has been widely accepted in architecture as well as in cultural geography, although in the latter it has been recently found rather less favorable. Among the Gedeo, houses are constructed with exceptional thicker walls and roofs in order to maintain temperature in highland areas like blue woreda, but in the lowland area like dilla, wonago woredas they construct their home with sparsely placed wood that can pass light and air through the room or in some case they use tin wall in order to maintain the temperature.

The height of the room also the other way of response to the climate in the area. In low land area of Gedeo zone the height of the wall is 2 meters also the roof height is up to 3-meter-high when compares to high land area of the Gedeo house

4.5.2 Materials, Construction, and Technology Local materials shaped the country’s-built heritage and still shape most of rural houses. Nowadays they continue to be used and industrial building materials are also present, being generally expensive and low quality comparing to neighboring countries. The government is still active in retailing construction materials and some subsidies remain in place. Nevertheless, material production and supply are moving to market-based economy with market prices. Raw materials (bamboo, wood, leaves, straw) are not anymore always available close to the communities and they are also becoming costly to purchase.

Gedeo vernacular houses use material like • Bamboo/ ‘sheko’, Thatch/’senbelet’, Wood, Mud /’chika’, False-banana/ ‘enset’/ ‘ofe’, Rush / ‘shenbeko’ this material shapes the house because of their availability in the area.

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4.5.3 Site It is difficult to be certain that any consistent theory of site has ever been proposed. However, there have been attempts to explain the form of such settlements as Italian hill towns and villages in the Greek islands-hence also house form-in terms of terrain, lack of land, and so on. There is the ecological determinism of Evans-Pritchard and others regarding the Nuer in the Sudan and the work of Brockmann in Switzerland attaching a great deal of importance to this aspect (Evans-Pritchard, 1960).

4.5.4 Building Layout and Size Another determining factor is the building layout, that is, the typical shape of a building plan, usually related to many cultural, historical, and urban planning traditions. two main plan shapes have been identified in Gedeo traditional house, namely circular, and. The circular floor plan used by most of the household. Based on their size, these vernacular houses can be classified as: small medium and large.

Gedeo house expert use their arms to measure length in the construction field 1 arm is proportionally equals to 50cm. Size of the hunts starts from 5 arm of radius up to 12 arms of radius. In some case 16 arms of radius hunts built.

The size of the building is governed by its particular use and economical status also family size and structural effects. For example, a dwelling can be used for sleeping and eating, or for mixed use (sleeping, eating, and working).

4.5.5 defence Typically, when social explanations of house form are proposed, defense and economics are most commonly considered. Defense in Gedeo vernacular settlement is also considered in some way. They built fence to protect their compound. In rural area like wnenago woreda the settlement is somehow dense than other rural area which can help then to defense their village

4.5.6 Economics Economics has been widely used to explain settlement and building form, and its importance is indeed great. In Gedeo people economy is governing factor that can influence the building size, layout, materials and the overall housing quality. As presented in this chapter most of the households are farmer with low income the family income status has a direct impact on the house they live in or the are planning to build. The average cost to build the houses is 4000-1000 Ethiopian birr.

Economic factors are also taken into account when the Gedeo build houses which is a quite expensive engagement. However, as it will be considered in, the Gedeo give much weight to cultural values. the process of the modernization most of the household want to build a better home like korkorro bet (a rectangular pitch iron sheet roof home) but the most of the people lake economy to build those house

4.5.7 Religion Religion is a basic attitude that govern peoples mind and activity. Gedeo peoples pray after the completion of building a house with elders blessing. Religion may be a factor that modify housing most of the community is protestant after Protestant missionaries arrived in the early 1950s in the area. This religion has no a significant impact on Gedeo vernacular housing

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4.6 TRANSFORMATION OF GEDEO VERNACULAR HOUSES Some of the Gedeo vernacular houses are transformed; with building material and form of the vernacular houses. These types of houses are constructed with corrugated iron sheet roof cover of the house using wood & mud as building material for the wall. And, the circular Gedeo vernacular housing characteristics are changed to rectangular in form. This type of total transformation is not accepted by some Gedeo people. But, because of urbanization & increase in the expense of building materials, the transformation is still going on.

In the case of Qorqoro housing character, it is built with local and modern building materials within short time having a rectangular shape in form. And, concerning its function, it is not used especially in hot seasons. In hot seasons, the Qorqoro houses are very hot and cold in the rainy seasons, they say the houses are lying; if the rain falls at night time, the corrugated iron sheet roof cover creates heavy noise and, in the morning, don’t get that much water. These types of houses do not respect the gedeo people values and norms.

During data collection the researcher chose 2 qorqoro house to see the transformation. The basic transformation is the roofing that corrugated iron sheet and the shape that the circular hunts transform to rectangular building lay out. Qorqoro houses Openings provide in every rooms to this will provide sufficient light to the rooms.

TRANSFORMATION OF GEDEO VENACILAR HOUSING TO QORQORO HOUSING UNIT

Floor plan

Light and path way

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Elevation

Section Reason for transformation of Gedeo vernacular houses.

• • • • •

Economy Population growth.

Urbanization (need for modernization).

Termite attack.

Need for extra Space.

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VERNACULAR HOUSING, THE CASE OF GEDEO ZONE

5

AND CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

FINDINGS,

PART V: SUMMSRY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION & RECOMMANDATION

PART V: SUMMSRY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION & RECOMMANDATION

On this session by recapping main thesis aim outlined in chapter one and discusses results generated in previous chapter and also answer each research question addressed in this study, followed by evaluation requirement of housing in the study area.

5.1.1

h

types and futures of Gedeo vernacular house And How they construct their house

Gedeo vernacular houses are classified in to two major house types. The first one is called ‘‘Bete-negus’’ or ‘gojo’ the second Gedeo vernacular house is called ‘‘Foko’’. According to FGD with Gedeo vernacular house experts and community members there was a man who is known as a father of Gedeo people ‘Abageda dereso’. A them that time most of the Gedeo people built a hunt called ‘‘Foko’’. ‘‘Bete-negus’e’ is a type of house that is mostly built in most of rural Ethiopia areas. It is circular cylindrical shape wall with conic roof shape on the above. This type of house found in most of Gedeo zone rural areas but they have a variety in construction material base on the area climatic condition and other factors.

Bet-negus also classified in to three based on roofing material those are sheka, buyootimine and ofea

According to the FGD and house experts the name given to this type of house because of the economic and political status of the owner of the house.in the previous year’s riche peoples had built this house that is why they call it ‘Bete-negus’e, meaning: house of king ‘‘Foko’’ is a little hunt rectangular shape. According to the FGD and house experts This type of house is built by poor peoples and use for temporary hunt in the farm land. It is rare to see this house now a day.

The Gedeo people name their house ‘Foko’. ‘Foko’ is a hunt that built by poor peoples in the society and also ‘Foko’ built for temporary housing in the farm land like coffee farm. Most of the time the society have a culture not to show their status by saying they have bet Negus or gojo so they call their house ‘Foko’ collectively.

Bet-Negus classified in to three based on roofing material those are sheka, buyootimine and ofea

SHEKA typically built by bamboo material. Sheka used bamboo many for roofing likewise for covering the wall and flooring built by bamboo material is used in type of house. It is a cylindrical shape wall

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51

with conic roof on the top. It is more afford by peoples with good economy status because of the cost of bamboo.

BUYOOTIMINE : buyoo is local name for thatch roofing material. Buyootimine is a that thatched roof. This material is available with cheap price for the rural peoples.

OFEA most known material in the area that is used for many purposes in the day to day activity of Gedeo people such us it is used as food. ofea is local name for false-banana it has alternative name ‘enset’ in Amharic. Ofea is a bet-nigus that use false banana as roofing. This material is available with cheap price for the rural peoples

The Gedeo vernacular house contains basically two functions ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space, EDA/ BADINA/ FRONT SAPCE is function as children bed, living, dining space and gust bed, GADA/ BACK SPACE is Use as bed room, kitchen, cattle barn and store, DAGAMA I is a storage space 1.5-2m above eda. Barn Domestic animals such as hens, goat, sheep, cows and other animals /cattle/

Gedeo peoples construct their hunts during winter/ begega season. Average construction time Gedeo people spent 5 up to 10 days of average construction time. Steps of construction are first Site clearance then after Pit excavation after this stage Erection of wood/’Terbe’ in to the excavated soil vertically and Bracing the wood wood/’Terbe’ by bamboo or thin logs then after Nails or rope/’tisho’ used for bracing then Erection of ‘meseso’/central wood column at that time Roof purlin and rafter constructed next Thatch, bamboo or false banana on the top of the roof finally mud/’bambe’ plaster in to the wall If possible Woven bamboo dressed in to the wall and floor.

Gedeo house expert use their arms to measure length in the construction field.1arm is proportionally equals to 50cm. Size of the hunts starts from 5 arm of radius up to 12 arms of radius. In some case 16 arms of radius hunts built.

Materials used in Gedeo vernacular houses are local materials and they are environmentally friendly.

Those materials are Bamboo/ ‘sheko’, Thatch/’senbelet’, Wood, Mud /’chika’, False-banana/ ‘enset’/ ‘ofe’and Rush / ‘shenbeko’ Tools used for construction used in Gedeo vernacular houses are: Metredia/meson: Tegera/metrebiya, Fass and Bilama Gedeo house compound mostly walled by bamboo and wood, in some case there is no wall to define the compound. There are activities that done outside the house like bathing, draying coffee or other pulse, laundry and home farming. The most the compound space is covered by greenery. Around the house there are a lot of trees planted this mechanism used for cooling the house in hot season.

In some house compounds there are more than one house, traditional and korkor houses. In this case they use the traditional house for storage, kitchen or barn.

5.1.2 architectural characteristics and modifying factors in Gedeo vernacular house The housing can expect to live or work in a space that satisfies basic human requirements and, in addition, certain human needs (physical, psychological, physiological and social) that are specific to the activities being performed. In the study area the household allow its occupants to work out their basic activities (the things people do) such as preparing their food, sleeping, eating, display the family & social interaction and shelter for the family and for their domestic animal, and the ways in which these are met, and whether one is in conflict with the other, is a measure of how appropriate the housing is for the activity or activities in question. Fitness for purpose is thus an important measure of how housing matches the requirements of its user. According to the study 9 63% of the hunts have 2 rooms.

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In the sample household prepare/workout different activities that are basic/necessary for the dweller to survive. Those activities are preparing food (kitchen), interaction and eating food (living & dining), living their domestic animals (barn), sleeping space for the family (master & children bed room), storage for farming equipment and other utilities. The Gedeo vernacular house contains basically two functions ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space. 25% of the hunts have 3 rooms this hunt adds separate and separate cattle barn in addition to ‘eda/ badina’ or front space and ‘gada’ back space.

12% of the hunts have only one room those houses are ‘Foko’ or rectangular hunts The appearance of the performance requirements of the ‘Wonago ‘woreda’ and ‘Bule’ woreda’, According to the data computed 71% of house where circular hunts traditional houses the rest 29% of the house where rectangular houses. According to the data computed 43% of the house have two doors.

22% have one door and one window 14% have only one door 7% of the house with two doors and two windows.

The houses Protection from the external environment according to study area that 57% have eucalyptus wood wall covered with mud, 29% wall covered with waved bamboo ‘Satera’ and plastic sheets and 14% wall covered with false banana ‘Ensete’ outer sheaths, old clothes and some part uncovered The Human comfort of household members challenged by different problem in the study area. This problem comes from the house itself and also by the environment. The housing unit did not provide the basic requirement for the resident. Some of the problem was it affect the health of the housing member (rain, wind, cold, smell & smoke in the house), space problem to workout different activity and the house not protect from weather such as wind, cold, rain.

5.1.3

transformation taking place in Gedeo vernacular house

Some of the Gedeo vernacular houses are transformed; with building material and form of the vernacular houses. These types of houses are constructed with corrugated iron sheet roof cover of the house using wood & mud as building material for the wall. And, the circular Gedeo vernacular housing characteristics are changed to rectangular in form. This type of total transformation is not accepted by some Gedeo people. But, because of urbanization & increase in the expense of building materials, the transformation is still going on.

In the case of Qorqoro housing character, it is built with local and modern building materials within short time having a rectangular shape in form. And, concerning its function, it is not used especially in hot seasons. In hot seasons, the Qorqoro houses are very hot and cold in the rainy seasons, they say the houses are lying; if the rain falls at night time, the corrugated iron sheet roof cover creates heavy noise and, in the morning, don’t get that much water. These types of houses do not respect the Gedeo people values and norms.

The basic transformation is the roofing that corrugated iron sheet and the shape that the circular hunts transform to rectangular building lay out. Qorqoro houses Openings provide in every rooms to this will provide sufficient light to the rooms.

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5.2 CONCLUSION Gedeo people have a saying that ‘’Mini Moga Hineh’ means housing is like grave. This throughout is to show if someone built a house the society around live in the area should contribute to the construction of the house this trend called ‘debo’. Rural vernacular housing in Gedeo zone use clever and innovative solutions, with materials sourced from the local environment such as false banana, earth, bamboo.

Basically, Gedeo vernacular housing have two main function of which front space eda and gada back space. The housing Space and function is flexible and overlap each other and have a character of open plan. Perhaps the space has functions that should not be overlap each other like animal barn with bed room and kitchen.

This study adds substantial evidence to the existing situation of rural farming housing. The study investigates the extent of housing problem and its related impact. This indicates many parts of the study ‘‘woreda’’ face a serious housing problem, which contributes to hazards to health and wellbeing. For instance, disease, accidents and fires are more prevalent in these areas, and psychological and social disturbances also are partly attributed to substandard housing. However, this research provides more evidence on lower standard housing status.

5.3

RECOMMENDATION

The proposed recommendation target on enhancement of the vernacular housing. Based on findings of the results show that the housing condition is bad level compared to other place of the countries.

According the literature review and findings are inclined to recommend the following: ▪

▪

▪

54

Enhance the housing standard/quality by keeping the cultural value of the houses and promoting the appropriate housing design that considers way of life the people and the need for transformation of housing Improve and implement construction technology and material that used in current geode housing associated with new available and quality construction material, and simplicity and speed of construction technique through consideration of the climatic condition.

Create awareness among the rural population and vernacular house expert about the technology, knowledge, system of improving farming, wealth management and alternative housing construction by governmental sector office, academic centres such as, universities and NGO.

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL 6.1 ANALYSIS ON GEDEO VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

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6.2 THE PROPOSED DESIGN CONCEPT 6.2.1

Typology one design concept

The title for this typology one concept of design is enhancing bete-neguse as it is stated on the recommendation section by keeping the cultural form and value, enhancing the space and material of ‘brte-negus’ is the principle of the design of this typology. This project promoting a system of construction that meets the climate constraints of the region and is easy to implement by local workers

6.2.2

Typology two design concept

Title for the second typology is renovating foko, by tracing the form, renovating ‘foko’ with eco and local material and space that meet the need of transformation. a project promoting a system of construction that meets the climate constraints of the region and is easy to implement by local workers. It consists of two volumes connected by a courtyard and a “patio,” which is an outdoor covered area dedicated to activities outside of the house and social activities of the family. One of the advantages of this scheme is that it can be built in stages, to expand as the resources are available.

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROPOSAL 6.3.1

Typology one

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elevations

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

6.3.2

Typology two

Plan

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

6.4 SECTIONS AND DETAILS

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

6.5 PROPOSED MATERIALS

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PART VI: PROJECT PROPOSAL

6.6

BUILDING SYSTEM & TECHNOLOGY

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Works Cited

WORKS CITED

Alemayehu, Y. (2015). Ethiopian Institute of Arcitechture, Building Construction and City Development.

CSAE: Ethiopian Village Studies,. (June 1996).

Debelo, A. R. (n.d.). "Ethnicity".

Ethiopian Village Studies: Adado, G. (1996).

Factbook, T. W. ( 2016). The World Factbook. CIA, Central Intelligence Agency 2016.

Fewins, C. (23 May 2019). "What is Vernacular Style?". Homebuilding & Renovating.

Kanshie, T. K. (2002). Five thousand years of sustainability? A case study on Gedeo land use.

Olive, Encyclopidia of Vernacular Architecture . (1997).

Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). (September 2005). ((Subscription or UK public library membership required.)).

Rapoport, A. (1963). house form and culture.

Shelter cluster, E. (December 2018). detailed shelter response profile: ETHIOPIA | Local Building Cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats.

Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). .

Sara Capurro, Emirico Castelli, Lorenzo Fantana. (Issue no 21- June - April 2012). Gedeo Fortified Village. Construction ahead , 43-53.

Silfverberg, K. (December 1983). Traditional Settelment and House Types in Africa and Southern Asia (Denyer,S ed.). Addis Ababa: Heinemann, london, 1978 Singe, R. (October 1954). The Cultural Role of Cities.

Srakis, H. ( 1958, 2003, November 1933.). Circa 1958, Beirut 2003 Lebanon Law decree no. 166/L.R. 7th. Beirut.

Wolf, E. (1966). Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research Design and Methods. Califorrnia: SAGE Publications, Inc Auroville Earth Institute (n.d.) Auroville Earth Institute [Online]. Available from: <http://www.earth-auroville.com/index.php> [Accessed 10 November 2017].

Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum (2011) Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks [Online]. Design Other 90% Network | Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.

Available from: <http://www.designother90.org/solution/interlocking-stabilized-soilblocks/> [Accessed 10 November 2017].

UN-Habitat (2015) Sustainable Building Design for Tropical Climates: Principles and Applications for Eastern Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.

UNIDO (2015) MUD STABILIZED BLOCKS PRODUCTION and USE TECHNICAL MANUAL. Vienna, Austria: UNIDO.

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Works Cited

APPENDICES APPENDIX I - QUESIONER FOROFRESIDENT [THE CASE GEDIO ZONE] INTERVIEW QUESTION FOR HOUSEHOLD RESIDENTS

QUESTION AND RESPONSE 









What was the house your families or ancestors live in years before?

Spatial:__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Form: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Material:_________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Did your house transform? Why? Spatial:__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Form: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Material:_________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Other:___________________________________________________________________________________ What do you feel on transformation your houses? ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ What are the Defects and problems of the current house?

Spatial:__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Form: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Material:_________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Other:___________________________________________________________________________________ What Solutions do you recommend? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________

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APPENDIX II INTERVIEW QUESTION FOR CRAFTSMAN/PROFESSIONALS IDENTITY OF THE INTERVIEWEE Name: __________________________________________________________ Gender: _________________________________________________________ Age:

__________________________________________________________

Place of living: _____________________________________________________ Education background: _______________________________________________ Work occupation: ____________________________________________________

QUESTION AND RESPONSE

If you don’t mind, I record this interview with audio recorder. 

What type of house are there in this area? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________  What is the Historical back ground the houses? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________  How do you gain the knowledge of building houses? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________  Are you still working on this business? yes  NO  If your answer is no what is the reason you stop? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________  What was the house ancestors-built years before?

Spatial:______________________________________________________________________ ____________ Form: _____________________________________________________________________ Material:____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ Construction techniques: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 72 ____________________________________________________________________________ Appendices ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________

Works Cited















Did the house transform? why?

Spatial:____________________________________________________________________ ______________ Form: __________________________________________________________________________ ________ Material:___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________ Construction techniques: __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ In which Season, construction of the house is mostly built? Why? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ What is the average Total time of construction of houses? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ What types of housing construction materials used? Are their alternative materials? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _ What are the steps and procedures to construct the houses? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ How they are constructing their house (tools and techniques)? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ What are the Programs and their function of space in gedio vernacular housing?

What elements is used to decorate the interior?

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APPENDIX III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; DATA FROM GEDEO ZONE FINANCE AND REVENUE

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Appendices

Works Cited

APPENDIX IV - LETER OF COPERATION FROM SECTOR GOVERMENTAL OFFICE

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Appendices