CANINE NUTRITION GUIDE
2013
Disclaimer:
This Pet Nutrition Systems Canine Nutrition Guide has been written to provide information about feeding your canine pet companion a species specific, breed specific diet. The purpose of the pamphlet is to share with you veterinary nutrition research and point you in the right direction when selecting the best diet and food for your pet companion. The pamphlet is an introduction to a more comprehensive and individualized nutrition service program. The author and publisher suggest that you contact Pet Nutrition Systems, Inc for further information regarding diet planning, selection of a recipe and formulation of a proper diet plan. Pet Nutrition Systems, Inc., the author, and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this pamphlet. use of the recipe for the best results. Every effort has been made to make this program pamphlet as complete and accurate as possible. We apologize for any errors in content, grammar or typography and hope that you receive the information as it was intended. This program pamphlet discusses canine veterinary nutrition and the use of whole food diets planning – not as a replacement for the advice of a doctor. The purpose of the pamphlet is to point you in the right direction for the selecting the best diet and food for your pet companion The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this pamphlet. The pamphlet is an introduction to a larger program and the author and publisher suggest that you contact Pet Nutrition Systems for further information regarding diet planning, selection of a recipe/formulation and the proper use of the recipe for the best results.
Published by:
Pet Nutrition Systems, Inc.
Venice, California, USA http://www.petnutritionsystems.com
Copyright © 20121 – Pet Nutrition Systems, Inc. All rights are reserved. No part of this program pamphlet may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the written permission of the author, except for the inclusion of quotations in a review. This program pamphlet is the intellectual property of James Daryll Chester. It is acceptable to download, share transfer, email and duplicate this program if it is done in its entirety. All rights to sell or use this program for promotional purposes are retained by James Daryll Chester.
You are solely responsible for the voluntary use of the information in this program pamphlet. If you do not wish to be bound by the above, please do not continue reading this document.
WELCOME TO THE NEW AGE OF PET NUTRITION
We would like to introduce you to Pet Nutrition Systems. We are an innovative, green, pet nutrition service company that specializes in combining bio‐nutritional science, zoology and the culinary arts. We offer three programs that will add immediate value to your pets overall health and wellness. Through our website, iKiosks and retail store partnership, we provide the most advanced and extensive Veterinary Prescriptive Nutrition services, Breed Specific Diets and custom individualized diet plans. All three are rooted in our belief that optimum health begins and ends with proper nutrition. We have taken this belief to another level by implementing Pet Nutrition System’s Four Core Nutrition Standards™ based on optimum FORM, BALANCE, POTENCY and FRESHNESS . The greatest benefit to you and what sets us apart from the rest is that we are a nutrition service provider. We do not limit you to a few generic formulations that are supposed to work for all dogs nor do we employ only one type of food preparation. We can create a healthy diet plan with foods that work with your lifestyle, and best meet your pet companion’s unique nutritional needs.
We customize diets to address each pet’s individual nutritional need. Individualized diet plans that are scientifically formulated to heal, grow, and nourish will improve your pets health and extend their life span. THE TIDE IS CHANGING In 2011 9% of all pet owners made their own food for their pets and 22% bought frozen raw food. These numbers are projected to double 2014. There is a shift in the market that has gained traction and it is a health‐oriented movement. It may seem to only be 10% – 22% of your business now but in the next 2 years more the 4 in 10 people are going to be feeding something other than kibble and cans.
PET NUTRITIONAL HEALTH The most noted Studies regarding “nutrient – cell & gene interactions” have proved very valuable in teaching us how to meet our pets nutritional requirements. These studies also show us how each nutrient work and how they affect cells and genes. Internationally known veterinary nutritionists have been practicing these fundamentals of canine nutrition for over 25 years. The satisfying of these nutrient‐cell & gene interactions is needed to obtain and maintain optimum health for any breed or mixture of breed. The results of these studies combined years of clinical experience have helped treat pet companions whom are not responding well to allopathic medical intervention or are not thriving on a “one formula fit all breeds” diet. Pet Nutrition Systems understands that the nutrient‐cell/gene interactions are so precise that if the nutrients aren’t supplied in the precise quantity, by the correct source and in the exact concentration the gene systems will not be activated. This means the gene systems involved in health maintenance, disease prevention and cellular rejuvenation are turned on by the correct amount of nutrients and turned off by the lack of enough nutrients. It is a precise science! Processed kibble, canned food and “one diet fits all” raw formulations or diets cannot and do not deliver all the nutrients in the right combinations for the unique individual requirements of your pet. The sources of these nutrients are as important as their bioavailability and the concentration they are delivered. A great ingredient list and the cleanest USDA approved factory mean nothing without the correct formulation for your
individual breed of pet. Without the correct formulation your pet(s) become vulnerable to allergies, immune deficiency illness or disease and a shortened life span.
CREATING THE BEST DIET FOR YOUR PET Our clients rest assured that their pet’s body’s needs for sustained optimum health are provided for. Pet Nutrition Systems helps you help your pet recover and regenerate muscle tissues and organs and maintain good cellular growth. Proper nutrition is the best way to empower your pet. The average pet food buyer is lead to believe that reading the ingredient list is the best way to determine what the best food is. Our FOUR CORE Nutrition Standards™ are the new benchmarks for proper pet nutrition and are the four most important categories to consider when evaluating the quality of pet food. PET NUTRITION SYSTEMS’ FOUR CORE NUTRITION STANDARDS:
FORM, BALANCE, POTEN CY, and FRESHNESS
FORM How your pet’s food is made is equally as important as is the quality of ingredients used. The trend in modern RAW frozen pet food manufacturing is to have machines process water, meat and vegetables into a slurry that is forced into hotdog and sausage casings or formed into tubes to be cut into round medallions. This is not the best way to assure the bioavailability of your pet’s meals. At PNS each ingredient is prepared independently and properly to provide the maximum bioavailability and optimum absorption of all nutrients in each formulation.
BALANCE No one nutrient can work by itself. It needs a least one other nutrient to help it perform its task. Too much of the complementing nutrient and it may cancel its effect and to little will not allow it to work. As stated before each breed of dog, each stage of life requires a different nutrient requirement. No two breeds or stage of life have
the same nutritional requirement for any one nutrient. One breed may need a minimum of 60% lean meat protein and another 45% of a fatty protein source. When either the protein levels or the nutrient levels are out of balance there is a risk of that pet’s genetic systems malfunctioning. 0ver 95% of all frozen, Raw, canned and bagged pet food is out of balance.
POTENCY The most respect veterinary nutritionist all agree that the nutrient levels of each formulation must provide the maximum level of essential nutrition or the animal will have to get too many empty calories and run the risk of obesity. This is very common in today’s pet population. FRESH NESS Once food is prepared it starts losing its potency, available nutrients and freshness. There are three ways in‐which food loses its nutrient value: Heat, Light and Air. When choosing frozen fish or meat would you rather that it be stored in a plastic bag where it could develop freezer burn or vacuum sealed? Would you prefer that your meals be dehydrated, freeze‐dried, pelletized or non‐processed whole food? Pet Nutrition System’s meals are protected by being vacuum‐sealed, and wrapped in freezer butcher‐block paper to shield the all food from air, light and variations in temperature.
W hen comparing food of any type one must consider the following categories: the b i o availability of the product, the f ormulation, the q uality of the i ngredients, the method of p rocessing , and the f reshness.
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRY STANDARD?
AAFCO review of a pet food is strictly voluntary. Just because a product says "formulated to meet the minimum requirements & nutritional levels established by the AAFCO" does not mean it was approved by the AAFCO or that it underwent feeding trials. The same can be said for the claim of “Balance and Complete.” The AAFCO represents agricultural interests with products to sell ‐ not the interests of pet owners, veterinarians or pets. Although your dog can survive on an all‐meat diet with a small amount of vegetable and fruit added, this type of diet will not achieve or sustain optimum health.
WHY BREED SPECIFIC?
Most breeds of dog were developed and have evolved eating along side of humans. For hundreds of years their DNA and genetic structure has been molded by the ancestral foods of their region of origin. What their body craves are the nutrients from the foods that they were fed for most of their breed’s development. Each individual breed of dog lived and thrived on what they were fed by those they lived with. Each breed was developed and evolved on a diet that was rich in nutrients provided by those regional vegetables, grains, fruits and land & water animal protein which were native to the region of their development. The theory that all dogs were wild and ate from fresh kills is false. The Chihuahua, Yorkie, Cocker Spaniel, Doberman, Irish Setter, etc were man made breeds developed over years by selective breeding and were not wild beast living on fresh kill. The herding, hunting, sporting, guarding and ornamental breeds were not wolf like in their eating habits. The definitive study on this was done in 1974 with revisions made in 1978, 1985 and 2001 called “The Nutritional Requirements of Dogs: For Growth and maintenance by the Nation Research Council. The 1985 revision made use of a number of multi breed research studies that led the committee to proclaim that different breeds of dogs have different nutritional requirements due to where and how the specific breeds evolved. The National Research Council's report made use of the hundreds of Research studies from veterinary medicine Universities, dog food companies and independent laboratories. Many of these studies gave report to individual nutrients found to be essential in the canine diet, i.e.; vitamin A, calcium, copper, etc. With each research study that used two or more breeds it was shown that there were nutritional differences between each breed.
N ot one research study cited showed any two breeds to have the same nutritional req uirements for any one nutrient . This
is why a “one formula fits all breeds” food is sub standard, non balanced , incomplete.
EXAMPLES OF BREED SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES Below are just a few examples of breed specific testing confirming nutritional differences between breeds.
• Food energy requirements of Yorkshire Terriers are different from those of a Pomeranians per Kilogram of body weight. • Golden Retrievers require a higher amount of the Essential Amino Acid Methionine than a Labrador per Kilogram of body weight. • Irish Setters showed a different requirement for Zinc than the amount required by an English Setter per Kilogram of body weight. • Testing to establish the requirements for Vitamin A showed: Poodle puppy, German Shepherd puppy, and Labrador puppy all had different reactions to the same dosage of this one nutrient. • Testing for Vitamin D requirements showed: Collies and the Great Danes both need from nine to ten times as much as Fox Terriers per Kilogram of body weight.
COMPARISON OF TWO BREEDS On the next two pages there is a detailed comparison of the Nutritional Requirements of the Australian Cattle Dog and the Beagle. Compare for yourself the levels of proteins (18g for the Australian cattle Dog vs 45g for the Beagle), fat (5g for the Australian cattle Dog vs 13.75g for the Beagle), minerals, trace minerals, etc…. Furthermore, notice the difference at each different phase of life ( See grams of fat for Beagle go from 13.75 in puppy phase to 21.25 in adult phase).
Australian Cat tle Dog Breed Nutrient Requirement s
Beagle Breed Specific Nutrient Requirement s
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HOW MUCH PROTEIN DOES MY DOG NEED?
Protein requirements vary from breed to breed and can vary greatly during the early rapid growth stages versus during an elderly stage with compromised kidneys. Protein is one of the most important and least understood elements of the canine diet. Most pet owners have the misconception that the percentage of protein the food contains is the important factor. However, the more important question is: How much of the protein fed can be used by the animal consuming it? To determine the amount of usable protein, we must first break protein down into its component parts. These components are called AMINO ACIDS. There are two classifications: 1. Essential Amino Acids‐ Those that the dog’s body cannot manufacture in sufficient quantities. 2. Non Essential Amino Acids‐ Those that the dog’s body can manufacture in sufficient quantities. It is the presence, balance and quality of the essential amino acids that determines the bio‐ nutritive value, the % of usable protein in the dog's diet. All the amino acids, both essential and non‐essential, have very specific nutritional jobs within the dog's body; such as the building of the muscle tissue, the regulation of antibodies within the immune system, and the transfer of nerve impulses. As a general rule, the AVMA recommend the following levels of protein for the average dog.
Keep in mind that the protein level shown on the bag does not indicate the percentage of digestible protein, just the overall protein content. In quality foods, digestibility is between 70 and 80%. In lesser‐quality foods, the digestibility could drop to 60% or less.
DAILY RECOMMENDED ALLOWANCES FOR VITAMINS FUNCTION
DAILY NEED
SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY
FUNCTION
DAILY NEED
SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY
FUNCTION
DAILY NEED
SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY
WHAT ABOUT SUPPLEMENTS?
Supplementing is a double‐edged sword in that done properly it can prove to be beneficial; but done incorrectly it can actually do more damage than good. The majority of commercially processed kibble and canned dog food manufacturers add various ingredients to their foods during the manufacturing process so that the end product contains levels that meet industry standards. To make protein that dogs can use, the manufacturer will add various protein sources that have one or more of the essential amino acids. They do this until they have a protein blend that contains all ten essential amino acids. This process is defined as supplementation. The dog food company manufactures a food that will replace nutritional values absent or taken out of their product during to the manufacturing process. There are a few raw and frozen pet food producers that have no need to add supplements because of their
formulations and process by which they mix and package their food. All foods need to be at the levels that have been established by the government National Research Council (NRC) as the Minimum Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. When dog food companies have added ingredients to reach NRC recommended levels, they are doing so to reach the industry standards in order to be able to advertise the food as "complete and balanced." These NRC or "complete and balanced" levels are also established to provide safe levels for all dogs. Dog food companies generally do not exceed the NRC established safe all‐ breed levels of any nutrient that could be harmful to a breed. They have no control over which breed of dog will consume their food. ( Ex.: The NRC subcommittee recommends that dog foods supply 8 IU of vitamin Dper kilogram of a dog's body weight. This is 8 IU/kg. for any breed of dog's body weight, even though tests cited in a NRC publication show that some breeds require higher amounts of vitamin D (up to 270 IU/kg.). Since vitamin D is a "fat soluble" vitamin; overdoses of this vitamin are dangerous. If manufacturers added enough vitamin D to meet the higher requirements of the few breeds that require 270 IU/kg., the food would actually be toxic to the many breeds who only require 8 IU/kg. The other side of this issue is the side that shows the safe all‐breed levels they have in their all‐breed foods are not sufficient nutritional amounts for all dogs. The safe all‐ breed amounts may be enough to keep any dog alive. But the safe all‐ breed amounts will not provide the correct amounts or balance to sustain optimum health for some breeds of dogs. Allbreed foods, even though they contain nutritional levels that allow them to be classified by industry (AAFCO) standards as "complete and balanced", also must be supplemented above these levels to provide proper nutrition for most dogs. To avoid potential dangers, most dog food companies make a blanket recommendation that you do not supplement their foods. Experimenting with supplements usually produces negative, or at best, limited results.
When dog food companies recommend that you do not supplement their food, they are not saying that their food is completely balanced for any breed, they a re only saying that they meet the NRC requirements.
Dog owners may recognize their animals are not in the optimum of health because the all‐ breed foods they are using are lacking the proper nutrient amounts for their dogs. Then with the best intentions, they may choose to ignore the dog food companies' recommendations about supplementing and experiment with their dogs dietary intake.
POTENTIAL RISKS WHEN USING SUPPLEMENTS
Many studies show that any supplementing of a single nut rient to safe "complete and balanced" dog food levels can be dangerous. Below are a few examples of known effects when “guestimating” how much of which supplement to add to your pet’s diet.
• Excess supplemental Vitamin D (a fat soluble vitamin) can block calcium assimilation or collect in the glands to levels that can be toxic. • Excess supplemental Calcium can block the assimilation of the copper, iron, phosphorus and zinc in the dietary intake. • Excess supplemental Vitamin A (a fat soluble vitamin) can decalcify the teeth and bones and cause liver damage. • Any supplemental Vitamin C can cause a detrimental pH change in the kidney and cause a healthy liver to lose its ability to function properly. • Any supplemental Thyroid can cause a healthy thyroid gland to lose its ability to function properly. • Any supplemental Fluoride or Fluorine can mottle tooth enamel during the period of calcification of permanent teeth in dogs. It also can block the assimilation of dietary trace minerals and alter the dog's natural ability to produce Vitamin K. Supplementing can be dangerous when any one nutrient is added in a quantity that negatively affects how the dog's body reacts to the other nutrients in the same nutritional complex, or when by supplementing we change or take over the function of a vital organ. The bottom line is, supplementation is a complicated process. It is possible to do it correctly at the time of manufacturing, if the manufacturer is making a breed specific food.
THE GOALS OF NUTRITION
Internet search for information regarding pet nutrition finds an overwhelming amount of misleading information with very little facts or clinical studies to support the varying claims. For the average pet owner it is nearly impossible to decipher the truth from fiction. Therapeutic Bio‐Nutrition is broadly defined as the use of nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, co‐factors, enzymes, anti‐oxidants, and phytonutrients, to support the body’s immune and healing systems, thereby altering the course and outcome of a disease process. It can be used as preventative, or can be used as a therapeutic. It does not focus on food types, calories or minimum daily requirements, but rather on metabolic and physiological effects of foods on the body’s healing and immune systems. Unlike drugs, nutritional products are not designed to address symptoms or diseases, rather
they are designed to “feed” and “fuel” the cells of the body, thereby using or calling upon the cells’ inherent ability to heal and achieve wellness. The goals of therapeutic nutrition fall within three broad categories designed to directly help enhance wellness.
1. THE SUPPLY NEEDS FOR BIO‐NUTRIENTS TO ENGAGE & SUPPORT THE GENETIC SYSTEMS 2. THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY AND BODY WEIGHT 3. THE ELIMINATION OF TOXINS Dr. Selmer has affirmed that optimum nutrition helps slow the onset and progression of chronic disease because it restores balance and promotes healing by supporting the metabolic pathways that energize the healing system. In addition, it helps reduce the inflammation that predisposes an animal to disease. Its use, either alone or in combination with appropriate medication, contributes to the day‐to‐day wellness of the animal. “There are a lot of important factors in keeping a pet healthy, and many are interdependent,” says Richard Hill, DVM, Dipl. ACVIM, professor of small animal internal medicine at the University of Florida in Gainesville. “Nutrition is very important in this respect, as it affects other aspects of overall health. For example, vaccinations are important to help prevent certain infectious diseases in pets. In order for vaccinations to be most effective, the pet needs to have a healthy immune system. Certain nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin E, lutein and taurine act as antioxidants and help reduce damage to the cells of the immune system, improving function. Thus, nutrition plays a role in disease prevention. Some therapeutic diets have a nutritional profile that would not be ideal for a healthy pet, but since they are only used under the supervision of veterinarian, misuse is not common.”
NUTRITIONAL TEAMWORK
When inspecting each essential nutrient in a dog's diet, it is very important to look at the other nutrients they affect or that affect them. The nutrients that work together are the NUTRITIONAL TEAMS. We all recognize the teamwork between water and solid foods in the dog's diet. If either one is not present, we know the result will be death due to a lack of an essential part of the dog's diet. On the other hand, if we present any one part of the team in quantities that are too far out of proportion to the other parts, we can have the same disastrous results. Balancing all the parts of a nutritional team is the most important factor for formulating a proper diet for any dog. The complete nutritional team for canine nutrition consists of solids and liquids. These can be broken down to include: protein, vitamins, minerals, trace minerals, enzymes, fiber, fatty acids, carbohydrates, bacteria, and water. Then each part of the complete nutritional team can be broken down into a team of its own. Science has proven that no two breeds have the same nutritional requirements for any one nutrient. To truly meet your pet Dachshund nutritional needs you must learn what the
unique nutrient requirements of your breed (or mix of breed) are. Consider their individual needs, than learn how much of each of the eighteen major nutrients groups are required, and finally, discover which natural or organic whole food should be used to satisfy these needs. Each nutrient's job is to turn on a particular genetic system in your pet's body. This is called Nutrient ‐ gene interaction. If the right amount of bio‐available nutrients are supplied to the crucial genetic systems like the immune system then these systems they will work properly, if not they are not turned on and too much will shut the system down. This is why a “one food fits all breeds” way of feeding is not optimal and may be detrimental to most dogs overall health.
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
An optimum nutritional state is very important in managing a variety of inherited and other metabolic diseases as well as for a healthy immune system. Examples where nutritional management is important in inherited breed disorders include: • • •
Adding ingredients to the diet to make it more alkaline for Miniature Schnauzers with calcium oxalate bladder or kidney stones. Use of the vitamin A derivative in Cocker Spaniels and other breeds with idiopathic seborrhea of the skin. Management with drugs and/or diet of diseases such as diabetes mellitus and the copper‐storage disease prevalent in breeds like the Wheaton Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, and German Pinscher; wheat‐sensitive in Irish Setters; and treatment of vitamin B‐12 deficiency in Giant Schnauzers.
Nutritional factors that play an important role in immune function include zinc, selenium and vitamin E, vitamin B‐6 (pyridoxine), and linoleic acid. Deficiency of these compounds impairs both circulating as well as cell‐mediated immunity. The requirement for essential nutrients increases during periods of rapid growth or reproduction and also may increase in geriatric individuals, because immune function and the bioavailability of these nutrients generally wane with aging. Genetic differences between breeds and the individuals within those breeds lead to quantitative variations in dietary requirements for energy, nutrients and overall health. Genetic defects may result in inborn errors of metabolism that affect one or more pathways involving nutrients or their metabolites. Many inborn errors of metabolism are fatal, whereas others may show significant clinical improvement with nutritional management. Minimal and maximal nutrient requirements that can be important in this regard include vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium, vitamin A, copper and vitamin B‐12. Similarly, a wide variation occurs in the energy needs of dogs depending on their breed, age, sex and size. Breeders quickly learn to adjust the caloric intake of their animals depending on the optimal requirements of each individual.
CONCLUSION When correcting a general physical or dietary deficiency one must give particular attention to what we at Pet Nutrition Systems have implemented as our FOUR CORE Nutrition Standards: FORM , B ALANCE , P OTENCY and F RESHNESS in order to achieve optimum RESHNESS health and measured results. The veterinary science research conducted at top veterinary institutions validates these new benchmarks in pet nutrition. Holistic veterinarians insist that the key to disease prevention is found in a diet rich from living enzymes, antioxidants, amino acids and a good source of organic protein. Become a proactive nutrition advocate for your pet companion. With Pet Nutrition Systems’ advanced nutrition services you now have the opportunity to react to canine disease and illness by making the correct nutritional changes required to create a customized, natural diet designed specifically to meet your pet companion’s unique nutritional requirements with consideration to their breed, mixture of breeds, and special health needs.