Landmark Miami by Petra Ross

LANDMARK MIAMI PETRA ROSS

CONTENT 01 ANALYSIS . Asignment of the contest/ Meaning of word landmark/ Landmark in the world and in Miami/ Comparing of different landmarks / Height of surrounding . Analysis of place - Florida / Miami / Bayfront park . Characteristics of the territory/ Organization DawnTown v Miami (5 contests)

TOPIC OF BACHELOR THESIS - LANDMARK MIAMI STUDIO prof. Ing. arch. akad.arch. Jiří Suchomel CONSULTATIONS ASSISTANT - Ing. arch. Martin Šaml FLOATING STRUCTURES - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Höfler (DE) CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS - Ing. Vladislav Bureš STATICS - Ing. Jan Suchánek ENGINEERING- Ing. Stanislav Staněk, CSc. BARRIER-FREE CONSTRUCTION - Ing. Jana Košťálová PLUMBING - Ing. Jaroslav Peterka CSc. LIGHTING - Ing. Petr Žák (etna.cz), Petr Kolmačka (robe.cz) LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE - Olivier Foubert (BE)

01 02 03

02 CONCEPT 01

. Design concept

03 DESIGN . Visualization of views from above . Broader situation of area S 1:3000 . Situation of area S 1:1000 . Groundplans S 1:1000 . Longitudinal sections S 1:1000 . Cross sections S 1:1000 . Visualization of hole in park . Visualization of hole in water . Night visualization . Visualization of interier . Technical report

01 02 03 04-05 06 07-09 10 11 12 13 14-16

04 MODELS . Model . Model

S 1:2000 S 1:250

01 02

01 ANALYSIS

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

LANDMARK IN THE WORLD AND IN MIAMI Europe- Eiffel Tower/ Paris (H,HG), Gherkin/ London (M,HG), Atomium / Brussel (H), Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church / Berlin (H, M) ... Africa the pyramirds/ Giza (H), ... Australia - Opera house/ Sydney (M), ... Asia - DUBAI - Burj al Arab (M,HG), Palm island (M,L), Burj Khalifa (M,HG), ... - SINGAPORE - The Esplanade -2 durians (M), The ArtScience Museum (M), Marina Bay Sands (M,HG), Merlion statue (H),... USA - Navy Pier/ Chicago (L), Empire State Building/ NY (H,HG), Space Needle/ Seattle (M, HG), Gateway Arch/ St.Luis (M, HG), Hollywood sign/ LA (M), Bean / Chicago (M), Flatron Building/ NY, (H,HG) Apple store/ NY (M)... MIAMI - Vizcaya (H), Freedom Tower (H), Bacardi building (M),Miami Marine Stadium (M), 111 Lincoln Road / Herzog & de Meuron (M), New World Center/ Frangk Gehry (M), One Biscayne Tower (M), Southeast Financial Center/ SOM(M) L - long, HG - height, H - historic, M - modern

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS OF MIAMI IN COMPARISM TO OTHER LANDMARKS

MEANING OF WORD LANDMARK

Originally landmark ment a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern use, the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features, that have become local or national symbols. They can be natural or manmade. Modern cities often look very similar in architectural expression and thatÂ´s why is important to have a few architecturally significant buildings as a symbol of the city. Iconic buildings can be high, long, ancient or modern and futuristic. They can be visible from the ground, air or ocean. Which option is the best to choose for city which is full highrise buildings?

analysis 01/01

FLORIDA is located on the peninsula in the southern United States. The capital of Florida is Tallahassee (170 000 inhabitants), but the most well know city is still undoubtedly Miami. There´re frequently hurricanes, temperature range is between 20 to 30°C and the air humidity is high. In the central part of Florida is a huge entertainment complex of Walt Disney World and in the East part of Florida is Kennedy Space Center where NASA starts yielding shuttles into orbit satellites. MIAMI is the second largest city in the state (433,000 inhabitants). Its metropolitan area is situated between the swamps of Everglades National Park on the west and Biscayne National Park on the east. The area of the city itself is 143.15 square kilometers of which over 50 km2 occupies the water surface. The main part of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands. The largest of them are Miami Beach and South Beach. Gulf Stream (only 24 km from the coast) causes that the climate here remains warm and mild throughout the year. History of Miami is based the most on its advantageous position next to Colombia and on good vegetation. The first inhabitants here were the Americans already 10 000 years ago, but the first settler appeared here already during early 19th century. Very important raw material were limes whose rare occurrence persuaded the extension of railway line to Miami and build the first of many hotels. Then Miami officially became a city. Growth of Miami was huge especially thanks to permit of gambling and not many prohibitions in the early 20th century. In the second half of the 20th century Miami became one of the greatest American transshipment of cocaine from Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. Drugs brought Miami billions of dollars, and retail of luxury cars, luxury hotels, etc. began to grow here... The town is well know for its tall skyscrapers and many nightclubs. It´s also a center of economy, fashion and mainly paradise for tourists. Miami is very multicultural and accessible in terms of both minorities and sexual orientation. The largest concentration of banks is in the district of Brickell and Downtown, art is concentrated in the “design district“ and its adjoining district. Little Havana offers an insight into the culture of Cubans and one of the most beautiful historic neighborhoods in Art Deco style is considered to be South Beach (a popular shopping street, Lincoln Road Mall). All kinds of transport are being used here, but emphasis is placed on air and maritime transport. Port of Miami is the largest cruise ship port in the world, often call the gateway to America. BAYFRONT PARK as the first park in Miami it was originally owned by railways, but even then served as a place for meetings, cultural events, Sunday school etc. The architectural treatment was given in 1925 by Warren Henry Manning, and 55 years later was the park renovated by Japanese - American contemporary artist and urbanist, Isamu Noguchim. He design also fountain which become one of the local landmarks. A year later the town park was hit by hurricane and most vegetation had to be replaced. Park was gradually changed. Some parts were added and some of them vanished. For example wide promenade along East Flagler Street, Rock Garden, the stage for the band Shells, dance hall, shooting, or auditorium. The park is an area of about 130,000 m2, it´s bordered by Marketplace on the North and by Intercontinental Hotel on the South. It´s very popular among tourists and there´re held marathons, sports lessons, a celebration of the new year (digital countdown takes place on the facade of the Hotel Intercontinental), music festivals and it´s also the place for foodtracks with fast food. The park includes two music halls, art sculptures and a large number of tropical greenery.

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

analysis 01/02

DAWNTOWN MIAMI is an association which organizes an annual contests of ideas into the district in Downtown Miami. Its mission is to create a neighborhood full of creative architecture and also push this city forward in the world. Architectural competition from Dawntown Miami: 1 / Landmark Miami 2013 2 / Floating stage 2011 - floating stage in response to The Miami Marine Stadium 3 / Seaplane Terminal 2010 - a new terminal seaplanes 4 / Metromover station 2009 - Metro station near a planned Museum Park 5 / Waterworks 2008 - building pumping stations as iconic architecture DIMENSIONS OF PLOT where is possible to build is 200 x 150 m, but intervene into the surrounding areas isnÂ´t excluded. Height differences are insignificant. BROADER CONTEXT 1 - plot, 2 Flagler Street (the main street, Downtown, runs along the axis of the Noguchi fountain), 3 - Biscayne Boulevard, 4 - Bayside Market, Tina Hills Pavilion 5 (a small concert venue), 6 - Bayfront amphitheatre (bigger concert place), 7 - port Miami (for both industrial and for cruise ships)

analysis 01/03

02 CONCEPT

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

How can be designed landmark appropriate to Miami, which can be easily remembered and isn’t similar to other high-rise development? According to my analyses the most remembered landmarks are natural phenomenons, statues or historical monuments. As Miami is well known for its harbour, the landmark should have some kind relationship to the water that determines the city. This relationship is even more important when the existing fountain on the location of the landmark is taken into consideration. The proposed concept uses the location of the fountain as well as the harbour to make this important relationship visible. It does so by making a hole on the fountains location and a hole in the middle of the Biscayne bay. A connection between the ‘hole in the park’ and the ‘hole in the water’ results in a under sea tunnel that connects the landmark to the existing park. By centralizing everything with the main Flagler street axes the design gets embedded into the cities tissue. The horizontality of the design makes it more visible when you are further from the coast or on higher ground.

HOLE IN PARK

1. AQUA entrance

2. AQUA walls

3. AQUA tunnel

HOLE IN WATER

The main viewing angles are intended from publicly accessible terraces in skyscrapers. This is exactly the other way how the majority of landmarks are experienced. Walking on the triangle will give the visitors a feeling of walking in the middle of the sea. The landmark is simple, symbolic and minimizes interferences in the park. The triangular shape stands for dynamism and suggests the visitor getting absorbed by the hole in the park. The final impression should be an act of minimalistic interference with a maximum of experience because of entering in the hole in the park, through the underwater tunnel and walking on the water. At night the hole in the sea gets a vertical dimension by projecting a bundle of light into the sky.

concept 02/01

03 DESIGN

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

visualisations - General view - View from skyscraper VISCAYNE- View from skyscraper 50 BISCAYNE SALES CENTER - View from hotel INTERCONTINENTAL I design 03/ 01

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

situation 1:3000 I design 03/ 02

100

A_ENTRANCE / 1300 mÂ˛

E_COMMING OUT / 2770 mÂ˛

A01 stairs + lounge B11 window to bookshop C09 supply elevator C10 emergency staircase C11 public elevator

E02 water pump E03 ramps E04 viewing platform E05 lighting E06 water drainage

situation 1:3000 I design 03/ 03

A_ENTRANCE / 1300 m² A01 stairs + lounge

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

B_INFOCENTRUM / 2540 m² B01 louge/ exhibition space B02 tickets B03 info centre B04 bookshop B07 cloakroom B08 facilities for fish breeders B09 compensating chamber B10 aquarium B12 window to bookshop

100

C_RESTAURANT / 2520 m²

D_WATER TUNNEL / 1565 m²

E_ COMING OUT / 2770 m²

C01 bridge to aquarium C02 restaurant for 230 people C03 café for 120 people C09 supply elevator C10 emergency staircase C11 public elevator C12 corridor and storage C13 boiler room C14 ventilation C15 mechanical cooling C16 secondary power supply

D01 wate path D02 flooding chamber D03 rock narrowing D04 sand D05 corrals D06 seawead

E01 security chamber E02 water pump E03 ramps

ground plan I level - 4m I 1:1000 I design 03/ 04

A_ENTRANCE / 1300 m² A01 stairs + lounge

B_INFOCENTRUM / 2540 m² B01 louge/ exhibition space B02 tickets B03 info centre B04 bookshop B05 toilets men + disabled B06 toilets women + disabled B07 cloakroom B11 water drainage, storage

100

C_RESTAURANT / 2520 m²

D_WATER TUNNEL / 1565 m²

E_ COMING OUT / 2770 m²

C01 bridge to aquarium C02 restaurant for 230 people C03 café for 120 people C04 panoramatic wall to sea C05 stage C06 bar with service C07 lift platform C08 kitchen facilities C09 supply elevator C10 emergency staircase C11 public elevator C12 corridor and staorage

D01 wate path D02 flooding chamber D03 rock narrowing D04 sand D05 corrals D06 seawead D07 ventilation

E01 security chamber E02 water pump E03 ramps E04 viewing platform

ground plan I level - 8,7m I 1:1000 I design 03/ 05

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

100

longitudinal sections A-Á, B-B´ I 1:1000 I design 03/ 06

100 50 10 5 cross section C-CÂ´ I 1:1000 I design 03/ 07

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

100

cross section E-EÂ´ I 1:1000 I design 03/ 08

100

cross section D-DÂ´ I 1:1000 I design 03/ 09

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

visualization of hole in park I design 03/ 10

visualization of hole in water I design 03/ 11

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

night visualization I design 03/ 12

visualization of interior I design 03/ 13

ACCOMPANYING AND TECHNICAL REPORT . Assignment The assignment was inspired by contest (http://dawntown.org), which asked to design architecture piece as symbol of Miami. The rules weren´t too much defined, so architects could act open minded while designing. The iconic building should support the marketing of the city, shouldn´t get rid of the adjacent park, but rather improve it and support it. Interventions into the neighborhood are not excluded. The building won´t serve only as a statue, but it´s expected to be used for other functions. Part of the competition is to design lighting of the landmark, or even marketing use. The aim of this project is to design a symbolic building for the city of Miami in Bayfront Park in the district of Down Town. . Program criteria Choosing the program myself was part of the task. The only condition of the contest was - not to create only statue, but add other functions. Due to my concept which aimed to leave the maximum area of the park unbuilt and move to the building towards the sea, I created a combination of the underwater world with a prospect on the sea level. The only access there is through the park and the sea. All fishes, vegetation and other animals are entirely local. This space doesn´t seek to be a museum but a powerful experience of the underwater world of Marina bay. The construction includes entrance hall, cafe, restaurant, underwater aquarium and floating object in the water with a viewing platform. The building consists mainly of building located underground or underwater and has only one floor with the exception of decreased half a floor to the restaurant equipment and kitchen facilities. . Charakteristics of the area The land is in the heart of Miami and is very well connected to public and private transport. Next to the park is a city Skytrain station, bus station and several car parks. The eastern border along the entire length of the site is Biscayne Gulf and from the western side are there high-rise buildings which reach a height of 230 meters. The bedrock consists partly of sand and it´s slightly unstable. . Urban design Designed landmark is basically a passageway full of escalating experiences that follow each other on one axis provided by Flagler Street. The main access to the building is from the park from 3 cardinal points. The fourth side is east, which is the sea. The circular shape of the fountain is changed, but the basic axes, surfaces and vegetation remain exactly the way they were before. Thanks to the clash of three pathways, the place become naturally a meeting place. The only change of the panorama will be 2 symmetrical volumes covered by ground. They hide three elevators, emergency stairs and technical equipment such as air intake, etc. There ´ll be one driveway from each side providing access to the artificially created little hill, which won´t disturb the impression of generous space around the entrance. The supply of the aquarium and restaurants will be allowed without restrictions. The public space is designed to fit the observation of landmark. This can be done either from the ground and the effect will be a “hole in the ground and people walking on the sea surface” or from publicly accessible viewing platforms of skyscrapers (also from three directions - skyscraper 50 Biscayne, Hotel InterContinental Hotel and Leamington). From there “two holes in the ground” will be seen. Another effect occurs at night when the landmark will be seen from a far as a prism of light coming from the sea. Vice versa entrance triangle will be illuminated only as an emergency area.

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

. Volumetric solution The building consists of 5 major volumes. Two of them are used as an entrance and exit to the sea. “Hole in the ground and a hole in the water” are the only visible features from the neighborhood. The hole in the water has a shape of double truncated pyramid. Three of the main volume are used for experiences under the water level. 1. Gateway to the sea - entrance through panoramic aquariums 2. Undersea restaurant and café with glass walls facing the sea 3. Undersea tunnel with double glass (includes cultivated fishes and fishes in the open sea) . Platform Horizontally it’s about two equilateral triangles. The smaller one in the park has length 55 meters and the bigger in the sea has length 80 m. I´m planning to build up just a little area of the park - the place of Noguchi fountain which has to be replaced according to the contest rules. Space of water experience extends to a distance of nearly 200 meters from the coast line. The experiences are gradually more and more impressive and the final part is planned to be climbing back above the sea level. Using the ramp, people can get from -12 m to 0.2 m just above the water level almost in the middle of the bay. The hole reaches up to 28 meters at the lowest point. Restaurants are in the height of -11.8 meters and the rest of the building remains at -10.5 meters. . Materials Material solution was chosen to be capable of withstanding the Coastal environment and seawater itself. The color scheme is limited to shades of white and gray, due to the excellence of marine aquariums and greenery in the park. The basic material is UHPC (Ultra High Performance Concrete) in combination with a special cement (calcium in this case is replaced by strontium or barium). Additional materials (meaning for aquariums, railing, sitting area on the stairs etc.) are mainly made of stainless steel in combination with glued glass or wood. . Structural solution The vertical structure is a combined system wall- column. The columns have a diameter of 500 mm, the walls 700 mm. The system of columns is on grid 10x10 meters. According to the particular spaces are high of columns 9 or 7.5 meters. Horizontal structures are designed as prestressed reinforced concrete beams. The ceiling structure has a height of 50 cm. Depends on the location if the ceiling carries one meter high layer of soil (columns 9 meters) or seawater seawater up to 2-3 meters in height (7.5 m high columns). Reinforced concrete base plate has a thickness of 1 m and is due to the partly unstable ground mounted by using tensile floating micropiles placed under each column. Micropiles have injected root length of 10 meters. Interior floors are industrial from poured or polished concrete. Regarding the construction - the object´ll be divided into several smaller units, which´ll connected on building site at the end. These units will be manufactured and shipped from the nearby harbor. . Entrance and information center The staircase is made of reinforced concrete and complemented by built extensive greenery (ornamental grasses with a special mix of 20 cm of soil), or wooden grates forming pleasant surface to sit on the stairs. Due to the potential decline of the building is around the whole triangular staircase strip of 1.5 m wooden grid to compensate the height difference. Clear height space of the infocentre is 9.5 meters. Daylight penetrates into this space through the glass walls and 24m² of skylight made of high-strength glass in the bookstore. technical report I design 03/ 14

. Restaurant and café Between the restaurant and cafe is located dividing bridge under which the distribution of ventilation and electricity is placed. Both areas are divided into several parts using concrete stages that allow visitors to have a better view on the panoramic aquarium and a panoramic wall directly into the sea. For aquariums and sea walls is used high-strength glass with a thickness of 10 cm. There are externally prestressed beams reinforced with glass 30x50cm every 3.7 meters. Around the area of the entire glazing is also prestressed reinforced concrete frame with dimensions of 70x40 cm. The facilities for breeders are placed behind the panoramic aquariums on level -7.2 m bounded by bearing walls. Each aquarium has its own facilities situated on the same level as all the other technical facilities of the entire building. Breeders can entre the gate aquarium directly from above where is 70 cm air gap or through flood chamber if needed for bigger loads. Facilities of the cafe are located at level -11.52 and restaurant facilities -11, 86 m. They are completely separated. . Underwater tunnel It´s about using of two tunnels made of laminated glass below the water surface. One tunnel in the shape of a snake is for the people, and above it is the second tunnel in the shape of a block keeping the fishes closer to visitors. Around this is the real sea environment. This method leads to the penetration of light and in addition to pressure equalization between the sea and the aquarium, because there is no air gap. Sea water and aquarium water is the same, only cleaned via filters located around the entire circumference of the bottom of aquarium. Divers in the water tunnel can enter only through flooding chamber. The tunnels are embedded into the concrete slabs 80 cm height. Rectangular glass tunnel (80x20x6m) is externally supported by prestressed glass frame profile 70x30 cm. Sea World in the tunnel is divided into 4 different atmospheres (narrowing of the cliffs, sand, coral and sea grass), but however there is still an attempt to maximize the optic connections with outside seascapes around. Tunnel for humans is circular and its diameter is 5 m. 3 meters are reserved for visitors and 2 m for the technical facilities of the tunnel. As in the first case, there is used laminated glass 7 cm thick. . Interconnection of fixed and floating parts Technically challenging part is connection between firmly anchored aquarium and floating object, which regularly facas roughly 1 meter of rises and falls. The composite material is used and the principle works as motion of the accordion. One solution may be a combination of steel and teflon rings with an elastic polymer material. The floor plates were placed here to occur smoothly the height compensation. This part will also serve as a flooding chamber when the hurricane comes and floating object submerged for security reasons. The thickness of the 2 doors will be 30 cm for each. . Floating object Floating object has the shape of two truncated pyramids and it´s produced as a monolithic reinforced concrete object ensuring water tightness. Limit state of cracks is about width 2 mm. The upper edge of the volume should be always hold only 20 cm above the water surface in normal operation. Using hydraulic cylinders can the pyramid rise and fall according to the level rise up to two meters (normal use will be only one meter). The cylinders are embedded in the so-called reinforced concrete saddle, which is anchored by using micropiles. Under each of the three cylinders are 3 micropiles. Water pump is located in the middle of the object and can be used in case of partial flooding as a big waves. Excess water is drained through channels on the sides of the ramps to the lowest part of the building to the pump. For intentional security flooding of the entire object is necessary to use a stronger external pump.

The “wet” (sewage) and “dry” (electrical) installations are kept in the cross. . Ventilation The building use also mechanical ventilation in addition to partial natural ventilation and therefore are used air conditioning units under the ceiling in café and restaurant. The cooling machine room is located under the ground, so it stays more effective and the waste heat can be used for central water heating. Fresh air is drawn in both directions. During normal operation across the object in the sea but in case of flooding it can suck in the opposite direction as well. . Heating Heating or overheating of the building shouldn´t be a problem in the case of Miami The volume is mostly under water and air temperature there is constantly between 20-30 °C throughout the year. The project is nevertheless equipped with a boiler and underfloor heating. . Electricity Secondary power supply is located in the technical rooms and wiring is extended beneath the floor of the cross wiring. . Fire safety and security in case of flooding The building is divided into fire departments which can deal either with fire or with flooding. There are two fire / flood doors (width 30 cm) and the ventilation can be provided separately. A big part of the building is designed as an underground space, so there´re also an integral part of the fire stairs, elevators and access to life jackets. . Barrier free access The entire building is wheelchair accessible both horizontally and vertically. People with reduced mobility can use the two elevators located at the sides of the object. The building has only one significant decrease in height in restaurants and cafes, which is solved by vertical lift. In conclusion identical experience can be expected for disabled people as well as for other visitors. . Vertical communications The use of vertical communication occurs at those 5 points in the following manner: 1 / main entrance staircase 2 / 2x side entrance from the park (elevator for the disabled, supply lift and emergency staircase) 3 / stairs and lifts to restaurants and cafés 4 / ramps to climb above the water level . Energy solution The building is located underground, and its main parts are made of reinforced concrete. Glass parts around the entrance ensure thermal insulation properties. . Light solution The landmark will be seen from a far as a prism of light coming from the sea. Vice versa entrance triangle will be illuminated only as an emergency area. To illuminate the landmark 180 waterproof conventional lamps will be used. They´ll be incorporated into the structure every half a meter. Dimensions for installation are in total 60x60x100cm along with collector of cooling. Visibility depends on meteorological conditions. The light pyramid should reach a height about 200 m under ideal conditions. The entrance space will be illuminated by indirect lights which will be embedded in the greenery around the edges of stairs and the main light source will the atrium with panoramic aquarium. Underwater tunnel will be lighted along the circumference in the inner tunnel for people and occasionally also directly in aquariums.

technical report I design 03/ 15

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TECHNICAL FACILITIES

LIGHTING

VERTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

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Summary: size of plot for building - 30,000 m² built-up area in the park below ground 4240 m² built-up area in the park above ground 1300 m² built-up area of 6450 m² sea net area of 10,970 m² Individual spaces: Hole in the ground - Space of the staircase 1450 m2 Entrance hall - 1,600 m² Facilities for visitors 225 m² Bookshop 225 m² Aquarium - entrance gate with space for fish farmers 490 m² Restaurant - 825 m², 230 people Cafe 825 m², 120 people Technical facilities and kitchen facilities 2070 m² Water tunnel -1565 m² A hole in the water - Space for ramps and prospect - 2770 m²

technical report I design 03/ 16

04 MODELS

LANDMARK MIAMI I Petra Ross I studio Suchomel I FUA TU Liberec 2013

model 1:2000 I models 04/01

openable model 1:250 I models 04/02