P H YSICS AND CHE MI ST RY OF PINH OL E P HOTO G R AP HY
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 MAKING THE CAMERA CHAPTER 2 PREPARING THE PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL CHAPTER 3 CAPTURING THE IMAGE CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING THE IMAGE CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
CHAPTER 1 MAKING THE CAMERA
Camera - Cardboard - Tin foil - Black paper - Concave & Convex lens
Tools - Glue and black tape - Needle - Pen / pencil - Scissors / knife
Photo paper taped to back of box
Box interior covered with black paper
Foil pricked with needle and taped to front of box
Aperture cover
SINGLE PINHOLE CAMERA
Photo paper taped to back of box
Box interior covered with black paper
Foil slit with needle and taped to front of box
Aperture cover
SINGLE SLIT CAMERA
Photo paper taped to back of box
Box interior covered with black paper
Slats
Foil pricked with needle and taped to front of box
Aperture cover
MULTI-PINHOLE CAMERA
Lid
Photo paper taped to the back
Aperture with cover
PARABOLIC-SURFACE SINGLE PINHOLE CAMERA
Box cover
Reel of photo paper in the middle of the box
Box interior covered with black paper
6 pieces of foil pricked with needle, taped around box
PANAROMIC PINHOLE CAMERA
DLSR lens replaced with pinhole cover, use shutter speed to control brightness of image
DIGITAL PINHOLE CAMERA
CHAPTER 2 PREPARING THE PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
Binder & Chemicals - Gelatin as binder on non-porous materials - Fotospeed emulsion
Materials Ready-made papers : - Ilford multigrade resin-coated b&w paper - Harman direct positive paper - Fomaspeed paper Other materials (to be coated) : - Timber - Plastic - Glass - Cloth/canvas - Aluminium can - Plaster, stone and concrete blocks
Porous materials : Timber Cloth/canvas Paper Stone block
Porous materials do not need binder
Non-porous materials : Plastic Glass Aluminium sheet Plaster/concrete block Apply gelatin binder to non-porous materials for photographic chemicals to adhere
Soften photo emulsion in hot water bath for at least 20 minutes
Under safelight, mix photo emulsion and water [1:2]
Photo emulsion Gelatin Non porous material Porous material
Using a foam brush, apply uniform coating of photo emulsion on materials.
Leave coated material to dry for at least 12 hours in the dark, before putting it in the camera.
CHAPTER 3 CAPTURING THE IMAGE
Photographic Material [Sensitivity / Iso of paper]
Focal length Exposure time [Duration aperture is exposed to light Exposure
ISO
Aperture size
Focal length [Distance between pinhole and photographic material Aperture size [Size of pinhole]
1
3
2 1
In safelight, attach coated material or ready-made photographic paper to the back of camera.
2
Position camera away from direct sunlight. Lift camera aperture cover to expose.
3
Cover pinhole to end exposure. Bring camera to darkroom for developing.
Refer to photography album to see prints.
VARIABLES FOCAL LENGTH
LIGHT CONDITION
focal length (mm)
50
100
Optimum exposure times
150
angle of view
SUNNY
OVERCAST
CLOUDY
INDOOR
NIGHT
5-10s
10-15s
15-20s
30m-1hr
FEW HOURS
PAPER SENSITIVITY Paper brand
magnification
Fomaspeed
ISO speed APERTURE
f-stop amount of light depth of field/focus
4
Ilford RC 3
Harman 1
Exposure time to produce equal image quality f/1.4
f/2
f/4
f/8
f/16 DISTORTION WITH LENS Without lens Image is blurry
EXPOSURE TIME
With converging lens Image is more focused & sharper
duration of exposure brightness/ sharpness of image
With diverging lens Light diverges, no image formed
CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING THE IMAGE
Chemicals - Ilford Multigrade developer - Ilford Ilfostop - Ilford Rapid Fixer
Work in darkroom with safelight and ventilation.
Mix developing chemical (A) and water [1:9]
Pour mix into tray A
Mix stop bath (B) and water [1:19]
Pour mix into tray B
Mix fixer (C) and water [1:9]
Pour mix into tray C
Remove exposed material from camera and immerse it in tray A for 3 minutes to develop
Remove from tray A
Immerse in tray B for 2 minutes to halt developing
Remove from tray B
Immerse in tray C for 3 minutes to fix image
Wash under running tap water for 30 seconds to remove chemical residue
Hang to dry
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS - DUNGENESS PHOTOGRAPHS - TEST PRINTS
Focal Length of camera : 10cm Exposure time : 10-15 seconds Sunny weather
Pinhole photographs taken in Dungeness
Single pinhole photograph of the power station
Multi pinhole photograph of the power station
Single pinhole photograph of a derelict hut
Multi pinhole photograph of a derelict hut
Constants : Emulsion - Silver nitrate Focal length of camera - 10cm Type of camera - Single pinhole Exposure time - 15 seconds
Rusted metal
Pinhole photographs tests on various materials
Aluminium Plaster
Tracing paper
Canvas cloth
Plastic
Timber
Watercolor paper
Ceramic
Glass