Building Science 2 Project 2 Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE II (BLD61303)

PROJECT 2 INTEGRATION PROJECT: LIGHTING ANALYSIS ON STUDIO V FINAL PROJECT

NAME: PHILIA CHUA YI SIAN STUDENT ID: 0318936 TUTOR: AR. EDWIN CHAN YEAN LIONG

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO.

CONTENT

1

INTRODUCTION

2

3

PAGE

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1–2

1.2 DESIGN INTENTION AND SPECIAL LIGHTING FEATURES

2–4

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS 2.1 READING/EVENT SPACE

5–7

2.2 LIGHT TUBE READING AREA

8 – 10

2.3 DAYLIGHTING IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES

11 – 12

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.1 GALLERY/EXHIBITION SPACE

13 – 16

3.2 PSALI IMPLEMENTATION

17 – 19

4

CONCLUSION

20

5

REFERENCES

21

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND The final project of Studio V module (ARC60306) calls for a design proposal on a community library on an urban infill site. The design of the building is to consist of relevant architectural responses that address the urban street context while creating a sense of interaction and integration within the community.

The site given is located in a shop lot unit along Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur. Address: 114, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, City Centre, 50100 Kuala Lumpur, WP. KL.

JALAN TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

PROJECT SITE

Macro and micro site plan of project site.

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Open Space: Open Car Park

Low building: Roshni Bakar Textile Shop

Low building: TNB Substation

Site section of project site.

The site has an East-West orientation, almost directly aligned with the sun path.

The site section above shows that the front and back of the site consists of low buildings and open space. Therefore, it receives maximum natural sunlight throughout the day with minimal blockage.

Thus, effective strategies for daylighting should be taken into consideration to utilize the benefit of the abundant daylight received whilst avoiding problems associated with glare.

Shadow cast on site at 9:00am, 1:00pm and 6:00pm respectively.

1.2 DESIGN INTENTION The design intention of my proposal was to understand and identify the urban rhythms along Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, and inject a new rhythm within the site, one that creates a strong sense of interaction and integration with a sense of vibrancy. Programs within the library were planned with the intention of 2

attracting the youth community which is lacking within the site, and to also create integration between the youths and the locals.

Daylighting strategies were crucial to my design as light was used as a symbolism of this new rhythm, an element which is crucial to highlight the main spaces and areas where the main integrative programs were to be carried out.

1.3 SPECIAL LIGHTING FEATURE The special lighting feature that was used in my design proposal is light tubes that penetrate through my four-storey building, where seating areas were created at the points of penetration for people to gather around the light to read, and diffused light at end of the light tube highlighting exhibits in the gallery space below.

The design idea of the light tube within the building is shown in the sectional perspective below: Light tube (Special lighting feature) Seating areas formed at points of injection of the new rhythm, where people gather to read and interact

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2 3

Front entrance (Facing East)

Back entrance (Facing West)

The spaces that are chosen for lighting analysis to be conducted are highlighted in red:1. Daylighting Analysis – Reading/Event Space 2. Daylighting Analysis – Light Tube Reading Area 3. Artificial Lighting Analysis – Gallery/Exhibition Space

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The design of the roof truss showcases a gridshell structure which bends down to anchor the light tubes into place. The 3D image below shows the structure of the roof truss:

The design of the light tube is shown in the section below. The silver surface lining the interior of the funnel allows more light to be reflected within the funnel before travelling down the light tube. Operable timber louvers allow control over the amount of daylight entering the building. The surface of the light tube consists of Washi Parchment encased within non-glare translucent glass to provide a warm diffused lighting within the interior reading spaces.

Light weight GFRC Roof cladding

Silver surface Circular Glass Panel

Timber Roof Truss

Operable Timber Louvers Non-glare Translucent Glass Washi Parchment

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2. DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS 2.1 READING/EVENT SPACE

4.95m

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SPACE

10.30m

5

85º

As seen in the section above, the Reading/Event Space is situated at the front of the library, where daylighting is most abundant as it faces the East. To avoid glare and discomfort, strips of louvers were added at the front of the building as a part of the façade design, thus effectively minimizing the window area directly exposed to sunlight.

2.1.2 DAYLIGHTING CALCULATIONS DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION Total floor area Area of windows (W, m2 ) Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2 )

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window ( ) Average reflectance of area A (R) Average Daylight Factor (DF)

50.99m² L= 4.36 (Area of window directly exposed to sun) H= 2.5 4.36 2.5 = 10.9m² Dimensions of Reading/Event Space L=10.30m, W=4.95m, H= 3.76m 2(10.30 4.95) + 2(4.95 3.76) + (5.94 3.76) + (10.30 3.76) = 101.97 + 37.22 + 22.33+ 38.73 = 200.25 0.6 (for double glazed window in clean environment) 85 (obstruction of Roshni Bazaar Textile Shop) 0.5 (considering light coloured room surfaces)

(According to MS1525, this room is considered bright.)

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2.1.3 DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE SIMULATION

As seen in the illuminance simulation above, it is observed that the vertical louvers at the faรงade of the building has greatly minimized the amount of light entering the space, as high amount of illuminance is terminated directly after the faรงade layer, thus effectively resolving issues relating to glare. The brightness of the room as calculated for daylight factor also shows that the space is bright enough for reading purposes.

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2.2 LIGHT TUBE READING AREA 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SPACE

Radius : 1500m Circumference: 9.42m Area : 7.07m²

7.65m

9.65m

Area : 2.48m² (To be subtracted when calculating internal area)

6.99m

8

20º

As seen in the plan and section above, the Light Tube Reading Area is separated from the adjacent Reading/Event Space by an opaque wall, thus the main source of direct daylight coming from the light tube becomes the focus of the space. The surface area of light tube within the space would be taken into account as the Window area (W) directly exposed to daylight.

2.2.2 DAYLIGHTING CALCULATIONS DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION Total floor area Area of windows (W, m2 ) Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2 )

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window ( ) Average reflectance of area A (R) Average Daylight Factor (DF)

64.97m² L= 9.42 (Circumference of light tube) H= 3.4 9.42 3.4 = 32.03m² Dimensions of Reading Area (As Reading Area is not rectangular, detailed dimensions are recorded in the floor plan above) (9.65 3.4) + (6.99 3.4) + (7.65 3.4) + 2[(6.99 9.65) 2.48 7.07] = 32.81 + 23.77 + 26.01+ 115.81 = 198.40 0.5 (Translucent glass used) 20 (Measured from centre of light tube area to edge of roof opening) 0.5 (considering light coloured room surfaces)

(According to MS1525, this room is considered bright.)

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2.2.3 DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE SIMULATION

As seen in the illuminance simulation above, it is observed that the diffused light omitted by the light tube is evenly dispersed outwards and the calculations done using the daylight factor equation also shows that the space is bright enough for reading purposes. However, the issue of glare within the space is apparent as a specific area of the space is seen to be too bright.

Therefore, strategies to resolve this issue will be discussed in the next section: “Daylighting Improvement Strategies�.

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2.3 DAYLIGHTING IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES 2.3.1 DESIGN OF LIGHT TUBE Improvements are proposed towards the design of the light tube to capture more daylight effectively, as well as resolving glare issues. A glass dome is added to control the direction of the light that enters the tube, and with the surface area of the silver surface increased, more light is reflected into the building. The angled structure of the tube helps resolve glare issues as light is bounced within the tube before diffused lighting travels down to the floors below.

Exterior clear dome Dome seal

Openings for ventilation (prevent moisture trap)

Silver surface

Roof line Operable timber louvers

2.3.2 EFFECTS OF IMPROVEMENT The effects of improvement are apparent throughout the day as the glass dome effectively diffuses the light that enters the building, as shown in the light penetration diagrams below. This would also directly resolve glare issues present in the previously proposed design.

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Concentrated light

Diffused light

Light penetration at 9:00am-11:00am.

Concentrated light

Diffused light

Light penetration at 3:00pm-6:00pm.

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3. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.1 GALLERY/EXHIBITION SPACE

9.40m

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SPACE

6.99m

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As seen in the section above, the Gallery/Exhibition Space is seen to be slightly recessed into the building, with the Reading/Event Space analyzed previously providing shade for the interior space. One special feature that is noted for this space is that the light tube ends directly within the ceiling space of this area, with the diffused lighting from the light tube illuminating the main exhibit in the center of the gallery.

3.1.2

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Type of Fixture Product Model Fixation Type of Luminous Luminous flux (lm) Power (W) Colour Temperature (K) Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

LED Track lighting DELTALIGHT SPY ON HP 92733 ADL Ceiling surface mounted Halogen White 1923 16 2700 90

LED track lighting is used as lighting fixtures within the chosen space to accommodate flexible arrangements of the exhibits within the gallery. It is important to ensure that a CRI value of at least 90 is used to showcase the true color of the exhibits.

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3.1.3

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

ROOM INDEX CALCULATION Dimension of Gallery/Exhibition Space(m) Total Floor Area (m²) Height of ceiling (m) Type of Lighting Fixture Luminous Flux of lighting (F/m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting Height (H/Hm) IES Standard Illumination Level for Workshop Space (E) Room Index, RI (K)

L=9.40, W=6.99 65.71 3.40 LED Track Lighting 1923lm 1.0 3.40 – 1.0= 2.40 300 lux (Assuming exhibits insensitive to light)

LUMEN CALCULATION Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E) Area at working plane height (A, m2)

Luminous Flux (F) Utilization factor (UF) Maintenance factor (MF) Lumen Calculation (N, number of lights)

Fitting layout (where spacing, m)

300 Dimension of Gallery/Exhibition Space L=9.40m, W=6.99m 9.40 6.99 = 65.71 1923 0.54 (based on UF table) 0.8 (standard)

is maximum

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3.1.4

LIGHT FITTING SPACING DIAGRAM

The reflected ceiling plan of the Gallery/Exhibition Space above shows the proposed light fitting spacing complying to the of 2.4m calculated previously. However, the circular void highlighted in yellow present in the ceiling space results in the assumption that 2 out of the 24 lighting fixtures is to be removed. Artificial lighting is also added at the top portion of the light tube, illuminating the entire light tube when daylighting is insufficient, as shown in the section below:

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3.2 PSALI IMPLEMENTATION 3.2.1

DAYLIGHTING ILLUMINANCE SIMULATION

The daylighting illuminance simulation above shows how most of the daylight enters the space through the window facing East, and the diffused daylight from the light tube highlighting the middle of the space. The issue of glare is still mildly present, but can be resolved through the strategies mentioned in Section 2.3.

3.2.2

ARTIFICAL ILLUMINANCE SIMULATION (Simulation includes LED track lighting and artificial lighting at the top portion of light tube)

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3.2.3

LIGHT FIXTURE WIRING DIAGRAM

SW1

SW2

The concept of PSALI is to utilize daylight to its maximum and supplement that with artificial lighting only as needed. According to the illuminance simulation of purely natural daylight and purely artificial lighting, the wiring of the light fixtures is determined.

It is assumed that when daylight is sufficient, only light fixtures connected to SW1 are turned on to ensure that the combination of artificial lighting and natural lighting is distributed evenly across the Gallery/Exhibition Space. Whereas light fixtures connected to SW2 are only turned on during night time or when natural daylight is insufficient to illuminate the area closer to the windows to save electricity.

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3.2.4

PSALI ILLUMINANCE SIMULATION

The illuminance simulation above shows the combination of daylight and artificial lighting when daylighting is sufficient and only light fixtures connected to SW1 is turned on to illuminate the area further away from the windows. The effect of the light tube to highlight the main exhibit in the center of the Gallery is still noticeable.

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4. CONCLUSION

The lighting analysis conducted throughout this study has truly put the feasibility of my proposed design to the test. Improved daylighting strategies could greatly enhance the lighting quality of the interior spaces as well as strengthen the experiential aspect of my design intention. Reading areas and main integrative spaces associated with the light tubes would be more conducive as the quality of the spaces is elevated in relation to the function of the spaces.

Other than that, the effective implementation of the PSALI concept within the interior spaces showcases the unique combination of natural day light and artificial light fixtures to achieve appropriate illuminance standards set by MS1525. This concept should be incorporated carefully with the light fixture wirings throughout the whole building to achieve maximum reduction of electricity use.

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5. REFERENCES -

Armas, J. (2017). Lighting for Museums. Tallinn: Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved from http://egdk.ttu.ee/files/parnu2011winter/Parnu2011_winter_076-079.pdf

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Department of Standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION). N.p, Department of Standards Malaysia, Retrieved from www.msonline.gov.my

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Lighting and Daylighting Design | Sustainability Workshop. (2013).

Sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com. Retrieved 16 July 2017, from https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/lighting-and-daylightingdesign

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SPY ON HP 92733 ADL. (2017). Delta Light. Retrieved 16 July 2017, from http://www.deltalight.com/en/products/detail/spy-on-hp-92733-adl-414-361-21921-adl

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