The Dam Wall - Phillip Sherman, Masters in Architecture.

Figure 01: Cover: Hartbeespoort Dam sketch (Author, 2015) Figure 02: Algae under a microscope (Author, 2015)

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This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree Magister Technologiae: Architecture: Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology, and is my own original work. It has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted text is indicated, and acknowledged in a comprehensive list of references.

Phillip Sherman

The Design of a Microalgae

Monitoring and Bio-Based Energy Facility

at the Crown Sluices (Crest Gates) of the Hartbeespoort Dam by

Phillip Sherman

Study Leaders: supervisor:

Prof. Jacques Laubscher co-supervisor: Prof. Gerald Steyn

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Tshwane University of Technology: Department of Architecture November 2015

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________________________________________________Programme ---- Tectonic tension parasitic infrastructures( amalgamation of functions, research lab-

oratories, public event square, recreational, visitor exhibition, energy harvest, vistas, waste disposal and public social spaces.).................................................................

__________________________________________Site ---- North West Province, Hartbeespoort Dam, Hartbeespoort Dam Triomfboog wall

and crown sluices, South Africa.......................................................................................

__________________________________________Client ---- Department of Water Affairs (DWA) and North-West University (NWU)................... ________________Theoretical Discourse ---- Eco - techno utopian resiliency - understanding the nature of the Hartbeespoort

Dam as a multi-functional industry, and the role that new productive industries could play in establishing a sustainable, resilient future for the dam in its current time, as well as when it gets decommissioned...................................................................

_________________________________Main Research Question ---- What happens when a dam gets decommission due to its lack of usefulness? What

is the foreseeable outcome of the larger infrastructure when a dam starts exploiting concerns of soil erosion, nutrient build-up, unbalanced ecology, and species extinction?.........................................................................................................................................

____________________Issues of Concern ---- “The industrial landscape is a misunderstood heritage: at worst, an urban rust-belt,

dangerous, a toxic wilderness: at best, an outstanding historical resource to be reused, regenerating communities, offering real richness and opportunity, reinforcing cultural identity and creating new commercial prospects� (Douet, 2012:14). .............

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_ABSTRACT Renewable energy sources, like biomass, are becoming increasingly important as an alternative to fossil fuels. One of these new sources of biomass is microalgae (Brink, 2011: i).

The Hartbeespoort Dam is located 37 km west of Pretoria, and has one of the densest concentrations of microalgae in the world. The dam has great potential for microalgal biomass production due to its high nutrient loading, stable climatic conditions, size, and close proximity to major urban and industrial centres. (Brink, 2011: i) This dissertation investigates a new paradigm of architectural interventions and related infrastructures. The aim is not only to provide energy from the harvesting of the microalgae, but also to understand and explore their architectural paradigms as a public medium. The design project is an appropriate architectural typology that aids in the transformation of negative environmental effects of such current infrastructures at the Hartbeespoort Dam.

PreliminariesDeclaration................................................................................... ..

Identification.................................................................................

[Chapter. 000] Project Summary........................................................................

-------- ...........................

pg : ii pg : iii pg : v pg : vi

Introduction Introduction...................................................................................

Environmental effects of dams..........................................

[Chapter. 001] Issues of concern........................................................................

--------...........................

pg : 3-6 pg : 7 pg : 8-9 pg : 10 pg : 12-14

Abstract.............................................................................................

Environmental effects...............................................................

Problem statements............................................................

Theoretical Discourse [Chapter. 002] --------...........................

Context and Site --------...........................

[Chapter. 003] Design Parameters [Chapter. 004] --------...........................

Precedents [Chapter. 005] --------........................5.

Concept Development [Chapter. 006] --------........................5.

Design Resolution [Chapter. 007] --------........................7.

Technical Resolution [Chapter. 008] --------........................8.

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The narrative of a dam wall................................................

Problem statement..................................................................

Theoretical concept................................................................

From ground plant to water plant...............................

2015 - Research, monitoring and visitors centre 2015 - 2050 - Parasitic harvest facility ........................

2300 - Agricultural revolution...........................................

pg : 18 pg : 20 pg : 21-22 pg : 23-24 pg : 26 pg : 27 pg : 28

Context and site analysis......................................................

Macro analysis..............................................................................

Micro analysis................................................................................

pg : 31-33 pg : 34-42 pg : 43-50

Algae biomass.............................................................................

Algae vs hydroelectric power...........................................

Programme process................................................................

Programmatic informants...................................................

Harvesting.......................................................................................

Precedent.........................................................................................

Accommodation list......................................................................

pg : 53 pg : 54 pg : 55 pg : 56-57 pg : 58-59 pg : 60 pg : 61-62

Precedents.......................................................................................

Conclusion.......................................................................................

pg : 65-69 pg : 70

Conceptual programming..................................................

Algae monitoring and research..........................................

Public domain ..............................................................................

Parasitic harvest facility ...........................................................

Structural analysis......................................................................

Solar exposure..............................................................................

Material palette..............................................................................

pg : 73-74 pg : 75-82 pg : 83-88 pg : 89-92 pg : 93-94 pg : 95 pg : 96

Site.........................................................................................................

Plans......................................................................................................

Sections..............................................................................................

Perspectives....................................................................................

pg : 99-100 pg : 101-110 pg : 111-118 pg : 119-124

Plans...................................................................................................

Elevation..........................................................................................

Sections...........................................................................................

Details................................................................................................

pg : 127-133 pg : 134 pg : 135-136 pg : 137-141

Acknowledgements..............................................................

pg : 144

References.....................................................................................

pg : 146-150

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Figure 03: Dam wall(Author, 2015)

_INTRODUCTION Dams have become one of the most important entities in utilising water resources. Dams have been constructed long before current information about hydrology and hydromechanics became available. A dam is the cornerstone in the development and management of water resource development of a river basin.

Dams are used to prevent floods, control stream regimes, generate energy and as a water source for domestic and industrial irrigation purposes. Hartbeespoort Dam is a multipurpose dam with several thresholds.

However, dams also often cause considerable damage to the environment and living organisms. The construction of large dams changes the relationship threshold between water and land, disturbing existing ecosystems. Throughout the past decade, the negative impacts of dam construction have become widely known. (McCartney, Sullivan and Acreman, 2015 ) Dams alter the aquatic ecology and river hydrology, both upstream and downstream, affecting water quality, quantity, and breeding grounds (Petr and Swar, 2002: 139).A man-made dam essentially creates an artificial aquatic environment.

The possibility of building a dam in the Hartbeespoort, where the Crocodile River cuts through the Magaliesberg, had already been considered in 1902 (Liaison, 1991). Water from the Crocodile River has been used since the Stone Age. It is believed that the first peoples (Urewe people) of the Iron Age arrived in the area 300 A D (Celliers, 2013). Evidence of their presence can be seen at the Broederstroom Archaeological Site. For 900 years, the peoples (Urewe people) of the Iron Age utilised the clay, iron ore, and flora for irrigation, farming, and shelter for man and animal .(Celliers, 2013) Figure 04: Algae congestion against dam wall.

(Author, 2015)

The.evolution.of.an.industrial.arch(i)-type.infrastructure Hartbeespoort Dam is the second largest dam in South Africa, but is the largest reservoir of microalgae biomass, due to its contextual conditions. (Brink, 2011) South Africa has the following dams with the following associated sizes:

Figure 05: Dam Sizes.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 06: Regional analysis.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 07: Urban landscape one.

(Author, 2015)

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Hartbeespoort Dam supplies irrigation water through a 544 km long network of canals, to 159.76 km² of farmland, on which tobacco, wheat, lucerne, fruit, and flowers are produced.

The canal system stretches approximately 64 km along the Crocodile River, and provides water for irrigation to the northern agricultural area. The canal system consists of two main canals; one on the western bank, which is 56 km long, and another along the eastern bank, which is 48 km long.

Both canals supply 8.5m³cubic meters of water per second.

The east canal leads into a northern canal that is 30 km long, thus accounting for the total length of 532 km.

Unfortunately, the dam has not become famous for its aesthetics, or water storage ability. It is recognised as one of the worst examples of eutrophication, caused by high levels of phosphates and nitrates that wash into the dam. This extreme level of eutrophication is easily recognisable by the dam’s green colour, which also has a negative effect on the water quality, aquatic life, use of the dam, as well as on the environment.

Figure 08: Urban landscape two.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 09 - 12: Hartbeespoort polluted waters.

(Author, 2015)

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_ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF DAMS/ HARTBEESPOORT DAM REGION The Hartbeespoort Dam wall and its reservoir has altered the: 1.Landscape topography, and reduced biodiversity. The reduction is due to the blocking of moving organisms, as well as the following changes (Akbarzadeh, 2011: 24) a) “Upstream change from river valley to reservoir” b) “Changes in downstream morphology of riverbed and banks, delta, estuary

an coastline due to altered sediment load” c) “Changes in downstream water quality: effects on river temperature, nutrient load, turbidity, dissolved gases, concentration of heavy metals and minerals”

Changes Associated: -environmental effects -physical land loss -agriculture

-environmental effects -physical land loss -forestry

- environmental effects - physical land loss - residential material and topsoil

Hartbeespoort Dam is in a hypertrophic state. The cause of the eutrophication problem relates to two main issues:

- environmental effects - physical land loss - endangered species

1.The nutrient build-up within the dam.

2.The unbalanced ecology within the dam.

Figure 13: Eutrophication parti diagrams.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 14: Changes associated.

(Author, 2015)

The.evolution.of.an.industrial.arch(i)-type.infrastructure _ISSUES OF CONCERN:

Figure 15: Mass industrial architecture.

THE MASS INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE: Privatisation and function driven infrastructure has erased the qualities that allow for man’s sense of spatial exploration and experience, by separating the industrial heritage from the public realm. The site challenges the opportunities for movement vectors concerning the accessibility of the facility, which also entails public and private dichotomy. The mass industrial architecture results in a limited and restricted spatial experience within the steep and uneven topography of the post-industrial environment. It is through architecture that an understanding of place will be regained. It is architecture’s charge to return decommissioned industrial sites to the public view, restoring their sense of place by adding a new functional and experiential layer that reinstates meaning and initiates future development.

(Author, 2015)

THE JETSAM AND SEDIMENT BUILD UP: The sluice gates are built on the upper part of the dam wall, and has caused sediment build up to congest against the bottom of the wall, altering the landscape typology within the dam. This build-up accounts for the lack of hydro pressure build up that is used to generate electricity. Material that has a jetsam property adds to the population of sediments at the bottom of the dam. An additional water tunnel intervention is presented to purge the sediment build up against the dam wall, thus supporting the dam’s longevity before it becomes decommissioned. The dissertation proposes an architectural intervention that focuses on the harvesting of polluted floatsam algae.

Figure 15a: Jetsam and sediment build up.

(Author, 2015)

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THE POLLUTED FLOTSAM ALGAE CONGESTION: Due to the prevailing northeast summer winds and the natural legato of the water from the Crocodile River, the flotsam algae congests against the dam wall. The dam wall becomes a barrier that prevents the natural flow of the river, preventing sediments, nutrients, and organic material to displace and prevent congestion. This dissertation proposes an architectural intervention that is placed on the mass structure of the dam wall, crown sluices infrastructure, and the natural landscape. The intervention focuses on the harvesting of polluted floatsam algae.

Figure 08: Top: Urban landscape two.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 16: Below: Polluted flotsam algae congestion.

(Author, 2015)

The.evolution.of.an.industrial.arch(i)-type.infrastructure _ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS/ ALGAE IN THE HARTBEESPOORT DAM

Hartbeespoort Dam is renowned for its poor water quality (Allanson & Gieskes, 1961: 18). The algae in Hartbeespoort Dam is a green microalgae that has chlorarachniophyte and euglenids members, which grow off movement and photosynthesis . (Allanson &, Gieskes, 1961: 18).

High phosphate levels are not unique to the Hartbeespoort Dam, but caused one of the worst algae blooms in 2003 (Anon., 2004: 1) These hyperscums do not grow so rapidly, or in such vast quantities anywhere else in the country. Treatment actions upstream have been unable to resolve the current conditions at the dam. According to Water Wheel (Anon., 2004: 1): “The most successful management approach so far has been the physical removal of the cyanobacterial plant that forms when the blue-green algae rise to the surface and starts rotting. An emergency clean-up happened in April of 2009. It took ten days to pump out the bulk of the three hectares of algae pollution that had accumulated along the dam wall. In doing so, 500 kg worth of phosphate from the dam was removed.�

However, this approach is a lost opportunity in the harvest of biomass.

Figure 17: Top: Severe water pollution in China.

(http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2014/07/severe-water-pollution-in-china/ #1, 2014)

Figure 18: Middle: Algae congestion layers.

(Author, 2015) Figure 19: Below: Hyperscum pollution.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 20: Panoramic view of Hartbeespoort Dam wall.

(Author, 2015)

The.evolution.of.an.industrial.arch(i)-type.infrastructure _PROBLEM STATEMENTS: This dissertation aims to investigate: • The role of architecture in establishing a sustainable, resilient future for the mass industrial site at the Hartbeespoort Dam. • How the proposed design can sustain the surrounding towns and provide a source of renewable energy to the local community.

• The architecture as a catalyst, to establish a new relationship with the mass industrial infrastructure and the current landscape environment.

• The transformation of a threatening, unapproachable decommissioned industrial site into a accessible and intriguing place that encourages exploration and heightens experience.

• How architecture establishes a new interface between the public realm and power harness industrial industry.

• How architecture creates a physical integration with spaces within the industrial structures that would allow for a diversity of spatial experience.

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SOCIAL REALM: The proposed design aims to : Prevent decommissioned damming sites to become industrial ruins within a altered landscape, with no sense of place or identity. Mass industrial sites are often misunderstood, portraying an industrial triumph of infrastructure with positive outcomes.

Initiate a social realm of involvement and taking ownership of industrial damming sites while encouraging an awareness, understanding and appreciation of the landscape and heritage.

ECOLOGICAL: According to Akbarzadeh (2011: 5), “the construction of large scale dams provide regional water and global energy support for communities, however deprave some people with land and contribute to numerous environmental effects.“ The proposed design plays a role in facilitating the regeneration and remediation that contributes to the resilience of the landscape.

Tectonic technological regenerative design principles are applied to regenerate the industrial environment for the mutual benefit of the ecology, society and the cultural identity of the industrial landscape.

ECONOMIC - CLIENT: The Department of Water Affairs have taken action to re-mediate affected landscapes, as is the case with Hartbeespoort Dam. However, the DWA does not, harvest the potential power entrapped within the body of water.

The dam has great potential for micro-algal biomass production, by way of various research investigations conducted by the North-West University.

To what extent can micro-industries, produce place-bound alternative fuels, that can be integrated into the current power system, and benefit the surrounding industrial heritage and community, to simultaneously provide a new source of energy after the decommissioning of the dam, while

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also regenerating the environment? How can a new approach to industrial architecture reconcile the public with the production of alternative energy, by establishing an experiential interface between the public and industry?

PURPOSE OF THE DISSERTATION: The purpose of this dissertation is to question the Hartbeespoort Dam’s triumph success, examining whether the dam’s mass infrastructure achievements out-way the negative implications of the altered landscape.

The dissertation proposes an alternative, resilient solution, and initiates the regeneration of the environment. Architecture redeems the Hartbeespoort Dam’s sense of place by allowing for diverse technological and spatial experiences within the industrial environment. The proposed design provides an alternative approach to industrial architecture, by establishing a new interface between the public, the productive industry, and the mass industrial infrastructure.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The research methodologies used in this dissertation address the dissertation question, and develop an appropriate architectural response.

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION METHOD: Participating in an observational method captures and records information through observation, participation, and experience in order to identify information that is relevant to the study. A thorough investigation of the Hartbeespoort Dam area is conducted through an analysis of environmental reports, relevant literature, and existing development frameworks. The specific area of focus (the crown sluices and dam wall) are observed and documented through numerous site visits and on-site interviews. An expert on the dam wall, has relayed a crucial understanding of its history, its design, and the development. This understanding allows for a qualitative

The.evolution.of.an.industrial.arch(i)-type.infrastructure

photographic study of the dam wall to be conducted. The study includes the industrial landmarks, buildings, platforms, stereotomic mass structures, the crown sluices, and the arch, as the primary medium to capture qualitative data of the current site conditions.

retical approach, which informs the development of the urban framework and the proposed architecture, is established by investigating pertinent theory concerning technological utopianism, resilience, and regenerative design.

MAPPING: The site selection and anchor is informed by Mapping and observation of the selected area. The site informs the development of a master-plan, spatial framework and design approach. This method is used to map the position and value of the industrial fabric, the existing infrastructure, the location of anchor components, the land form, ecological and physical conditions, circulation and movement patterns, relationships on the site, existing vegetation, and climatic conditions.

APPLICATION OF RESEARCH: The interpretation of the research culminates in a conceptual design approach, which addresses the intentions and gives expression to an architectural built-form. This conceptual approach is developed and expanded into a tectonic technological resilience concept, which informs every aspect of the technical resolution and detailing.

ARCHIVES: Historical site photographs, maps, literature and articles are studied to achieve an understanding of the site’s past and how it has developed over time.

PRECEDENTS: An understanding of the programme and the various cultivation processes is attained through interdisciplinary research, by consulting the relevant literature to understand the essential oil extraction process, and the facilities that act as a programmatic precedent. An architectural precedent study explores the spatial experience and tectonic structure that informs the making of industrial architecture, on a physical and practical level.

DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The dam is currently still operational, but negatively impacts the environment. Therefore, this dissertation assumes the dam wall and all relevant structures will be imminently decommissioned.

The investigations refrain from quantifying economic figures or economic viability as an outcome. This dissertation seeks to reintroduce a public interface, industrial diversity, and spatial experiences within the context of the industrial framework of the dam. The cross-programming of industrial production of alternative fuels, and experiential public space is prioritised in conjunction with the adaptive re-use of the mass industrial site and its structures.

THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION: The theoretical departure of the dissertation is developed through a review and investigation of applicable theory and theoretical literature. The theoPage [14]

Figure 21: The Arc de Triomphe.

(Author, 2015)

T _THE NARRATIVE OF A DAM WALL /DAMMING THE POORT

road tarmac between Pretoria and Rustenburg was completed. The road passes through a 56,6m tunnel, and also crosses the dam wall.

The Hartbeespoort Dam plays a significant role in the history and legacy of the old Transvaal, in the Union of South African. The dam is regarded a triumph in an economically restless period.

Whenever the dam was full to capacity, the water would run over the concrete rim. In 1964, water levels were raised by 2,4m when the Department of Water Affairs proposed that ten steel radial crown sluices (crest gates) be placed on top of the concrete rim. The radial crown sluices were completed in 1970, increasing the dam’s volume from 160 million to 205 million cubic meters. This increased capacity makes a larger volume of water available for irrigation.

Today, the dam still irrigates almost 14 000 ha of land.

The arch built on the Hartbeespoort Dam wall is its most distinguishable feature. It is a miniature replica of Arc de Triomphe in Paris. The arch is on the western side of the dam, symbolising a gateway. The archway is approximately 12,5m high. There are two inscriptions on the arch:. The first, on the eastern side, reads

“dedi in deserto aquas, flumina in invio”,” which means - “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert” (Isaiah 43:20) The second inscription, on the western side, reads

The dam wall and the arch are regarded as a triumphed achievement. This dissertation investigates the assertion of this presupposed triumphed achievement.

”sine aqua arida ac misera agri cultura”, which means - “without water it is arid and miserable in agriculture”’

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Hartbeespoort before the Dam

Hartbeespoort Dam built in segments

Constructed Crown Sluices in 1970

These inscriptions symbolise the triumph of the dam. The dam currently still provides a substantial amount of water for irrigation and domestic use, to a vast number of people and communities.

Figure 22: Left: Hartbeespoort Dam Arc de Triomphe.

Construction of the dam wall was completed in 1923. In September of that year, the new main

(Author, after http://www.harties.org.za/damgallery.aspx, 2015)

(http://swanphotography.co.za/?attachment_id=575, 2015)

Figure 23 - 26: Right: Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Programme - Dam Gallery

Aerial View of Infrastructure Page [18]

Figure 27: Decommissioned Hartbeespoort Dam. (Author, 2015)

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_PROBLEM STATEMENT/ DAMMING OF THE PORT There are few examples of dams that are decommission due to their uselessness. Dam removal is tedious, unsafe, and costly.

The following stages typically apply: The river/dams water needs to first be diverted or pumped around the site.

Depending on the dams scale, explosions are used to make excavation easier.

Due to the environmental damaged caused by the explosives, restoration of the embankments are then done and further restoration of the urban area.

This dissertation briefly investigates three phases of the life cycle of the Hartbeespoort Dam:

_WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A DAM BECOMES DECOMMISSIONED?

Phase 1. 2015 (present): - A research, monitoring and visitors centre.

- An open loop parasitic harvest facility.

Phase 2. 2050 (dam remediation): - A closed loop parasitic harvest facility.

Phase 3. 2300 (dam decommissioning): - The dam hosting multiple agricultural farms.

The proposed design project within this dissertation, focuses on phase 1 of the life cycle of the dam. The dissertation also briefly illustrates the year 2050 as a closed- loop harvest facility system, which generates substantial energy for its surrounding area. In the years of 2300’s, the dam will host multiple agricultural farms , reflecting back on its heritage value as an agricultural region.

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_THEORETICAL CONCEPT /

A CANDIDATE FOR AN ECO - TECHNOUTOPIANISM RESILIENCY

This chapter investigates eco - technoutopianism resiliency as an approach to understanding the nature of the Hartbeespoort Dam. The dam plays many roles as a multi-functional industry. These include:

Irrigation for the use of agricultural purposes

Hydro electric power generation

Phase 1. 2015

- A research, monitoring and visitor centre.

- An open loop parasitic harvest fa cility.

These new productive industries will help establish a sustainable, resilient future for the dam in its current time as well as when it becomes decommissioned. A theoretical approach that re-establishes the dam as a functional place by generating space and energy, by investigating the industrial heritage site through its actual proposed functions; irrigation, energy harvest and unconscious tourist attraction. The theoretical concept of ecology and technology to create a resilience within a built from, will inform the development of the framework and the architectural response .

Figure 28: Ecology to candidate concept development.

(Author, 2015)

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_TECHNOLOGICAL + RESILIENCY = AN ECO - TECHNOUTOPIANISM RESILIENCY CANDIDATE Technological utopianism is any ideology based on the premise that advances in science and technology will eventually bring about a utopia. (Howard, 1986) A techno-utopia idea is solely operating for the benefit and well-being of all its citizens, set in the near - or far-future, when advanced science and technology will allow these ideal living standards to exist (Howard, 1986). By understanding algae as a potential candidate for technological advancement (renewable technological energy source), further architectural interventions are generated, by introducing a technological resiliency as a theoretical discourse of investigation. The definition of resiliency is the power or ability to return to the original form or position after being altered, or the ability to recover readily from illness. (Weiner &, Simpson, 1989).

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_FROM GROUND PLANT TO WATER PLANT / A TIMELINE OF HARTBEESPOORT The time line below (figure 29) depicts the development of Hartbeespoort Dam, from an agricultural farm, to a mass industrial dam. The time line focuses on the year 2015 - The design of a microalgae monitoring and bio-based energy facility.

Figure 29: A time line of Hartbeespoort Dam. (Author, 2015)

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Figure 30: Project focus- Algae Harvest and research Facility.

(Author, 2015)

T _2015 - RESEARCH, MONITORING AND VISITORS CENTRE / MICROALGAE MONITORING AND BIO-BASED ENERGY FACILITY

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According to Reed (2005: 3), “the critical dialogue between architecture and landscape offers an ameliorative power to revive and illuminate - passionately engaging with the most dismal of territories.” Therefore architecture and the built environment have a direct relationship to the landscape, which can clearly be identified. If the landscape is transfigured and considered in relation to the notion or idea of place, and to the definition of boundaries, the intrinsic appreciation and understanding of the importance of the landscape becomes fundamental in the development of architectural thinking. Therefore, it should not be divided from the conception of spatial and temporal strata (Birksted, 2000: 26).

In exploring the mutable exchange between the landscape and the Hartbeespoort Dam wall architecture, and weaving these two threads, the ‘manmade’ and the ‘natural are afforded the opportunity’ to be intertwined in an engaging and critical dialogue. (Birksted, 2000: 27). The Hartbeespoort Dam wall has dynamic environments, full of energy that is constructed again and again, responding to ever-changing forces, different cycles, and varying speeds . The landscape, and newly introduced architectural, technological typology, subtly change through everyday energy, occupation, weathering, climate, and functional reasons. _GENERATING READAPTION: Carta (2007: 37) states that “regeneration represents that active creative principle that transforms and renews a system.” Kibert (2008: 124) imparts that regenerative design is: “a design process that engages and focuses on the evolution of the whole of the system of which we are part. By engaging all the processes of the place humans, other biotic systems, earth systems, and the consciousness that connects them the design process builds the capability of people and the “more than human” participants to engage in continuous and health relationship through co-evaluation.”

The architectural intervention should therefore establish interconnected relationships between landscape and man-made industrial infrastructure, and in turn the healing of the environment, by creating conditions and opportunities provoked by the architecture.

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_2015 - 2050 - PARASITIC HARVEST FACILITY / MICROALGAE MONITORING AND BIO-BASED ENERGY FACILITY

_ENERGY OF PLACE

Understanding the memory (story) embodied within an environment’s purpose, enables the development of an appropriate re-adaptive response.

“The narrative structure or framework for Story of Place emerges through developing a pattern understanding of how the geological, natural, and human history and culture have interwoven through time to create the unique nature of a place” (Mang and Reed, 2012: 32). Therefore enables an understanding of how living systems function and how man made systems can be aligned with these systems to the benefit of all” (Raubenheimer, 2014: 81).

Figure 31: 2050 Closed loop parasitic harvest facility.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 32: 2050 Closed loop parasitic harvest facility on dam wall.

(Author, 2015)

The framework for “story of place” can inform appropriate generators on how the dam’s environment can be supported and regenerated through design. In 1942, the dam was used as a source of generating hydroelectric power, but became decommissioned in 1994. Therefore, by investigating its lost memory(hydroelectric power) into a functional system. The algae layers and its potential for harvest, are used to restore the memory of harvesting and regeneration .

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_2300 - AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION / BACK TO THE PAST _PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

According to Folke (2006: 253), “old dominant perspectives have implicitly assumed a stable and infinitely resilient environment where resource flows could be controlled and nature would self-repair into equilibrium when human stresses were removed” In the year 2300, Hartbeespoort Dam’s water supply will be diverted or pumped around the site. The decrease in water level height will allow for agricultural farms to populate the river bed. The latching parasitic harvest facility is of a light weight tectonic structure and will be easy to remove.

Due to the scale of the dam, explosives will be used to make excavation easier. Due to the environmental damage caused by the explosives, restoration of the embankments are then done, to allow agricultural farms to fully populate the valley of the Hartbesspoort. This will bring restoration to the Crocodile river and urban landscape.

Figure 33: Year 2300 -The dam hosting multi agricultural farms master plan.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 34: Algae intimate touchstone.

(Author, 2015)

_CONTEXT AND SITE ANALYSIS The stereotomic industrial typology of the Hartbeespoort Dam, which exists within its current altered environment, acts as a polluted algae vessel. A thorough analysis of the context is conducted on primary scales of intervention:

a macro analysis on an urban scale

a meso analysis on an infrastructural scale

a micro analysis on a site scale

Through this analysis of history, ecological condition, climatic conditions and the nature of topology of the land form, as well as an analysis of the location of the architectural anchor is investigated on the response of the water body . Thus this analysis conclusions will be drawn that will inform the architectural response.

North West Province Hartbeespoort Dam South Africa

Africa

Figure 35: Electrical map from Africa to North West Province.

(Author, 2015)

25.7475째S, 27.8669째E

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Figure 36: Algae pollution over time (Author, 2015)

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Figure 36a: Algae pollution over time

(Author, after http://www.harties.org.za/damgallery.aspx, 2015)

A _MACRO ANALYSIS / ANALYSIS OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND

SERVICE AREAS OF THE DAM WALL

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Dam infrastructure - Triomfboog arch dam wall and steel crest gates

Soft space - Existing terrace platforms

Dam infrastructure - Water and hydroplant concrete channels

Dam service infrastructure

Main Road - Scoot Street Secondary Streets

1. Hydroelectric turbines 1924 2. Hydro service room 1924 3. Hydroelectric inlet platform 1924 4. Dam wall service room 1923 5. Dam wall service room 1923 6. Steel crest gates service room 1964 7. Steel crest gates service room 1964

Figure 37: Infrastructure analysis Page [34]

(Author, 2015)

Arc de Triomphe

Crest gates

Service rooms

Value: Datum and hierarchy point for the height of proposed facility into context

Value: Anchor for the proposed design, intimate point between water and architecture

Value: Existing facilities to be adaptable to services of the proposed facility.

Triomfboog dam wall

Water channel

Terrace platforms

Value: anchor for parasitic harvest facility to extract algae within the dam to be processed

Value: horizontal plane to host a variety of spaces within the facility

Value: horizontal plane that provide access and movement vectors to the facilities

Figure 38: Infrastructure analysis (Author, 2015)

Figure 39-44: Infrastructure analysis (Author, 2015)

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_EXPLANATORY DIAGRAMS/INTERVENTION CONTEXT

Axis and Access

Public Space and Interface

Access

Public space

Axis

Public interface

Proposed Intervention

Adaptive Reuse and Re-adaptive infrastructure

Earth connection

Adaptive Reuse

Architectural intervention

Re-adaptive infrastructure

Figure 45: Explanatory diagrams (Author, 2015)

Page [36]

Figure 46: Top: Crown Sluices.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 47: Bottom: Dam’s valley.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 48: Top: Western Magaliesburg Mountain Range.

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Figure 49: Bottom: Triomfboog wall.

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Figure 50 - 53: Hartbeespoort Dam infrastructure.

(Author, 2015)

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Existing Conditions

Existing building structures conserved for adaptive reuse as service facilities within the visitors centre.

Arc de Triomphe arch is a landmark, beacon or orientation point.

Landmark of hierarchy toward the height of the purposed facility.

Structural framework is used as the anchor point of the facility.

Walls become adaptive foundation walls for support.

Concrete structural horizontal plane. Generates the possibility of multi functional space of events(public square)

Structural frame work of mass industrial design, “Triomfboog� wall used as the support structure for the parasitic harvest facility

Existing platforms as arrival and departure point. Threshold of access onto and within the proposed structures.

Potential for proposed intervention

Figure 54: Infrastructure - proposed intervention.

(Author, 2015)

Page [40]

_EXISTING TOPOLOGY The section is drawn to scale to which the land form has been altered over the past decade. The water pit excavation decreases significantly, with sediment layers that have settled at the bottom of the dam, altering the landscape and influencing the environment, as a result of the mass construction of the infrastructure. The following section illustrates the difference in scale between the Arc de Triomphe and crown sluices, in comparison to the volume of the dam.

Figure 55: Existing topology.

(Author, 2015)

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_MICRO ANALYSIS/ CLIMATIC CONDITIONS - SUN STUDY ANALYSIS The sun analysis shows the area surrounding the crown sluices and north facing dam wall, which is exposed to the sun constantly, and year-round. Algae production requires maximum sun exposure, which is why this area can be used for cultivating and harvesting algae.

_Summer Solstice - 21 December

_Winter Solstice - 21 June

_Morning Summer East - 08:00 O’clock

_Afternoon Summer West - 18:00 O’clock

_Morning Winter East - 08:00 O’clock

_Afternoon Winter West - 18:00 O’clock

Figure 56-58: Page 43: Sun Study.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 59-63: Page 44: Energy patterns.

(Author, 2015)

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_MICRO ANALYSIS/ ENERGY PATTERNS

Sound Patterns Influences Architectonic Hierarchy Water Energy flow diagram

Water Legato Algorithm Influences Floor Spacial Planning Hierarchy Aroma Pollution Influences Architectonic Hierarchy Water Pressure through the Crown Sluices Algorithm Influences building architectonic Hierarchy

Vibration Patterns Influences Architectonic Hierarchy

Dynamic and Stagnant points of measure along the gates Influences building architectonic hierarchy

Page [44]

_PROPOSAL/SELECTION:

Road access Terraces

Anchor

Dam wall

Road access

Figure 64: Anchor proposal.

(Author, 2015)

The facility’s framework is developed on the theoretical expression of the crown sluices, which act as the anchor for the critical dialogue between architecture and landscape. This anchor provides the connections from one spatial strata to another. The space above the crown sluices allows for the introduction of a tectonic technological utopian resiliency type of architecture. This space becomes a contained, protected space that allows engaging with the surrounding natural and industrial environment on different levels.

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Area of investigation Site access + movement Anchor - site selection Exposed mass facade Earth connection link Polluted water body Main road -movement vector Figure 65: Master plan.

(Author, 2015)

Page [46]

_PROPOSED LINKS

Program proposed upon the energy of the site

1,5m or 45m (50 year) flood line contour

Water flow direction, from stagnant to dynamic flow

Movement and access vectors

Existing Infrastructure found on site

Site Proposal Figure 66: Micro analysis 1.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 67: Micro analysis 2.

(Author, 2015)

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_ENERGY THRESHOLDS

Vistas and Views found on site

Topography increase, creating valley

Ecology that influence the site

Contours layers of algae build up on site.

Topsoil Influence on site and into dam surface

Site Proposal

Figure 68: Micro analysis 3.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 69: Micro analysis 4.

(Author, 2015)

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_ORIENTATION AND LAYOUT

Figure 70: Micro analysis 5.

(Author, 2015)

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_PRIVATE - PUBLIC CONNECTIONS

Public Connections

Semi-Public Connections

Private Connections Figure 71: Micro analysis 6.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 72: Pattern diagrams.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 73: Hartbeespoort Dam Hydroelectric turbines.

(Author, 2015)

_ALGAE BIOMASS: A GOOD SOURCE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: Renewable energy has sparked an interest in algaculture (farming algae) for bio-diesel and other bio-fuel production, using land that is unsuitable for agriculture. Attractive characteristics of algal fuels include the minimal impact that algae production has on fresh water resources, (Yang, 2010: 1016). Another positive characteristic of algae fuels is that they are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. (Demirbas, 2009: 4). Even though algae is most commonly used as fertiliser, it has become popular in the production process of bio-mass for combustion, bio oil, chemical fuels, pigments, and nutritional resources. _EASE OF GROWTH One of the main advantages microalgae as the feedstock, in comparison to more traditional crops, is that it can be grown more easily.

(Demirbas , 2009: 163). Additionally, waste water spill that would normally hinder and harm plant growth has been shown to be very effective in growing algae. (Demirbas , 2009: 163). Therefore, algae can be grown without taking up arable land that would otherwise be used for food crop production, and the better resources can be reserved for normal crop production. Microalgae also requires fewer resources and little attention to grow allowing for very passive growth and cultivation process. (Mata & Martins, 2010: 217).

Figure 02: Algae under a microscope (Author, 2015)

Figure 74: Algae Energy.

(Author, 2015)

_MINIMIZING WASTE Growing algae as a source of bio-fuel has also been shown to have numerous environmental benefits, and has presented itself as a more environmentally friendly alternative to current biofuels. It is able to utilise run-off, water, contaminated with fertilisers and other nutrients that are a by-product of farming, as its primary source of water and nutrients. (Demirbas, 2009: 163). Additionally, the ammonia, nitrates, and phosphates that would normally render the water unsafe, actually serve as excellent nutrients for the algae, which means that fewer resources are needed to grow the algae. (Mata & Martins, 2010: 217).

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_ALGAE VS HYDROELECTRIC POWER

_ALGAE CULTIVATION

_HYDRO POWER

Algae grows much faster than food crops, and can produce hundreds times more oil per unit area than conventional crops such as rapeseed, palms, soybeans, or jatropha (Atabani, 2012: 2070). As algae has a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days, their cultivation permits several harvests in a very short period. This strategy differs greatly, from the strategy associated with annual crops (Chisti, 2007: 283). Research on algae cultivation has mainly focused on growing algae in clean, but expensive photo bioreactors, or in open ponds, which are cheap to maintain but prone to contamination (Mata & Martins, 2010: 217).

Hydroelectric factories are an advantageous renewable source of electricity because it consumes minimal fossil fuels. A dam can have multiple functions, yet fundamental questions are left without thought . It is still unclear what : - Happens to the infrastructure when the dam gets decommissioned.

-It is also unclear what the cost implications involved with dam maintenance and removal are.

-It also remains to be seen whether sediment build-up denotes less potential for hydroelectric consumption.

end 1800’s - 1900’s hydroelectric power 1900’s

_SYSTEMS / _CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM + OPEN LOOP SYSTEM + BIOREACTORS The closed-loop system requires less equipment and less structures to grow algae in large quantities. The closed-loop system has inhibited widespread mass-production of algae for biofuel production (King, 2009). Open-pond systems show high potential for the cultivation of algae, with especially high oil content. Open-cultivation systems are only feasible if the infrastructure already exists, as is the case of the Hartbeespoort Dam (Briggs , 2003). Bioreactors are plastic or borosilicate glass tubes that are exposed to sunlight in order to grow algae. They have a higher level of control and productivity (Chisti, 2007: 255).

_CHOSEN ALGAE HARVEST PROCESS 20th cent. bio mass power 20th cent.

Figure 75: Hydroelectric vs algae power (Author, 2015)

The algae harvesting process, shown in figure 92 , is the chosen algae harvesting techniques used in this dissertation. The process will includes an open- loop system, wherein the algae is harvested from within the algae layers in the dam, as well as a closed-loop system, wherein the algae is grown to create an end product of bio oils and bio-mass. The end product is taken off-site for further production of electricity from the combustion of bio-mass and bio-diesel from the purification of the bio oil.

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_PROGRAMME PROCESS / INTRODUCTION This dissertation aims to attain sufficient understanding of algae cultivation and the various production processes related to the renewable energy industries, to be able to inform an architectural response. The cultivation processes investigated in this dissertation are simply used as a basis to inform and demonstrate the architectural possibilities of design that it provides for public experience of space.

Conceptual advances in microalgae harvesting technologies have been discovered since the first comprehensive study conducted by Golueke and Oswald, in 1965 (Shelef, Sukenik and Green, 1984: iv).

There are five major steps in the production of bio diesel from microalgal biomass-derived oil. The first two steps involve the cultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass, which is followed by the extraction of oils from the microalgal biomass. These oils are converted via the chemical reaction transesterification, into biodiesel. The biodiesel is then; separated and purified.

There is no one single-best method of harvesting microalgae. The choice of a harvesting technology depends on algae species, type, growth medium, algae production, and end product.

The proposed facility makes use of two sets of methods to harvest and produce algae biomass: an open-system, and a closed-loop system.

However, these methods do not differ greatly.

Figure 76: A redefined industry (Author, 2015)

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_PROGRAMMATIC INFORMANTS Algae fuel, or algal biofuel is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels, and uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils (Scott, 2010: 277). Several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs, and make algae fuel production commercially viable (Oncel , 2013: 241). Like fossil fuel, algae fuel releases CO2 when burnt, but unlike fossil fuel, algae fuel and other biofuels only release CO2 that has been recently removed from the atmosphere via photosynthesis as the algae or plant grew. The energy crisis and the world food crisis have ignited an interest in algaculture (farming algae) for bio-diesel and other biofuel production, using land that is unsuitable for agriculture (Yang, 2010: 1016).

_ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION/ BIOMASS +BIO OIL + BIODIESEL Bio-diesel is a diesel fuel that is derived from animal or plant lipids (oils and fats). Studies have shown that some species of algae can produce 60% or more of their dry weight in the form of oil (Sheehan, Dunahay, Benemann and Roessler, 1998: 221). Because the cells grow in aqueous suspension, where they have more efficient access to water, CO2, and dissolved nutrients, micro-algae is capable of producing large amounts of biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds, or photo bio reactors. This oil can be turned into biodiesel, which could be sold for use in automobiles.

Regional production of micro-algae, and subsequent processing thereof into biofuels, would provide economic benefits to rural communities (Chisti, 2007: 296).

Figure 77: From algae to biomass energy (Author, 2015)

_CONCLUSION The Hartbeespoort Dam has one of the densest populations of microalgae in the world, and is one of the largest reservoirs of microalgal biomass in South Africa. The dam has great potential for microalgal biomass production, and is beneficial due to its high nutrient loading, stable climatic conditions, size, and close proximity to major urban and industrial centres.

(Brink , 2011).

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_CHOSEN ALGAE HARVEST PROCESS

Figure 78-91: Biofuels and Environmental Catalysis Research

(Author, after http://http://www.caer.uky.edu/biofuels/research/research.shtml, 2015)

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_HARVESTING/CHOSEN SYSTEM 1ST STEP - OPEN LOOP SYSTEM - CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM Open water body loop systems are created to allow for the algae to grown under required conditions. In the case of the proposed facility, the Hartbeespoort Dam acts as the open water body loop system. The dam mimics the conditions need for a small algae water body loop system. Staff members of the proposed facility use small rowing boats to move on the growing harvesting pools, and cast nets into the algae polluted water. They tie the nets to their craft and pull them in, after which the nets are taken to the algae harvest filters and feeding vessels.

A closed-loop system creates the right conditions for the production and growth of algae in any environment. Bio-reactor mechanics are installed to monitor the algae in transparent tubes. This allows for photosynthesis and movement, allowing the algae to feed and grow.

Both of the above mentioned methods implemented in the proposed facility as the first step in the harvest and production of algae. The open-loop system monitors and controls the algae blooms within the Hartbeespoort Dam. This system is, used at times of extreme algae blooms, to harvest the algae that grows within the dam, and achieve sustainable pH levels.

2ND STEP: The harvested algae is put through filters to remove, aquatic life, water hyacinths, debris and any unnecessary objects.

3RD STEP: Feeding vessels are either large transparent circular tubes, or stainless steel containers that hold and circulate movement within the container until the algae is sent for de-watering.

4TH STEP: The algae is laid out on long permeable sheets to allow water to sift through the sheets, separating the water content from the algae. However, water Figure 92: Harvest spacial requirements (Author, 2015)

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is still present within the algae and is sent to a de-watering press machine to remove the water content. Algae sludge needs a water level of about 7% to retain the alga as a liquid sludge, and not solid biomass with all its oil content still inside.

5TH STEP: The de-watered algae is sent to machines to be thickened and dried. The algae is transported into a rotary machine that mixes the sludge to a thickened staged, whereby the algae sludge is sent to be laid upon a conveyor belt that is thinned out and processed through an oven. This dries out the 7% of water retention in the algae, and produces solid algae crisps that are crushed and collected for the bio oil press.

6TH STEP: Once the crisps are collected, the algae crisps are placed in the biooil press, where it under-goes major pressure that removes the oil within the algae. Once the oil is removed from the algae, a close to pure state of oilless biomass is left, which is kept in biomass vessels that are used for combustion heat to create electricity.

The pressed bio oil that has been harvested from the bio oil press, is sent to centrifuge machines that separate the last amounts of water and oil from one another to create a pure vessel of bio oil.

7TH STEP: Once the bio oil has been sent through the centrifuge machine, it is sent to a transesterification machine to create biodiesel.

Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification, whereby the glycerine is separated from the oil. The process leaves behind two products: methyl esters (chemical name for biodiesel), and glycerine (a valuable by-product used in other products such as; cosmetics, bioplastics, animal and fish feed etc).

Figure 93-101: Solix biosystems

(Author, after http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/a-i-m-interview-solix-biosystems-ceo-joel-butler/, 2015)

D _PRECEDENT

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PURE FUNCTION GROWTH Solix’ Coyote Gulch Algae Cultivation Plant, 2009, Merrik & Company, southwestern, Colorado.

Collins (2015) imparts that “the Solix Coyote Gulch Algae Cultivation Plant, is an alternative energy production technology facility which emphasis on supplying lowcost, scalable photo-bioreactors that will enable the global production of biofuels using microalgae as a feedstock.”

Solix experiments and explores with the possibilities of open and closed-loop algae harvesting systems. Solix is a larger scale algae farm, with a simple harvesting process, from algae harvest to biomass and bio oil. The Coyote Gulch Algae Cultivation Plant was designed for its functional layout of algae production (Collins, 2015).

Figure 102: Top Right: Simplified algae harvest process (Author, 2015)

Page [60]

1.

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4.

_ENTRANCE/PARKING

_ENTRANCE/RECEPTION

_RESTAURANT/EXHIBITION _KITCHEN/SERVICES

Ground Floor: Staff Parking Bays: Disabled Parking Bays: Public Parking Bays: Taxi Drop Off: Bus Drop Off: Bridge: External Arrival Space: Amphitheatre:

Ground Floor: Vestibule: Elevator Lobby: External Vestibule:

95 m2 8 m2 53 m2

First Floor: Lobby: Solar Battery Storage: Male Toilets: Female Toilets:

57 7 9 5

Ground Floor: Exhibition: Male Toilets : Female Toilets : Disabled Toilets : Bar: External Viewpoints:

22 3 24 157 290 230 221 351

m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

Lower Ground Floor: Lower Arcade: 235 m2

7.

m2 m2 m2 m2

Second Floor: Restaurant Supervisor: 13 m2 RS Assistant: 11 m2 Lobby: 44 m2

8.

196 m2 11 m2 8 m2 5 m2 81 m2 190 m2

First Floor: Upper Exhibition: Outdoor Terraces:

Terraces 1:

Terraces 2:

Terraces 3:

116 m2 27 m2 45 m2

Second Floor: Staff Quarters: Dressing Rooms:

65 m2 29 m2

9.

35 m2

Ground Floor: Prep Room: Cold Room: Store Room: Cleaning Area: Ramp: Exhibition: First Floor: Restaurant Deck: Outdoor Terraces:

Terraces 1:

Terraces 2:

196 m2 11 m2 8 m2 5 m2 81 m2 190 m2 35 m2 116 m2 27 m2

10.

_HARVEST/SERVICES

_HARVEST/SECTION 1

_HARVEST/SECTION 2

_HARVEST/SECTION 3

Bio Oil Collection: Office courtyard:

Production Floor 2: Open Loop System: Algae Harvest Filter:

Production Floor 2: Feeding Vessels:

12 m2

Production Floor 2: Permeable Sheets:

12 m2

Production Floor 1: De watering Press: 8 m2 Conveyor for Drying: 40 m2

Production Floor 1: Oven Drying: Solid Algae Crisps:

28 m2 n/a m2

Production Floor 0: Centrifuge: 5.25m2 Biomass for heat and Electrical combustion: 4 m2

Production Floor 0: Bio Oil Store:

9 m2

n/a 236m2

500 m2 24 m2

Production Floor 1: Thickening - Rotary:

20 m2

Production Floor 0: Bio Oil Press Room:

9

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_RESEARCH/OFFICES Ground Floor: Circulation Lobby: Elevator Lobby: Ramp: Lobby: Board Room: Cctv Security Room:

30 8 54 15 20 11

First Floor: Elevator Lobby: Circulation Lobby: Lobby: Media Room: Store Room:

7.5 m2 18 m2 36 m2 6 m2 2 m2

m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

Second Floor: Circulation Lobby: 8 m2 Elevator Lobby: 9 m2 RHF Offices: 16 m2 Biomass Battery Storage and Monitor Room: 9.5 m2 AHF Supervisor: 10 m2 AHFS Assistant: 9 m2 Office: 8 m2 Rest. Staff Quarters: 91 m2 Lobby: 85 m2 Balcony: 10 m2

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_RESEARCH/LABS Research Library: 8.5 m2 Ablutions - Male: 14 m2 Ablutions - Female: 13 m2 Ablutions - Disabled: 5 m2 Algae Monitor Room: 10 m2 Algae Testing Room: 7 m2 Server Room: 7 m2 Research Laboratory: 73 m2 Wash Room 1: 4 m2 Wash Room 2: 9 m2 Dressing Room: 10 m2 Chemical Control Ventilation Room: 7.5 m2

Public Access Limited Public Access Private Staff Access

First Floor: DWA Chief Researcher: 7.5 m2 Supply Room: 13 m2 Chemical Safe: 11 m2 Head Chemical Engineer: 9 m2 Hydrological Engineer: 7 m2 I.T.Room: 7 m2 Store Room: 4 m2 Chemical and Ecological Laboratory: 85 m2 Second Floor: Facility Service Yard: 23 m2 Res. Staff Quarters: 42 m2 Balcony: 10 m2

Figure 103: Accommodation list.

(Author, 2015)

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Figure 104: Precedent map.

(Author, 2015)

ECO – TECHNOUTOPIANISM The 2,5m x 0,07m panel attached to the exterior of the BIQ building is capable of generating biofuel using algae, for the production of hot water. Algae is more sustainable than wood and more efficient than electricity. Algae

BIQ - Das Algenhaus, 2013, Splitterwerk Architects, Hamburg, German as a biofuel is ideal kindling for producing energy or heat, especially since it can be grown on-site. (Walker, 2014).

The algae matures within the panels, absorbing CO2 during photosynthesis. Compressed air is piped into the reactors at intervals, to encourage the process of growth. Algae grows with the application of movement. Both the algae, and the heat from the panels’ water are drained from the bioreactors and harvested by the closed-loop system (Walker, 2014).

In addition to providing renewable energy, the translucent panels act as a shading system for the building’s windows, and provide a reasonable increase in acoustic insulation (Walker, 2014).

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ADAPTIVE PARASITIC Culture Urbraine, 2014, The Collective Clouds, Geneva, Switzerland The site location of ‘Culture Urbaine’, a vertical duct over a small highway, is particularly out-of-tune with the idea of the landscape as a peaceful natural haven. The installation is meant to emphasise its character and tries to prove that “even these locations of traffic and car dealers – despite their anonymous and generic character that is seemingly devoid of any artistic value – can play an important role in the production of food and plants” (Boom, 2014).

Figure 105: Left top, page 65: Energy flow diagram.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 106: Left middle, page 65: Algae facade.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 107-109: Left bottom: Das Algenhaus.

(Author, after http://inhabitat.com/the-worlds-first-algaepowered-building-opens-in-hamburg/, 2015)

Figure 110: Top right: Parasitic wall.

A closed-loop system of strong, transparent glass tubes, latch onto the bridge like a parasite, and are used for the cultivation of algae,. Algae exclusively grows in the presence of sunlight and CO2, both of which are abundantly present on the site. These bio organisms can be used to filter air, and as combustible biomass. A parasitic lightweight steel structure, supports all of the secondary equipment like pumps, filters, and solar panels. “The kinetic movement and placement of this bioreactor signals practices of the future: the harvesting of goods in the dense environment of a metropolis, the conservation of green space, and the reinterpretation of existing infrastructures” (Boom, 2014).

(Author, 2015)

Figure 111-113: Right: the collective clouds.

(Author, after http://thecloudcollective.org/#/projects/culture-urbaine, 2015)

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FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT French River Visitor Centre, 2006, Baird Sampson Neuert Architects, Alban, ON, Canada The facility itself is an expedition through its organisation, siting, exhibition, views, and as a responsible genius loci in nature.

“The project establishes an architecture of the river, defining and invoking its physical qualities and cultural legacy through an integrated approach to architecture, landscape and exhibit environments” (Neuert, 2010).

“Flowing across an archetypal landscape, experience is organised along a continuously inclined topography of found and constructed elements” (Neuert, 2010). The building has been arranged into a series of leveled terraces that respond to the site’s sloped topography. The terraces provide links between exterior and interior programme areas. The ‘entry terrace’ has is located southward to maximise solar aspect.

P INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC

TECTONIC PRODUCTION

Barrows, 1999, Don Albert and Partners, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa

T Bailey Offices, Olson Kundig Architects, Anacortes, Washington, USA

“Much of the architectural experience would have to be conjured from carefully spaced planning, lighting effects, transparency of materials and simple structural rhythms. The language of the facility was to be robust“(Albert, 2015). The facility was designed to architecturally respond to the varying scenarios of circulation around the site, which therefore endures the interface between public and production.

The facility explores the idea of using the client’s product; pipes used in wind turbine towers. All steel fabrication product and erection takes place in the plant (Saieh, 2015).

The building was further conceived as a semi-public building. The public space and diner at an intermediate level between production and design, act as the link between the general public and the factory proper. It is considered the social nexus and core of the Barrows identity. (Albert, 2015)

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Olsen Kundig used the existing products and materials on site. For example, a vertical pipe becomes the skylight. Within this pipe a large fan was placed to ventilate the main office floor. “The skylight and fan are powered by solar energy. Warm air is sucked from the office space through the stairway pipe and evacuated out of the building, significantly reducing the cooling load” (Saieh, 2015).

The project is raw and robust. Materials were unfinished. The concrete floors, unfinished steel, and an exposed structure, gave the space a raw aesthetic (Saieh, 2015).

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LINEARITY LAYOUT

RE-LEVELING FUNCTION

FUNCTIONAL FLOATING

STEROTONIC SUSPENSION

Boh Visitor Centre, 2006, ZLG Design Architects, Sungai Palas, Malaysia

Duval Factory, 1945, Le Corbusier, ST. Die, Vosges, France

Burgo Paper Mill, 1962, Pier Luigi Nervi, Mantua, Italy

Fleet Guard Factory, 1981, Richard Rogers Partnership, Quimper, France

The facility was designed in a linear pattern, on a simple path line to experience the vistas and to appreciate the landscape. The various paths and entries into the facility allow for an experience of the visual connection between the inside and outside of the linear thresholds. “The best experience of a building can be achieved through mere disposition and not entirely on detailing or indeed resolution of a design through construction techniques alone.” (Basulto, 2008).

The Duval factory is the only industrial building designed by Le Corbusier. The facility addresses the function requirements needed within a factory setting through the reimagination of required space. Le Corbusier used techniques like brise-soleil (which drew draw in filtered light), as well as the use of elegant structures, and that the fifth elevation should have a roof garden. Varying levels allow the production spaces to be more aesthetically pleasing to the workers (Klinkhammer, 2001: 28 ).

The Burgo Paper Mill explores the expressive potential of a contemporaneous new material, “producing inventions founded on structural experimentation with new static figures and the construction and building site technologies”(Sri, 2013). Though designing on the spatial quality of function. A linear functional process of production from one side to the other (Sri, 2013).

The structural skeletons depth and mass of the building is significantly reduced by the use of a light-weight suspension structure for the roof. This allows for less depth in roof span structure members, and flexibility in design application within the floor space. The ease of the structure allows for new connections of structural members for the expansion of the facility. (Harris, 1996: 147)

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CONCLUSION

Figure 114-115: page 67: Relationship patterns.

(Author, after http://www.archdaily.com/62175/french-river-visitor-centre-baird-sampson-neuert-architects, 2015)

A candidate for a eco – technoutopianism Hartbeesport dam, 2015-2300, North West Province, South Africa

Figure 116: page 67: Spacial study.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 117-118: Page 68: Don Alberts Barrows.

(Author, after http://www.albertandpartners.com/?portfolio=barrows, 2015)

Figure 119: Page 68: Public levels study.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 120-121: Page 68: T baily offices.

(Author, after http://www.archdaily.com/68209/t-bailey-offices-olson-kundig-architects, 2015)

Figure 122: page 68: Structure flow.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 123: Left: Boh Visitor centre.

(Author, after http://phaidonatlas.com/building/boh-visitor-centre/189 ,2015)

Figure 124: Left: Linear views + circulation.

(Author, ,2015)

Figure 125: Left: Duval Factory.

(Author, after http://viewpictures.co.uk/Details.aspx?ID=132794&TypeID=1,2015)

Figure 126 Left: Filtering light.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 127: Left: Burgo Paper Mill.

The industrial construction at the Hartbeespoort Dam manifests a functionalist approach to design of industrial architecture, and is primarily driven by the functional purpose of the dam wall, which supplies irrigation and hydro-power. Industrial architecture has developed and advanced in its capability of purpose from crude mechanics, to sophisticated examples of technological and structural ingenuity.

Therefore, the proposed facility has a light-weight linear tectonic typology that is predominately concerned with the optimisation of production and functionality.

Though the proposed facility is of a functional industrial/institutional tectonic typology, a hybrid between different design generators/typologies are investigated.

The investigation is not to neglect the paradigm of the facility acting as an public type architecture too, for access and mobility and multi- purpose spaces of interaction that connect in relationship with its context, people and landscape.

(Author, after http://www.acciaioartearchitettura.com/ en/2013/02/paper-mill-and-bridge-pier-luigi-nervi-in-mantua/ 2015)

Figure 128: Left: Functional circulation.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 129: Left: Fleet Guard Factory.

(Author, after http://weheartit.com/entry/group/38949530, 2015)

Figure 130: Left: Structure analysis.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 131: Right: Panorama of Hartbesspoort Dam. (Author, 2015)

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Figure 132: Project development focus.

(Author, 2015)

_CONCEPTUAL PROGRAMMING: The facility’s framework is developed on the theoretical expression of the crown sluices, which act as the anchor for the critical dialogue between architecture and landscape. This anchor provides the connections from one spatial strata to another. The space above the crest gates allows for the introduction of a tectonic technological utopian resiliency type of architecture. This space becomes a contained, protected space that allows engaging with the surrounding natural and industrial environment on different levels.

Modes of approach to site

Figure 133-138: Connection parti diagrams.

(Author, 2015)

Connecting grid lines

Establishing arrival space

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Around a public medium

Figure 139-144: Parti diagrams on site.

(Author, 2015)

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Create sequence & hierarchy

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Develop outdoor views

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Un-manipulated earth plane

The construction of the Hartbeespoort Dam manipulated the horizontal floor plane of the landscape. The crown sluices present a similar manipulation of form. This manipulated floor plane becomes a generator that allows the proposed design to sit and connect with the crown sluices.

Manipulated earth plane Manipulated Floor Plane

Existing crown sluices - manipulated floor plane generator

_CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT Phase 1. 2015 (present):

- A research and monitoring

Figure 145: Manipulated floor plane parti diagrams.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 146: Facility on anchor.

(Author, 2015)

A

Extruding tectonic envelope

Manipulate typology to respond to human scale

_CONCEPTUAL SECTION The contained tectonic facility is situated within the crown sluices, which host the linear axis of connections. The facility starts to mimic the typology of a sail boat. The crown sluices (anchor) represent the ballast (keel), the central column represents the mast, the side tension cables represent the forestay, which supports the cantilevered concrete floor, the roof trusses represent the backstay battens, and the bridge connects to the earth just like a pulpit is the first point of contact when a vessel touches land.

l g a e

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Using algae panels to create environmental device

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Using typology strata to define space

Contained tectonic research facility Water channel becoming multi-purpose space Connection bridges - access points

Back stay battens

existing terraces, connection to the land

Mast Forestay

Keel/Ballest

Figure 147: Left: Artist impression of facility.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 148: Parti diagrams of tectonic envelope.

(Author, 2015)

Conceptual section a NTS

Figure 149: Concept section. Page [76] (Author, 2015)

_CONCEPTUAL ELEVATION The Arc de Triomphe arch - being a significant landmark, acts as datum point for the hierarchy of the height of the proposed facility allowing it to sit in context .

Anchor

Linear typology research facility Height of the proposed facility

Figure 150: Facility on anchor.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 151: Proposed facility elevation.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 152: Right: Perspective - Concept Section 1 (Author, 2015)

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Figure 153: Section parti diagrams (Author, 2015)

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Figure 154: Concept drawings - Plans + Sections (Author, 2015)

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Concept plan - second floor 1

Concept plan - second floor 2

Concept plan - first floor 1

Concept plan - first floor 2

Concept plan - ground floor 1

Concept plan - ground floor 2

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Concept plan - second floor 3

Concept plan - first floor 3

Figure 155: Right: Concept plan 1 (Author, 2015)

Figure 156: Right: Concept plan 2 (Author, 2015)

Figure 157: Concept plan 3 (Author, 2015)

Concept plan - ground floor 3

Page [82]

_CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT Phase 1. 2015 (present):

- Visitors centre.

Figure 158: Artist impression of public facility.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 159: Public facility on anchor (Author, 2015)

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_CONCEPTUAL ELEVATION The arch establishes the linear typology of the facility, which is perched on the anchor (crown sluices), introducing the contained tectonic technoutopian research facility and visitors centre .

Anchor

Linear typology research facility Height of the proposed facility

Figure 160: Public facility on anchor 2.

(Author, 2015)

Figure 161: Public proposed facility elevation Page [84] (Author, 2015)

Figure 162: Parking and services + promenade (Author, 2015)

Figure 163-164: Public manipulated ground plane sections (Author, 2015)

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Figure 165: Crown sluices exhibition section (Author, 2015)

Figure 166: Perspective Concept Section 2 (Author, 2015)

Page [86]

Concept plan - first floor 2

Concept plan - ground floor 2

Concept plan - first floor 1

Concept plan - ground floor 1

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Concept plan - first floor 3

Concept plan - first floor 3 Figure 167: Left: Concept plan 1 & 2 (Author, 2015)

Figure 168: Left: Parkour surfaces

(Author, after http://hdwallpapers4you.com/highdefinition-wallpaper/jumping-parkour-desktophd-wallpaper-991438/, 2015)

Figure 169: Left: White water kyaaking (Author, after https://www.linkedin.com/topic/ whitewater-kayaking, 2015)

Figure 170: Left: Public market

(Author, after http://www.photoshopcreative.co.uk /image/41880/fruit_market, 2015)

Concept plan - lower ground floor 3

Figure 171: Concept plan 3 (Author, 2015)

Page [88]

_CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT Phase 2. 2050 (future):

- Closed loop parasitic facility.

Figure 172: Harvest facility on anchor (Author, 2015)

Figure 173: Artist impression of public facility.

(Author, 2015)

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Open loop harvest system to harvest the algae within the dam water Parasitic Harvest Facility Closed loop system that grows algae for biomass production

_CONCEPTUAL SECTION The parasitic harvest facility has two functions: an open- loop system that harvests the algae concentration, and is closely related to the dam wall, and a closed- loop system that produces and grows its own algae for harvesting.

Figure 174: Parasitic concept section (Author, 2015)

Figure 175: Harvest facility on anchor 2 (Author, 2015)

Page [90]

Concept plan - typical production floor plan Figure 176: Typical production floor plan (Author, 2015)

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Figure 177: Left: Diagrammatic section (Author, 2015)

Figure 178: Perspective - Concept Section 3 (Author, 2015)

Figure 179: Harvest facility parti diagrams (Author, 2015)

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_STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Proposed Algae research and monitoring facility

Existing crown sluices

Concept model 1 - existing crown sluices

Polluted floatsom- algae congestion

Stertomic structure

Existing conditions section Concept model 2 - level platforms responding to manipulated floor plane Tectonic structure - responding to crown sluices.

The tectonic structure connects and sits on the stertomic foundation (crown sluices) Concept model 3 - tectonic structure Proposed tectonic section

Figure 180-182: Concept models (Author, 2015)

Figure 183-184: tectonic structures (Author, 2015)

_SOLAR EXPOSURE/ CONCEPT DETAILS

Bullnose roof detail

Algae louvers detail

Air movement to cool building -solar chimney

Figure 185: Concept details (Author, 2015)

Figure 186; Air flow diagrams (Author, 2015)

Figure 187: Materials

Edge Detail - Solar chimney

(Author, after https://allthingspaint andplaster.wordpress.com/tag/rust/, 2015)

Figure 188: Perspective Concept Section 4 (Author, 2015)

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_MATERIAL PALETTE The structural system of the microalgae monitoring and biobased energy facility consists of a steel framed structure with expanded polystyrene infill floor panels and composite walls. This lightweight structure allows for design flexibility in construction, alteration and the possibility of disassembling the structure in the future.

Page [96]

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Page [102]

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0.7 thick brownbuilt Klip-Lok 406 galvanized cold rolled bullnose edge roof sheeting on 100x50mm mild steel lipped c-channels @ 1150mm c.c 150mm dia. galvanised high tensile cable stayed locked coil structural rope strand fixed with open jaw socket to open jaw socket 300x150dia. hot-dip gavlanvised steel open jaw socket bolted to custom made steel bracket M12 Mild Steel nut and bolt bolted with rubber washers

100x 50mm mild steel lipped c channels spot welded to truss @ 1150mm c.c 150x100mm galvanized mild steel rectangular hollow section lattice girder truss system with 50x50mm mild steel angle iron posts connected to 75x50mmangel irons acting as tiebeam bolted to 457x 191x 12mm Mild Steel I-section column 1190x30x4mm mild steel ventilation grill

360x178x12mm Mild Steel Ibeam section

340x178x12mm Mild Steel Ibeam section

300x180 Glavanised Mild Steel gutter

50x4mm mild steel cold formed angle cross member 75x50mmangel irons acting as tiebeam bolted to 457x 191x 12mm Mild Steel I-section column 360x178x12mm Mild Steel Ibeam section 150x100mm galvanized mild steel rectangular hollow section 75x75mm Mild steel equal angle welded to 150x100mm section 100x 50x 4mm Mild Steel I-beam section 100dia.mm uPvc pipes - to supply glamour supply medium 1600x 450mm Solar leaf bio-reactor external louver 2 layers of 6mm toughened safety glass with a 12mm cavity

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The working drawings in this dissertation will focus on the structural system and chosen lightweight materials employed in the algae monitoring and research building.

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 



  



  





   

 

 

 

 

   



  

  



 





  





  



 





 



 

   



 

 



   





 

  



 



  



      



   





 

  

 



     



      





  



  







                    





  



 



  













 







 



       





                         



 

        



 

 

   







 

 

 



  

 







 

 

 

 





 



 



 















  

   



 

 

 

 



 



 

 



  



 

 



 

 

 

 





 











  







 

  

 



     

 

  

 

 

 

 



        

 





   

 





 























           



 

 

 



          















 

  



   

 













 









 















 









  











 









 



















 

 

  



 

 

  





 









 





 













































 













    

  

 





  



 

  



 









  

 













 

     



 





   



 

 

 



   

    





 





     

  

  



 

 

                    



 

  





 

 

 

   

    











 

 

          

   







               









  



 



   



 

 





















  





     





 









 



 

    









 

  

   

 





 













  

 



 

  

 





















 





  

 



 









 

 





 

 

  



 

   

 

 















 













 

 

 

 





  





 

    





 

       

    



 

  

  







 







    







      

  

   



 

  

 

   





























 



















    

















 

  















 

  

 



  

          

 







 



  

  

  

    











  

  







                        



  













   











  

 



 

   





 



   



 

 

     





  

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

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

  

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

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 

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        







  



                        



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

   





  









 

 







 

  









       









 





 



          

    

 

 

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 

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 

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      

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 

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 



 



 

 

 

 



   

 



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   

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   







 



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 

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

 

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

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



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  



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 



    





  







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    



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 

 

  





 

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



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     

 

     



 



  

  

 

  

 

 



 

  









 





 



 

  









 

 





 

 







 



 



     

 











 

 

 

 



 

  

 













 





 













 











 

    



 









 



    



 





    



    

 







  



     





  

 







 



 

  

   























          

  















    

     





  



 



 







 



     



 

 











   







    











 













    











 



  























 

 

  

   







 



     



  

    

   



   



  

  

    



 





 





  



 

  















 















 

 





  









  















 













 























            

                                           

       

       

            

          

 

 



 

 



 















  



 

   







 





















 







 





 













 



  





    

 







 



 







 







 



                







     

 

                          

    

















 











  





  

 



 

 























   

  

 













 



 

 

 



     



 

 





 



     



 













 



 





 





 





  

 

  





 





 



 

 



























































 



 





 





 



   



 





 



 

    

 



 



 

 



 

  









    







 



 



 

                        



   









 





     

















  

 



   

  



   

 







 

 

    



 



 



  

     

 















      

 









 



   

 

  

 



      



 

  

 

 



 



 













           



  







      

 

 







   

 



 

       

   







 



 

    













 

  

   

  



  

 

  

  

  





           





























 







     

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 

 

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 

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 

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

  



      

   

 

 

  

 



 

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

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

 

 

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

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

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 

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 

  

   





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





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

 













 













 















 



 



 



 



 



 

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 

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 







   







    





  



 

 





 

 



 

 





 

 

 





            

           

         



 

 

 

 

 

 

   

    

   

  

  

  

           

  

        

 

 

 

    

 

  

 

glass panel

glass panel

         

glass panel

















glass panel







glass panel ISG glass door 



  

      



  

  

  

  

ISG glass door

   

     



 

 

                    







   

                              











     





 

























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

 



 

 

 

 

    

  

 

  

  



 

 



 

  

 



 



 

  

    

  

  

  

  

    





  

 

   

  



 





   



  



 











 

 



 

    

 



 

 

 

  



  

glass panel glass panel



  

  



 

 

  

 

 

 

 





  



 





       

 



 



 

 





 

  

    







 

 









 







    



 

 

 



 



 



 





 



  







 

 



 

















 

























          

           

 

       

   

  









   



















  



               

 

  

  









   

  

                         

   









     

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_ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is dedicated to: My mom, Sonet Sherman. Thank you for all your enduring love and support through everything.

I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to my mentor Prof. Jacques Laubscher for his continuous inspiration, guidance and motivation to think one step further.

I would like to thank Prof. Sheila Kennedy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T) for her guidance, while on my trip to the USA in may 2015.

I sincerely thank my family, friends and colleagues for their support and assistance during the production of this book Finally, I would like to thank Christ for giving me the opportunities and talent of creating architecture.

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Albert, D. 2015. Barrows - Sound Space Design. [Online] Available at: http://www.soundspacedesign.com/?portfolio=barrows [Accessed 28 Oct. 2015].

Allanson, B.R. & Gieskes, J.M.T.M. 1961. Investigations into the ecology of polluted inland waters in the Transvaal, Part II: An introduction to the limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam with special reference to the effect of industrial and domestic pollution. Hydrobiologia.

Anon. 2004. New Hope for Troubled Waters: The Hartbeespoort Test Case. The Water Wheel, January/February: 1 [Online] Available at: http://www. wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Water%20Wheel/Articles/Archive/WW_04_jan-feb_Hartbeespoort_p16-19.pdf [Accessed 21 Sep. 2015].

Atabani, A. E. 2012. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 2070.

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