THE NE WB U R G H PATH BACKGROUND
GR OU P 07 B RA DY RO SS NIEMB RO A NA IS VO RO N NA NS YE Z H A NG
1. ABSTRACT
05
2. NEWBURGH
09
3. THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION
23
4. NATIONAL FACTS
45
5. PHILOSOPHY
59
6. TYPOLOGIES
73
1.
A B STR ACT
5
The prison system of the United States has an extremely detrimental effect in its relationship with cities like Newburgh, New York. Many years of institutionalized incarceration have worked to keep entire portions of the population behind bars for most of their lives. Public spending on prisoners has reached an all-time high, with $30,000 per prisoner per year being the national average, and $60,000 per year for New York State inmates. Considered on it’s own, the population of U.S. prisons would exceed most major cities. The only statistic more staggering than these is that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are repeat offenders, and that simply being in prison once increases one’s likelihood of being re-admitted to prison again in the future. Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released inmates to support themselves and their families through profitable crime are readily available. Furthermore, the widespread privatization of prisons across the country has evolved into a set of circumstances where prisons are more profitable for their proprietors if more prisoners are being housed inside, thus forming an economic base where police and law enforcement are encouraged to send people to prison and keep them there. Newburgh is a city caught in the grasp of this vicious cycle. 3,000 people, nearly ten percent of its population, are arrested every year. Violent crime is common. Gangs run rampant through the streets. Rumors exist that ex-cons and social service clients are “dumped” in Newburgh by Orange County officials. This city’s outsize role in cyclic incarceration can be seen as nearly unnecessary in light of the fact that almost one third of all inmates in New York are serving sentences of 3 years or less for nonviolent crime. This portion of the prison population, if diverted from penitentiaries and kept in rehabilitation programs within active society, has a much greater chance of breaking this cycle. If successful, such a condition would take thousands of would-be criminals off the streets and funnel their energies into employment, industry and other productive endeavors, saving state governments millions of dollars in the process. The time to act is now. The place to start is Newburgh.
7
2.
NE W B U R G H
9
POVERTY LEVEL
LIVING UNDER POVERTY Less than 10% 10% - 35% More than 35%
28
%
OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING UNDER POVERTY LEVEL. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
11
UNDER 25
POPULATION UNDER 25 YEARS 25% - 30% 30% - 40% 40% - 50%
46
%
OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER 25. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
13
RENTER OCCUPIED
RENT OCCUPIED HOUSING 35% - 60% 60% - 85%
70
%
OF THE HOUSING STOCK IS RENTER OCCUPIED. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
15
EDUCATION
AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS VS YOUTH RELATED CRIME Orange County Community Health Assesment
49
%
OF THE POPULATION HAS LESS THAN A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
TIME CONFLICT PEAK
PARENT’S JOB SCHEDULE US Department of Commerce
PART-TIME
8 PM
12 AM
8 PM
12 AM
12HRS SHIFT
4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
REGULAR SHIFT
PEAK
AFTER SCHOOL ACTIVITIES
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CLASS TIME
4 PM
STUDENT’S SCHEDULE Newburgh Free Academy
U.S.
PEAK
PARENT’S ABSENCE Reference Sources: NIDA: InfoFacts
HEROIN
12 AM
8 PM
COCAINE 4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CRACK
17
BORDERS
SEGREGATION PATTERN
MORE THAN 50% AFRICAN AMERICAN
GANGS’ TERRITORIES IN NEWBURGH
CRIPS
Los Angeles - 1969
Mostly African American 30,000 - 35,000
Drug trafficking, robbery, extortion, murder, burglary, theft
ENN
SEGREGATION PATTERN MORE THAN 50% HISPANIC LATINO
BLOODS
Los Angeles - 1972 1988
Primarily African American 15,000 - 20,000
Murder, drug trafficking, robbery, extortion
ALLIES
9W
NEMIES
BROADWAY LATIN KINGS Chicago - 1940 Mostly Hispanic 20,000 - 35,000
Racketeering, battery, arms trafficking, drug trafficking, extortion, identity document forgery, robbery, and murder
19
HOT SPOTS Area in Newburgh with a high likelihood for violent crime correlate with concentrations of commercial gathering spaces, often in the form of bodegas, delis or restaurants. This map shows the location of all the “hot spot” intersections in Newburgh – those with two or more commercial gathering spaces in close proximity to each other. These areas present the most effective locations for intervention.
10
%
OF NEWBURGH’S POPULATION IS ARRESTED EVERY YEAR. SOURCE: NEWBURGH POLICE
RED BLOB MAP
21
3.
THE HU D SO N VA L L E Y
23
$30,000/YEAR
AVERAGE COST OF AN INMATE IN U.S.
VS
$60,000
/YEAR
COST OF INMATE IN NEW YORK STATE
Source: New York State Department of Corrections
25
MEDIUM SECURITY Inmates convicted of less serious crimes (often non-violent, drug or theft-related incidents) are typically housed in medium security facilities. Orange County hosts six such institutions.
HUDSON VALLEY MEDIUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
WOODBOURNE
GREEN HAVEN HUB
ULSTER
WALLKILL
FISHKILL OTISVILLE
HU
DS
ON
VA L
LE
YR
TACONIC
EG
ION
CO R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA CIL
ITIE
SZ ON
E
OTISVILLE ORANGE COUNTY
711
ULSTER ULSTER COUNTY
840
WOODBOURNE SULLIVAN COUNTY
981
WALLKILL ULSTER COUNTY
608
FISHKILL DUTCHESS COUNTY
1800
TACONIC WESTCHESTER COUNTY
502
27
TIME UNDER CUSTODY Source :New York State Department of Corrections
ANNUAL AVERAGE
NATIONAL
VS
$60
kINMATE COST
240
180 - 240
NEW YORK STATE
12 6,6 %- 18 M
HAN
MO
NTH 16,2 %S
24 18 % 8
30%
MONTHS% 7,9
36 10 - 4 ,7 % 8 2 48 - 7% 12,8
0 12
0 - 18
S NTH
MO
24 - 36 M ONTHS 12,3 %
HS % NT ,9 O 9 M
MO
NT H
S
THS MON
72 - 1 20 M ONTH S 15 %
RE T
E LIF % 0,5
MO
ANNUAL AVERAGE
ON TH S
< 12 MONTHS 0,3%
$30
k INMATE COST
30 OF
%
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
LESS THAN 3 YEARS
30
%
OF INMATES ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR LESS THAN 3 YEARS. = 4,000 INMATES IN THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION =
$243,000,000/YEAR Source: New York State Department of Corrections
29
MAXIMUM SECURITY Prisoners who are deemed the most serious threats to public safety are confined in Orange Countyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maximum security penitentiaries. Long sentences, solitary confinement and in-house violence are common. These facilities are often seen as breeding grounds for gangs which flourish outside prison walls.
HUDSON VALLEY MAXIMUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
GREEN HAVEN HUB
SULLIVAN
EASTERN SHAWAGUNK
GREEN HAVEN DOWNSTATE
HU
DS
ON
VA L
LE
YR
BEDFORD HILLS
EG
ION
CO R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA CIL
SING SING ITIE
SZ ON
E
SULLIVAN SULLIVAN COUNTY
820
EASTERN ULSTER COUNTY
429
SHAWAGUNK ULSTER COUNTY
575
DOWNSTATE DUTCHESS COUNTY
900
GREEN HAVEN DUTCHESS COUNTY
2530
SING SING WESTCHESTER COUNTY
2000
BEDFORD HILLS WESTCHESTER COUNTY
800
31
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab 6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
CRIME RATE
INCARCERATION RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
RECIDIVISM PATTERN
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
500
Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for 2 000 100 legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released1 000inmates to 1931 1970 2005 support themselves and their families through profitable crime are readily available, contributing to a majority of recidivist inmates.
65
1991
%I N M A T E S
OF THE NEW YORK STATEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S
ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS
REPEAT OFFENDERS PATTERN
FREEDOM
LACK OF REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES
UNDER CUSTODY
YEARS
CRIME SCHOOL
CRIME CATEGORY BY INMATE STATUS
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab
VIOLENT FELONY
14%
PROPERTY OFFENSES
64% 12% %
DRUG OFFENSES
26
%
OF
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
65
%
OF NEW YORK STATE’S INMATES ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF JUSTICE
RECIDIVISM RATE BY STATE 60%+ 50% - 60% 40% - 50% 30% - 40% 20% - 30% NA
REW center of the states - 2011
33
4.
NATI O NA L FACT S
35
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 people 500+ 300-399 200-299 100-199 50-99 0-49 International center for prison studies
THE
UNITED
STATES
HAS
5%
OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION, BUT
25%
OF THE WORLD’S PRISONERS.
37
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 People
Source : International center for prison studies
WORLWIDE INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 people ICELAND JAPAN DENMARK FINLAND NORWAY SWEDEN SWITZERLAND IRELAND GERMANY ITALY BELGIUM FRANCE SOUTH KOREA AUSTRIA NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL GREECE CANADA AUSTRALIA SLAUVAKIA HUNGARY ICELAND ENGLAND LUXEMBOURG TURKEY SPAIN NEW ZELAND CZECH REPUBLIC MEXICO USA 100
200
300
International center for prison studies
400
500
600
700
800
OP 15 HDI
TOP 15 HDI
The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Source: United Nations
nited nations
1. NORWAY
2. AUSTRALIA
3. USA
4. NETHERLANDS
5. GERMANY
6. NEW ZELAND
7. IRELAND
8. SWEDEN
9. SWITZERLAND
10. JAPAN
11. CANADA
12. KOREA
13. ICELAND
14. DENMARK
15. ISRAEL
39
7 MILLION
PEOPLE ARE IN THE U.S. CARCERAL SYSTEM. THIS INCLUDES PROBATION, PAROLE, JAIL AND PRISON. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
41
8.4 MILLION
PEOPLE LIVE IN NEW YORK CITY. 6.8 MILLION LIVE IN BRONX, QUEENS, BROOKLYN AND STATEN ISLAND. Source: U.S. Census Bureau
43
2.3 MILLION
INMATES ARE LOCKED UP IN U.S PRISONS. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
45
THE PRISON POPULATION IS THE
4
TH
LARGEST “CITY” IN THE COUNTRY. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
01. New York : 02. Los Angeles : 03. Chicago: 04. U.S. Prisons : 05. Houston :
8,405,000 3,884,000 2,718,000 2,319,000 2,195,000
47
67
%
OF INMATES THAT ARE RELEASED FROM PRISON ARE RE-INCARCERATED WITHIN 3 YEARS. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
49
INCARCERATION EXPLOSION Source :Justice Re-investment New Orleans - Spatial Design Lab
The introduction of strict drug laws brought about an increase in the incarceration rate and a new type of prisoner. Although this was a contributing factor, there are other factors, including many states replacing the death penalty with “life without parole”, keeping more inmates in prison, and recidivism, where newly-released prisoners return to prison within a short time after their release due to a re-offense or a new crime.
500%
INCREASE IN PRISON POPULATION SINCE THE
500
6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
100
2 000
1970
1971 PRESIDENT NIXON DECLARES, WAR ON DRUGS
1 000
2005
1991
2014
CRIME RATE (PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
INCARCERATION RATE (PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
DECLARATION OF THE “WAR ON DRUGS”
CARCERAL CONTROL by type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
In 2010, the majority of people under carceral control were those on probation. Probation is a court-ordered sanction that allows a person to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer. probation can also require counseling, drug/alcohol restrictions, weapons restrictions and offender reporting to their probation officer. If the person does not follow the rules of the probation, they could go back to court and be sent to a jail or a prison .
5,000,000
4,000,000 Probation
3,000,000
2,000,000 Prison 1,000,000
Parole
2010
2004
1996
1990
1980
Jail
51
INCARCERATION RATE by crime type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
Due to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;War on Drugsâ&#x20AC;?, drug related offenses are the major crime type leading to prison sentences in 2000. As a result, a majority of the prisoners can be considered non-violent, non-serious, non sexual-offenders.
90% Drugs 80%
60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
Robbery Sexual Assault
Burglary Murder Assault
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
10%
1982
Incarceration rate
70%
92
%
OF INMATES ARE IN FOR NON-VIOLENT OFFENSES. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
53
TIPPING POINT
Frenchtown, Tallahassee, FL Source :Justice Mapping Center and Information Design Lab, Columbia, 2006
One would normally think as you incarcerate more people, crime would go down. It sounds logical, and it is what actually occurs in most places. This is what happened in Frenchtown. At first, the crime rate dropped as incaceration increased, but there was a tipping point in 1997 where crime increased as incaceration increased, reversing the general logic of the incarceration system. Due to the large number of residents behind bars, families are broken, resentment is directed towards the criminal justice system, and ultimately, the prisoners come back usually worse-off when they entered the system.
20
CRIME RATE PER 1,000
10
0
0.1
0.5
1
1.5
2.0
INCARCERATION RATE PER 1,000
-10
-20 1997, TIPPING POINT
1971
55
57
5.
P H I L O SO P H Y
59
“PRISONS ARE ALL ABOUT TAKING PEOPLE’S FREEDOM. THAT IS THE REAL PUNISHMENT. BUT THEY SHOULD ALSO HELP CRIMINALS CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR AND LEARN TO RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE AND THE LAW” Source: Amnesty International
61
FIVE ESSENTIALS IN A CORRECTIONAL AGENCY
1
3
2 STAFF
WARDEN COM OFFICER
ADMIN ASSOC. WARDEN
4
5
SECURITY
PRIMARY AIM
TOWERS GATES
PATROLS
TREATMENT ULTIMATE AIM
STAFF
BARRACKS
INMATES
SHOPS
63
INMATE FLOW CHART
INTAKE ASSESSMENTS MEDICAL/MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING
RISK/NEED ASSESSMENT
EDUCATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION SPECIALIZED UNITS
MEDIUM
MINIMUM
PRE RELEASE
COUNTY STEP DOWN
ELECTRONIC MONITORING
PERSONALIZED PROGRAM PLAN ACADEMIC & VOCATIONAL
PRISON INDUSTRIES
COGNITIVE/ BEHAVIORAL
SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
FAITH-BASED & VOLUNTEER
DISCHARGE PLANNING REENTRY AND EMPLOYMENT READINESS WORKSHOP
HOUSING
MEDICAL
INSTITUTIONAL RELEASE COMMITTEE
MENTAL HEALTH
PROBATION PAROLE COORDINATION
REENTRY PRESENTATIONS
EMPLOYMENT
VICTIM AND PUBLIC SAFETY NOTIFICATIONS
SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT
RELEASE/EXPIRATION OF SENTENCE REGIONAL REENTRY CENTER
RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT PROGRAMS
COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
65
JUSTIFICATION
STRATEGY
FOCUS OF PERSPECTIVE
IMAGE OF OFFENDERS
RETRIBUTION
DETERRENCE
IN
Moral offenders
Prevention of further crime
Ris Co pr
None : Offenders simply deserve to be punished
Make punishment more certain, swift and severe
Of off pr
Earned their punishment
Actual and Ac potential offenders
Free agents whose humanity we affirm by holding them acountable
Rational beings who engage in cost/benefit calculations
No bu co
NCAPACITATION
REHABILITATION
REINTEGRATION
sk control ommunity rotection
Offenders have correctable deficiencies
Offenders have correctable deficiencies
ffenders cannot fend while in rison
Treatment to reduce offendersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; inclnation to re-offend
Programming to make for suces-sful reentry into society
ctual offenders
Needs of offenders Needs of offenders
ot to be trusted ut to be onstrained
Good people who have gone astray will respond to treatment
Ordinary folk who require and will respond to help
67
RE-ENTRY PROCESS “But they all come back” Jeremy Travis
In his book, Jeremy Travis states that a successful re-entry process is not related to the creation of beatiful community centers or rehabilitation centers. Using a conjunction between “building” and “place”, the idea is to strenghten the social networks of the former inmates. Family implication is a key element for a successful re-entry process. Most of the inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom; this can be overwhelming and intimidating. Providing the inmate a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community and in the family is an essential step in the reentry process.
work opportunities
personal expectations
1. prepare reentry recognize milestones
healthcare
community roles family ties
5. promote successful reentry
INMATE REENTRY
prisons and private organizations
2. building bridges
4. strenghten support circle
3. seize the moment of release self
criminal justice agencies
correctional agencies and the community family exit orientation welcome team
welcome home
community
mentors
69
71
6.
TY P O L O G I E S
73
PRISON TYPOLOGY
COURTYARD
RADIAL
BOYS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL LANCASTER, OH, 1857
NEW JERSEY STATE PRISON TRENTON, NJ, 1798
ORIGINAL AUBURN AUBURN, NY, 1829
LOST WORLD TERRES HAUTES, 1940
EASTERN PHILADELPHIA, PA, 1871
STANDAR AUBURN AUBURN, NY, 1935
PANOPTI
ALLEGHENY CO PITTSBURGH
SUPER MAX FREMONT, C
ICON
TELEPHONE POLE
OUNTY JAIL H, PA, 1883
MICHIGAN STATE PRISON JACKSON, MI, 1924
NORFOLK COMMUNITY NORFOLK, MA, 1927
NORTH EASTERN PENITENTIARY LEWISBURG, PA, 1932
THOMSON CORRECTIONAL THOMSON, IL, 2001
X PRISON CA, 1994
CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY SOLEDAD, CA, 1990
HYBRID/CAMPUS
FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY PHOENIX, AZ, 1985
75
WALNUT STREET JAIL 1790, Philadelphia Jeremy Travi
Mission: Rehabilitate prisoners, or restore them to crime-free lives. System: - Minor offenders worked in shops, making shoes, clothes, nails. - Female offenders spun cotton, did laundry and mended clothes. -Solitary offenders were kept in confinement and given the bible. 1798, opened a school which taught basic instruction in reading, writing and math.
77
EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY 1829, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
System: - Inamtes were housed in separate cells with small private exercise yards. - Cells had water, plumbing, heating and room for equipment. - Inmates were not allowed to leave their cells at all during their sentence. - New prisoners were given a number and had a black cloth draped over their head as they were walked to their cell.
79
CHICAGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S METROPOLITAN CENTER 1975, Chicago, Illinois
System: - Blending in urban context. - Large public space at its base where people can gather. - Windows allowed prisoners to look outside their cells. - Inmates for short sentences only.
81
HALDEN PRISON 2010, Halden, Norway
System: - made up of several unique building designs that form a prison village within a forested area - Several prisoners share a kitchen and living room, where they prepare their own evening meals - There are indoor basketball courts, climbing walls, a cooking lab and a recording studio where inmates can learn new talents. - There are also two guest homes where families can be hosted overnight.
“... EVERY INMATE IN NORWAY WILL BE RELEASED, AND SOMEDAY HE WILL BE SOMEBODY’S NEIGHBOR” Source:Norwegian Prison Officer
83
SECURITY THRESHOLDS From “public” to “private” space
Source :environmental psychology of prisons and jail, Richard Wener, 2012
STATE PRISON
SECURE HOUSING UNIT
INMATE CELL Cell Design / Control Housing unit / Control room Cluster / Cell block Control room Wing security SHU Central Security - Building/Interior SHU Perimeter Security - Electric fences Site Perimeter Security - Guards Tower Buffer zone - No man’s land SIte security Geographic location
85
87
Bibliography
- Ahn-Redding, Heather. “The Million Dollar Inmate”:The Financial and Social Burden of Nonviolent offenders. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2007.
- Edge, Laura B. Locked Up. A History of the U.S. Prison System. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group Inc, 2002.
- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1995.
- Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction. Washington: Bureau of Prisons, 1949.
- Steven, Levitt, and Stephen, Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
- Townsend, John. A Painful History of Crime, Prisons and Prisoners. Chicago: Raintree, 2006.
- Travis, Jeremy. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2005.
- Wener, Richard. The Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails: Creating Humane Spaces in Secure Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012.
G SA P P MSA U D NEWBU RGH / FA LL 2014