DACUM CTE-334/534 Performance Analysis
DACUM DACUM, an acronym for Developing A CurriculUM
An analysis of an occupation as well as the resulting skill profile. Â The skill profile includes major duties and tasks as identified by expert workers in the field.
DACUM • Read Packet “DACUM Technique” • Answer the following questions: • • • •
Define DACUM and the purpose of a DACUM Define the steps associated with conducting a DACUM Who are the people involved in a DACUM workshop? What are the advantages of using the DACUM?
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DACUM Activity • Identify the major duties and tasks required for college success (grades, consecutive enrollment, ultimately graduation) • What are the duties associated with being a student • List the tasks under each duty
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DACUM Based on the DACUM, is a class needed to teach students the skills needed to be successful in college?
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Origin of DACUM • Started in 1961 with the Womens Job Corp program in Clinton, Iowa. • General Learning Corporation in New York and the Canadian Department of Regional Economic Expansion provided technical assistance
Original Purpose of DACUM • To produce a curriculum guide which would encourage trainee involvement in the training program for goal attainment.
Canada • Adopted by Nova Scotia NewStart Inc in 1968 to provide quick response to disadvantage youths. • Holland College in Charlottetown, used DACUM in 1969 to develop all their educational programs. • In 1970 DACUM served as the foundation for all two year colleges to develop programs in Canada.
DACUM Uses • DACUM use has spread and has been used to analyze occupations at the professional, technical, skilled, and semi-skilled levels. • In South Carolina, the DACUM workshop is now used extensively in technical colleges in South Carolina to identify occupational competencies. • The process has been expanded to identify competencies in general education.
Some Company Users •
AT&T
Lucent Technologies
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Blue Cross/Blue Shield
Monsanto
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Kodak
Ericsson
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General electric
General Motors
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James River
John Deere
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Ford
United Airlines
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Walt Disney
Yellow Freight
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Motorola
Navistar
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Railroad Express
Champion International
Some College and University Users • UW-Stout
CVTC, FVTC, MATC
• Ohio State
North Dakota State
• Ferris State
Okahoma State University
• Temple
University of Central Florida
• Bowling Green
Indiana State University
Some Country Users • Chile
Singapore
• Australia
Sri Lanka
• New Zealand
Netherlands
• Canada
Sweden
• Turkey
China
• Korea
Philippines
• Malaysia
Krygyzstan
Venezuela
Uses of DACUM • This method of occupational analysis is a very effective method of quickly determining, at relatively low cost, • the competencies or tasks that must be performed by persons employed in a given job or occupational area.
• The DACUM process is used as a means of assisting program areas in acquiring • the most current, relevant, entry-level competencies or skills/tasks that must be performed by their graduates to gain employment.
Should We Teach: • What we know best? • What we were taught? • What we enjoy teaching? • What we have experience with? • What the textbook happens to include? or • What the student/worker most needs for successful employment?
Assumptions of the DACUM Technique •
Expert workers are better able to describe/define their job than anyone else,
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Any job can be effectively and sufficiently described in terms of the tasks that successful workers in that occupation perform, and
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All tasks have direct implications for the knowledge and attitudes that workers must have in order to perform the tasks correctly.
Graphic Representation of Job, Duty and Task JOB
Job Duties
Duties
Duties & Tasks
Duties and Tasks
Key Terms • Duties: A cluster of related tasks. • Usually 6-12 per job.
• Tasks: Specific meaningful units of work. • Usually 6-20 per duty and 75-125 per job.
• Steps: Specific elements or activities required to perform a task. • Always two or more per task.
Job, Duty, Task, and Step Examples • Job: Homeowner • Duty: • Task: • Step:
Maintaining the yard Mow the lawn Start the mower
• Job: Homemaker • Duty:
Prepare meals
• Task: Bake Cookies • Step: Mix ingredients
DACUM Process Involves 1. Commitment of the institution or agency to competency-based instruction; 2. Selection of an occupation to be described, selection of a panel of expert practitioners in that occupation, and a selection of a skilled facilitator to work with the panel; 3. Development of a DACUM chart by the facilitator and panel in a one or two-day workshop.
Duty Statement Guidelines • Describe large areas of work in performance terms. • Serve as a title for a cluster of related tasks • Consist of one verb, an object, and a qualifier. • Are general, not specific, statements of the work that is performed. • Stand alone • Avoid references to work behaviors, tools, and knowledge needed.
Task Statements Components of task statements •Verb - first person, singular, active voice • e.g., select, prepare, maintain, develop, determine
•Object - the thing acted upon by the worker • e.g., reports, equipment, records, customers
•Qualifier - words or phrases used to modify and clarify the task statement. • e.g., record health history; develop a financial plan; bake oatmeal raisin cookies; weed the flower garden.
Job Task Criteria • Represent the smallest unit of job activity with a meaningful outcome. • Result in a product, service, or decision. • Represent an assignable unit of work. • Have a definite beginning and ending point. • Can be observed and measured. • Can be performed over a short period of time. • Can be performed independent of other tasks. • Consist of two or more steps.
Task Statement Criteria • Describe a task in performance terms
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Are meaningful by themselves • not dependent upon the duty or other tasks
• Should have a single action verb and an object that receives the action
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• Contain one or more relevant qualifiers
Avoid references to worker behaviors needed
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Avoid references to tools and equipment
• Are explicitly stated -crystal clear
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Avoid references to the knowledge needed
DACUM Procedural Steps •
Orient the committee
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Review the job/occupation
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Include duties
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Identify specific tasks performed
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List • • • •
General knowledge and skill requirements of the job Worker behaviors (desirable attitudes and traits) Tools, equipment, supplies and materials Future trends/concerns
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Review/refine task and duty statements
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Sequence the task and duty statements
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Other options as desired
DACUM Process • Verification of the contents of the DACUM chart by other experts not on the panel; and • Translation and application of the DACUM chart to instructional strategies, materials, and evaluation instruments.
The DACUM Workshop • Usually conducted in a one-day or two-day setting. • It is an effective way to quickly determine, at relatively low cost, the competencies or tasks that must be performed by persons in a given job or occupational area; i.e. efficient, effective, and relatively low-cost. • Workshop participants include a panel of occupational experts, a facilitator, and a recorder.
Process • The panel works under the guidance of a facilitator to develop or validate the DACUM chart. • Modified small-group brainstorming techniques are used to obtain the collective expertise and consensus of the panel. • A carefully chosen group of 10-12 experts from the occupational area form the DACUM panel.
Panel Members • Panel members are recruited directly from business, industry, or the professions. • Panel participants do not need to make any advance preparations. • Effective members possess the following traits: • • • • • • •
technical competence full-time employment occupational representative ability to communicate ability to cooperate as a team member freedom from bias, and commitment to participate in the entire process.
DACUM Committee Carefully guided through each of the following steps by the facilitator: 1. Orientation 2. Review of job or occupational area description 3. Identification of general areas of job responsibility (duties) 4. Identification of specific tasks performed in each duty area
DACUM Committee 5. Review and refinement of duty and task statements 6. Sequencing of task and duty statements 7. Identification of entry-level tasks 8. Other options, such as equipment lists.
DACUM Product • The product is the DACUM profile, which is a detailed and graphic portrayal of the skills or competencies of the occupation. • The chart is produced in a matrix format and describes the occupation in terms of broad and specific competencies, skills, and tasks.
Uses of DACUM The contents of the chart represent the consensus of the expert panelists who have authorship rights to the chart. The DACUM profile can be used as a basis for • curriculum development • student learning • training needs assessments, and • worker performance evaluations.
Uses of the DACUM Chart 1. Organize instruction by general areas of competence and associated skills. 2. Recruit students by describing the occupation in manageable and achievable goals. 3. Assess student skills by using the chart to identify prior skill, career, and/or life experiences for entering students.
Uses 4. Evaluate performance on an ongoing (formative) "report card" basis and at the end of instruction (summative) "program transcript." 5. Update advisory committees by identifying specific skills/tasks, tools/equipment, and related requirements for the program. 6. Plan return to industry by helping faculty set criteria for update visits, observations, and equipment acquisition.
Employers may use the profile on the job to: 1. Describe job functions by identifying general areas of competence and related on-the-job tasks or skills. 2. Evaluate performance of employees by providing supervisors and workers with a skills profile or checklist. 3. Update job descriptions for current or new employees in response to actual performance needs.
Employer uses 4. Supervise employees on the basis of on-the-job performance of tasks and skills identified in the job profile. 5.
Identify training or retraining needs by assessing updates in identified job tasks and skills as well as for cross training.
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Identify job applicants by providing a skills profile as the basis for discussion and explanation of expected skills and proficiency.
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REFERENCE O’Banion, T. and Associates. Teaching and Learning in the Community College. Washington, D.C.: The American Association of Community Colleges, 1994.