Cosmic collisions the hubble atlas of merging galaxies

cosmic028.indd 1

09/04/2009 15:18:39

cosmic028.indd 2

09/04/2009 15:18:53

cosmic028.indd 3

09/04/2009 15:19:02

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cosmic028.indd 4

09/04/2009 15:19:02

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cosmic028.indd 3

09/04/2009 15:19:02

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cosmic028.indd 4

09/04/2009 15:19:06

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09/04/2009 15:19:11

cosmic028.indd 6

09/04/2009 15:19:13

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cosmic028.indd 7

09/04/2009 15:19:14

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09/04/2009 15:19:20

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cosmic028.indd 9

09/04/2009 15:19:23

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09/04/2009 15:19:23

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cosmic028.indd 11

09/04/2009 15:19:26

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cosmic028.indd 12

09/04/2009 15:20:11

cosmic028.indd 13

09/04/2009 15:20:57

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cosmic028.indd 14

09/04/2009 15:20:58

Ç =WbWn_[i Wh[ _ibWdZi ÔeWj_d] _d j^[ bWh][

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cosmic028.indd 15

09/04/2009 15:20:58

Ç 7 if[Ya e\ Zkij d[Wh W h_Y[ ]hW_d _d W

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cosmic028.indd 16

09/04/2009 15:21:15

cosmic028.indd 17

09/04/2009 15:21:28

Ç J^[ =h[Wj :[XWj[ mWi Wh]kWXbo Wi

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cosmic028.indd 18

09/04/2009 15:21:28

Ç J^[ fhejW]ed_iji b[\j j^[ WkZ_jeh_kc _d D[m Oeha m_j^ekj W h[iebkj_ed je j^[ _cc[di[bo _cfehjWdj fheXb[c e\ j^[ iYWb[ e\ j^[ kd_l[hi[$ È

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cosmic028.indd 19

09/04/2009 15:21:28

Ç J^[ C_bao MWo _i `kij ed[ e\ cWdo ]WbWn_[i iYWjj[h[Z j^hek]^ekj j^[ kd_l[hi[$ È

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cosmic028.indd 25

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cosmic028.indd 26

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cosmic028.indd 27

09/04/2009 15:21:49

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09/04/2009 15:21:59

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cosmic028.indd 29

09/04/2009 15:22:09

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09/04/2009 15:22:16

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cosmic028.indd 31

09/04/2009 15:22:18

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09/04/2009 15:22:28

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cosmic028.indd 33

09/04/2009 15:22:32

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cosmic028.indd 34

09/04/2009 15:22:39

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cosmic028.indd 35

09/04/2009 15:22:51

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cosmic028.indd 36

09/04/2009 15:22:52

cosmic028.indd 37

09/04/2009 15:23:20

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cosmic028.indd 38

09/04/2009 15:23:29

cosmic028.indd 39

09/04/2009 15:23:41

cosmic028.indd 40

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cosmic028.indd 47

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cosmic028.indd 49

09/04/2009 15:25:10

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cosmic028.indd 50

09/04/2009 15:25:15

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09/04/2009 15:25:40

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cosmic028.indd 53

09/04/2009 15:25:44

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n`[\cp Xe[ dXp gXjj le_Xid\[ k_ifl^_ k_\ Zfcc`j`fe% 8k nfijk# ^iXm`kp n`cc Õ`e^ k_\d flknXi[j# Zi\Xk`e^ cfe^ jki\Xd\ij k_Xk jki\kZ_ ]fi X _le[i\[ k_fljXe[ c`^_k$p\Xij fi \m\e dfi\% K_\ Zfcc`[`e^ ^XcXo`\j k_\dj\cm\j# kiXgg\[ `e k_\`i [\X[cp ^iXm`kXk`feXc \dYiXZ\# n`cc Zfek`el\ kf fiY`k \XZ_ fk_\i# i`gg`e^ flk ^Xj# jkXij# Xe[ Zi\Xk`e^ kiX`cj f] dXkk\i `e k_\ Zfjdfj% <m\eklXccp# _le[i\[j f] d`cc`fej f] p\Xij cXk\i# k_\ ^XcXo`\j `emfcm\[ `e k_\ Zfcc`$ j`fe n`cc j\kkc\ `ekf fe\ j`e^c\# ZfdY`e\[ ^XcXop% @k `j Y\c`\m\[ k_Xk dfjk `] efk Xcc gi\j\ek$ [Xp ^XcXo`\j# `eZcl[`e^ k_\ D`cbp NXp# n\i\ ]fid\[ ]ifd jlZ_ X ZfXc\jZ\eZ\ f] jdXcc\i ^XcXo`\j# fZZlii`e^ fm\i Y`cc`fej f] p\Xij%

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K_\ =`ijk FYj\imXk`fej Fli ljlXc `dgi\jj`fe f] k_\ jkXiip e`^_k jbp `j k_Xk f] X e\Xicp dfk`fec\jj [fd\% 8 j`e^c\ _ldXe c`]\ jgXe `j aljk k_\ Yc`eb f] Xe \p\ fe X Zfjdfcf^`ZXc k`d\ jZXc\% @e i\Xc`kp# k_\ le`m\ij\ `j c`b\ X Z_lie`e^ ZXlc[ife# `e ZfejkXek dfm\d\ek# Ylk n\ nflc[ e\\[ kf nXkZ_ `k ]fi mXjkcp cfe^\i k_Xe X c`]\k`d\ kf g\iZ\`m\ k_\ dfk`fej f] dfjk jkXij Xe[ ^XcXo`\j%

+*

cosmic028.indd 54

09/04/2009 15:25:45

8IG /( 8ig /( `j X jkife^cp `ek\iXZk`e^ gX`i f] ^XcXo`\j# j\\e XYflk ('' d`cc`fe p\Xij X]k\i k_\`i Zcfj\jk XggifXZ_% @k Zfej`jkj f] E>: --)( kf k_\ i`^_k Xe[ E>: --)) kf k_\ c\]k % E>: --)( `j k_\ cXi^\i f] k_\ knf Xe[ `j X m\ip [`jkliY\[ jg`iXc ^XcXop% K_\ \eZflek\i _Xj glcc\[ X cfe^ kX`c flk f] E>: --)( k_Xk _Xj efn niXgg\[ Y\_`e[ `kj Yf[p% K_\ Zfcc`j`fe _Xj Xcjf ki`^^\i\[ \ok\ej`m\ jkXi ]fidXk`fe Y\kn\\e k_\ knf ^XcXo`\j% JZ`\ek`jkj Y\c`\m\ k_Xk 8ig /( _Xj X i`Z_\i Zfcc\Zk`fe f] pfle^ dXjj`m\ jkXi Zcljk\ij k_Xe k_\ efkXYc\ 8ek\eeX\ ^XcXo`\j n_`Z_ Xi\ dlZ_ Zcfj\i k_Xe 8ig /( % K_\ gX`i `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] ;iXZf# Xggifo`dXk\cp *'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij XnXp ]ifd <Xik_%

>`m\e \efl^_ k`d\# n\ nflc[ j\\ jkXij Xe[ ^XcXo`\j dfm\% JkXij fiY`k k_\ Z\ek\i f] k_\ D`cbp NXp# Xe[ ^XcXo`\j Xi\ glcc\[ kf^\k_\i Yp \XZ_ fk_\iËj ^iXm`kp# Zfcc`[`e^ Xe[ \m\ekl$ Xccp ^\e\iXk`e^ Èe\nÉ ^XcXo`\j%

K_\ Ôijk i\Zfi[\[ ^XcXop `ek\iXZk`fej ^f YXZb Y\]fi\ n\ be\n k_Xk ^XcXo`\j n\i\ dX[\ f] jkXij# [ljk# Xe[ [Xib dXkk\i% N`cc`Xd GXijfej# k_\ k_`i[ <Xic f] Ifjj\# fYj\im\[ k_\ _\Xm\ej `e @i\cXe[ n`k_ _`j ]Xdflj (%/$d\k\i .)$`eZ_ k\c\jZfg\# ZXcc\[ k_\ ÈC\m`Xk_Xe f] GXijfejkfne%É 8 [iXn`e^ _\ dX[\ `e (/+, j_fnj efk fecp k_\ Zc\Xi jg`iXc jkilZkli\ f] k_\ N_`icgffc >XcXop D\jj`\i ,( Ylk fe\ f] k_\ jg`iXc Xidj Zfee\Zk`e^ kf `kj Zfd$ gXe`fe ^XcXop% :fdgXi`e^ k_`j [iXn`e^ n`k_ X i\Z\ek ?lYYc\ `dX^\ j_fnj X i\dXibXYc\ i\j\dYcXeZ\% Efk fecp k_\ gcXZ\d\ek f] k_\ Zfee\Zk`fe Xid Y\kn\\e k_\ dX`e ^XcXop Xe[ k_\ ZfdgXe`fe Xi\ `e Y\Xlk`]lc X^i\\d\ek n`k_ i\Xc`kp# Ylk k_\ [Xib [ljk gXkZ_\j jkXe[ flk n_\i\ k_\ dX`e ^XcXop Zifjj\j `e ]ifek f] k_\ ZfdgXe`fe%

++

cosmic028.indd 55

09/04/2009 15:25:50

cosmic028.indd 56

09/04/2009 15:25:58

Ç :kh_d] j^[ [Whbo fWhj e\ j^[ I[YedZ

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K_\ =`ijk J`dlcXk`fej N`k_ k_\ X[m\ek f] g_fkf^iXg_p Xe[ k_\ `eZi\Xj`e^ j`q\ f] k\c\jZfg\j# dfi\ Xe[ dfi\ `ek\iXZk`e^ jpjk\dj Zflc[ Y\ i\Zf^e`q\[# Xe[ k_`j eXkliXccp XkkiXZk\[ k_\ `ek\i\jk f]

K?< =@IJK I<:FI;<; >8C8OP :FCC@J@FE D\jj`\i ,( Xj j\\e Yp N`cc`Xd GXijfe `e (/+, kfg Xe[ k_\ ?lYYc\ JgXZ\ K\c\jZfg\

k_\fi\k`Z`Xej% 8ifle[ (0+' k_\ Jn\[`j_ Xjkifefd\i <i`b ?fcdY\i^ nXj ZXkXcf^`e^

Yfkkfd % N`cc`Xd GXijfeËj

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[iXn`e^ `j k_\ Ôijk befne

gifXZ_\[ \XZ_ fk_\i% ?\ j_fn\[ k_Xk ^XcXo`\j f]k\e Xgg\Xi `e ^iflgj Xe[ gX`ij# Xe[ _\

[\g`Zk`fe f] `ek\iXZk`e^ ^Xc$

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Xo`\j Ç cfe^ Y\]fi\ g\fgc\

f] ^XcXo`\j befn`e^ k_\ dfk`fej f] k_\ Zfdgfe\ekj% K_\ fYj\imXk`fej Xcjf i\jlck\[ `e

\m\e be\n n_Xk ^XcXo`\j

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i\Xccp n\i\%

È?fcdY\i^ \]]\Zk%É ;li`e^ k_\ \Xicp gXik f] k_\ J\Zfe[ Nfic[ NXi# ?fcdY\i^ [\m`j\[ Xe \okiXfi[`eXi`cp Zc\m\i \og\i`d\ek `e X [Xib\e\[ YXie `e Jn\[\e% ?\ lj\[ c`^_k YlcYj kf i\gi\j\ek k_\ jk\ccXi [`jki`Ylk`fe `e X ^XcXop# Xe[ k_\ `ek\ej`kp f] k_\ c`^_k j`dlcXk\[ ^iXm`kXk`feXc jki\e^k_% K_\ ^iXm`kXk`feXc ]fiZ\j n\i\ k_\e d\Xjli\[ Yp g_fkfZ\ccj# Xe[ jf ?fcdY\i^ Zflc[# jk\g Yp jk\g# Xe[ n`k_ ZXi\ Xe[ gXk`\eZ\# ]fccfn \m\ekj Xj knf ^XcXo`\j gXjj\[ Zcfj\ kf \XZ_ fk_\i% ?\ nXj XYc\ kf j_fn k_Xk jlZ_ Zfcc`j`fej ZXe dXb\ ^XcXo`\j jg`iXc Zcfj\i kf^\k_\i Xe[ d\i^\# Xe[ \m\e ]fle[ k_\ il[`d\ekj f] k_\ k`[Xc jg`iXc jkilZkli\j# Yi`[^\j# Xe[ kX`cj k_Xk Xi\ jf ]Xd`c`Xi kf[Xp% @e (0+( ?fcdY\i^ glYc`j_\[ k_\ i\jlckj f] k_`j `e^\e`flj XeXcf^ j`dlcXk`fe Ç gifYXYcp _`j dfjk j`^e`ÔZXek nfib fe k_\ \]]\Zkj f] `ek\iXZk`e^ ^XcXo`\j% ?fcdY\i^Ëj \og\i`d\ek nXj jf X_\X[ f] `kj k`d\ k_Xk _`j i\jlckj n\i\ efk ZfeÔid\[ lek`c XYflk *' p\Xij cXk\i% @e k_\ d\Xek`d\# fYj\imXk`fej f] Zfcc`[`e^ ^XcXo`\j _X[ Y\^le kf j_fn Xe XdXq`e^ mXi`\kp f] ]fidj% JkXik`e^ ]ifd k_\ GXcfdXi Jbp Jlim\p# 9fi`j 8% Mfifekjfm$M\cpXd`efm `e DfjZfn ZXkXcf^\[ `ek\iXZk`e^ ^XcXo`\j Xe[ fk_\i f[[`k`\j Xe[ glYc`j_\[ _`j Ôijk ZXkXcf^# 7jbWi WdZ 9WjWbe]k[ e\ ?dj[hWYj_d] =WbWn_[i# GXik (# `e (0,0% K_`j nXj X c`d`k\[ g_fkf^iXg_`Z gi`ek`e^ `e Iljj`Xe Xe[ nXj efk [`jki`Ylk\[ Xj n`[\cp Xj `k [\j\im\[# \jg\Z`Xccp `e k_\ N\jk%

+-

cosmic028.indd 57

09/04/2009 15:26:01

K?< =@IJK J@DLC8K@FE F= D<I>@E> >8C8O@<J Fe\ f] ?fcdY\i^Ëj g`fe\\i$ `e^ Ô^li\j ]ifd (0+( `j j_fne _\i\% ?\ [\m`j\[ X Zc\m\i \og\i`d\ek# ZXii`\[ flk `e X [Xib\e\[ YXie `e nXik`d\ Jn\[\e# lj`e^ c`^_k YlcYj kf i\gi\j\ek jkXij%

=fccfn`e^ k_`j nfib Xe[ X[[`e^ fk_\i ^XcXo`\j Xj _\ Y\ZXd\ XnXi\ f] k_\d# k_\ Xjkifef$ d\i ?Xckfe 8ig `e (0-) klie\[ k_\ ^i\Xk \p\ f] GXcfdXi fe k_\ **/ g\Zlc`Xi Xe[ `ek\iXZk$ `e^ ^XcXo`\j `ccljkiXk\[ `e _`j ]Xdflj (0-- XkcXj# J^[ 7jbWi e\ F[Ykb_Wh =WbWn_[i# n_`Z_ jk`cc i\gi\j\ekj jfd\ f] k_\ Ôe\jk ^XcXop `dX^\j \m\i fYkX`e\[ g_fkf^iXg_`ZXccp% Jfd\ f] _`j ^XcXop gX`ij n\i\ efk fecp [`jkfik\[ Ylk j_fn\[ Zfee\Zk`e^ ÔcXd\ekj f] jkXij k_Xk Z_Xc$ c\e^\[ k_\ Zfek\dgfiXip `ekl`k`m\ le[\ijkXe[`e^ f] k_\ nfib`e^j f] ^iXm`kp%

8ig Zfdg`c\[ k_\ ZXkXcf^ `e X g`fe\\i`e^ Xkk\dgk kf jfcm\ k_\ dpjk\ip f] k_\ Y`qXii\ j_Xg\j f] ^XcXo`\j fYj\im\[% ?\ Xcjf nfib\[ n`k_ 9Xiip DX[fi\# Zfdg`c`e^ X dfi\ Zfd$ gi\_\ej`m\ jlim\p f] k_\ jflk_\ie jbp# glYc`j_\[ `e (0/.% Kf[Xp# k_\ g\Zlc`Xi`kp f] k_\ ^XcXop jkilZkli\j j\\e Yp 8ig Xe[ fk_\ij `j efn n\cc le[\ijkff[# Zi\Xk\[ Yp ^iXm`kpËj gXikcp [\jkilZk`m\# gXikcp Zi\Xk`m\# [XeZ\ Xj ^XcXo`\j Zfcc`[\% 9\Xlk`]lc [`^`kXc jZXej f] k_\ fc[ g_fkf^iXg_`Z gcXk\j ZXe Y\ \oXd`e\[ fec`e\ Xk E8J8Ëj <okiX^XcXZk`Z ;XkXYXj\% J\\ k_\ I\jfliZ\j j\Zk`fe `e k_\ YXZb f] k_`j Yffb% I\Xc Zfdglk\i j`dlcXk`fej f] d\i^`e^ ^XcXo`\j n\i\ g`fe\\i\[ Yp knf <jkfe`Xe Yifk_$ \ij# 8cXi Xe[ Ali` Kffdi\# `e (0.)% K_\p [\dfejkiXk\[ k_Xk Zfcc`j`fej Xi\ ]Xi dfi\ Zfd$ dfe k_Xe gi\m`fljcp k_fl^_k Xe[ k_Xk gX`ij f] ^XcXo`\j XggifXZ_ \XZ_ fk_\i Xk m\ip _`^_

+.

cosmic028.indd 58

09/04/2009 15:26:04

;LJK C8E<J @E E>: ,)' K_\ Zfekfik\[ [ljk cXe\j `e E>: ,)'# fi 8ig (,.# Xi\ k_\ gif[lZk f] X Zfcc`j`fe Y\kn\\e knf [`jb ^XcXo`\j k_Xk jkXik\[ *'' d`cc`fe p\Xij X^f% @k \o\dgc`Ô\j k_\ d`[[c\ jkX^\j f] k_\ d\i^`e^ gifZ\jj1 k_\ [`jbj f] k_\ gXi\ek ^XcXo`\j _Xm\ d\i^\[ kf^\k_\i# Ylk k_\ elZc\` _Xm\ efk p\k ZfXc\jZ\[% @k ]\Xkli\j Xe f[[$cffb`e^ kX`c f] jkXij Xe[ X gifd`e\ek [ljk cXe\ k_Xk ilej XZifjj k_\ Z\ek\i f] k_\ `dX^\ Xe[ fYjZli\j k_\ ^XcXop% E>: ,)' `j fe\ f] k_\ Yi`^_k\jk ^XcXop gX`ij `e k_\ jbp Xe[ ZXe Y\ fYj\im\[ n`k_ X jdXcc k\c\jZfg\ kfnXi[ k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] G`jZ\j# k_\ =`j_# _Xm`e^ k_\ Xgg\XiXeZ\ f] X Zfd\k% @k `j XYflk ('' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij XnXp Xe[ XYflk (''#''' c`^_k$p\Xij XZifjj%

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+/

cosmic028.indd 59

09/04/2009 15:26:09

<8ICP :FDGLK<I J@DLC8K@FE 8e \Xicp j`dlcXk`fe ]ifd k_\ <jkfe`Xe Kffdi\ Yifk_\ij j_fn`e^ _fn k_\p df[\c\[ k_\ N_`icgffc >XcXop%

m\cfZ`k`\j f] k_\ knf ^XcXo`\j# k_\ Xe^c\ f] `eZ`[\eZ\# k_\`i jg`e m\cfZ`kp# jg`e [`i\Zk`fe Xe[ dfi\% 9\ZXlj\ f] k_\ c`d`kXk`fej f] Zfdglk\ij Xk k_Xk k`d\# k_\ Kffdi\j _X[ kf dXb\ X eldY\i f] j`dgc`ÔZXk`fej% K_\p ZfeZ\ekiXk\[ k_\ dXjj `e k_\ Z\ek\i f] \XZ_ ^XcXop# dX[\ \XZ_ Zfdglk\[ gf`ek jkXe[ `e ]fi X Y`cc`fe jkXij# \kZ% K_\p jk`cc dXeX^\[ kf Yl`c[ Xe `dgi\j$ j`m\ ZXj\ \ogcX`e`e^ k_\ Zflek\i`ekl`k`m\ k`[Xc ]\Xkli\j% 8j Zfdglk\i j`dlcXk`fej _Xm\ \mfcm\[ Xcfe^ n`k_ k_\ k\Z_efcf^p# k_\p _Xm\ Y\Zfd\ dfi\ Xe[ dfi\ i\Xc`jk`Z# dXkZ_`e^ efk fecp k_\ j_Xg\j f] ^XcXop gX`ij Ylk k_\`i fYj\im\[ `ek\ieXc dfk`fej Xe[ kiXZ`e^ jkXij# Zfc[ ^Xj# Xe[ lej\\e [Xib dXkk\i `e[\g\e[\ekcp% K_\ eldY\i f] gXik`Zc\j Xe[ k_\ c\m\c f] jfg_`jk`ZXk`fe i\XZ_ e\n _\`^_kj \m\ip p\Xi%

,&

cosmic028.indd 60

09/04/2009 15:26:11

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cosmic028.indd 72

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cosmic028.indd 73

09/04/2009 15:39:53

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cosmic028.indd 75

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cosmic028.indd 77

09/04/2009 15:40:02

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cosmic028.indd 79

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cosmic028.indd 80

09/04/2009 15:40:14

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cosmic028.indd 81

09/04/2009 15:40:15

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cosmic028.indd 82

09/04/2009 15:40:17

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cosmic028.indd 83

09/04/2009 15:40:18

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cosmic028.indd 84

09/04/2009 15:40:28

Ç M^[d jme ]WbWn_[i fWii Ybei[ Xo [WY^

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cosmic028.indd 85

09/04/2009 15:40:32

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cosmic028.indd 86

09/04/2009 15:40:41

cosmic028.indd 87

09/04/2009 15:40:50

;\jkifp`e^ ;nXi]j <[n`e ?lYYc\ Ôijk Zf`e\[ k_\ k\id ÈCfZXc >iflgÉ `e _`j Yffb# J^[ H[Wbc e\ j^[ D[XkbW[# kf [\jZi`Y\ k_fj\ ^XcXo`\j k_Xk n\i\ `jfcXk\[ `e k_\ ^\e\iXc Ô\c[ Ylk n\i\ `e k_\ m`Z`e$ `kp f] k_\ D`cbp NXp% N`k_ k_\ `eZi\Xj\[ j\ej`k`m`kp f] df[\ie k\c\jZfg\j Xe[ [\k\Zkfij k_\ CfZXc >iflg f] ^XcXo`\j _Xj ^ifne# n`k_ dXep e\n jdXcc\i d\dY\ij `[\ek`Ô\[% K_\ j\XiZ_ _Xj dfjkcp Y\\e ZXii`\[ flk Yp j\ej`k`m\ cXi^\$Xi\X jlim\pj f] _Xcfj f] k_\ D`cbp NXp Xe[ k_\ 8e[ifd\[X >XcXop k_Xk _Xm\ cffb\[ ]fi jc`^_k fm\i$[\ej`k`\j f] jkXij% K_`j _Xj dX[\ `k gfjj`Yc\ kf cfZXk\ [fq\ej f] m\ip ]X`ek [nXi] jXk\cc`k\j k_Xk _Xm\ gi\m`fljcp \cl[\[ [\k\Zk`fe% Jfd\ f] k_\j\ [nXi] ^XcXo`\j Xi\ Zc\Xicp dXib\[ Yp `ek\iXZk`fej n`k_ k_\ fk_\i ^XcXo`\j `e k_\ CfZXc >iflg% 8j jdXcc `ekil[\ij k_\p ZXe Y\ j_i\[[\[ Yp k_\ k`[Xc ]fiZ\j lec\Xj_\[ Yp Xe XggifXZ_`e^ dXjj`m\ ^XcXop# c\Xm`e^ Y\_`e[ X kiX`c f] [\Yi`j% @e fli fne ^XcXop [fq$ \ej f] jk\ccXi jki\Xdj _Xm\ Y\\e ]fle[% K_\j\ Xi\ ]fid\i [nXi] ^XcXo`\j k_Xk _Xm\ Y\\e \okil[\[ `ekf cfe^# ]lqqp# jgX^_\kk`$c`b\ jkiXe[j f] jkXij k_Xk niXg Xifle[ k_\ D`cbp NXp% ;li`e^ \XZ_ gXjj f] k_\ D`cbp NXp dfi\ jkXij Xi\ jki`gg\[ XnXp ]ifd k_\ gXjj`e^ `ekil[\i Xe[ af`e k_\ _Xcf f] fli ^XcXop% @k `j k_fl^_k k_Xk k_\j\ b`e[j f] \m\ekj dXp Y\ hl`k\ Zfddfe `e k_\ \mfclk`fe f] dfjk cXi^\ ^XcXo`\j%

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cosmic028.indd 88

09/04/2009 15:40:52

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cosmic028.indd 89

09/04/2009 15:40:55

cosmic028.indd 90

09/04/2009 15:41:01

K?< <E;

L>: /**,

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lj kf fli ]lkli\% K_\ ]Xk\ f] k_\ \ek`i\ D`cbp NXp >XcXop# Xe[ g\i_Xgj <Xik_ `kj\c]# `j `ek\ikn`e\[ n`k_ k_\ 8e[ifd\[X >XcXop%

dXk\i`Xc Xe[ _Xj pXeb\[ knf jkife^cp Zlim\[ kX`cj f]

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^`Xek jg`iXc d\dY\ij f] fli CfZXc >iflg Xi\ fe X Zfcc`j`fe Zflij\# n`k_ X d\i^\i c`b\cp fZZlii`e^ `e Ôm\ Y`cc`fe p\Xij%

f] LijX DXafi# k_\ >i\Xk 9\Xi# XYflk +'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 91

09/04/2009 15:41:03

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cosmic028.indd 109

09/04/2009 15:43:29

E>: ,),E>: ,),-# Xcjf befne Xj DXibXi`Xe )--# `j X jki`b`e^ \oXdgc\ f] knf [`jb ^XcXo`\j k_Xk Xi\ XYflk kf d\i^\% Jg\ZkXZlcXi jki\Xd\ij f] ^Xj jliifle[ k_\ knf elZc\`# Xe[ \p\$ZXkZ_`e^ Ycl\ jg`iXc kiX`cj `e[`ZXk\ i\Z\ek jkXi ]fidXk`fe% K_\ j_Xg\ f] k_\ fYa\Zk `j _`^_cp [`jkliY\[# Xe[ fYj\imXk`fej `e mXi`flj nXm\c\e^k_ i\^`d\j Ç `e]iXi\[# d`cc`d\k\i$nXm\ Xe[ iX[`f Ç gifm`[\ X[[`k`feXc \m`[\eZ\ ]fi X jkXiYlijk `e k_`j jpjk\d% E>: ,),- `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] LijX DXafi# k_\ >i\Xk 9\Xi# jfd\ *,' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_% <XZ_ ^XcXop Xcjf ZfekX`ej Xe XZk`m\ ^XcXZk`Z elZc\lj# \m`[\eZ\ k_Xk k_\ Z_Xfj `j Xccfn`e^ ^Xj kf ]Xcc `ekf k_\ i\^`fej Xifle[ Z\ekiXc YcXZb _fc\j Xj n\cc Xj ]\\[`e^ jkXiYlijkj% I\Z\ek fYj\imXk`fej ]ifd k_\ :_Xe[iX O$iXp FYj\imXkfip j_fn k_Xk Yfk_ elZc\`# Xj n\cc Xj X i\^`fe f] _fk ^Xj Y\kn\\e k_\d# _Xm\ Y\\e _\Xk\[ Yp k_\ j_fZb nXm\j gif[lZ\[ Xj ^Xj Zcfl[j Xk _`^_ m\cfZ`k`\j Zfcc`[\%

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cosmic028.indd 110

09/04/2009 15:43:37

L>: ,('( L>: ,('( `j X g\Zlc`Xi ^XcXop n`k_ X j`e^c\ elZc\lj ZfekX`e\[ n`k_`e Xe lejkilZkli\[ dX`e Yf[p k_Xk jl^^\jkj X i\Z\ek `ek\iXZk`fe Xe[ d\i^\i% E>: ,('( `j k_fl^_k kf ZfekX`e Xe XZk`m\ ^XcXZk`Z elZc\lj% 8 gifefleZ\[ k`[Xc kX`c \ok\e[j [`X^feXccp kf k_\ kfg$c\]k f] k_\ ]iXd\% 8 ]X`ek\i _Xcf f] jkXij jliifle[j k_\ ^XcXop Xe[ `j m`j`Yc\ `e k_\ `dX^\# [l\ kf ?lYYc\Ëj XY`c`kp kf Zfcc\Zk Xe[ [\k\Zk ]X`ek c`^_k% K_`j _Xcf `j gifYXYcp X i\jlck f] k_\ \Xic`\i Zfcc`j`fe% L:> ,('( `j XYflk ,,' d`c$ c`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 111

09/04/2009 15:43:45

D8IB8I@8E ).* DXibXi`Xe ).* `j X ^XcXop n`k_ X Y`qXii\ jkilZkli\ k_Xk jfd\n_Xk i\j\dYc\j X kffk_Yilj_% K_\ ?lYYc\ `dX^\ j_fnj Xe `eki`ZXk\ Z\ekiXc i\^`fe Xe[ X jki`b`e^ k`[Xc kX`c k_Xk \ok\e[j [`X^feXccp kfnXi[j k_\ Yfkkfd$i`^_k f] k_\ `dX^\% K_\ kX`c `j XYflk (*'#''' c`^_k$p\Xij cfe^ Xe[ `j jkife^cp `e[`ZXk`m\ f] X d\i^\i Y\kn\\e knf ^XcXo`\j% DXibXi`Xe ).* _Xj Xe `ek\ej\ i\^`fe f] jkXiYlijk# n_\i\ -' jfcXi dXjj\j f] e\n jkXij Xi\ Yfie \XZ_ p\Xi% E\Xi$`e]iXi\[ fYj\imXk`fej i\m\Xc X elZc\lj n`k_ knf Zfdgfe\ekj% DXibXi`Xe ).* `j fe\ f] k_\ dfjk cld`eflj ^XcXo`\j n_\e fYj\im\[ `e k_\ `e]iXi\[# Xe[ `j cfZXk\[ ,'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 112

09/04/2009 15:43:54

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cosmic028.indd 113

09/04/2009 15:44:01

E>: (-(+ K_\ ^XcXop jpjk\d E>: (-(+ _Xj X Yi`^_k fgk`ZXc Z\ek\i Xe[ knf Zc\Xi `ee\i jg`iXc Xidj k_Xk Xi\ ]X`icp jpdd\ki`ZXc% @k Xcjf _Xj X jg\ZkXZlcXi flk\i jkilZkli\ k_Xk Zfej`jkj gi`eZ`gXccp f] X cXi^\# fe\$j`[\[# Zlim\[ \ok\ej`fe f] fe\ f] k_\j\ Xidj kf k_\ cfn\i i`^_k# Xe[ X cfe^# Xcdfjk jkiX`^_k k`[Xc kX`c k_Xk \d\i^\j ]ifd k_\ elZc\lj Xe[ Zifjj\j k_\ \ok\e[\[ Xid kf k_\ lgg\i i`^_k%

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cosmic028.indd 114

09/04/2009 15:44:09

D8IB8I@8E )*( K_\ \okiXfi[`eXip ^XcXop DXibXi`Xe )*( nXj [`jZfm\i\[ `e (0-0 Xj gXik f] X jlim\p j\XiZ_`e^ ]fi ^XcXo`\j n`k_ jkife^ lckiXm`fc\k iX[`Xk`fe% @k _Xj cfe^ k`[Xc kX`cj Xe[ X [`jkliY\[ j_Xg\% I\jlckj ]ifd k_\ Ôijk jg\Zkild j_fn\[ Zc\Xi j`^ej f] k_\ gi\j\eZ\ f] X gfn\i]lc hlXjXi `e k_\ Z\ek\i k_Xk dX[\ DXibXi`Xe )*( le`hl\ `e k_\ DXibXi`Xe jXdgc\% DXibXi`Xe )*( _Xj dX`ekX`e\[ `kj i\glkXk`fe Xj Xe \oZ\gk`feXc fYa\Zk j`eZ\ k_fj\ \Xicp fYj\imXk`fej Xe[ Zfek`el\j kf Y\ X ]Xmfi`k\ kXi^\k `e Xcc nXm\c\e^k_ i\^`d\j% @kj `e]iXi\[ cld`efj`kp `j j`d`cXi kf k_Xk f] hlXjXij# dXb`e^ `k fe\ f] k_\ dfjk cld`eflj Xe[ gfn\i]lc f] k_\ befne lckiXcld`eflj `e]iXi\[ ^XcXo`\j% 8ck_fl^_ k_\ \d`jj`fe f] dXep lckiXcld`eflj `e]iXi\[ ^XcXo`\j Xgg\Xij kf Y\ [fd`eXk\[ Yp \e\i^\k`Z jkXiYlijkj# DXibXi`Xe )*( _Xj Y\\e i\g\Xk\[cp `[\ek`Ô\[ Xj Xe \oZ\gk`fe# Xe[ dXep g`\Z\j f] \m`[\eZ\ gf`ek kfnXi[ Xe XZZi\k`e^ YcXZb _fc\ Xj k_\ dXafi gfn\i jfliZ\ Y\_`e[ k_\ \efidflj `e]iXi\[ cld`efj`kp%

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cosmic028.indd 115

09/04/2009 15:44:15

<JF )*0$@>'') <JF )*0$@>'') `j k_\ i\jlck f] X Zfjd`Z Zfcc`j`fe fi X c\e^k_p d\i^\i gifZ\jj k_Xk dfjk c`b\cp n`cc \m\eklXccp i\jlck `e Xe \cc`gk`ZXc ^XcXop% K_\ d\jjp `ek\id\[`Xk\ jkX^\# ZXgkli\[ _\i\# `j X ^XcXop n`k_ cfe^# kXe^c\[ k`[Xc kX`cj k_Xk \em\cfg k_\ ^XcXopËj Zfi\%

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cosmic028.indd 116

09/04/2009 15:44:24

QN@:BP @@ 0Qn`Zbp @@ 0- `j X jpjk\d f] d\i^`e^ ^XcXo`\j n`k_ X Y`qXii\ j_Xg\% Gfn\i]lc pfle^ jkXiYlijk i\^`fej Xgg\Xi Xj cfe^ k_i\X[c`b\ jkilZkli\j _Xe^`e^ Y\kn\\e k_\ dX`e ^XcXop Zfi\j% K_\ jpjk\d Xcdfjk hlXc`ﾃ能j Xj Xe lckiXcld`eflj jpjk\d Ylk _Xj efk p\k i\XZ_\[ k_\ cXk\ jkX^\ f] ZfXc\jZ\eZ\ k_Xk `j k_\ efid ]fi dfjk lckiX$ cld`eflj jpjk\dj% Qn`Zbp @@ 0- `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] ;\cg_`elj# k_\ ;fcg_`e# XYflk ,'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 117

09/04/2009 15:44:32

D:>"()$')$''( D:>"()$')$''( Zfej`jkj f] X gX`i f] ^XcXo`\j m`j`Ycp X]]\Zk\[ Yp ^iXm`kXk`feXc `ek\iXZk`fe Xj dXk\i`Xc `j Õle^ flk `e fggfj`k\ [`i\Zk`fej% 8 cXi^\ ^XcXop ZXe Y\ j\\e Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ ]iXd\ Xe[ X jdXcc\i ^XcXop i\j\dYc`e^ Xe \ilgk`e^ mfcZXef `j Xk k_\ Yfkkfd% K_\ Yi`^_k Zfi\ f] k_`j ^XcXop \d\i^\j ]ifd k_\ jldd`k f] k_\ ÈmfcZXef%É D:>"()$')$''( `j X cld`eflj `e]iXi\[ jpjk\d k_Xk iX[`Xk\j n`k_ dfi\ k_Xe ('' Y`cc`fe k`d\j k_\ cld`efj`kp f] fli Jle% @k `j cfZXk\[ jfd\ )'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_ kfnXi[ k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] :Xjj`fg\`X# k_\ J\Xk\[ Hl\\e%

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cosmic028.indd 118

09/04/2009 15:44:39

D8IB8I@8E ,** E>: .-.+ j\\e aljk XYfm\ k_\ Z\ek\i # Xcjf befne Xj DXibXi`Xe ,**# `j k_\ Yi`^_k\jk Xe[ cXi^\jk d\dY\i f] k_\ jf$ZXcc\[ ?`Zbjfe 0- ZfdgXZk ^iflg f] ^XcXo`\j# Zfej`jk`e^ f] ]fli ^XcXo`\j% K_`j jklee`e^ ?lYYc\ `dX^\ j_fnj X jg`iXc ^XcXop e\Xicp ]XZ\$fe% K_\ Z\ekiXc YXi$j_Xg\[ jkilZkli\ `j dX[\ lg f] jkXij% K_\ j_Xg\ f] E>: .-.+# `eZcl[`e^ k_\ cfe^ eXiifn jki\Xd\ij j\\e kf k_\ c\]k f] Xe[ Y\cfn k_\ ^XcXop# ZXe Y\ XZZflek\[ ]fi Yp k`[Xc `ek\iXZk`fej n`k_ `kj ZfdgXe`fej% E>: .-.+ _Xj X gfn\i]lc XZk`m\ elZc\lj k_Xk `j g\i_Xgj ]\[ Yp ^Xj [iXne `ekf k_\ Z\ek\i k_ifl^_ `ek\iXZk`fej n`k_ k_\ ZfdgXe`fej% @k `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccX$ k`fe f] G\^Xjlj# k_\ N`e^\[ ?fij\# XYflk +'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 119

09/04/2009 15:44:47

L>: +//( L>: +//(# befne Xj k_\ ÈK_\ >iXjj_fgg\i#É `j X jklee`e^ jpjk\d Zfej`jk`e^ f] knf Zfcc`[`e^ ^XcXo`\j% @k _Xj X Yi`^_k Zlicp kX`c ZfekX`e`e^ X i\dXibXYc\ eldY\i f] jkXi Zcljk\ij% K_\ ^XcXo`\j Xi\ k_fl^_k kf Y\ _Xc]nXp k_ifl^_ X d\i^\i Ç k_\ Zfi\j f] k_\ gXi\ek ^XcXo`\j Xi\ jk`cc Zc\Xicp j\gXiXk\[# Ylk k_\`i [`jbj Xi\ fm\icXg$ g`e^% 8 jlg\iefmX \ogcf[\[ `e k_`j jpjk\d `e (000# Xe[ Xjkifefd\ij Y\c`\m\ k_Xk X m`^fiflj Ylijk f] jkXi ]fidXk`fe dXp _Xm\ aljk jkXik\[% K_`j efkXYc\ fYa\Zk `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] k_\ Cpeo# jfd\ ,'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_%

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cosmic028.indd 120

09/04/2009 15:44:56

MM )/* MM )/* cffbj c`b\ X j`e^c\ g\Zlc`Xi ^XcXop Ylk `j# `e ]XZk# X gX`i f] d\i^`e^ ^XcXo`\j% 8 k`[Xc kX`c jn`icj flk ]ifd X d\jjp Z\ekiXc i\^`fe Xe[ jgc`kj `ekf knf YiXeZ_\j% K_\ lgnXi[ kn`jk`e^ YiXeZ_ `j Yi`^_k\e\[ Yp cld`eflj Ycl\ jkXi befkj% C`b\ dXep d\i^`e^ jpjk\dj# MM )/* `j X _`^_cp cld`eflj `e]iXi\[ jpjk\d# iX[`Xk`e^ e\Xicp (#''' Y`cc`fe k`d\j \e\i^p dfi\ k_Xe fli Jle% MM )/* `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] M`i^f# k_\ DX`[\e# jfd\ ,'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij XnXp%

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cosmic028.indd 121

09/04/2009 15:45:03

8D(*(-$)+( 8D(*(-$)+( `j dX[\ lg f] knf `ek\iXZk`e^ ^XcXo`\j Ç X jg`iXc ^XcXop fe k_\ c\]k f] k_\ ]iXd\ `e ]ifek f] Xe \cc`gk`ZXc ^XcXop fe k_\ i`^_k f] k_\ ]iXd\ % K_\ jkXi$ c`^_k ]ifd k_\ YXZb^ifle[ ^XcXop `j gXik`Xccp fYjZli\[ Yp k_\ YXe[j Xe[ ÔcXd\ekj f] [ljk XjjfZ`Xk\[ n`k_ k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ jg`iXc ^XcXop% K_\ ?lYYc\ `dX^\ leiXm\cj k_\ Ôe\ [\kX`c `e k_\ gXkZ_p Zcldgj f] [ljk ZfeÔe\[ kf k_\ jg`iXc Xidj f] k_\ jg`iXc ^XcXop% K_`j [ljk i\[[\ej k_\ c`^_k ]ifd k_\ YXZb^ifle[ aljk Xj k_\ `ek\im\e`e^ [ljk `e <Xik_Ëj Xkdfjg_\i\ i\[[\ej jlej\kj _\i\% 8D(*(-$)+( `j cfZXk\[ jfd\ +'' d`cc`fe c`^_k p\Xij XnXp kfnXi[ k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] ?p[iX# k_\ NXk\i JeXb\%

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cosmic028.indd 122

09/04/2009 15:45:09

@: +-/. @: +-/. ]fidj X ki`gc\k n`k_ knf fk_\i ^XcXo`\j1 @: +-/- kf k_\ i`^_k Xe[ @: +-/0 ]lik_\i kf k_\ i`^_k% @: +-/. _Xj X Z_Xfk`Z Yf[p f] jkXij# ^Xj# Xe[ [ljk Xe[ X cXi^\ Zlicp kX`c kf k_\ c\]k% K_\ knf ZfdgXe`fej Xi\ gXik`Xccp fYjZli\[ Yp [Xib YXe[j f] [ljk% K_\ `ek\iXZk`e^ ki`gc\k `j XYflk ),' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_# `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] GXmf# k_\ G\XZfZb%

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cosmic028.indd 123

09/04/2009 15:45:17

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cosmic028.indd 124

09/04/2009 15:45:24

E>: .+-0 K_`j `j X jklee`e^ gX`i f] `ek\iXZk`e^ ^XcXo`\j# k_\ YXii\[ jg`iXc ^XcXop E>: .+-0 8ig )0/# DXibXi`Xe (,(+ # X cld`eflj `e]iXi\[ jfliZ\ n`k_ X gfn\i]lc jkXiYlijk [\\gcp \dY\[[\[ `e `kj Z`iZldelZc\Xi i\^`fe# Xe[ `kj jdXcc\i ZfdgXe`fe @: ,)/*% K_`j jpjk\d `j cfZXk\[ XYflk )'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij ]ifd <Xik_ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccX$ k`fe f] G\^Xjlj# k_\ N`e^\[ ?fij\%

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cosmic028.indd 125

09/04/2009 15:45:35

E>: ,.,+ <O?@9@K@E> @KJ JG@I8C 8IDJ K_`j Y\Xlk`]lc gX`i f] `ek\iXZk`e^ ^XcXo`\j Zfej`jkj f] E>: ,.,+# k_\ cXi^\ jg`iXc fe k_\ kfg Xe[ E>: ,.,)# k_\ jdXcc\i ZfdgXe`fe `e k_\ Yfkkfd c\]k Zfie\i f] k_\ `dX^\% E>: ,.,+Ëj `ee\i jkilZkli\ _Xj _Xi[cp Y\\e [`jkliY\[ Yp k_\ `ek\iXZk`fe# Ylk k_\ flk\i jkilZkli\ [f\j \o_`Y`k k`[Xc ]\Xkli\j# Xj [f\j k_\ jpdd\kip f] k_\ `ee\i jg`iXc gXkk\ie Xe[ k_\ b`eb\[ Xidj aljk Y\pfe[ `kj `ee\i i`e^% @e ZfekiXjk# E>: ,.,) _Xj le[\i^fe\ X jkXiYlijk \g`jf[\# n`k_ X i`Z_ gfglcXk`fe f] dXjj`m\ Xe[ cld`eflj jkXi Zcljk\ij Zcldg\[ Xifle[ k_\ Zfi\ Xe[ `ek\ikn`e\[ n`k_ `eki`ZXk\ [ljk cXe\j% K_\ ZfekiXjk`e^ i\XZk`fej f] k_\ knf ^XcXo`\j kf k_\`i `ek\iXZk`fe Xi\ [l\ kf k_\`i [`]]\i`e^ dXjj\j Xe[ j`q\j% E>: ,.,+ `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] 9f k\j# k_\ ?\i[jdXe# jfd\ )'' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij XnXp%

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cosmic028.indd 126

09/04/2009 15:45:39

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cosmic028.indd 127

09/04/2009 15:45:43

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cosmic028.indd 128

09/04/2009 15:45:49

C<;8 -)/-. 8E; E>: -./K_`j `dX^\ [`jgcXpj X Y\Xlk`]lc gX`i f] `ek\iXZk`e^ jg`iXc ^XcXo`\j n`k_ jn`ic`e^ Xidj% K_\ jdXcc\i f] k_\ knf# [lYY\[ C<;8 -)/-. Xe[ gfj`k`fe\[ kf k_\ c\]k f] k_\ ]iXd\# j\\dj kf Y\ jX]\ ]fi efn# Ylk n`cc gifYXYcp Y\ jnXccfn\[ Yp k_\ cXi^\i jg`iXc ^XcXop# E>: -./- kf k_\ i`^_k # \m\eklXccp% K_\i\ `j Xci\X[p jfd\ [`jkliYXeZ\ m`j`Yc\ `e Yfk_ Zfdgfe\ekj% 8 jlg\iefmX nXj j\\e kf \ogcf[\ `e k_\ cXi^\ jg`iXc `e )''+% E>: -./- `j cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Zfejk\ccXk`fe f] ;iXZf# k_\ ;iX^fe# XYflk *,' d`cc`fe c`^_k$p\Xij XnXp%

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cosmic028.indd 129

09/04/2009 15:45:57

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Image CredIts Cover NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team STSci/AURA-ESA/Hubble Collaboration.

Acknowledgement: B. Whitmore (Space Telescope Science Institute) and James Long (ESA/Hubble).

Inside Front Cover A. Fujii, NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2 and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) p. 4, 5, 52, 62, 66, 67, 78 , 86, 90, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/ NRAO/Stony Brook University) p. 6 NASA p. 8, 21, 32, 35, 39, 65, 76, 102, 103 NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) p. 11 Jacopo Tintoretto/The Yorck Project p. 12-13 ESO/S. Brunier p. 14 History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries; copyright the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma p. 16 NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt p. 17, 34, 44, 70, 83 European Space Agency & NASA p. 23 NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration p. 24, 28, 29 NASA/ESA p. 26 NASA/ESA, Jeffrey Kenney (Yale University), Elizabeth Yale (Yale University) p. 30 NASA, ESA, and A. Zezas (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics); GALEX data: NASA, JPL-Caltech, GALEX Team, J. Huchra et al. (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics); Spitzer data: NASA/JPL/Caltech/ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. p. 37 NASA, ESA, A. Aloisi (ESA/STScI) and The Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration

p. 38 NASA, ESA, and A. Aloisi (European Space Agency and Space Telescope Science Institute) p. 40 NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team p. 42 NASA, ESA, and Johan Richard (Caltech, USA).

Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin & James Long (ESA/Hubble) p. 47 X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D. Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al. p. 49 NASA, ESA, G. Miley and R. Overzier (Leiden Observatory) and the ACS Science Team p. 51 NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration. Acknowledgment: M. West (ESO, Chile) p. 55 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and W. Keel (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa) p. 56 William Parsons/NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team STScI/ AURA)

p. 79 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/ NRAO/Stony Brook University) p. 81 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/ NRAO/Stony Brook University), K. Noll (STScI), and J. Westphal (Caltech) p. 82 NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech/P. N. Appleton (SSC/ Caltech) p. 84 NASA/ESA, J. English (U. Manitoba), S. Hunsberger, S. Zonak, J. Charlton, S. Gallagher (PSU), and L. Frattare (STScI) p. 87 NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA p. 89 R. Jay Gabany p. 94-95 Robert Gendler p. 96-97 Sky & Telescope illustration by Casey Reed p. 99 NASA, ESA and K. Cook (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA)

p. 58 Reproduced by permission of the AAS

p. 100, 101 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope

p. 59 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and B. Whitmore (STScI)

p. 107 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/ NRAO/Stony Brook University) and G. Ostlin (Stockholm University)

p. 60 Reproduced by permission of the AAS p. 63 NASA, ESA, JPL-Caltech p. 68 NASA, ESA, and G. Canalizo (University of California, Riverside) p. 69 NASA, ESA and Andy Fabian (University of Cambridge, UK) p. 73, 74, 75 Frank Summers/STScI & NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)-ESA/ Hubble Collaboration and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

p. 122, 127 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and W. Keel (University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa) p. 134 NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/ AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration and K. Noll (STScI) p. 135 NASA, ESA, and M. Livio (STScI) Inside Back Cover NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA

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cosmic028.indd 140

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