EN Nobel Prize Experiments: the science highlights

Nobel Prize Experiments the science highlights

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“Imagination is more important than knowledge – for knowledge is limited.”

A. Einstein

... Göttingen is the town with the most Nobel

More than 145,000 customers in more than

Prize winners in Germany.

95 countries – mainly universities, colleges, schools, private institutes, museums, and sci-

There is no other place in Germany where one can refer to their knowledge and scientific culture like in this town. Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, and many more all worked and lived in Göttingen and established the city’s reputation as a university and cultural town. The Georg-August University, Göttingen has a topreputation - worldwide. It is regularly in the top 50 ranking of elite universities and lures international experts in science to Göttingen to teach and do research here.

ence centers – have chosen PHYWE solutions.

Göttingen is where PHYWE is based. Our good name along with the synonym for quality “made in Germany” enabled us to become a global market leader in education, teaching, and research in natural sciences. With a long tradition of nearly 100 years, PHYWE develops, produces, supplies, and installs experiments, solution systems, scientific equipment, but also e-learning systems, software, and services such as training, installation, pre- and after-sales support, and technical consulting.

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These Physics Nobel laureates lived and worked in Göttingen Patrick Blackett, Max Born, Walther Bothe, Hans G. Dehmelt, Paul A. M. Dirac, Enrico Fermi, James Franck, M. Goeppert-Mayer, Werner Heisenberg, Gustav Hertz, Herbert Kroemer, Max von Laue, Robert A. Millikan, Wolfgang Pauli, Max Planck, Karl Siegbahn, Johannes Stark, Otto Stern, Wilhelm Wien, Eugene P. Wigner

PHYWE History ■ 1913 Dr. Gotthelf Leimbach establishes the “Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des Erdinnern mbH” (association for investigation of the earth’s interior) ■ 1919 Start of the production of chemistry teaching materials ■ 1921 Start of the production of biology teaching materials ■ 1940 The name of the company is changed to “PHYWE Aktiengesellschaft”

Otto Hahn visits PHYWE (1966)

■ 1966 Nobel Prize winner Prof. Dr. Otto Hahn visits PHYWE ■ 1982 Presentation of a worldwide unique product: Natural radioactivity is made visible in a large diffusion cloud chamber ■ 1985 Experiments in space: The astronaut W. Ockels experiment with magnetic balls made by PHYWE ■ 1988 Partnership is formed with “Lucas-Nülle Lehr- und Mess geräte GmbH”. Mr Lucas-Nülle is the new executive partner and driving force ■ 1997 PHYWE turns demonstration classes “upside down” (or rather from horizontal to vertical). The system “Natural Sciences on the Board” revolutionises demonstration classes in schools ■ 1998 The modular, multifunctional measuring system “Cobra3” sets new standards for computer-aided experiments ■ 2001 Extension of the Cobra3 product range with the Chem-Unit, which is an interface that is optimally adapted to chemistry teaching ■ 2002 Launch of the electricity/electronics building block system with large, magnetic teacher building blocks for the demonstration board and small, identical building blocks for the students ■ 2004 PHYWE enters into a close cooperation with the renowned Goettingen University and XLAB ■ 2007 Extension of the new demonstration and training centre. Development of the modern classroom ■ 2008 Cobra4 – the new, modular interface system – is presented to the public for the first time at the education trade fair “didacta” ■ 2009 9 LLaunch aunch off new Applied Science product area with Service / Campus, PHYWE introduces new and standardised services before and after purchase. Go-live of new Internet platform

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Fundamental Discoveries of Nobel Prize Winners What they discovered and how they affect our lives

Nobel Prize winners have revolutionized science

the importance of the discoveries of Nobel

in the last 100 years. Discoveries such as x-rays or

laureates for the sciences and our lives.

quantum mechanics and their applications have changed our lives fundamentally and contributed

The new topic “Nobel Prize Experiments� can

to the prosperity of society. They will help to mas-

attract many visitor groups to these courses.

ter the challenges of the 21st Century.

The incentive of the visit is to learn about and understand the experiments and the scientific

Science centers are now offered the chance to

theory behind them as well as to gain a deeper

inform their visitors through lab courses about

insight into their scientific background.

excellence in science

Science centers become informal classrooms which allow visitors to get involved with the chfundamental issues of science and modern techon nology as active participants by using hands-on

A new dimension of experimentation in science centers!

experiments.

PHYWE offers science centers more than 20 Nobel d wellPrize experiments, didactically adapted and tood. thought-out, to work with and be understood.

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PHYWE supplies more than 30 Nobel Prize awarded experiments

The Nobel Prize is awarded annually in the disciplines of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. For scientists and researchers, it is the highest award.

PHWE supplies more than 30 Nobel Prize awarded experiments. From Conrad Röntgen to Max Planck or Albert Einstein. Experiment in the footsteps of Nobel Prize winners.

1901 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1901 – Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff 1902 – Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman 1903 – Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie 1907 – Albert A. Michelson

1925 – James Franck, Gustav Hertz

1908 – Ernest Rutherford

1927 – Arthur H. Compton

1914 – Max von Laue

1927 – C.T.R. Wilson

1915 – W.H. Bragg, W.L. Bragg

1929 – Louis de Broglie

1918 – Max Planck

1930 – Karl Landsteiner

1918 – Fritz Haber

1931 – Carl Bosch

1921 – Albert Einstein

1932 – Werner Heisenberg

1922 – Niels Bohr

1936 – Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson

1923 – Robert A. Millikan

1943 – Otto Stern

1924 – Manne Siegbahn

1945 – Wolfgang Pauli

1924 – Willem Einthoven

1948 – Arne Tiselius 1954 – Max Born, Walther Bothe 1971 – Dennis Gabor 1986 – Heinrich Rohrer, Gerd Binnig 2009 – Charles K. Kao

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PHYWE made Nobel Prize experiments understandable. From X-ray physics to radiation phenomena, ultrasonic experiments or quantum theory. You find some of our experiments on the next pages.

X-rays: RĂśntgen‘s discovery demonstrated by the PHYWE x-ray unit

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

expert

“In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (x-rays) often named after him”

Related Experiments by PHYWE The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a function of the anode current and anode voltage (P2540400) Principle Polychromatic X-radiation from a copper anode is to be directed against a LiF monocrystal so that the wavelengths can be analyzed according to Bragg. The dependency of the characteristic Kњ and Kћ radiation on the anode current and anode voltage are to be determined.

What you can learn about ■

Characteristic X-ray radiation

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Energy levels

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The Bragg equation

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Intensity of characteristic X-rays

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff

“In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Osmosis – dependence of the osmotic pressure on the concentration (P1135700)

Principle Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane against a concentration gradient. It is a colligative effect – its property depends only on the concentration of the solute not on its identity. In an osmosis chamber this effect can be demonstrated. When water molecules migrate through the membrane towards the hypertonic solution – down the water potential gradient – an osmotic pressure is generated which can be followed observing the rising water line in the capillary. Osmosis is highly relevant for biologic systems as many biological membranes are semipermeable and the osmotic pressure inside cells ensures their stability.

What you can learn about ■

Colligative effect

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Osmotic pressure

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Membrane

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Chemical potential

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman

expert

“In recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their research into the effect of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Zeeman effect with a CCD camera including the measurement software (P2511005)

Principle The “Zeeman effect” is the splitting up of the spectral lines of atoms within a magnetic field.

The simplest is the splitting up of one spectral line into three components called the “normal Zeeman effect”. In this experiment the normal Zeeman effect as well as the anomalous Zeeman effect are studied using a cadmium spectral lamp as a specimen. The cadmium lamp is submitted to different magnetic flux densities and the splitting up of the cadmium lines (normal Zeeman effect 643.8 nm, red light; anomalous Zeeman effect 508,6nm, green light) is investigated using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The evaluation of the results leads to a fairly precise value for Bohr’s magneton.

What you can learn about ■

Bohr’s atomic model

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Quantisation of energy levels

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Electron spin

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Bohr’s magneton

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Interference of electromagnetic waves

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Fabry-Perot interferometer

Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Marie and Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel

“In recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint research on radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Half-life and radioactive equilibrium (P2520101)

Principle The half-life of a Ba-137 m daughter substance eluted (washed) out of a Ca-137 isotope generator is measured directly and is also determined from the increase in activity after elution.

What you can learn about ■

Parent substance

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Daughter substance

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Rate of decay

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Disintegration or decay constant

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Counting rate

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Half life

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Disintegration product

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 Albert A. Michelson

expert

“For his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Michelson interferometer (P2220500)

Principle In the Michelson arrangement interference will occur by the use of 2 mirrors. The wavelength is determined by displacing one mirror using the micrometer screw.

What you can learn about ■ Interference ■

Wavelength

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Refractive index

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Velocity of light

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Phase

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Virtual light source

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 Ernest Rutherford

“For his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Rutherford experiment (P2522101)

Principle The relationship between the angle of scattering and the rate of scattering of alpha-particles by gold foil is examined with a semiconductor detector. This detector has a detection probability of 1 for alpha-particles and virtually no zero effect, so that the number of pulses agrees exactly with the number of alpha-particles striking the detector. In order to obtain maximum possible counting rates, a measurement geometry is used which dates back to Chadwick. It is also possible in this case to shift the foil and source in an axial direction (thus deviating from Chadwick’s original apparatus), so that the angle of scattering can be varied over a wide range. In addition to the annular diaphragm with gold foil, a second diaphragm with aluminium foil is provided in order to study the influence of the scattering material on the scattering rate.

What you can learn about ■

Scattering

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Angle of scattering

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Impact parameter

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Central force

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Coulomb field

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Coulomb forces

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Rutherford atomic model

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Identity of atomic number and charge on the nucleus

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 Max von Laue

“For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”

Related Experiments by PHYWE X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method (P2541600) Principle A monocrystal is to be irradiated by a polychromatic X-ray beam and the resulting diffraction patterns recorded on film and evaluated.

What you can learn about ■

Crystal lattices

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Crystal systems

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Crystal classes

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Bravais lattice

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Reciprocal lattice

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Miller indices

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Structure amplitude

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Atomic form factor

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Bragg equation

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 W. H. Bragg, W. L. Bragg

“For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Characteristic X-rays of copper (P2540100)

Principle Spectra of X-rays from a copper anode are to be analyzed by means of different monocrystals and the results plotted graphically. The energies of the characteristic lines are then to be determined from the positions of the glancing angles for the various orders of diffraction.

What you can learn about ■

Bremsstrahlung

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Characteristic radiation

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Energy levels

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Crystal structures

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Lattice constant

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Absorption

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Absorption edges

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Interference

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The Bragg equation

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Order of diffraction

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TESS The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 Fritz Haber

“For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Ammonia preparation from the elements (Haber-Bosch process) (P1140700)

Principle The synthesis of ammonia from elemental nitrogen and hydrogen based on the industrial Haber-Bosch process is shown in this experimental set-up in a simplified way. This reaction was invented by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch using iron as catalyst.

It was the first method to convert chemically inert dinitrogen into reactive ammonia on large scale. Without catalyst, this reaction is kinetically disfavored and takes place in only very bad yields. Ammonia is for example used as a ground chemical for the production of fertilizer underlying the high technical and economical relevance of the Haber-Bosch process.

What you can learn about ■

Industrial synthesis of Ammonia

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Catalysis

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Le Châtelier’s principle

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expert

TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 Max Planck

expert

“In recognition of the services he has rendered to the advancement of physics by his quantum theory”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck‘s „quantum of action“ (P2540900)

Principle X-ray spectra are to be recorded as a function of the anode voltage. The short wavelength limit of the bremsspectrum is to be used to determine the agreement with the DuaneHunt displacement law, and to determine Planck‘s „quantum of action“.

What you can learn about ■

X-ray tube

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Bremsstrahlung

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Characteristic X-ray radiation

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Energy levels

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Crystal structures

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Lattice constant

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Interference

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The Bragg equation

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 Albert Einstein

expert

“For his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Planck‘s „quantum of action“ from the photoelectric effect (line separation by a diffraction grating) with an amplifier (P2510501) Principle A photocell is illuminated with monochromatic light of different wavelengths. Planck’s quantum of action, or Planck’s constant h, is determined from the photoelectric voltages measured.

What you can learn about ■

External photoelectric effect

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Work function

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Adsorption

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Photon energy

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 Niels Bohr

expert

“For his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Characteristic X-ray lines of different anode materials /Moseley‘s law (P2541000)

Principle The X-rays emanating from three X-ray tubes, each with a different anode material, are to be analysed and the wavelengths of the characteristic X-ray lines from each are to be determined, so that Moseley‘s Law can be verified.

What you can learn about ■

Characteristic X-ray radiation

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Bohr’s atomic model

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Energy levels

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Binding energy

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Bragg scattering

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Moseley’s law

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Rydberg frequency and screening constant

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 Robert A. Millikan

“For his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Elementary charge and Millikan experiment (P2510100)

Principle Charged oil droplets subjected to an electric field and to gravity between the plates of a capacitor are accelerated by application of a voltage. The elementary charge is determined from the velocities in the direction of gravity and in the opposite direction.

What you can learn about ■

Electric field

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Viscosity

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Stokes’ law

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Droplet method

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Electron charge

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TESS expert

Nobelprize in Medicine 1924 Willem Einthoven

“For his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Human electrocardiography (ECG) with Cobra4 (P4020160)

Principle To record an electrocardiogram (ECG) between the left leg and the right and left arm (lead II according to Einthoven). To relate the ECG segments to the course of heart contraction (P wave, P-Q segment, QRS complex, T wave).

What you can learn about ■

Electrocardiogram according to Einthoven II

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Heart rate

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Quiet and strained heart

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ECG segments

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Atria

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Ventricles

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AV nodes

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 James Franck and Gustav Hertz

“For their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Franck-Hertz experiment with a Hg tube (P2510311) Principle Electrons are accelerated in a tube filled with mercury vapour. The excitation energy of mercury is determined from the distance between the equidistant minima of the electron current in a variable opposing electric field.

What you can learn about ■

Energy quantum

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Electron collision

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Excitation energy

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 Arthur H. Compton

expert

“For the discovery of the effect named after him”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Compton effect with the multi-channel analyser (P2524415)

Principle The energy of scattered gamma-radiation is measured as a function of the angle of scatter.

The Compton wavelength is determined from the measured values.

What you can learn about ■

Corpuscle

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Scattering

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Compton wavelength

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g-quanta

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De Broglie wavelength

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Klein-Nishina formula

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 C.T.R. Wilson

“For his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Visualisation of radioactive particles / diffusion cloud chamber (P2520400)

Principle Radioactivity is a subject in our society which has been playing an important role throughout politics, economy and media for many years now. The fact that this radiation cannot be seen or felt by the human being and that the effects of this radiation are still not fully explored yet, causes emotions like no other scientific subject before. The high-performance diffusion cloud chamber serves for making the tracks of cosmic and terrestrial radiation visible so that a wide range of natural radiation types can be identified. Furthermore, the diffusion cloud chamber offers the opportunity to carry out physical experiments with the aid of artificial radiation sources.

What you can learn about

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Cosmic radiation

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њ,ћ,ќ-particles

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Radioactive decay

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ћ deflection

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Decay series

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Ionising particles

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Particle velocity

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Mesons

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Lorentz force

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 Louis de Broglie

“For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Electron diffraction (P2511300)

Principle Fast electrons are diffracted from a polycrystalline layer of graphite: interference rings appear on a fluorescent screen. The interplanar spacing in graphite is determined from the diameter of the rings and the accelerating voltage.

What you can learn about ■

Bragg reflection

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Debye-Scherrer method

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Lattice planes

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Graphite structure

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Material waves

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De Broglie equation

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 Werner Heisenberg

expert

“For his work on quantum mechanics”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg‘s uncertainty principle (P2230100) Principle The distribution of intensity in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit is measured. The results are evaluated both from the wave pattern view point, by comparison with Kirchhoff‘s diffraction formula, and from the quantum mechanics standpoint to confirm Heisenberg‘s uncertainty principle.

What you can learn about ■

Diffraction

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Diffraction uncertainty

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Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula

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Measurement accuracy

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Uncertainty of location

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Uncertainty of momentum

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Wave-particle dualism

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De Broglie relationship

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 Otto Stern

“For his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Stern-Gerlach experiment with a stepper motor and interface (P2511111) Principle A beam of potassium atoms generated in a hot furnace travels along a specific path in a magnetic two-wire field. Because of the magnetic moment of the potassium atoms, the nonhomogeneity of the field applies a force at right angles to the direction of their motion.

The potassium atoms are thereby deflected from their path. By measuring the density of the beam of particles in a plane of detection lying behind the magnetic field, it is possible to draw conclusions as to the magnitude and direction of the magnetic moment of the potassium atoms.

What you can learn about ■

Magnetic moment

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Bohr magneton

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Directional quantization

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g-factor

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Electron spin

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Atomic beam

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Maxwellian velocity distribution

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Two-wire field

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TESS The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948 Arne Tiselius

“For his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Electrophoretic mobility (P3040701)

Principle Electrophoresis is a standard method in modern biochemistry. It enables molecules that ionize to be isolated and identified by means of the differences in their migration rates in an electric field which results from their particular charges and masses. The method enables amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and glycopeptides to be investigated and physicochemical characterised.

What you can learn about ■

Molecular and colloid suspensions

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Amino acids and proteins

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Ampholytes

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Electric field

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Electrophoresis and electrochromatography

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Migration rate and electrophoretic mobility

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expert

TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 Dennis Gabor

“For his invention and development of the holographic method”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Recording and reconstruction of holograms (P2260300)

Principle In contrast to normal photography a hologram can store information about the three-dimensionality of an object. To capture the threedimensionality of an object, the film stores not only the amplitude but also the phase of the light rays. To achieve this, a coherent light beam (laser light) is split into an object and a reference beam by being passed through a beam splitter. These beams interfere in the plane of the holographic film. The hologram is reconstructed with the reference beam which was also used to record the hologram.

What you can learn about

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Diffraction

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Object beam

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Coherence

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Reference beam

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Developing of film

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Real and virtual image

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Phase holograms

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Amplitude holograms

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Interference

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TESS Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig

expert

“For their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Atomic Resolution of the graphite surface by STM (scanning tunnelling microscope) (P2532000)

Principle Approaching a very sharp metal tip to an electrically conductive sample by applying a electrical field leads to a current between tip and sample without any mechanical contact. This so-called tunneling current is used to investigate the electronic topography on the sub nanometer scale of a fresh prepared graphite (HOPG) surface. By scanning the tip line-by-line across the surface graphite atoms and the hexagonal structure are imaged.

What you can learn about ■

Tunneling effect

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Hexagonal Structures

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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

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Imaging on the sub nanometer scale

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Piezo-electric devices

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Local Density Of States (LDOS)

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Constant-Height and Constant-Current-Mode

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TESS expert

Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Charles K. Kao

“For groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”

Related Experiments by PHYWE Fibre optics (P2261000)

Principle The beam of a laser diode is treated in a way that it can be coupled into a monomode fibre.

The problems related to coupling the beam into the fibre are evaluated and verified. In consequence alow frequency signal is transmitted through the fibre. The numerical aperture of the fibre is recorded. The transit time of light through the fibre is measured and the velocity of light within the fibre is determined. Finally the measurement of the relative output power of the diodelaser as a function of the supply current leads to the characteristics of the diodelaser such as „threshold energy“ and „slope efficiency“.

What you can learn about

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Transverse and longitudinal modes

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Total reflection

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Transit time

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Diode laser

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Threshold energy

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Gaussian beam

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Slope efficiency

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Monomode and multimode fibre

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Velocity of light

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Numerical aperture

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“Years of national and international experience, which was gathered from numerous projects, provide us with a level of expertise that is difficult to find elsewhere.”

K. Elias

Indian Institute of Technology

India

South Australian Museum Capital Normal University

Australia China

New York Museum of Science

USA

Lawrence Hall at UC Berkley Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Deutsches Museum München Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH

USA

Germany Germany Germany

“The Large Diffusion Cloud Chamber is a highlight of our exhibition and brings our visitors

DESY Hamburg

Germany

to being astonished and staying.” Dr. Tobias

UAE University United Arab Emirates National Technical University of Athens Greece

Wolff, Head of Exhibition and Research, Universum Science Center, Bremen, Germany

CERN, Genève

Germany

Switzerland

Moscow Pedagogical State University Russia Saint-Petersburg State Mining Institute Russia Universum Science Center Bremen Germany Nuclear Power Station Dukovany Czech Republic New York Hall of Science New York USA Nuclear Research Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences Federal State Museum Mannheim Niigata Science Museum

More references can be found at www.phywe.com

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Hungary Germany Japan

“Our museum’s Cloud Chamber was installed on 1990, and since then it has been working well. The participants (our museum visitors) can well understand the meaning of radioactive radiation phenomena.” Toshiaki Iwami, Head of Physics and Chemistry Exhibition, Niigata Science Museum, Japan

PHYWE diffusion cloud chamber With uni With u unique niqu que e products, prod pr oduc ucts ts,, PHYWE PHYW PH YWEE has has de demo demonmon nstrated their excellence in the development and production of scientific teaching materials over the decades. Our diffusion cloud chamber, for example, is one of these unique products. It makes natural background radiation visible in a particularly fascinating manner. Students and anybody who is interested in natural sciences can observe a natural phenomenon that is otherwise hidden in obscurity.

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Even after the purchase we are here for you – with our after sales service Th PHYWE service The i d does nott end d with ith th the d delili very of the equipment. On the contrary - with our after sales service, we offer you comprehensive support:

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