Volume 140 Spring 2024 Roundup Issue 3

Cellist Derrick Stein of the chamber group Through the Looking Glass in the Performing Arts Building

Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 29, 2024.

Raquel G. Frohlich

6201 Winnetka Ave.

Woodland Hills, CA 91371

Room: Pierce College Village 8211

Phone: (818) 710-4115

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Website: www.theroundupnews.com

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Editor-in-Chief...........Raquel G. Frohlich

Managing Editor....Christian Castellanos

Copy Editor.......................Brian Khoury

Online Editor.................Brandon Harrell

Online Editor......................Violet Garcia

Photo Editor.......................Emil Rizkalla

Photo Editor..................Myraneli Fabian

Opinion Editor........................Tyler Hale

News Editor....................Delilah Brumer

Campus Life Editor......Gerardo Escobar

Campus Life Editor........Olivia Espinoza

Sports Editor......................John Ormeno

Sports Editor......................Sadie Shields

Social Media Editor........Alfonso Vargas

Reporters

Benjamin Hanson

Fabiola Carrizosa

Marcus Nocerino

Raiden Vazquez

Spencer Fuller

Taj Robles

Xavier Boyston

Photographers

Abraham Elizalde

Finn Andrade

Icy Smith

Karla Delgado

Kyle Camacho

Megan Arana

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Owen Meza-Vandermeer

Sophie Lotterstein

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Corrections?

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140 - Issue 2

Editorial: From the desk of the Roundup Improvements still needed: It’s time to fix FAFSA

The rollout of this year’s Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) has been marred by delays and technical difficulties, causing confusion and problems for incoming freshmen and transfer students. There’s still time to ensure these errors don’t have severe consequences, but four-year universities and the federal government must act.

Although the application is typically released in late October, this year’s FAFSA wasn’t available until January, due to a revamp of the system, with changes including the elimination of many of the old FAFSA questions. The shorter list of questions and other aspects of the new FAFSA aim to make the financial aid process

simpler, which U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona has called “transformational.”

Although the new FAFSA is more streamlined, the delay of its release until January means that students won’t know their estimated financial aid until much later in 2024 than in previous years. This hurts any students who are attending a new institution, such as those going to Pierce after graduating high school or transferring from Pierce to a four-year university.

The delay in the FAFSA rollout, along with glitches on the submission platform, have had major negative effects.

According to U.S. Department of Education data, the amount of completed FAFSA applications submitted by California students

by the start of February this year is down by 57 percent compared to last year.

Because students won’t be able to make financially informed decisions about where to commit to college until later in the year, it is crucial that fouryear universities push back their commitment deadlines. The Los Angeles Times reported that the University of California and California State University systems recently announced they were pushing their commitment dates from May 1 to May 15. To support lowincome students, or any students who need scholarships, private universities should do the same.

Beyond putting a bandage on the damage already done this year by attempting to fix

technical issues as they arise, the U.S. Department of Education should act to make sure this doesn’t happen again next year.

The federal government should focus on technical troubleshooting before releasing next year’s FAFSA, as well as making sure helplines are adequately staffed in the future, because according to the Los Angeles Times, it can currently take days or weeks for students to receive a response.

Pierce will be offering (FAFSA) Financial Aid Workshops on March 2, 16 and 23. Because students deserve better, the federal government should make improvements as well.

Editorial: From the desk of the Roundup LACCD should let student representative vote

By bringing attention to under-discussed issues, student representatives provide crucial advocacy and input on any higher education governing body—so they should be able to vote.

Currently, the position of Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) student trustee is merely advisory, meaning the representative is a full board member and can present at meetings, but their votes do not count, according to the LACCD website. With the election for the 2024-25 LACCD student trustee this spring, it’s

time to switch this position from advisory to voting.

No one but students can fully understand student concerns. Other trustees aren’t paying tuition or worrying about financial aid, taking classes while balancing family responsibilities or striving to prepare themselves for their intended field of work as they juggle degree requirements.

Although having an advisory student trustee is a great first step, this isn’t enough.

The LACCD Board of Trustees not allowing its student representative to vote

is an anomaly in California. According to their policies, both the California State University Board of Trustees and the University of California Board of Regents have voting student members. In addition to the CSU and UC systems, even the statewide California Community College Board of Governors has two voting student members, starting in 2021, when Assembly Bill 337 was passed. The LACCD Board of Trustees says this position is important, so the student representative should be able

A look into the archives: 70 years of the Roundup

On this day 22 years ago, the Roundup published Volume 96 Number 2.

In its six pages, some stories that were covered included HIV/ AIDS Awareness Week, the addition of 16 new full-time faculty, an editorial on how high school students should be able to take more units, construction of a new garden, construction of the new Student Services building and Pierce Brahmas beating rivals Valley Monarchs in baseball.

An opinion piece by a

Copy by Brian Khoury.

staff writer described the bravery of Daniel Pearl, a wellknown journalist who attended Birmingham High School. He traveled to Pakistan after 9/11 to cover the war in the Middle East and was imprisoned and murdered because of his job and Jewish heritage. She wrote about working as a student journalist in the San Fernando Valley, where Pearl grew up, and the dangers and challenges of the profession.

to vote. Since it is currently an advisory position, there’s nothing stopping the other Board of Trustees members from listening to the student member’s input, then voting in a different way, with no student vote to counteract them.

If the state-level governing boards of the UCs, CSUs and CCCs have all done it, so can the LACCD.

It’s time for students to not just be voices, but to be voters.

A March 6, 2002, archived issue of the Roundup in the newsroom on Feb. 28, 2024. Photo by Raquel G. Frohlich.

Volume

In the news brief, “Financial aid support,” the social media post was from 2023.

Do you plan to vote? Why or why not? What’s the most important issue for you?

Quotes gathered by Delilah Brumer

Photos by Karla Delgado

“I do plan to vote because a lot of important issues are going to be on the ballot this year. It’s a lot of issues that personally affect my family and people I know, like immigration and affordable housing. Candidates need to be trying to bring down prices because going to the grocery store, it’s so hard to be able to buy food for my family. I know that’s affecting not only myself but people in lower income brackets as well.”

Andrea Damian - Animal science major

“Yeah I want to vote. I want to choose the right people so that they can change America for the better. Right now, rent is really expensive and the economy sucks. I want to choose people who will do their part and work to make the economy better and lower down prices.”

Daniel Lopez - Graphic design major

“I hadn’t planned on voting because right now it seems stressful on both sides, but I also want to vote. I feel like not doing anything is being complacent with what’s going on in the world. I don’t want to be complacent but it feels like a lose-lose situation. I’m not a politics person and it can be very confusing and biased when I’m trying to do my own research. In terms of issues, I want people to have protections. We need better federal protections for basic human rights. We need to stop all the hate.”

Chase Leclair - Medical engineering technician major

“Well, I wasn’t planning on voting. It doesn’t matter to me. I don’t care for it. I don’t fall into those political areas. I don’t really think there are really issues that are important with voting.”

“I’ll probably vote for the president spot, but I haven’t been voting in the local elections, at least not yet. For me, the issues are like, the gas prices are too high and so is the rent. The overall sentiment in this country seems to be on the downturn. There’s been a lot of division, in general.”

Darwin Manansala - Business major

Gregory Tchakian - Computer science major

Taking the campus temperature since 1949

Pierce College Weather Station celebrated 75 years of service

By Spencer Fuller Reporter

There is one thing that has been documented every day since 1949 at Pierce College—the weather.

The weather station at Pierce has been reporting since 1949, two years after the college was established, for the National Weather Service, and there is a complete data set—maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall—of 24-hour measurements dating back to 1949, according to Observation Program Leader Joe Sirard.

The station at Pierce is a cooperative weather station, and across the National Weather Service there is a cooperative weather network of thousands of volunteer weather observers

“One of the claims to fame for that site is that the all-time high temperature of record for Los Angeles County was on Sept. 6, 2020—when the site reached 120 degrees for a maximum daily temperature,” Sirard said. “It’s the first and only official high of 120 degrees for Los Angeles County.”

Joe Sirard Observation Program Leader

who come from all walks of life, explained Sirard.

“Part of my duties is to maintain these cooperative

weather stations, such as Pierce College,” Sirard said. “So other educational institutions in my district include not only Pierce College, but also UCLA, and also SLO Cal Poly. So we have three educational institutions in my district as part of a cooperative weather observer network.”

The Western Weather Group, in conjunction with the National Weather Service, is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the weather station, said Sirard.

“The data is updated every day at 4 p.m., and then I gather the data from all these different sites around my district, including Pierce, and then I submit the data to the National Centers for Environmental Information,” Sirard said.

The weather station is seeking additional funding for future

Brahma Blotter

For the week of Feb. 26 to March 3.

Reporting by Christian Castellanos and Raquel G. Frohlich.

Crime Log

02/29/2024

Vandalism

A door in the women’s restroom in the North Gym was damaged.

The crime log is made publicly available at the Pierce College Sheriff’s Office.

Campus Incidents

02/29/2024

A verbal argument between two students was handled by a school administrator. The student was not aware of the free speech zone on campus.

projects, according to grant writer and physics and planetary sciences professor Travis Orloff.

“I have made attempts for

funding using instruments that can predict data of weather phenomena for Southern California,” Orloff said, also mentioning tools such as pollution sensors and temperature sensors.

Orloff wants students to be able to use the weather station for their classes, such as research projects or lab activities in environmental sciences, oceanography or earth science courses.

Professor of Anthropology and Geographical Sciences Tracy Hurst said classroom education on weather data collection is enhanced by having a weather station on campus because

it provides ground-based instruments that students can observe firsthand.

The data collected has made Pierce’s weather station an important component for news stations across the county.

“One of the claims to fame for that site is that the all-time high temperature of record for Los Angeles County was on Sept. 6, 2020—when the site reached 120 degrees for a maximum daily temperature,” Sirard said. “It’s the first and only official high of 120 degrees for Los Angeles County.”

The Pierce College Sheriff’s Office is changing its sign to reflect the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department’s new chain of command. Robert Luna was elected as the 34th LA County Sheriff on Nov. 8, 2022.

Pierce College Sheriff’s Office General Information 818-719-6450

Emergency 818-710-4311

Pension divestment from fossil fuels, new unit minimum among topics discussed at Academic Senate meeting

By Raiden Vazquez Reporter

Moral and monetary goals don’t often head toward the same conclusions, but a plan to reach both was discussed in the Academic Senate meeting on Feb. 26. The prevalent topic of discussion was the divesting of college pensions.

Political Science Professor Denise Robb brought up studies

saying that pensions would have more money if divestment had happened a decade ago.

Four people spoke during public comment time on the fiscal benefits and moral obligation to go ahead with the pension divesting.

“We have already promised to have a greener state by converting to electricity instead of using fossil fuels,” student Marcelo Cabrera said. “The plan

is still underway. I believe that our schools will also reflect the changes that our students, our communities, our governance, our state actually says that they want to complete.”

When the time came to vote on divesting, the resolution regarding the pensions was approved by acclamation. Unlike the other measures being voted on by holding yes or no cards, this vote was determined by

vocal confirmation of senators saying “Yay” or “Nay”.

The district is pushing for a new unit minimum, from 21 to 27 in order to add American Institution and Lifelong learning studies to general education. This would be part of the Cal-GETC, a general education pattern that would go into effect in the fall of 2025.

Guided Pathways Coordinator Judy Lam thought the request

for learning the subjects was unreasonable in how it was presented.

“While those two areas I think are very important for our students to have, I think there are also ways to incorporate those areas into the existing GE areas, because I think six units is a lot to ask our students to add on to whatever they already have, especially for some of the highunit majors,” Lam said.

The Pierce College Weather station at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 28, 2024.

Emil Rizkalla / Roundup News

VIN Diesel would approve of this service

LAPD Topanga Division

By Raquel G. Frohlich Editor-in-Chief

One worker drove the car into one of two bays.

Another scanned the VIN and the vehicle was lifted up by a tow truck driver. A fourth worker slid under the car and etched the VIN onto the catalytic converter. The etching was done, the car was brought down, and it was driven back to its owner—all within a couple minutes.

Two hundred cars were registered for the March 2 free Catalytic Converter Etching Event by LAPD Topanga Division. Detective Cesar Flores, the detective supervisor in charge of the auto table at the Topanga division, said this was their third event at Pierce.

“We have worked together in the past along the same lines to etch catalytic converters,” said Alex Villalta, a professor and department chair for industrial technology at Pierce who was onhand to ensure things were going well with the facility. “And this is obviously due to the increase of catalytic converter theft that’s been happening not just in the San Fernando Valley, but pretty much all in LA County.”

Last year, the Topanga division—encompassing Canoga Park, Winnetka, Woodland Hills and West Hills—had more than 300 catalytic converters reported stolen, according to Flores.

He explained that when a catalytic converter is cut from a car, it makes a terrible sound.

“Basically, the purpose of the catalytic converter—there’s an O2 sensor hooked up, an oxygen sensor, hooked up to it. So it helps run the emissions of the vehicle,” Flores said. “Will your car run and work? Yes, but it’s not good

offered free catalytic converter etchings at Pierce

for the car. Eventually the car would stop working properly.”

Some catalytic converters are more valuable than others, and some vehicles have more than one. One stolen catalytic converter can go for a couple hundred dollars, said Flores.

“Unfortunately, it costs the victim four times that amount, if not more, to get it replaced,” Flores said. “Because even though the bad guy gets a couple hundred dollars for the catalytic converter piece, to replace one could be in the thousands of dollars.”

Three years ago, Detective Jeff Lohmann, of the Sheriff’s Altadena station, started a company—JL Marking—with equipment that quickly scans the VIN on the door jamb, uploads it to the etching machine and engraves the full VIN in about 30 seconds.

Etching catalytic converters doesn’t necessarily prevent theft, but it allows law enforcement to identify stolen or recovered components, said Lohmann.

“They give us in law enforcement a good working tool to identify, find the victim and be able to aid in recovery of it, and also the prosecution,” he said. “So that’s the main reason we’re doing this.”

Villalta encouraged Pierce students—some of whom have had different perspectives of and experiences with police officers—to attend the event, and to network with the officers and TRAP (Taskforce for Regional Auto Theft Prevention) team. About 15 to 20 students come by these events throughout the day, he said.

“I think it’s a great opportunity for them to come in, meet the

News Briefs

Interim President Ara Aguiar to run for permanent position

The interim president recently made the decision to run after stating her husband’s plans to retire at the same time fell through. “So what am I going to do at home?” Aguiar said. “When I can be here having fun with people.”

“The longer I do this, the longer I’m enjoying it,” Aguiar said.

Aguiar regrets not doing it sooner as it would have set a “slightly different tone” in regards to being president, but she doesn’t let the “interim” get

officers,” Villalta said. “And ultimately, you just learn that they are human beings, just like us, and they are just simply doing their job. So I think it’s an opportunity for them to network with the officers, it’s an opportunity for us to showcase our department and let the community and also the officers know about our beautiful new expansion building here in the automotive facility.”

Villalta also had a chance to give a tour of the facility to interested visitors.

“A lot of vehicle owners will come in, and then while their catalytic converter is being etched, they’re standing around and then we talk to them,” Villalta said. “We have some flyers that we give them, so we take the opportunity to give them flyers, not necessarily only about automotive, but all industrial technology and all CTE.”

Araceli Perez-Garcia, who is studying both automotive and criminology, found it interesting to watch and learn how the catalytic converters are etched.

“It’s pretty cool just being able to talk to the police officers, actually see what else they do besides doing this, how they started, so I can get a little information to see where I could start at,” Perez-Garcia said.

Perez-Garcia, whose father is a mechanic and helped spark an interest to study in the automotive field, found it important to attend the event.

“I kept on going strong and I loved it,” Perez-Garcia said. “I’m a student worker here at Pierce as well, at the auto shop, so I’m learning more of a lot of things that I didn’t know, and helping other students and advocating for the department and just the

school, which is amazing. So I love it so far. Thanks to Alex I’m able to have a lot of opportunities like this—coming here to this

event is opening doors for me.”

See ‘Etching catalytic converters’ on page 8.

in the way of her job.

“When I took on this responsibility, I made it as if I was permanent, with the same accountability measures that I would have [had] and the same commitment,” said Aguiar, who has had a positive experience in the job. “I didn’t let that ‘interim’ piece play a role in my strategies that we applied and that we developed.”

The interim president’s position will have no effect on the selection committee’s decision to continue looking for a permanent president. According to Aguiar, she is “just one more candidate to choose from.” Committee members are selected by constituents and

vetted through the Chancellor. The selection committee is not made known to the candidates.

Sections of sidewalk not ADA compliant

A sidewalk leading down from the Performing Arts Building along Brahma Drive is under construction as the steepness of it is not ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) compliant—the plan and design of the sidewalk was not in full alignment with ADA, according to Interim President Ara Aguiar.

“All of these projects are approved by state architects and they’re approved by local architects, but then when the inspector came, he measured and they were constructed incorrectly so they have to be redone,” Aguiar said.

“It may not be the whole thing that needs to be redone, but sections of it have to be retired,”

Aguiar said.

French Film Festival

Pierce College will be hosting a festival featuring seven French films in the Multicultural Center.

The screenings will be held on March 12, March 14, March 19, March 21, March 25, March 26 and April 18. Each screening will be followed by a Q&A. All films are open to the public and admission is free.

File photo by David Pashaee / Roundup News

Senior lead officer Cory Garza etches a VIN onto a catalytic converter using a JLMarking.com etching machine during a free catalytic converter etching event by LAPD Topanga Division at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on March 2, 2024.

Raquel G. Frohlich / Roundup News

(L to R) Copy by Christian Castellanos, Raquel G. Frohlich and Delilah Brumer.

Students weave cultural connections

LACCD comes together to learn more about Black history and culture in the Multicultural Center

By Gerardo Escobar Campus Life Editor

With a webinar joined by all nine LACCD campuses, Pierce College students and faculty may have literally been able to weave connections between Black history and modern culture at the Kente Weaving event in the Multicultural Center.

Umoja provided supplies so attendees could participate in kente weaving while they watched The Black History Month Master Class webinar presented by Chike Akua, which was organized by LACCD in partnership with African American Male Education Network and Development (A2MEND) and screened on Feb. 27, with an aim to teach more about African culture.

“It was important to enlighten everybody, not just our Black students on campus, but our other population of students about what’s happening and what has happened,” Umoja Club President Xannia Simpson said.

“I think it was a really amazing time to educate everybody about how important Black history is, not just to Black people, but to the world in general.”

The event aimed to teach topics that are not usually covered in schools with a focus on the influence African cultures had in modern society, specifically in East Africa with the Kingdoms

history and African history, and how that links to African American history and Black culture as well,” Automotive Service Technology Professor Michael Van Dyke said. “I brought my daughter as well. She’s 12 years old and so I just brought her to introduce her to different cultural aspects.”

Akua explained instances of

“I think it was a really amazing time to educate everybody about how important Black history is, not just to Black people, but to the world in general.”

Xannia Simpson Umoja Club President

of Egypt and Kush. According to Akua, Black people led the world scientifically and that is not typically heard about.

“I learned quite a bit about the link between Ancient Egyptian

visual similarities between Mesoamerican statues of groups like the Olmecs, with African ones.

The kente weaving was chosen as a way to incorporate what was being taught with an activity, according to Simpson.

hellenization of African cultures, such as the original name of Ancient Egypt being Kemet and the original name of the Sphinx being Heremakhet, as well as provided an interpretation for the message the builders of the monument had.

According to Akua, African cultures had an influence in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, highlighting the

The weaving activity involved two pages. One page had perforations and kente patterns, and another had slits. The page with the kente pattern was torn strip by strip and then each strip inserted into the slits with an over and under technique, similar to macrame, until the whole page was finished.

The origins of kente cloth are largely attributed to the Ashanti people from modern-day Ghana.

The practice may have started around 400 years ago or even as early as 1000 BCE with the Akan people of the Ivory Coast and Ewe people of southeastern Ghana, according to the Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology.

Simpson felt that the webinar was a great way to connect all campuses in the district without physically being together. Simpson described what she believed the message of the webinar to be.

“There is power in being Black, and we need to understand where we come from and understand our history more in order to empower our people,” Simpson said.

Owen Meza-Vandermeer / Roundup News

Vice President of the Umoja program Allayna Alexander (left) and President Xannia Simpson (right) participate in the Umoja-organized Black History Month kente weaving event in the Multicultural Center at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 27, 2024.

A tray of beignets on a table in the Multicultural Center at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 27, 2024. Beignets were one of three foods offered during the event.

Sophie Lotterstein / Roundup News

Business Administration major Reid Rubinstein completes the kente weaving activity in the Multicultural Center at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 27, 2024.

Sophie Lotterstein / Roundup News

All good things come in threes

By Marcus Nocerino Reporter

Classical music with a modern touch flowed through the Performing Arts Building with the help of the musicians playing the cello, clarinet and electric guitar, also giving audiences the opportunity to listen to three different artists in one concert.

Three musicians—Brian Walsh, Michael Jon Fink and Derek Stein—performed as part of a series of ASO concerts. Walsh played the woodwinds, Stein played the cello and Fink played the guitar and bass.

This chamber group is called Through the Looking Glass and is inspired by the chamber jazz trio of Jimmy Giuffre, Bob Brookmeyer and Jim Hall.

There were eight pieces that Fink wrote and one piece that Walsh wrote.

The musicians started out with the piece called “For Sonny Sharrock,” and closed with a piece called “Tar.”

Guitar & bass player Fink mentioned his favorite piece played at the concert.

“It’s always fun to play the piece ‘Tar’ at the end. It’s a good closure so I enjoy that,” Fink said.

Fink explained how he got into music.

“Way back I got interested in music to take guitar lessons when I was about 11 or 12 years old, so I studied with a folk singer that’s also a guitarist and I came back later in college to study guitar and composition,” Fink said. “All the band members work on music consistently and have the joy of the inspiration they take

for their craft.”

Music major Izaiah Farmer attended the concert and discussed what he enjoyed about the performance.

“It was really interesting. I don’t often listen to classical music so it was a nice experience, especially because it’s more contemporary and it’s interesting to have an electric guitar moment,” Farmer said.

Farmer, also a musician, plays a variety of instruments.

“My main instrument is guitar, my secondary saxophone, but I also play piano, bass, drums, and harmonica as well,” Farmer said.

Symphonic Band and Music Club advisor Ryan Espinosa shared his favorite part about the concert.

“I really enjoyed the chemistry of the performers and I think there’s something you can only get by observing concerts and not necessarily listening to them on a CD,” Espinosa said.

Espinosa explained what the band members’ chemistry was like on stage.

“You can see how performers communicate with each other and it’s really cool to witness that because you can see how they work through the piece in real time,” Espinosa said.

Upcoming LAPC Music events can be found on their Instagram and Facebook and concert recordings can be seen through their Youtube channel.

The next Thursday concert will be on March 7, and will feature Grammy Award winner John Schneider on the guitar in the Performing Arts Building from 1 to 2 p.m.

Black History Month Celebration & Reflection

TOP: Football player Tederrius Strowbridge talks about the book “Homeboyz” at a Black History Month Celebration & Reflection at Piece College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 29, 2024.

CENTER: Professor Lisa Valdez reads an excerpt from “What Happened to You?” a book about healing trauma.

BOTTOM: Students attend a Black History Month Celebration and Reflection in the LLC Courtyard.

Kyle Camacho / Roundup News

Guitarist Michael Fink of the chamber group Through the Looking Glass performs in the Performing Arts Building at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on Feb. 29, 2024.

Finn Andrade / Roundup News

Veronica Rosas / Roundup News

Veronica Rosas / Roundup News

Photo Essay 8

Etching catalytic converters

CENTER: A JLMarking.com etching machine is used during a free catalytic converter etching event.

BOTTOM LEFT: Senior lead officer Mitchell Tosti prepares to scan the VIN of a car.

TOP LEFT: Tow truck driver Mario Trevino works to lift a car during a free catalytic converter etching event by LAPD Topanga Division at Pierce College in Woodland Hills, Calif., on March 2, 2024.

TOP RIGHT: A variety of catalytic converters are displayed on a table.

BOTTOM RIGHT: Senior lead officers Cory Garza (left) and Mitchell Tosti (right) work during a free catalytic converter etching event.

Photos by Raquel G. Frohlich.