CPTED Assessment of Fortson Square

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Assessment Fortson Square 400 block of 2nd Avenue Extension S. Pioneer Square, Seattle

Major Site Visits: Wednesday, February 15th 2017 1pm – 5pm

Friday, March 10th 2017 10am – 4pm

Tuesday, March 14th 2017 10pm – 12:15am

author: Tari Nelson-Zagar, MLIS Seattle Neighborhood Group

The mission of Seattle Neighborhood Group is to prevent crime and build community through partnerships with residents, businesses, law enforcement, and other organizations.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

2

Table of Contents SNG CPTED Practice ..................................................................................................... 4 Maps of Fortson Square .............................................................................................. 5 Data for Fortson Square .............................................................................................. 7 Crime and CPTED in Fortson Square ......................................................................... 14 Site Overview ............................................................................................................. 15 Sitewide Activities and Features ............................................................................... 19 Territorial Definition .................................................................................................. 23 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 24

Access Control ........................................................................................................... 29 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 29

Natural Surveillance Daytime & After Dark .............................................................. 30 Recommendations - Daytime ......................................................................................................... 30 Recommendations – After Dark ...................................................................................................... 32

Image, Maintenance, and Reputation ...................................................................... 33 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 33

Community Activation ............................................................................................... 37 Appendix .................................................................................................................... 38 References ................................................................................................................. 43

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

3

m

SNG CPTED Practice Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an approach designed to support positive human activity on a site. There are 5 analytical tools, or categories, that constitute our CPTED practice at Seattle Neighborhood Group: Natural Surveillance, Access Control, Image & Maintenance, and Community Activation. I will give general comments that apply site-wide under each of these categories. Increasing positive “guardianship” and decreasing crime are the overarching Natural Surveillance facilitates seeing into and out of a place in daylight and after dark. Those using the space can be seen by others, and those passing by can see what is happening inside. The possibility that wrong-doing could be observed sends strong cues to those on site that they might be seen and identified. This perceived surveillance can be a helpful deterrent when coupled with good application of the other CPTED categories. Fences that are solid, or landscaping that is tall and bushy impede good Natural Surveillance. The “CPTED Golden Rule” we advise for landscaping in fully public urban space is – keep plant height at 2 feet or below, and keep trees limbed up to 8 feet.

“CPTED friendly” fencing includes wrought iron, chain-link, clear panels, pickets with space between them – essentially anything that is easy to see through well enough to identify what is happening on the property.

Access Control helps guide people onto or off of a site. Pathways, fencing, landscape features, can all be part of your Access Control strategy. Access Control is easy to conflate with Security Measures & Target Hardening – it is neither of these. If there are no appropriate, or workable CPTED solutions for a site using Access Control (in conjunction with the other CPTED tools), we generally must resort to using Security Measures or Target Hardening to achieve a desired result.

Territorial Definition is the way a place declares its use – what is supposed to happen there.

This CPTED principle supports guardianship through use of signs indicating site purpose and rules, and other more intrinsic parts of the place, such as how surfaces are treated to cue use, or how the various design elements work together to promote a specific set of uses. A strong declaration of a main entry point is an example of one type of Territorial Definition element that should work in concert with others, such as signage, architectural lighting, activity space arrangement.

Image, Maintenance, & Reputation is a straightforward CPTED tool that seems very “common-sensical”, and often yields good results when two other categories, Territorial Definition and Natural Surveillance, are strong as well.

Image, Maintenance, & Reputation is often the easiest category to engage community with, and also the easiest category to have some early implementation success.

Community Activation – None of the CPTED categories above will work without a strong Community Activation element. It is worth thinking carefully about what end result you would like for your Community Activation plan, and build recommendations that support that outcome step by step. Focusing your community activation steps on crime reduction will produce good connections with your community, empowering them to learn how to take care of their own safety needs, and will build reflexive community ties to the site. These ties can become cultural features of the place...”we are a strong block, we look out for each other – we call 911 if something looks out of place”. It is important to remember that “community” for a place is not just those who are on site – landlords and property owners who are off site are part of the community too, having deep impacts on the safety of those who are on site.

Community Activation is not the same as “activating the space” – which indicates activity levels alone, not attachment to the site and a sense of ownership and care.

Disclaimer: The recommendations and strategies suggested here intended to reduce opportunities for crime, improve quality of life and provide for a safer environment.

Seattle Neighborhood Group does not guarantee that any specific crime will be prevented if these Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

4

recommendations are implemented.

Maps of Fortson Square

Left: the blue oval roughly encompasses the main public space this assessment addresses.

The area referred to as “Fortson Square” in this document is inside the darker blue triangle.

Left: An aerial view illustrates the compactness of the site, and the size of the roadways compared to the sidewalk and other small open spaces here.

The site contains three residential facilities, more on the perimeter and nearby, service agencies, a nightclub, and a handful of small businesses.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

5

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

6

Data for Fortson Square The publicly available dataset for 9-1-1 Calls for Service in the City of Seattle is not a perfect dataset.

There are duplicate rows (which have been merged for this document), omitted data (especially for 2013), and questionable data quality in many fields including the location fields. However, as a measure of crime and disorder affecting this place, it is the best data publicly available and the results here, however inaccurate, illuminate one facet of crime at this place. Crime data always has problems, and should not be taken as the most accurate picture of a place. Categories of data change over time, or are dropped, or added – making longitudinal statements tricky.

The Fortson Square 9-1-1 data set contains calls for

Officer Generated 9-1-1 Calls “Onviews”

service between late 2010 (when moderate numbers of calls start to populate the system), and run through the first day of May, 2017.

Some of the data in this dataset is generated by police officers as they stop for something they see that doesn’t look right. These stops are called “Officer Initiated Onview”, and are sometimes noted in a data field. It is unclear, however, that this is an automatically triggered data point, so the reliability of the onview data may not be particularly good. Over 20% of the onview data for this set is traffic related.

Much of the quality of the dataset relies on complex (and aging) computer systems “talking” to each other, and also on officer input. All crime data can be influenced by many factors, including emphasis campaigns, an increase in motivation on the part of the surrounding community to report problems, changes in population, system failures (2013 seems to have had a drastic system failure as the numbers are extremely low citywide), to name just a few.

It is wise to bear this in mind while looking at any data.

Notable data for the 9-1-1 Calls for Service dataset at Fortson Square include Assaults, Disturbance, Mischief/Nuisance, Crisis Complaints, warrant calls, Liquor/Marijuana Use, Narcotics calls, Gun and Weapon calls, and Strong Arm Robbery.

Many of these categories come in at very high rates, especially Assault, Disturbance, Nuisance, Liquor/Marijuana, and Narcotics. Troublingly steady numbers appear in various Gun and Weapon categories. The site also has a lot of Crisis Complaint/Behavioral Health calls, and Warrant calls.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

7

9-1-1 data – by Location

Stand out 9-1-1 data for the various geographic parts of this site include: • Disturbances – slightly heavier at 400 2nd S • Liquor Violations extremely heavy at the 400 block point • Narcotics – present throughout the site, but noticeably heavier at the 400 block point • Suspicious Person calls are also fairly evenly distributed, but heavier on the 400 block.

• The label ‘Mental Complaint’ changed in 2015 to ‘Crisis Complaint’ they appear to be the same call type.

• Pedestrian and traffic violations seem more dynamic toward 2nd Ave. S. and S. Washington St. which makes sense as there are more places for motorcycle traffic cops to park on S. Washington St. to observe, and this point in the flow of traffic is where cars seem to speed up to make the next series of green lights southbound.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

8

9-1-1 data – by Year

A Caution About This View 9-1-1 data by year is possibly the most misleading way to break down this particular dataset as 2013 is so obviously incorrect, and 2010 is incomplete (having started collecting data later in the year), and 2011-2012 seem low in comparison to 2014.

The data is presented in this arrangement, though, as 2015, 2016, and 2017 are hopefully producing more reliable data.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

9

9-1-1 data – by Month

The color coding here does not illustrate a strict grouping 9-1-1 call types, but might help identify some general similarities, for example, Narcotics and Liquor calls.

The only data that stood out very much is the “Narcotics Other” category which is quite a bit heavier in February than any other month. This could indicate some kind of emphasis operation, or a data policy shift, or it could be anomalous. Or it could (combined with the weekday data) indicate that weekdays in February are hot for “Narcotics Other” – however one would need much more information to make a strong leap to that conclusion.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

10

9-1-1 data – by Day of Week

It is tempting to find patterns in sub-sets of the 9-1-1 call data, however for most crime types there is too little data to do so. The larger numbers of data on this site, by day of week, does produce some interesting features though: • Disturbances seem remarkably stable throughout the week.

• Liquor Violations also stable throughout week.

• Narcotics Other is much lower on the weekend days.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

11

9-1-1 data – by Day of Month

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

12

9-1-1 data – by Hour of Day

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

13

Guardianship and Crime Prevention While CPTED practice focuses primarily on physical characteristics of space, it also addresses social engagement and empowering site users to establish positive social use of space. This underlying concept of "guardianship" is at the center of Seattle Neighborhood Group’s CPTED approach.

A guardian is any person whose presence influences activities in the space. Part of the challenge in creating safe space is supporting the guardians in stepping out of the shell of anonymity and exerting positive influence on a place.

Positive guardians can be active or passive. A positive guardian is someone who will notice problems and intervene to the degree they feel comfortable. A passive guardian is one whose presence alone inhibits another person from committing a crime – they don't have to do anything except be in the space.

Crime and CPTED in Fortson Square Crime and disorder in Fortson Square is heavily weighted with liquor and narcotics activity. Whether the source of the crime/disorder is the resident population from nearby housing, a transient population of a more ambient nature, people who flood the area for nightlife and entertainment, or those who come into the area to take advantage of the site’s vulnerable populations, the common nexus seems to be drugs and alcohol. It is not definitively possible within the bounds of this site assessment to state that disturbance calls are directly linked to drug and alcohol calls, however looking into the collected Police Incident Reports and individual officer narratives could likely clarify a link, or lack thereof.

Some unusual data points here include Lewd Conduct, which, like Vice, or Prostitution, is a data point that usually only shows up in 1 or 2 counts at many of the sites for which SNG has performed CPTED assessments. Here at Fortson Square there are 6 counts of Lewd Conduct. Assaults and Weapons related calls appear in remarkably high numbers for such a small space.

Beyond the data presented here are many hours of observation and interviews with a variety of people in Fortson Square. What is overwhelmingly clear is that most people using this site come to the public space in Fortson Square out of some kind of need, or because they must pass through the area on their way elsewhere.

Overall, CPTED recommendations will help somewhat with crime problems in Fortson Square, but the experience of trauma (whether individual, family, cultural, economic) for many of the people on site is likely a driving force underlying crime and disorder patterns here. Further, any kind of exclusionary physical site design approach should not be used in this context. It is also important to somehow include all who use the site in evaluating any CPTED site design recommendations for their quality, and for any unintended outcomes.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

14

Site Overview

nd

The 400 block of 2 Avenue Extension, and the main part of Fortson Square. This image illustrates the division between privately owned property (the masonry sidewalk surface and staircase) and the publicly owned property, including the area around the vegetation and trees, art/sculpture, light-posts, and the concrete sidewalks.

The Lazarus Day Center, whose doorway is visible open in the foreground, provides day programs for men and women over 50. The center, located below grade, reportedly serves nearly 300 meals daily, and provides case management, and safe spaces for clients. The clientele often smokes outside the door, in a fairly miserable environment on wet winter days in Seattle. While the aim of the center is to provide a safe and secure environment for these elders, this location makes it difficult to do so without significant exposure to drug deal, disturbance, and the elements.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

15

The intersection at S. Washington Street & 2nd Ave. Extension S. looking Northeast (above), and Northwest (below).

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

16

nd

The intersection at Yesler Way and 2 Ave. Extension S. looking generally East (above), and West (below).

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

17

The image above gives a broad overview of the West side of the 400 block of 2nd Ave.Ext. S.— as seen from across the street East of the main body of Fortson Square, which is covered in dirt (mud) and bricks. The building hosting the mural has been vacant for years, the mural is essentially now a permanent fixture on this site.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

18

Sitewide Activities and Features

Streetside Commerce

The man carrying the green box set up shop at the end of the bike lane on this morning, exchanging single cans of beer and something from his pocket (it was hard to see what it was from this vantage point), for new looking shoes and cash. In slightly more than an hour, he accepted pairs of shoes from more than 12 people, placing them in a black garbage bag which is nearly full in these pictures. He had to make a couple of trips to the convenience store to replenish his stock of beer. The 9-1-1 Calls for Service Narcotics data points really come to life during observations.

This activity was sustained, and clearly in the open. It is one of many instances of drug dealing throughout the day, and into the night.

Drug dealing is common at all of the negative use nodes discussed in the next section.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

19

Ambient Population The ambient population at Fortson Square is overwhelmingly defined, and supported by other negative use nodes nearby, including: •

The plaza at Prefontaine Fountain on the Northwest corner of 3rd Avenue and Yesler Way

•

An empty lot/alley entrance just East of the intersection at 2nd Avenue Ext. S. and Washington Street

•

The street side environment on the sidewalk in front of Union Gospel Mission to the South

•

The bus stop (loitering, drug dealing) at 3rd Avenue S. and Washington Street.

These nodes, along with Fortson Square, constitute a bigger, more complete system of negative site uses. Addressing crime and disorder at these places will depend on redefining or disrupting the larger system that includes these nodes.

Prefontain Fountain, west side looking east.

On a cold March day, pedestrians walking along Yesler navigated the groups of people seen here. The Light Rail Station is to the left of this image. Passing the groups of people was difficult, some of them were quite aggressive about trying to get attention. This site is directly across the street from the North tip of Fortson Square, which would be situated over the viewer’s right shoulder.

During daytime site visits, this node of activity was clearly different than the node of activity in Fortson Square – here it was more vocal, and fast paced – ‘vendors’ seeking contact quickly whether the pedestrian wanted it or not.

The Sensory Environment Fortson Square is visually and aurally chaotic during the day. These overwhelming sensory qualities combined with social pressure (including people engaged in drug or alcohol-seeking behaviors, people asking for money, people distracted by their phones, lost people, or any other number of situations) can increase unwanted contact or promote avoidance behavior. As importantly, sensory overload can inhibit the ability for site visitors to clearly identify what is dangerous. Site users may not have positive feelings that reporting problems will help change the situation for the better. Ultimately, site reputation suffers, even keeping those who might come here from doing so.

Tackling the main contributors to this aspect of the environment include addressing rapidly moving traffic (a multi-lane one-way arterial) and pedestrian patterns through Access Control and Territorial Definition measures, and introducing elements to the environment that calm or unify some of the visual or aural chaos. It is well beyond the scope of this assessment to recommend what those elements might be, however it is clear that the sensory environment contributes to crime and disorder here.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

20

Positive Pause Points For resident populations: This area was described by one person as like a “living room” space for the older homeless African American men. During site visits this echoed strongly, although there were also plenty of women in Fortson Square as well. Likely drawn by the Lazarus Day Center, (whose mission is to serve the African American population over 50 years of age), there is no place on the street designated specifically for the social needs of any populations like it here. There are also other populations living, working, or visiting here; drawn to the area that would enjoy more clean, intentional, and inviting “pause points” as well. The challenge with establishing this kind of use is developing and maintaining positive guardianship on the plaza, sidewalks, and in the streets. This can be achieved through active engagement on the part of place managers inside the businesses, agencies, or services sited here, and through programing appropriate and

engaging activities or activity opportunities.

For Bikes: This area might be a good host for a couple of bike “fixit” stations next to bike lanes. Pumps and retractable tools in a vandalism-proof unit have appeared in other urban areas, and seem to tolerate fairly heavy use.

For Smokers: Regardless of laws and ordinances, people still smoke, and there is no accommodation for the litter. Small receptacles placed along the street will likely not create any more intense of smoking activity than already exists, but it will afford smokers the opportunity to put their cigarette butts somewhere other than on the ground.

Interact with harm reduction experts: There are plenty of specialists in various roles on site who designers can meet to learn about the social needs of the populations they serve at Fortson Square, especially the Neighborcare Health nurses at the Morrison and at the Chief Seattle Club to inform design choices for these populations. However, it is important to balance all user populations, as reestablishing positive guardianship and diminishing negative activities will take a healthy blend of people who feel comfortable visiting here.

Place for cultural gatherings: Reflect the living connections to the original communities, and honoring site history in a non-static way. (Many plaques and ‘historical markers” become neglected and in time lose relevance purely due to their physical state, not the information they attempt to carry to the people on site.)

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

21

Pathways

A light day on the sidewalk at Fortson Square. On busier days dense crowds of people associated with various social service agencies use this are to socialize, smoke, and pass the time while shelters are closed for the day. The sidewalk can seem intimidating to some site visitors who report having difficulty walking the block because of the blocked “choke points” between tree pits and other features here.

To the left is the dedicated bike lane. Bicyclists often use it, but sometimes people sit on the planter boxes with their feet on the curbs, and cyclists opt to leave the bike lane and join vehicle traffic for this block.

Below: The bike lane from a different view.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

22

Territorial Definition The purpose of this place is expressed through business signage, infrastructure elements, and street markings such as pedestrian, bicycle, vehicle zones. There is a public art piece (a “Sculptural Ruin”) embedded in the ground in the square, and other bits of referential “historic” infrastructure throughout the site, such as quasi-replica light posts meant to conjure a bygone-era streetscape from Seattle’s earlier days. The juxtaposition of business, service, infrastructure, and historic elements creates a slightly dissonant sense of historic charm overlaid with modern urban challenges.

The west side of the street proclaims a fairly neglected status, windows are papered over, facades suffer the grime of an intensely used city street, the storefronts on the north end are boarded up and covered with an aging mural. The northeast side of the street says “cigarettes! alcohol! rats…” when pedestrians look down to find their footing. (It would seem illogical that one needs to look down to find their footing, but the groups of people (sometimes quite large groups) stationed in the middle of the sidewalk sometimes requires stepping into the dirt that houses the public art piece. That area is riddled with rat holes, and often hosts unsavory garbage of personal disposal nature, alcohol bottles, broken glass, and lots of cigarette butts. Fortunately, when it is raining there are fewer people blocking the sidewalks, so it is less likely that one needs to step into the puddles that form in the dirt. An alternative pedestrian path goes uphill around the east side of the art piece, but is surfaced with slippery bricks, broken edged masonry chunks, and one must navigate a set of stairs which excludes anyone with mobility problems.

A bright spot on the east side of the Square is the Chief Seattle Club, which is beautifully presented and always clean. Other places on this stretch make an attempt to celebrate their existence, but generally present subdued exteriors with little to help the visitor understand what is there. A good example is the building on the southeast corner of the intersection of 2nd Ave. Ext. S. and S. Washington St. which houses an antique store. The building facade is grey, and the architectural detail does not stand out well, so this gem of a structure is easy to miss, as is the antiques business on the ground floor.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

23

The north edge of Fortson Square should present a striking presence, as it is nearly totally inhabited by the Smith Tower, however the streetside impression of the building is unremarkable, and to even notice that you are in its presence, you have to really look up quite a bit. Casual site users generally don’t look above 23 degrees or so, and the Smith Tower is bland looking at street level, possibly a victim of a mid to late 20th century renovation project.

Recommendations Facade improvements for businesses with inadequate signage, dirty facades, unremarkable paint.

Include outreach around window treatment for crime reduction, using window-film instead of bars, opening sightlines (Natural Surveillance recommendations). The Chief Seattle Club offers a great example of how business facades on both sides of 2nd Avenue Ext. S. should appear – clearly seen, direct, engaging to look at, well maintained, and giving the strong impression that someone inside is caring for the space outside of the door. Include night lighting in façade improvement campaigns – lighted business signage can help define the area.

Engage Smith Tower to take a look at their street side presence on Yesler and come up with strategies to dress it up and catch the gaze of those passing by. The strikingly beautiful building above is lost at street level because pedestrians’ visual field excludes it, more so when pedestrians don’t have time to linger

and look up or are on the site in the rain with umbrellas and hoods further narrowing the visual field. If Smith Tower property managers look at their property from the perspective of a person who may be unfamiliar with the area, or who is not looking up or is just tuned out, they will see the challenge.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

24

Rehabilitate the public artwork, bring it into the realm of the wonderful! Work closely with the Seattle Office of Arts and Culture to address the needs for people here as they intersect with the work that exists.

•

The orange sculpture at the southwest corner of the block needs cleaning, surface treatment, general rehabilitation, but could offer a unique sense of place if brought back to its original state.

•

The “Sculptural Ruin” poses more of a challenge. The site the piece is situated in is often covered in mud and cigarette butts. There are usually liquor bottles and broken glass among the broken bits of the sculpture, and it has possibly moved beyond symbolizing some kind of ruin, into being a participant in some more real sense of ruin that is permeating the square at present. The ground the pieces are sinking into is riddled with rat holes, after dark is it easy to watch rats (lots of them) scampering around the piece. It is used as a place to linger and drink, it is not a place that positive guardians seek out, much less sit. It is the only place the square offers for sitting, so those folks who live on the street, or visit the service agencies must use the awkwardly shaped pieces to perch on. It might be interesting to engage the creator of the work (Elizabeth Connor) in a dialogue about how she sees the life of this work, it’s current state, and how it could potentiate the space going forward. The work’s creator continues to contribute actively to public spaces in the Pacific Northwest.

•

Maintain and restore the mural at the northwest side of the site This mural is the only thing that attracts “gaze” attention to this side of the block. Extend the mural south onto the neglected and boarded façade. Engage the photo lab adjacent the boarded building to paint their façade with a strong color, possibly utilizing the magnificent amount of space above the windows to integrate more public art?

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

25

There is no place nice for anyone here to sit. Introduce intentional and inviting seating areas to the Fortson Square triangle. Coordinate with the Office of Arts and Culture to integrate the artwork into any plan. Create seating that is modular, and affords the ability for users to group single seats together as needed. Seating should not afford the opportunity for prolonged camping or sleeping unless that is one of the strategies identified to increase positive guardianship.

Investigate siting some kind of a pop up park around the orange sculpture. This plaza space is underutilized.

Assess the lighting in the plaza for its contribution to defining the place – all types, pedestrian and architectural – determine what can be Lighting building facades, and unifying the plaza lighting can help define the borders and celebrate this place after dark. The twinkle lights in the trees are a heroic attempt at this, however can’t compete with the distracting color and amount of glare coming from the other luminaires on site.

changed, how it contributes to the ‘look and feel’ but remember that lighting structures should serve the primary purpose: to provide safe

lighting for humans’ physical and psychological needs. If the light fixtures look good in the daytime, that is an added bonus, but looks should not drive decision making, function should. It is often possible to meet both requirements, as illumination technology is advancing rapidly. Architectural lighting can make huge contributions to celebrating and defining the use of a site with added benefits for Natural Surveillance.

Investigate altering the color or texture of sidewalk surfaces to indicate a “path through” the main part of Fortson Square.

Currently, the sidewalk ‘reads’ as a monotonous grey gauntlet, mirrored by the bike lane next to it, and indistinguishable in use to those who don’t follow the subtle cues that separate them.

Report all faded surface markings to the appropriate agency and request repainting or resurfacing. For example, repainting the bus zone pictured in the banner image on p. 24 would help define this space.

Separate use zones clearly, yet not chaotically. A site must “read” in The sidewalk and bike zone blend together in the main visual field here.

Treat the surfaces differently to declare a change in use. It may be helpful to use Access Control measures to further separate the bike lanes from the sidewalk.

a cohesive manner, yet avoid monotony. The bike/vehicle separation using planter boxes is good, although it has had the unintended consequence of affording people a place to linger while surveying the

entirety of Fortson Square, and drinking, smoking, or dealing drugs in the path of oncoming bicyclists.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

26

This site is overwhelmed by this fast-moving arterial, 2nd Avenue Extension South. This section of arterial connects the traffic exiting downtown Seattle to the stadium district, and connectors to Interstate access that

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Š Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

27

One of the main ways to enhance the intelligible “reading” of any place is through well designed and cohesive wayfinding. At Fortson Square, main needs may include orienting tourists to nearby attractions, clearly showing where nearby public toilets are, pointing the way clearly to transit nodes, or other features. Whatever the approach, scan the visual environment to make sure the wayfinding choice doesn’t exacerbate chaos and increase the cognitive load for those unfamiliar with the place.

This general area suffers from a lack of public toilets. Given the numbers of people drawn to the site who drink in public, or who attend nightlife entertainment, it is inevitable that the alleys and recessed doorways smell persistently of urine. Strongly consider incorporating some type of public toilet.

Excellent Territorial Definition in Fortson Square

The Chief Seattle Club has extremely good Territorial Definition – It declares its presence with strong color, decisive design elements, and reads clearly as an inviting place to be, with a strong identity.

The façade color is neutral enough to help the historic elements (window arrangement, masonry) stand out, and to showcase the address numbers clearly. The Logo in the main window doesn’t impede excellent Natural Surveillance both ways – into the lobby and out of the building onto the sidewalk. Additionally, there is enough information on the lower panel of the doorway to explain hours and contact for the site.

Taken in total, these attributes add up to the clear message that people in this place care very much about it, and about what goes on outside as well.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

28

Access Control Recommendations There are a few opportunities to support positive site uses based on physically guiding people through the site.

Consider the effect of the change in elevation and the presence of the stairs on Fortson Square’s East edge. Work with property owner to either clearly separate it from the rest of the square, or integrate it in a more accessible fashion into the overall design of the square. The stairs don’t seem to attract any meaningful use other than as a somewhat arduous alternate route when the sidewalks are clogged.

They don’t seem to invite use.

Ensure that recessed doorways are not used as toilets, gate them as appropriate.

Consider accessibility challenges in Fortson

Square including broken cobbles (see image to right) that inhibit site use.

Ensure all entrances at the perimeter of buildings have excellent Access Control systems, and that residents and authorized users do not share access codes. Controlled access entrances should be flush with the outer wall of buildings whenever possible.

Control the ease of access to the bike lane from the sidewalk by separating the pedestrian zone of the sidewalk on the East side of 2nd Avenue Ext. S. from the bicycle lane. A symbolic fence similar to that used at Light Rail crossings in Rainier Valley would be enough to inhibit some from crossing into the bike lane. The image to the right illustrates the effectiveness of such a fence. The person in the picture walked between the crack visible between the fence and bushes, it was the only place in a long stretch of a busy arterial that afforded the opportunity to cross zones with little effort.

Choke Points exist in front of Lazarus Center, there is some unwanted contact and pedestrian avoidance behavior there. Smokers on either side tend to approach pedestrians as they walk through, likely a subconscious trait that comes from their sense of belonging, although it could be misconstrued. There may be some intention to contact pedestrians, but it didn’t look like the kind of approach that happens elsewhere nearby. Territorial Definition recommendations coupled with situating infrastructure or paths differently to relieve pressure points may address this problem.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

29

Natural Surveillance Daytime & After Dark DAYLIGHT The site has some open sightlines throughout the streetscape, some sightlines from the occupied spaces around the Squares perimeter are also good, however many of the structures here have poor sightlines into the Square, no sightlines, or are unoccupied much of the time, reinforcing the feeling that nobody will act on any negative behaviors. The unoccupied buildings are creating significant Natural Surveillance “dead zones” on the North and West perimeter which cannot be countered by existing positive activities, or small enterprises with limited hours of operation. Further, the nature of the businesses on the Southwest side of the 400 block of 2nd Ave. Ext. S. do not traditionally lend themselves to being outward-looking or community engaged (including a pawn shop, convenience store, photo lab, and nightclub), although it is possible that these business owners could set excellent standards by opening up sightlines, leaving the confines of their shops, and exerting some influence or control over their “front porches” by periodic sweeping, cleanup, or just visiting the sidewalk to see what is happening.

Behavior norms and wariness of unwanted contact here may be countering the typical positive effects that good Natural Surveillance could bring to this site.

Recommendations - Daytime Remove anything from windows that impedes sightlines. It is important for those outside of the businesses to feel as though they could be seen doing something wrong (this is called perceived surveillance). On a site such as this, perceived surveillance does little to inhibit crime, however the reputation of the site will only shift as more observation and reporting (coupled with enforcement) creates a new normal expectation. Removing impediments to the interior/exterior visual field also helps those on the outside see if there is trouble inside, and could facilitate calling for help.

Encourage removal of bars from windows and the use of anti-shatter film. This increases the sense of perceived surveillance, as well as the benefit to Territorial Definition that comes from eliminating the message that the neighborhood is so dangerous that businesses need bars on their windows.

Orient activity on the indoors to encompass views to the street, for example by orienting a work table to be able to naturally view the sidewalk, or orienting a cash register to see the door and exterior of the shop.

Encourage custodians of private space to come outside regularly throughout the day to monitor the use of the space. This will encourage their participation as “place managers” and can help in the long process of re-establishing a positive reputation for the site.

Revisit the design of the bicycle lane to address the loitering issues. Partner with SDOT to make adjustments that will keep bicyclists safe from pedestrian intrusions.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

30

AFTER DARK Any lighting introduced to the site should meet the CPTED best practice of producing color-correct light from a reflected light source that doesn’t create a higher than 4:1 ratio of light to dark at the perimeter of the lit area. It should illuminate well enough for someone with average vision to identify a face and determine if an approaching person or animal might pose a threat at a distance of 30 feet (enough time for most people to feel that they can move to safety if they see a problem of some sort).

No light sources should ever reach pedestrians’ eyes – be careful of LED point source light, or up-lights that can become misdirected. In-pavement lighting can also detract from good Natural Surveillance after dark. In addition, any lighting introduced here must be vandalism resistant, and placed out of the way of obstructions such as plants that will obscure the light if unpruned, places where the light will become too dirty to function, or other such nonsensical placements.

There is an extraordinary amount of glare from a couple of the streetlights at the intersection of Yesler Way and 2nd Avenue. (see example to the right) The line of five ornate light posts on the grade at NW part

of the site emit a poor-quality color of light, and not much of that is reaching the ground. While they may be representing some type of historic lamp post, and look nice enough during the daytime, they are not contributing anything positive to the site after dark.

Lighting introduced on site should, in addition to providing excellent light, support the goals of Territorial Definition – it should illuminate appropriate pathways, entrance/exits, features such as crosswalks or bus shelters, art or landscaping, or buildings, and must not work at cross purposes to the needs on site. Architectural lighting could really help establish a place people would look at after dark, and could potentially support positive street-side activity. It can be a good source of reflected light too. Look carefully at where the light actually is. Is the light on what the luminaire is

It is easy to spot deficits in the lit environment in images like this which provide an overall view of a site. Noticeable here are the lack of interest in some of the facades, and the opportunities for placing light in some important places including recessed doorways, interiors, and dull, blank spaces. other notable features are the amount of glare from historical replica luminaires, and the dissonant mismatch of light color and quality emanating from their poor lensing.

intending to light?

There are many buses and vehicle traffic high even after commute hours, extending well into the hours of darkness for much of the year. Vehicle lights have a strong impact on pedestrian behavior, and introduce direct disability glare, especially in wet conditions as water in the atmosphere and reflecting from the ground compounds glare.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

31

Recommendations – After Dark Create and sustain a lighting plan that includes maintenance of lamps as they age, luminaire and lenses as they are damaged or vandalized, and has scheduled evaluations to see that light is functioning to support positive use on site.

Light any recessed places on building perimeters that cannot be gated.

Light the areas outside at the entry/exit points of businesses with just enough light to help the transition from brightly lit interiors to dark exteriors. (Don’t flood the area with bright light though, that just puts the danger zone of night blindness further from the ‘safety’ of the business interior. And no bare bulbs or glaring fixtures mounted too low either. Both are typical scenarios on the exterior of businesses.)

Clean existing lenses or light sources.

Shield the streetlights that are glaring into pedestrian space at the intersection of Yesler Way and 2nd Ave. Extenstion South.

Investigate opportunities for architectural lighting here, it could bring some attention on the part of those passing through and help establish a sense of place after dark.

Use color-correct light sources for any lighting on site – especially luminaires that emit the eerie orange glow in the plaza part of Fortson Square.

Mitigating dangerous light coming from vehicles is especially challenging, it may be possible to do so by increasing the ambient lighting along pathways at pedestrian level, selectively, with the guidance of an LC certified lighting designer.

This image illustrates how ineffective many poorly lensed, shielded and over-lamped ‘historic replica’ luminaires (light fixtures) are. Seattle’s historic districts suffer tremendously at the expense of luminaires tasked with looking appropriate to recreating some type of historic scene at the expense of the important job of providing good physiological and psychological conditions for surveillance after dark.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

32

Image, Maintenance, and Reputation Generally, private property surrounding Fortson Square is maintained free of graffiti with the exception of the stretch of empty storefronts on the west side of 2nd Ave. Ext. S. The Downtown Seattle Association’s Metropolitan Improvement District (MID) is engaged, there is much less garbage on site than there would be without them. The MID worker observed during site visits paid extra attention to the alley entrance on S. Washington Street, this area is the most used on site for a variety of activities that produce waste.

The public art on the east side of Fortson Square looks neglected, and is often covered with refuse, mud, and animal waste. It also is home to a lively rat colony.

Rats are easy to observe both day and (especially) night. They are everywhere, some are very big, and they crowd out into the alley behind the Frye with impunity both day and night. Nighttime rat activities are astonishing here. In site visits to nearby nodes rats feature prominently as well; it seems as though the colonies tunnel over very large distances in this neighborhood.

Recommendations Address the rat problem (see image below). It will take a comprehensive strategy including, controlling how site users handle food containers, human and dog waste, and addressing the manner in which the Frye Apartments (as well as other food-waste generating entities nearby) handle their waste stream.

Cooperate with the Seattle Office of Arts and Culture to address the ongoing maintenance problems with the public art on site. Especially the “Sculptural Ruin” that featured in the Territorial Definition discussion earlier.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

33

Collaborate with private property owners to extend visual influence to include wall murals, window dressing, sign and façade maintenance, and garbage or human waste removal from their properties (for example, the porch roof around the corner of the pawn shop is full of visible trash).

Repair sidewalk and plaza surface damage especially near chokepoint in pathways. (right) Install receptacles for cigarette butts –Put plenty of receptacles throughout site, smokers here will likely not walk too far to dispose of waste. If receptacles are too far from sheltered areas, they won’t solve this problem. It may be worth investigating Terracycle or other recycling/ethical waste disposal programs. (see link in citations for article on New Orleans’ adoption of cigarette butt recycling.)

Maintain all garbage receptacles on site.

Ensure they look clean and are kept emptied before they overflow. Include receptacles in alley behind the buildings in this campaign.

Lots of garbage and waste ends up in the tree pits (right) and any exposed soil in this urban environment.

Sometimes the waste includes animal (dog, rat, and bird), and likely human waste.

The tree pits are used by pedestrians as the sidewalk at the edge square is often so full of people that those passing through must step into tree pits to get around them.

Waste handling in the alley (left) to the east seems to contribute to the amount of verminfriendly stuff hitting the ground.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

34

Rat holes and rain combine to remove the material around the trees, shrubs, and the “Sculptural Ruin” art piece. Much of it washes off onto nearby walkways, or subsides away from underneath the walkway, as pictured on the previous page in the top image.

Unsavory pathways through a site will increase avoidance behavior and drive opportunities for positive guardianship down. It is important to help this site invite all who would use it, not just those who must tolerate the conditions because they live here or come here for entertainment, work, or services.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

35

Typical pathway problems in Fortson Square include extreme ‘soil’ migration, and slick surfaces in the damp part of the year (a significant number of days in Seattle).

These conditions relate to crime and disorder on a more fundamental level than simple appearances. They are elements that contribute to the lack of positive guardianship on site as they contribute to limiting mobility (including creating ‘choke points’ in pathways), poor site reputation overall, and increasing avoidance behavior.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

36

Community Activation As the community activation plan is developed for Fortson Square, it may be helpful to consider some of the recurring themes discovered through CPTED analysis.

•

Encouraging place managers to leave their place of business periodically throughout the day and exert some positive influence over the street-side environment in front of their business.

•

Increase positive feelings about others on site by having events that support people getting to know one another.

•

Plan activities and infrastructure to increase a mix of different kinds of people using the site during the same time. A major problem here is that a single type of site user (some in large numbers) dominate the environment for long periods.

•

Hold those entities responsible for major parts of the site accountable in maintaining their infrastructure, alert them to features of their jurisdictional holdings on site that work at crosspurposes to safety. Most government departments are keen to help, sometimes it is important to find the correct individual inside a large bureaucracy who can fix a problem. Private entities can be trickier to work with, but a positive approach and willing collaboration are always a good start.

•

Be as inclusive as possible in developing a plan, if a type of site user seems missing from the discussion it may be time to get creative about how to get input.

•

Consider establishing a “micro group” of place managers or owners from properties on the perimeter of this site with the express purpose of monitoring crime and safety.

•

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

37

Appendix

i CPTED concepts ii CPTED site analysis tools iii Barrier plants for CPTED iv Lighting Resources (Pacific NW) for CPTED

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment © Seattle Neighborhood Group 2017

38

Important Environmental Concepts for

CPTED Practice

Site Activity Patterns & Conflict of Use Public places are often designed with specific activities in mind, or a range of similar activities. These may include places to walk, play, gather, eat, enjoy nature, catch the bus, drive a car. When dedicated activity zones collide, or are incompatible, competition for use can create disorderly patterns. These zone transitions create confusion and disorder in recognizable patterns which in turn can allow crime or disturbance to become a built-in part of the environment.

Opportunistic Crime Many crimes are unplanned results of ideal conditions that present lowrisk opportunities to a potential offender. Some of these conditions we evaluate are crowding, perceptions of anonymity on a site, and the presence of vulnerable people, especially in places with

few capable guardians.

Historical Use & Cultural Importance Public places can be important to many people for different reasons.

Some sites have culturally or historically important patterns of use associated with them. Reputation of a space can resonate through time and affect how we use the site regardless of how the present use relates to the previous reputation. Considering these patterns may be a very important part in changing sites for increased safety.

Quality of the Sensory Environment Our sensory environment includes vision, hearing, smell, texture and touch. Our senses are the way we gather information that leads us to feel safe or unsafe. The sensory features of our surroundings should not overwhelm, confuse, distract, or disable people.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

40

The CPTED Principles – 5 site assessment tools

Natural Surveillance Seeing into and out of a place is fundamental to safety. Natural surveillance is a way to describe characteristics of a site that afford site users the ability to see and be seen. ‘Natural’ indicates that this ability to see well is inherent in the environment itself and is a feature of the normal use of the space. Introduced features such as surveillance cameras, or formal site guardians, are not natural attributes of the space.

Access Control Strategies that guide people through a space and clarify which parts of the space they are allowed to use.

Access control must match the designation for the space.

Some public places have little access control, where more private places demand strict control to keep users safe.

Territorial Definition All space should declare clearly what it is designed to do.

Defining space through recognizable patterns that reflect the desired use helps to reveal unwanted or abnormal uses of the place. Clear territorial definition includes orderly transition through use zones, well designated uses, appropriate signage, and empowering the ‘capable’ guardians of the site.

Image & Reputation All places project a clear message about what is okay to do there. Sometimes the message indicates that nuisance or criminal behavior is acceptable. Sites also gain a reputation based on persistent image and historical use. Addressing image and reputation is fundamental to changing negative uses to positive uses and maintaining safe environments over time.

Community Activation It takes an active and engaged community on site to achieve safe places. Connecting people to each other, to the place, and developing positive norms helps to increase safety.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

41

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

42

References

Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: towns, buildings, construction.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Banyard, V. L. (2008). Measurement and correlates of prosocial bystander behavior: the case of interpersonal violence. Violence and Victims, 23(1), 83–97.

Bechtel, R. B., & Ts’erts’man, A. (2002). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

Bedimo-Rung, A. L., Mowen, A. J., & Cohen, D. A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2 Suppl 2), 159–168. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024 Bey, H. (1993). Permanent TAZs. Retrieved from https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/hakim-beypermanent-tazs Bhatt, S. (2007, June 26).

Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (1993). Nodes, paths and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3–28. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80212-9 Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L., & Stone, A. (1992). Needs in Public Space. In Urban Design Reader.

Crowe, T. D., & National Crime Prevention Institute (University of Louisville). (2000). Crime prevention through environmental design: applications of architectural design and space management concepts. Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Day, K., Boarnet, M., Alfonzo, M., Forsyth, A., & MURP. (n.d.). Irvine Minnesota Inventory to Measure Built Environments. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(2), 144–151.

Ekblom, P. (2010). Deconstructing CPTED… and Reconstructing it for Practice, Knowledge Management and Research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17(1), 7–28. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-010-9132-9 Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2004). Measuring the Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime A Reply to Dr Marchant. British Journal of Criminology, 44(3), 448–467. http://doi.org/10.1093/crimin/azh045 Foot Candle Light Guide.pdf. (n.d.). Lighting Design Lab. Francis, M. (1987). Urban Open Spaces. In Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (Vol. 1, pp.

71–106). New York and London: Plenum Press.

Francis, M. (1989). Control as a Dimension of Public-Space Quality. In I. Altman & E. H. Zube (Eds.), Public Places and Spaces (pp. 147–172). Springer US. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-5601-1_7 Frieze Magazine | Archive | The Art of War. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2015, from http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/the_art_of_war/ Groff, E., & McCord, E. S. (2011). The role of neighborhood parks as crime generators. Security Journal, 25(1). http://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.1 Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

43

Gulliford, Andrew. “Coll Thrush. Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place. Foreword by William Cronon. (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books.) Seattle: University of Washington Press.

2007. Pp. Xxi, 326.

Hibdon, J., & Groff, E. (n.d.). What You Find Depends on Where You Look: Using Emergency Medical Services Call Data to Target Illicit Drug Use Hot Spots. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 169–185.

IES Discover Lighting! A brief history of lighting (n.d.). Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http://www.ies.org/lighting/ IES - Seattle/Puget Sound. (2016, February 17). Retrieved from http://www.iespugetsound.org Jackson, Owsley, & McGwin. (1999). Aging and Dark Adaptation. Vision Research, 39, 3975–3982.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.

Johnson, R., Taromino, C., & Marie, K. (2013). Age-Friendly Chicago Phase 1 Findings from focus groups with older adults in Chicago ’ s senior centers, (August).

Lighting Design Lab. (2012a, April 16). Color Rendering [Text]. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from https://www.lightingdesignlab.com/resources/articles/articles-lighting-fundamentals/colorrendering Lighting Design Lab. (2012b, May 3). Color Temperature [Text]. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from https://www.lightingdesignlab.com/resources/articles/articles-lighting-fundamentals/colortemperature Lighting Design Lab. (2012c, May 3). Lighting Commissioning [Text]. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from https://www.lightingdesignlab.com/resources/articles/articles-lighting-maintenance/lightingcommissioning Light Pollution. (n.d.). Clarence Valley Council New South Wales.

Morrow, E. N., Hutton, S. A., & Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. (2000). The Chicago alley lighting project final evaluation report. Chicago, Ill.: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Retrieved from http://iledi.org/ppa/meta/html/00/00/00/00/38/44.html Mela, A. (2014). Urban public space between fragmentation, control and conflict. City, Territory and Architecture. Retrieved from http://www.cityterritoryarchitecture.com/content/1/1/15 Mulady, Kathy. “Homeless Center Draws Neighbors’ Complaints.” Seattlepi.com. Accessed Feb 9, 2017. http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Homeless-center-draws-neighbors-complaints-1294125.php.

Norman, N. (2013). Two Antithetical Archives Caught in a Cruel Dialectic. Artforum International, 52(1), 366.

Pioneer Square Parks and Gateways Concept Plan A_4_P2.pdf, Alliance for Pioneer Square, Department of Neighborhoods, Walker Macy Pioneer-Square-UPDATE-6-15-2011.pptx, n.d.

Phillips, Derel. (2002) The Lit Environment Architectural Press Problem Solving Case Studies Seattle Police Department - 135_Problem_Solving_Case_Studies.pdf.

Accessed Feb 19, 2017. http://www.popcenter.org/library/unpublished/CaseStudies/135_Problem_Solving_Case_Studies.pdf.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

44

Project for Public Spaces. (n.d.). Project for Public Spaces | Placemaking for Communities. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from https://www.pps.org/ Rea, M. S., & Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. (2000). The IESNA lighting handbook: reference & application. New York, NY: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Real Change News. Lazarus Day Shelter Closing Two Days a Week. Accessed Feb 9, 2017. http://realchangenews.org/2009/09/23/lazarus-day-shelter-closing-two-days-week Recycle Your Waste. TerraCycle. Accessed April 20, 2017. http://www.terracycle.com/en-US/aboutterracycle/recycle_your_waste?utm_campaign=admittance&utm_medium=menu&utm_source =www.terracycle.com.

Reynald, D. M. (2011). Translating CPTED into Crime Preventive Action: A Critical Examination of CPTED as a Tool for Active Guardianship. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17(1), 69– 81. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-010-9135-6 Sadon, Rachel. “There Are Eight New Bike Repair Stations Around D.C., And More On The Way.” DCist.

Accessed April 19, 2017. http://dcist.com/2016/04/there_are_now_eight_free_bike_repai.php.

Seattle Historical Sites Search Result - Department of Neighborhoods (DON). Accessed Feb 19, 2017. https://web6.seattle.gov/DPD/HistoricalSite/QueryResult.aspx?ID=1112044987.

Seattle | Open Data. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2016, from https://data.seattle.gov/ Seattle Times “Man Shot at Second and Yesler Dies; 2 Suspects Sought | The Today File | Seattle Times.”

Accessed Feb 19, 2017. http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/09/man-shot-at-second-andyesler-gunman-sought/.

Sherrard, JR. “Seattle Now & Then: Third Avenue South.” DorpatSherrardLomont, September 13, 2014. https://pauldorpat.com/2014/09/13/seattle-now-then-third-avenue-south/.Strandberg, E. (2013, December 12). Measuring Light. email correspondence U.S. Naval Observatory. (n.d.). [.mil]. Retrieved from http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneYear.php Various Subjects (2016- 2017) “What brings you to Fortson Square?”

Walljasper, J. (2012, September 2). What makes a great public space? | Crosscut.com. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://crosscut.com/2012/09/02/architecture/110342/what-makesgreat-public-space/ Wolfe, C. (2010, April 30). Crime prevention through urban design | Crosscut.com. Crosscut.com.

Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://crosscut.com/2010/04/30/crosscut-blog/19479/Crimeprevention-through-urban-design/ Wolfe, C. (n.d.). The success of a city at night | Crosscut.com. Retrieved October 31, 2013, from http://crosscut.com/2013/03/28/diversions/113429/success-city-night/ Zahm, D. L. (2004). Brighter Is Better. or Is It? the Devil Is in the Details. Criminology & Public Policy, 3(3), 535–546. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00060.x Zahm, D. L., United States, Department of Justice, & Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

(2007). Using crime prevention through environmental design in problem-solving. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Fortson Square CPTED Assessment Seattle Neighborhood Group ©2017

45