SEISMOLOGY AND GIS

MG 1409 KAMBHAMPATI RAJAKRISHNA S.

FACULTY OF GEOMATICS AND SPACE APPLICATIONS

SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROGRAM MAY –AUGUST 2010

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INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

Internship exit report 2

PREFACE PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS

The purpose of this report is to explain what I did and learned during my internship period with the Institute of seismological research institute (ISR)..

The report focuses primarily on the assignments handled, working environment, successes and short comings that the intern did encounter when handling various tasks assigned to him by the organization.

It would be imperative that the recommendations are also given.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE Introduction, Geophysics and Seismology, Duties and Responsibilities.

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CHAPTER TWO Comments on Assignment, Completion of Assigment,Work Experiences, Success and Short comings

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CHAPTER THREE Internship as a learning process

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CHAPTER FOUR OBSERVATIONS/CONCLUSIONS. RECOMMENDATIONS.

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CHAPTER ONE • ABOUT INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH • SEISMOLOGY AND GIS • MY DUTIES AT ISR

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ISR

INSTITUTE OF SEISMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, about.

Few of the readers may keep knowledge of ISR; hence I included this part in the report. The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) under the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat is functioning from 2006 (and shifted to new campus in Oct 2008). ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier international institute in few years time.

Earthquake Monitoring Program: Round the clock monitoring of seismic activity of Gujarat is done by ISR through a dense network of 50 broadband seismograph stations (20 connected by VSAT) and 50 Strong Motion Accelerograph in Gujarat and reporting earthquake location as well as their magnitudes within 10 minutes of the arrival of seismic waves. It is planned to put auto location program to give earthquake parameters within seconds. One Earthquake Research Center has been started at bhachau in kachchh.

GPS Monitoring for Crustal Deformation: The ISR has deployed 20 permanent GPS station for the study of crustal deformation across all geological faults in Gujarat..

Microzonation Program: ISR has completed microzonation of gandhidham-kandla area in association with Oyo international corp., Japan and is carrying out microzonation of Dholera SIR and Gandhinagar.

Earthquake prediction Research: Three Multiparametric Geophysical Observatories have been setup at Vamka, Desalpar and Badalgarh in kachchh district for measuring 11 physical parameters round the clock for earthquake prediction research.

Laboratories: ISR has established in its new campus seismic data analysis centre, Geotechnical Lab, Global Positioning System Lab, Engineering seismology Lab, Optically Stimulated Luminescence Lab for dating of sediments. Engineering Geophysics Lab, Gravity & Magnetics Lab, Electrical and electromagnetic lab.

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GIS

GIS AND GEOPHYSICS

If you are a Geophysicist you surely wont doubt the application of maps in your proffession.Even more so in today’s time GIS is catching up and replacing the conventional maps in the world of GEOPHYSICS. Seismology is one out many branches of Geophysics.

How different branches of Geophysics go with GIS….

Branch of GEOPHYSICS GIS APPLICATION Seismology :Modeling GEOMORPHOLOGY, INTEGRATED MAPPING,3D-SUB SURFACE VISUALISATION,GPS INTEGRATED ALERT MECHANISMS, PREDICTIVE AS WELL AS ESTIMATION MODELS.

Petrology :GRIDDING,DEPTH CONVERSION,ANNOTATED MAPS,PETROPROCESS GEO TOOLS,RISK PROCESS TOOLS,GEOLOGIC EDITING,WELL DEPTH MAPS,WELL QUANTITY MODELLING.

Exploration geophysics :Sub-SURFACE PROSPECTIVE MAPPING,FUZZY LOGIC INFRENCE TOOLS,DIRECT ESTIMATION TOOLS ETC….

SO many tools in GIS enable GEOPHYSICISTS to make inferences easier, results sharper and predictions more accurate to enable faster processes with semantic and interoperable data. There are many more GIS tools that are being developed in many-current Geophysics applications for future enhancements.

MY TASK AT ISR

I joined the organization on 10th of MAY 2010 .There was a survey of Gandhidham carried out to asses the structural attributes of buildings with respect to a impending earthquake, I had to map post- study results.

<TASK>

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

TO HELP THE ORGANIZATION CONVERT THE DATA IN GIVEN FORM TO GIS FORM

CHAPTER TWO  COMMENTS ON ASSIGNMENT  COMPLETION  WORK EXPERIENCES

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RVS RVS

COMMENTS ON ASSIGNMENT

RAPID VISUAL SURVEY The seismic risk in India has been increasing rapidly in the recent years and country has failed miserably in ensuring earthquake-resistant constructions in high seismic regions. Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001 caused 14,000 casualties. Main reason for such huge casualties is low earthquake awareness and poor construction practices. Even if we have a very good disaster response system, it is impossible to reduce earthquake damage without considering the safety of pre-code revision structures. In this regard, a comprehensive study of seismic risk assessment of Gujarat was necessary. As a pilot study, government of Gujarat selected Gandhidham and Adipur cities.

Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) was conducted on 16000 buildings in Gandhidham and Adipur cities.Gandhidham, located at latitutude 23°4'60’’N & longitude 70°7'60’’E and Adipur, located at latitude 34°16'15’’N & longitude 74°29'20’’E were among the most seismically active regions in Gujarat. These areas fall under seismic zone V. RVS is a quick way of assessing the building vulnerability based on visual screening. Evaluation in this first level does not require any analysis. The RVS methodology is referred to as a “sidewalk survey” in which an experienced screener visually examines a building to identify features that affect the seismic performance of the building, such as the building type, seismicity, soil conditions and irregularities. The visual survey of a building can be completed in less than 30 minutes and can be accomplished from the street without entering into a building. This survey is carried out based on the checklists provided in forms 1 & 2.

On the basis of above mentioned parameters, performance score of the buildings has been calculated. The formula of the performance score is given as PS= (BS) – Σ[(VSM) x (VS)] Where VSM represents the Vulnerability Score Modifiers and VS represents the Vulnerability Score that is multiplied with VSM to obtain the actual modifier to be applied to the BS or Basic Score

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CONVERSION TO EXCEL SHEETS All data in paper(HARD) copies was converted into Microsoft EXCEL SHEETS.26 individual fields entries were carried out.

DATA JOINING& ARC-GIS FID unique data-type was chosen to carry the joining process between Microsoft excel and ESRI ARC GIS 9.3 in a relevant shape file.

SHAPE FILE SHAPE FILE WAS BOROWED FROM MXD DEPT. OF GANDHIDHAM CONVERTED FROM AUTOCAD .dwg FORMAT TO .shp FORMAT USING GEOPROCEESING TOOLS in ARC GIS.Geo-ReFRENCED TO WGS 1984 standard.

In the box on the right side lies Gandhidham while box on the left side is Adipur.

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Completion of work WORK WAS COMPLETED ON FOLLOWING SECTORS DUE TO CONSTRAINTS IN ALLOCATED TIME. SAPNANAGAR,APNANAGAR,JANTANAGAR,LILASHAH NAGAR,SECTOR 3,SECTOR 8,SECTOR 5,SECTOR 6,SECTOR 7,11-b,11-a,10-A,10-b,SARDAR NAGAR,SECTOR 4,sector 1-A,SHAKTINAGAR,9-B EXAMPLES OF MAPS CREATED:APNANAGAR WARD APPARENT QUALITY

MAPS LIKE ABOVE REPRESENT THE RESULTS OF the STUDY UNDERTAKEN: PARAMETERS LIKE APPARENT QUALITY ,WALL OPENINGS,HEAVY OVERHANGS,POUNDING,WATER CAPACITY AT ROOF ,STORIES,STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES,OVERALL PERFORMANCE SCORE,FALSE FLORING….etc are represented.

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Performance Score

Structure type(RCC/Masonry)

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Year of Construction

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Type of USE (Mixed/RESIDENTIAL)

Water tank capacity at roof

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Vertical irregularities

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Horizontal bands+FRAME ACTION

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Pounding

Structural irregularities

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WORK EXPERIENCE(Successes and Short Comings) Discussion: THE ASSIGNMENT demanded quite a bit of data management exposure.

A grasp over data types and data base platforms is necessary to use the data in hand and convert it into a visualisation.Successes include accuracy achieved in maintaining integrity of data.

Using VBA Macros, Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim Dim

BottomRow As Long TopRow As Long NumToInsert As Long RowNdx As Long WS As Worksheet ColNum As Long StartRng As Range EndRng As Range Rng As Range

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Ensure RangeToTest is not ' nothing. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' If RangeToTest Is Nothing Then Exit Function End If ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Ensure RangeToTest is a single ' column. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' If RangeToTest.Columns.Count > 1 Then Exit Function End If '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Ensure that there is at least ' one non-blank cell in RangeToTest. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' If Application.WorksheetFunction.Count(RangeToTest) = 0 Then Exit Function End If ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Ensure that all cell values are ' numeric and not blank. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' For Each Rng In RangeToTest.Cells If Rng.Value = vbNullString Then Exit Function End If

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If IsNumeric(Rng.Value) = False Then Exit Function End If Next Rng ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Set some variable values. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' With RangeToTest Set WS = .Worksheet Set StartRng = .Cells(1, 1) Set EndRng = .Cells(.Cells.Count) TopRow = .Cells(1, 1).Row BottomRow = .Cells(.Cells.Count).Row ColNum = .Column End With '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' If the bottom cell is empty ' move it up to the last ' non-blank cell. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' With WS If .Cells(BottomRow, ColNum).Value = vbNullString Then BottomRow = .Cells(BottomRow, ColNum).End(xlUp).Row End If End With '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Loop RowNdx from the bottom cell upwards, ' with a step of -1. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' For RowNdx = BottomRow To (TopRow + 1) Step -1 With WS If .Cells(RowNdx, ColNum).Value - FillStep <> .Cells(RowNdx - 1, ColNum).Value Then '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' The Cell value - FillStep is not equal to the value ' of the cell above it. We need to insert one or more ' rows. Compute the number of rows to insert. Note that ' the division at the end of this line is integer ' division ( the \ operator, not the / operator). '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' NumToInsert = (Abs(.Cells(RowNdx, ColNum).Value - .Cells(RowNdx 1, ColNum).Value) - FillStep) \ FillStep If NumToInsert <> 0 Then If FullRows = True Then '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Insert complete rows. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .Rows(RowNdx).Resize(NumToInsert).Insert Else ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Insert only cells in the RangeToTest ' column. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .Cells(RowNdx, ColNum).Resize(NumToInsert).Insert shift:=xlDown End If

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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Put the next value in the first inserted ' cell. Then user DataSerise to fill down ' the rest of the new values. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .Cells(RowNdx, ColNum).Value = .Cells(RowNdx - 1, ColNum) + FillStep

.Cells(RowNdx, ColNum).Resize(NumToInsert, 1).DataSeries rowcol:=xlColumns, Type:=xlLinear, Step:=FillStep End If End If End With Next RowNdx '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Return the result range. EndRng ' was set to the bottom of RangeToTest ' and was moved down as a result of the ' inserts, so it is now at the end of ' the expanded range. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Set InsertAndFillMissingNumbers = Range(StartRng, EndRng) End Function Above is the VBA code used in data integration.

Using Unique ID instead of other data It was earlier attempted at ISR to join data using block no.s ,The trick fails because many block no.s repeat among many wardsâ&#x20AC;Ś..the solution is using FID which is uniquely generated by ARC GIS. Faster approach By choosing to use the complete shape file of Gandhidham all at once instead of working on sector by sector basis saved huge time. The reason being that repetitive tasks like data finishing and data joining to map creation are done only once â&#x20AC;Ś..

SHORT COMINGS Knowledge of database systems like SQL, Oracle is quite necessary. It is imperative for every GIS professional to be master of data integration. It was strongly felt by me that these skills need to be developed.

ARC GIS is ineffective in making interesting maps out of data that is relatively constant through out its value. If the data does not have variation it is impossible to make a colorful map out of it.

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CHAPTER THREE â&#x20AC;˘

Internship as a learning process

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On the Field….

While working on RVS gave me required exposure to touch the basics of GI (GEO INFO) systems. It altered my view on the entire subject enabling wider understanding of the expectations out of GIS profession.

WORKING AT ISR AND OTHER ACTIVITIES: People at ISR were always welcoming and gracious enough to help me do my work.The organisation is well furnished and constructed over a vast piece of land in Gandhinagar.The hostel facility is up to the mark and food provided at the mess is quite OK. Apart from assigned tasks I got opportunity to do other things informally: •

Helped few of the scientists with installing ARC GIS and helped them learn basics of GIS

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Worked with CRISIS software-EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION SOFTWARE

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Worked with SEISAN software-Earthquake Auto location software

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Attended GEOPHYSICS lectures out of curiosity-delivered by national and international level experts

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Ancillary GIS work

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CALCULATED Fourier transform of BROADBAND SEISMIC TIME SERIES

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CHAPTER FOUR • OBSERVATIONS • RECOMMENDATIONS • CERTIFICATES

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Notes

Observations •

The Geophysicists at ISR use GIS only for mapping and visualisation

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There are few models on Earthquakes designed on GIS at international level

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Modeling of tectonic plates with spatial references will keenly lead to sharper predictions

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GIS is only seen as an application useful for post-quake scenarios.

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GIS as a tool does not have the power of converting time series data and seismic intensities-specific software and freeware are used for such statistical purposes.

Recommendations •

It is highly recommended for the institute to put checks and balances in place to handle data collection.

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It was found that a chunk of data was rendered useless because of the ambiguity that it contained.

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The institute being a premier institute of seismology should move forward with powerful tools such as GIS and GPS.

NOTE THE GIS EXERCISE WAS CARRIED OUT WITH UTMOST CARE FOR ACCURACY.ERRORS MAY HAVE CREEPED IN HOWEVER DUE TO VARIOUS REASONS.

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