Iskandar Edu-PD School_M.Arch Pre-Thesis III

OPTIMIZING THERMAL

PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL SPECIAL NEEDS SECONDARY SCHOOL THROUGH INTEGRATION OF THERMAL STRATEGIES

Most schools in tropics are often built as a prototype building without consideration based on the local climate condition.

Prof. Baharuddin, S. M. (2018)

Schools were built to the same standards regardless of the occupants’ thermal comfort especially for physical disabled students.

When thermal condition of the classrooms did not meet the requirement of ASHRAE and SNI standard, Prof. Baharuddin, S. M. (2018)

physically handicapped persons will demonstrate disrupted thermoregulatory behaviour in response to the hot and cold environment temperatures.

Fariborz Haghighat, P. P. (n.d.)

AIM

To design a good thermal performance physical disabled school as well as to improve the physical wellness of the students.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To identify how thermal performance and ventilation in school affects the thermal comfort of the physical disabled students.

To determine a study on double skin façade and courtyard in providing an optimum thermal comfort learning environment.

To propose an appropriate double skin façade and courtyard to achieve an optimum thermal performance learning environment.

WHY

Ventilation and Thermal Performance is important for Physical Special Needs ?

Overheating in a Wheelchair: How to Deal With it ?

“Being in a wheelchair for a long period of time can be very taxing on the body in several ways. The lack of ventilation not only puts a lid on cooling in the back, but also leads to accumulation of sweat and irritation.” by Vinal Patel (a writer)

Article source: https://www.rollingwithoutlimits.com/view-post/Dealing-with-OverheatingProblem-that-Haunt-Wheelchair-Users

Keeping Cool With A Disability

“Generally, temperature regulation seems to be a fairly common problem dealt with by people who have carrying types of disabilities. I’ve always been more sensitive to the heat than others. I tend to sweat more than most able-bodied people that I know.” by Kyle (a quad-amputee for 31 years)

Article source: https://www.sunrisemedical.com/livequickie/blog/august-2018/keeping-coolwith-a-disability

Body produces heat when energy is exerted

It’s important & crucial to create a well ventilated and good thermal performance learning environment for the physical special needs occupant

How Disabled Dealt with Heat

When their parts of body started to sweat without having proper evaporation, it rests on skin and causes irritation

Disabled have difficulty in shifting their weights will have issue in perspiration

Sweat intended to cool down the surface of the body by interacting with the air

Body temperature increases resulting skin to sweat

Average Hours Spent in School Daily

Indoor Class

Outdoor Class Assembly & others

WHY

• A secondary student spent an average of 7 hours 30 mins in school daily.

hours

• The highest percentage of hours a secondary student spent in school daily is in indoor classes.

Well-Ventilated Learning Environment is Important for Physical Special Needs ?

Source: Word Data on Education. 6th edition, 2006/07 http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/Countries/WDE/2006/ASIA_and_the_PACIFIC/Malaysia/Malaysia.pdf

Long hour indoor class lessons

TO DESIGN A WELL VENTILATED AND GOOD THERMAL PERFORMANC E LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Thermal regulation problem dealt by people with disability

PASSIVE COOLING METHODS FOR

THERMAL COMFORT

Heat Prevention / Protection

Solar Control

Heat Dissipation / Rejection

Natural Ventilation

Glazing

Double Skin Facade

Wind-driven cross ventilation

Buoyancy-driven Stack ventilation

Solar chimney

CLIENT

Ministry of Education Malaysia, Yayasan Amir

Foundation & LeapEd Service

USER

Secondary School Physical Disabled Children (Age 13 – 17)

SITE

Jalan Kampung Lalang, Educity, Iskandar

Puteri, Johor Bahru

SITE CONTEXT

Land Type/ Zoning : Institution/ University

Size : 2 Acres

Lot : 155903

Mukim : Pulai

Plot Ratio : 1:6

Local Authority : Majlis Bandaraya Iskandar Puteri (MBIP)

COMMERICIAL BUILDING UNDEVELOPED LAND

Majority development around the site are mostly INSTITUTIONAL and COMMERCIAL ONLY

UG ECO BOTANIC

SMK MEDINI

ASKA ARENA EDUCITY

KOLEJ MDIS

UNIVERSITI READING OF MALAYSIA

NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY MEDICINE MALAYSIA

EDUHUB

Circulation

Make use of existing main road (facing East) which provide good accessibility to the site.

SITE PLANNING

Noise

East site suitable for public spaces such as cafeteria and classrooms while West site suitable for private quiet spaces such as dorm.

Sensory View

Encourages more openings and open spaces facing North and South with only low rise buildings and field.

Wind/ Sun Path

Encourages cross ventilation at NorthSouth direction of the site and glazing to block heat at East-West direction.

Disabled School Case Study Hazelwood School, UK

Main Features :

• School entrance area designed as a loop system to allow vehicles to rack up in a dedicated drop off area.

• Large classrooms are equipped with ample built-in storage space at the back of the room, and adaptable areas between classes.

• The main entrance area opens to a large dining room, which doubles as the main assembly space –combined space for multiple usage.

Source: https://aasarchitecture.com/2016/09/hazelwood-school-glasgow-alan-dunlop-architect.html/

Overview

• State school for the teaching of life skills to children and young people with severe and highly complex needsvisual limitations, hearing limitations, cognitive issues & physical limitations.

• Caters for 54 students with multiple disabilities, aged from 2 to 19.

• Contains 11 classrooms in a single storey structure, providing nursery through secondary education.

DESIGN STRATEGIES

SPLIT-LEVEL FLOOR SYSTEMS

To reduce the levelling, the ramp length and distance from one space to another to cater physical disabled user.

COURTYARD CONFIGURATION

To aid the purpose of natural ventilation and keep the space cool in tropical hot and humid climate.

1 2 3

DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE CONFIGURATION

To reduce the heating and cooling consumption and increase the building’s thermal efficiency.

Split-Level Floor System

Benefits to small sites where maximum use of space must be achieved. Split-level or staggered floor systems design fits well on rectangular sites and efficient in terms of floor spacing.

Staggered Floors One-Way Circulation Staggered Floors Two-Way Circulation

Brief idea of spatial circulation for vertical planning

Courtyard Configuration

Literature Review

Azuan, Tetsu Kubota, Environmental design consideration for courtyards in residential buildings in hot-humid climates: A review, 2015

Courtyard Aspect Ratio

Below 0.5m Exposed to excessive solar radiation

Equal 0.65m Optimum wind velocity and shading

Greater than 0.65m Deep courtyard with little or no ventilation effect at all

Courtyard Height

Hot Humid Climate

Courtyard in buildings are considered to have shading and ventilation effects.

Below 9m Suitable for cooler climate region

Equal 9m Optimum height for hot humid climate

Greater than 9m Suitable for warmer climate region

Markus, Bulus, Malsiah, Hamid, Lim, Yaik Wah Tanko, Examination of Courtyard Dimensions & Proportions in University Technology Malaysia Buildings, 2017

Mohd

Design Case Study

Huandao Middle School, China

Overview

• Middle school designed to accommodate classrooms, dormitory and dining hall for more than 1200 students, 24 classes.

• The overall layout of the school emphasizes on an introverted nature of architecture as the site is located in the city center surrounded by high-rise buildings which heighten a sense of encirclement and compression.

Main Features :

• The design create diversified and integrated spaces that promotes active and spontaneous learning.

• Zigzag ramps & stairs create more spaces for social interaction and serve as vertical circulation.

• Courtyards within the teaching block creates different volume, enriching spatial hierarchy and visual connections.

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/928446/huandao-middle-school-tao-trace-architecture-office

YARD

exciting assemblage of activities in stimuli to learning and interactions”

DSF Configuration

Advantages

• Reduction in heating and cooling consumption.

• Thermal comfort- reduces the temperatures of the internal wall.

• Natural ventilation & provides better protection of the shading.

(Akmal, 2020)

Evening Sun West

Morning Sun East

direct glare & high radiant

Double Skin Facade

3 types of thermal sources in a building :

How does it works ?

• Air flows through the intermediate cavity to prevent thermal energy loss in the buildings.

• Reduction in heating and cooling consumption.

• It can occur naturally or by mechanically driven.

WHAT IS DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE ?

• Façade systems consist of three components: an exterior wall, a ventilated cavity and an interior wall, wherein air flows through the intermediate cavity.

• Act as insulation against extreme temperatures, winds, and sound, improving the building’s thermal efficiency for both high and low temperatures.

DSF Configuration

Buffer Façade

• Maintain daylight into buildings while increase insulation and sound properties of the wall system.

• Shading devices can be included in the cavity.

Twin-Façe Façade

• Inclusion of openings in the skin to allow for natural ventilation.

• Use of windows allows for night-time cooling of the interior thereby lessening cooling loads of the building’s HVAC system.

Hybrid Façade

• Combine one or more of the basic characteristics of the 3 main typologies.

• Buffer Façade & Twin-Façe Facade

Multi-storey & Twins

Façade Configuration

• Intermediate space between the inner and outer layers is adjoined vertically and horizontally by a no of rooms.

• Does not necessary require openings all over the exterior of the façade.

(Ali G., Amir G., Umberto B, John T, Danny H, Shahab K, Exploring the advantages and challenges of double-skin facades (DSFs), 2015)

DSF Configuration

Comparison Study

1. Comparative study of single glazed and double glazed windows in terms of energy efficiency and economic expenses.

• Based on comparison, double glazed window manage to acquire an amount of annual saving in total energy consumption compare to singleglazed window.

Considering design criteria based on energy saving strategies, installing double-glazed windows would be definitely reasonable as these windows save up to 50% in total load of the building.

Forughian, S., & Taheri Shahr Aiini, M. (2017). Comparative Study of Single-glazed and Double-glazed Windows in Terms of Energy Efficiency and Economic Expenses. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(3), 879-893. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.884

2. Researched conducted to simulate the total energy consumption affected by the DSF material differences.

Advantages of Perforated Metal in DSF

• Cheaper compare to double and triple glazing.

• Glass metal skin with perforated holes gives the facades complex and variable depth.

The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits and the greater its shading ability.

• Proven environmental benefitssustainably made and allows precise control of light and airflow, whilst also deflecting heat and solar radiation from the sun.

Nissa Aulia Ardiani, M. Donny Koerniawan. (2017). Glass and Perforated Metal Double Skin Facade Performance in Hot Humid Climate. Journal of Architecture and Built Environment, Vol. 44, No.2, December 2017, 143-148, 6.

DSF Configuration

Comparison Study

3. Research to investigate the effect of a perforated sheet combined with a double skin façade (DSPF) by varying the perforation percentage.

• To balance natural ventilation when installing perforated screens, this research demonstrated the net heat removal when the perforated percentage of 30% on the west and 10% on the south are recommended for removing heat throughout the year of an office building.

West façade DSPF thickness of 0.5m with perforation 30% while South façade DSPF

thickness 0.5m with perforation 50% show the greatest effect and are recommended for removing heat throughout the year.

Thanyalak Srisamranrungruang, Kyosuke Hiyama. (2021). Correlations between building performances and design parameters of double-skin facade utilizing perforated screen. 12.

DSF Case Study

Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute C

Overview

• Biodesign C is a block of campus laboratories designed intended to be the most energy efficient lab on campus.

• Balancing performance, aesthetics and budgets, the distinctive perforated metal panels wraps around a primary skin of glass wall to create a high-performance dual façade.

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com/906453/arizona-state-university-biodesign-institute-c-zgf-architects )

High-Performance Dual Facade

• Innovative building envelope to maximize energy performance and reduces glare.

• Air cascade between spaces, coupled with low-flow fume hoods allows for reduced air change rates.

EAST PERSPECTIVE

FORM DEVELOPMENT

01 SITE MASSING

Rough massing with long east & west facades, short north & south façade

02 GREEN COURTYARD

Split planning the massing to two significant zone separating private and public space Semi open courtyard to face north and south.

03

PERMEABILITY

Create pocket spaces & void to improve air ventilation & sensory view

Dormitories

04 HIERARCHY & VIEW

Create hierarchy of massing and opening to maximize the view.

05 CIRCULATION

Integration of ramp circulation with addition & subtraction of spaces.

06 ZONING

Zone the massing according to programme, subtraction on ground level to allow open circulation flow.

Dataran Jam Sultan Iskandar

Macdonald/ EduHub

Main Road

“Most school in tropics are often built without the consideration of the occupants’ thermal comfort especially for physical disabled students.

A good thermal performance and ventilated school in tropic country can be build up through passive cooling methods such as cross ventilation and Double Skin Façade.”

a welcoming grand lobby for students drop-off and waiting to occur

Indoor courtyard introduces cross ventilation and invites natural light into the compound

INDOOR COURTYARD

discussion area to enable students to study and ease students with disabled during their lunch hour

DISCUSSION AREA

ramp serves as the main circulation, visual and social interaction place to occur

ACADEMIC BLOCK INTERNAL RAMP

LIBRARY

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Perforated metal DSF helps to reduce the heating and cooling consumption as well as providing adequate shading to the classrooms and dormitories.

EXPLODED FACADE

CLASSROOM

Classroom Simulation (facing East) BEFORE AFTER

Air Temperature

• Measure of how much cooling (or warming) you get from contact with air.

Radiant Temperature

• Measure of how much cooling (or warming) you get from the exchange of radiant heat to all the objects in the room.

Operative Temperature

• Simplified measure of human thermal comfort derived from air temperature, mean radiant temperature and air speed

Simulation generated by Design Builder

Classroom Simulation (facing East)

Thermal Simulation - Windows with Overhang only

Thermal Simulation – Perforated Metal DSF

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Air Temperature (°C) Radiant Temperature (°C) Operative Temperature (°C)

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Air Temperature (°C) Radiant Temperature (°C) Operative Temperature (°C)

• The data shows the comparison of simulation results between windows with overhang only and perforated metal DSF at classroom- facing East.

• The table shows the percentage of differences between two shading devices are of 14% for air temperature, 11% for radiant temperature and 13% for operative temperature.

Note: It is measured solely based on the natural ventilation without the additional of cooling devices. Eg: electrical fan and AC

Simulation generated by Design Builder

Dormitory Simulation (facing West)

Air Temperature

• Measure of how much cooling (or warming) you get from contact with air.

Radiant Temperature

• Measure of how much cooling (or warming) you get from the exchange of radiant heat to all the objects in the room.

Operative Temperature

• Simplified measure of human thermal comfort derived from air temperature, mean radiant temperature and air speed

Simulation generated by Design Builder

Dormitory Simulation (facing West)

Thermal Simulation - Windows with Overhang only

Thermal Simulation – Perforated Metal DSF

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Air Temperature (°C) Radiant Temperature (°C) Operative Temperature (°C)

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Air Temperature (°C) Radiant Temperature (°C) Operative Temperature (°C)

• The data shows the comparison of simulation results between windows with overhang only and perforated metal DSF at dormitory- facing West.

• The table shows the percentage of differences between two shading devices are of 13% for air temperature, 10% for radiant temperature and 12% for operative temperature.

Note: It is measured solely based on the natural ventilation without the additional of cooling devices. Eg: electrical fan and AC

Simulation generated by Design Builder

Simulation Analysis

CLASSROOM (FACING EAST) DORMITORY (FACING WEST)

Comparison of Operative Temperature (°C)

Comparison of Operative Temperature (°C)

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Windows with Overhang Perforated Metal DSF

21st March 21st June 21st Dec

Windows with Overhang Perforated Metal DSF

Result

• The table shows the integration of perforated metal double skin façade of the building, the average operative temperature reduces 3 – 6°C.

• The average operative temperature of the classroom with Double Skin Façade is 26°C to 29°C.

• Hence it achieves the human thermal comfort level of 26°C to 28°C (ASHRAE STANDARD 55).

Schedule Of Accommodation

References

Akhlish Diinal, S.Wonorahardjo, M.D Koerniawan. (2016). Effectiveness of double skin facade in controlling indoor air t emperature of tropical buildings. 11.

Ayegbusi, O. G. (2019). Double Skin Facade Overall Thermal Transfer Value Correction Factor in Hot Humid Climate. 67.

Baharuddin Hamzah, Zhonghua Gou, Rosady Mulyadi, Samsuddin Amin. (2018). Thermal Comfort Analyses of Secondary School Students in the Tropics. 19.

Fariborz Haghighat, P. P. (n.d.). Responses of Disabled, Temporarily Ill, and Elderly Persons to Thermal Environments. 8. Lynda H. Webb, P. (1998). Case Studies of Thermal Comfort for People with Physical Disabilities. 10.

Markus, Bulus, Malsiah, Hamid, Lim Yaik Wah, Tanko Bruno Lot. (2017). Examination of Courtyard Dimensions and Proportions in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Buldings. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, Volume 11 Number 2, 9.

Mohd Azuan Bin Zakaria, Tetsu Kubota. (2015). Environmental Design Consideration for Courtyards in Residential Buildings in Hot-humid Climates: A Review. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 8.

Nissa Aulia Ardiani, M. Donny Koerniawan. (2017). Glass and Perforated Metal Double Skin Facade Performance in Hot Humid Climate. Journal of Architecture and Built Environment, Vol. 44, No.2, December 2017, 143-148, 6.

Qahtan, A. (2019). Thermal performance of a double-skin facade exposed to direct solar radiation in the tropical climate of Malaysia: A case study. 10.

Ravi Nagrathanam, Nalini Manoharan, Siti Hashidah Mohd Nasir. (2018). The Implementation of Trust School Education in Malaysia: A Case Study on Conduct of Curriculum at Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Kuala Lumpur. 9.

Samaneh Forughian, Masoud Taheri Shahr Aiini. (2017). Comparative Study of Single-glazed and Double-glazed Windows in Terms of Energy Efficiency and Economic Expenses. Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Vol.6, No.3, 15.

Snaefridur Thora, Rannveig. (2009). Participation of students with physical disabilities in the school environment. 11.

Umberto Berardi, Ali Ghaffarianhoseini, John Tookey, Danny Hin, Amirhosein . (2016). Exploring the advantages and challenges of double-skin facades (DSFs).

Thanyalak Srisamranrungruang , Kyosuke Hiyama. (2021). Correlations between building performances and design parameters of double-skin facade utilizing perforated screen. 12.

Francis DK Ching in Architecture: Form, Space & Order

Garis Panduan & Piawaian Negeri Johor Edisi 2019

Garis Panduan & Peraturan Bagi Perancangan Bangunan

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 [G.N.5178/85]

MS1184:2014 Universal Design & Accessibility in the Built Environment- Code of Practice

Design Pre-Thesis III MBEA1136

Sustainable Technologies - Enviro

Course coordinator : Mr Azari Mat Yasir

Course owner : Dr Roshida Abdul Majid

Course lecturers : Dr Norizura Tukiman & Ar Samsiah Abdullah

Yeep Pui Juen (Vickee)

MBE201057