EUROPEUS, AJUDA DESENVOLVIMENTO E OBJECTIVOS DO DES MILENIO by PLATAFORMA DIGITAL SERVIÇO SOCIAL

Special Eurobarometer 352 European Commission

Europeans, development aid and the Millennium Development Goals Fieldwork: June 2010

Special Eurobarometer 352 / Wave 73.5 – TNS Opinion & Social

Publication: September 2010

This survey was requested by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Development and Relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific States and coordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication (“Research and Speechwriting" Unit). This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors.

Special Eurobarometer 352

Europeans, development aid and the Millennium Development Goals

Conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of the European Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Directorate-General for Development and Relations with African, Caribbean and Pacific States Survey co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication

TNS Opinion & Social Avenue Herrmann Debroux, 40 1160 Brussels Belgium

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................2 1. DESPITE THE ON-GOING ECONOMIC CRISIS, THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT AID REMAINS HIGH............................................................8 2. WORKING TOGETHER BRINGS ADDED VALUE ...........................................13 3. EUROPEANS ARE PERSONALLY COMMITTED BUT AT DIFFERENT LEVELS ..17 4. POVERTY AND ECONOMIC CRISIS: KEY CHALLENGES ...............................25 5. INCREASING DEVELOPMENT AID ENDORSED BUT MORE CAUTIOUSLY THAN BEFORE ...........................................................................................31 6. EU TRADE AND FINANCE MEASURES AS WELL AS PEACE BUILDING POLICIES SUPPORT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .........................................39 7. LARGE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS SEEN AS BEST PLACED TO GIVE HELP ................................................................................................44 CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................51

ANNEX TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS QUESTIONNAIRE TABLES

-1-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

INTRODUCTION This report examines European public opinion on development policy in general and the EU’s role as aid donor in particular. Over 26,500 people living in the 27 EU member states were surveyed in June 20101. The results of the survey can be seen as a barometer of current European attitudes toward development in view of two forthcoming events: •

A UN Summit on the Millennium Development Goals2 will take place in September 2010, just five years ahead of the 2015 deadline of achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The 8 Millennium Development Goals were set by world leaders in the year 2000. This survey gauges the commitment of the European public at the moment when – with 5 years to go – achievement of the MDGs seems to be in jeopardy. Whilst some – MDG 1 eradication of poverty and MDG 2 access to primary education – seem to be on track, others are far from the target.

In particular MDG 5 – 'to reduce by three quarters the maternal

mortality rate' – is way off track with 1,500 women dying every day of complications relating to pregnancy and childbirth; 95 per cent of these deaths occur in Africa or in Asia.

•

Review of EU development policy: In autumn 2010, the European Commission will issue a Green Paper on the ‘Future of Development Policy’. This present survey pinpoints some of the challenges that EU policy makers are facing particularly in communicating the EU’s contribution in this area to the general public.

This present publication continues a series of reports exploring European awareness of development cooperation issues since 2004. The last two surveys3 have been carried out in the context of the worst world economic slump since the 1930’s.

Full methodological information can be found in the Technical Note annexed to the end of this report.

http://www.un.org/en/mdg/summit2010/index.shtml

The most recent study was published in October 2009: Special Eurobarometer 318 ‘Development Aid in

Times of Economic Turmoil’ in http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_318_en.pdf

-2-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

While countries are fighting against soaring unemployment rates and introducing austerity measures in order to restore growth, development aid was expected to be one of the evident ‘scapegoats’ losing importance when the minds of Europeans are occupied with issues closer to home. The current study took place against the background of significant public concerns about the stability of European economies, triggered by the sovereign debt crisis in Greece and the responses of the EU and Member State governments. This is in contrast to the 2009 study where the focus of public attention was more on the global effects of the financial crisis and looking for the first signs of economic recovery in Europe. Despite the economic context the results of this study show that Europeans remain staunch supporters of development aid and they continue to back the EU strategy of increasing development aid as promised. Outside official development aid programmes, 30% of Europeans participate personally in helping poor countries either by donating money or volunteering in relevant organizations. This is not to say that the economic turmoil is passing without a trace. While the generic

indicator

perceived

importance

measuring

the

value

basis

development aid shows a positive change since 2009, the more concrete question on the acceptable level of EU development aid reveals that, when it comes to money, people are not as willing as they were 12 months ago to pass it to poorer countries. Furthermore, the economic crisis is cited as the second most serious problem facing the developing world, ahead of more fundamental and far-reaching humanitarian needs such as food and health issues – perhaps shortsightedly reflecting European domestic struggles rather than a real understanding of problems in the developing world. This survey also reconfirms the ‘communication challenge’ that the EU seems to be facing when it comes to its visibility and conspicuousness as a development aid actor. Even with the strong support and pro-EU cooperation stance of the European public, the largest aid donor of the world is still under-recognised by its citizens. Also a significant share – 21% - of Europeans remains indifferent when it comes to helping the developing world.

-3-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

All things considered it can be said that the strong ethical value basis of European development aid is largely unaffected by economic cycles; Europeans feel responsible for helping their more disadvantaged counterparts. Yet, when the gaze of Europeans is turned to domestic struggles, fewer are ready to concretely act on development aid challenges than in periods of economic prosperity. *

The report details the EU-wide findings as well as country-by-country breakdowns. Where relevant, comparisons are made with previous surveys and background data is introduced to place the results in the wider socio-economic context. Sociodemographic variables are also taken into account in the analysis. In this report, the countries are represented by their official abbreviations. The abbreviations used in this report correspond to: ABBREVIATIONS EU27 EU15 NMS12

European Union – 27 member states The fifteen member states that were EU Members prior to the accession of ten candidate countries on 1 May 2004 The twelve member states that became EU Members in

the 2004 or 2007

enlargement waves are referred to as NMS12 (New member states 12)

DK/NA

Don’t know / No answer

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Denmark

Germany

Estonia

Greece

Spain

France

Ireland

Italy

Republic of Cyprus

Lithuania

Latvia

Luxembourg

Hungary

Malta

-4-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

The Netherlands

Austria

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovenia

Slovakia

Finland

Sweden

The United Kingdom

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

The question being analysed is presented at the beginning of each chapter. As Eurobarometer is an omnibus survey, i.e. each wave includes several topics, the position of each theme is indicated by a letter in the question number (‘A’ refers to the first topic, ‘B’ to the second topic, etc.). In this report, the letter ‘D’ in the question number refers to the position of this particular theme among other topics.

-5-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

MAIN FINDINGS High importance attached to development: 89% of Europeans attach a high value to development cooperation with 45% finding it very important and 44% fairly important. This is broadly in line with findings from earlier studies although the proportion saying it is very important has increased from 39% in 2009. Strong support for EU cooperation: Three-quarters (76%) of Europeans believe that there is added value in EU countries working together on helping developing countries. A significant segment of the population personally contributes to aid but many remain bystanders: 30% of the European public participates concretely in helping poor countries either by donating money (26%) or volunteering in a relevant organisation (4%). However, the largest segment of the population remain bystanders: 42% support the goal without personal input and 21% express indifference to development cooperation. Poverty named as the number one problem in the developing world: Along with the priorities of the Millennium Development goals, 42% cite poverty as the most imminent problem faced by the developing world, thus instinctively choosing MDG 1 – the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger – as the main challenge. Poverty was also seen as the biggest challenge in 2009 (cited by 50%). Citizens continue to back the EU’s commitment of increasing aid: Exactly a half of the poll (50%) think that aid should be increased in line with the target set by the EU, while 14% would increase aid even beyond this. A non-negligible proportion (29%) is, however, ready to give up the promise. Although the majority (64%) still think that aid should be increased, this proportion has declined from 2009 (72%). The

positive

impact

other

policies

developing

countries

recognised: 43% of the European public believe that EU trade and finance polices have a positive impact on developing countries, followed by agriculture (33%) and migration (22%). Policies linked to current global challenges such as environmental degradation (22%), energy sufficiency (21%) and climate change (18%) are also seen to make a positive contribution. -6-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Ahead of the EU, the UN and the World Bank are seen as the best placed actors to help developing countries: 27% of Europeans cite the UN as being in the best position to give aid, followed by the World Bank (19%) and the EU (17%). The proportion mentioning the EU in this context has declined from the 26% recorded in 2009.

-7-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

1. DESPITE THE ON-GOING ECONOMIC CRISIS, THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT AID REMAINS HIGH QD2: In your opinion, is it very important, fairly important, not very important or not at all important to help people in developing countries? In the aftermath of the worst world economic crisis since the 1930’s, a considerable majority - 89% - of respondents think that development aid is important. The economic turmoil is not going unnoticed but more people are attaching high importance to development aid again after the significant drop among those who find development aid very important witnessed a year ago. This result underlines once more the generally supportive

value

basis

development

aid:

the

humanitarian obligation to help others felt in the European Union does not to change much with economic cycles.

QD2 In your opinion, is it ... to help people in developing countries? - % EU

Very important

June 2010

May/June 2009

November 2004

Fairly important

Not very important

45%

Not at all important

Don't know

44%

49%

39%

53%

38%

The high public support for development cooperation has remained steady through not only the recent economic turmoil, but also the strong growth momentum experienced earlier in this decade. In June 2010, 89% of the citizens of the European Union believe that development aid is important. The overall levels of support have hardly changed compared to November 2004 when the figure was 91% and May/June 2009 when 88% found development aid important.

-8-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

The current economic turmoil is not, however, going unnoticed and the last three surveys have registered significant changes in the intensity of support. Right after the crisis hit bottom, the share of people who considered aid as ‘very important’ declined significantly, from 53% in 2004 to 39% in 2009. This evolution is reversed in the present survey with 45% of the European public now finding aid ‘very important’ which suggests that the recovery process has begun.

A country-by-country analysis shows little difference in overall support but a closer examination reveals a number of patterns that seem to be partly linked to the severity of the economic crisis and to the levels of official development aid in a country as was seen in the previous study in 2009.

-9-

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Among the ‘most supportive’ countries, Sweden (96% of very and fairly important), Ireland (95%), Denmark (94%), Finland (94%), Luxembourg (93%) and the UK (91%) are all countries where official aid figures matched or exceeded the EU target of 0.51% of GDP in 20094. At the same time, a number of countries that have been severely hit by the economic crisis as measured by GDP growth5, show relatively lower – yet significant – levels of overall support for development aid. These countries include Bulgaria (79%), Estonia (84%) and Latvia (86%). It is however evident that the grouping above falls short on explaining many other results registered in this present survey. For example, while Greece is currently facing a severe debt crisis that has caused concerns throughout the euro area, its people continue to express average levels of support for development aid (90%). Elsewhere, respondents in the Netherlands attach relatively less importance to development cooperation (88%) even though the country has one of the highest aid targets in Europe (0.8% of GDP by 2010) and exceeded the EU objective in 2009 (0.82%). The previous surveys in 2009 and 2004 registered a difference in attitudes between the member states that joined the EU most recently and those with a longer period in the EU, with respondents in NMS12 (The 12 New member states of the EU) attaching lower levels of importance to development cooperation. This initial divide was already fading away in spring 2009 and is now nearly non-existent: the overall support is at 90% in EU15 and 89% in NMS12 and the only detectable divide is in the intensity of support (47% very important in EU15 against 40% in NMS12).

European NGO confederation for relief and development: Penalty Against Poverty: More and better EU

aid can score Millennium Development Goals : see http://www.concordeurope.org/Public/Page.php?ID=31754 5

Eurostat newsrelease 7 July 2010 in http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-07072010-

AP/EN/2-07072010-AP-EN.PDF

- 10 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

In fact, the most positive evolutions are registered among some of the member states that joined recently, namely Romania and Cyprus, although a positive evolution is detected in nearly every country since June 2009, as shown in the chart above. As in 2009, two socio-demographic groups are more likely to see high value in development cooperation, namely younger respondents – and, coinciding with this, students – and those with a high socio-economic status in terms of occupation and education. This shows that those Europeans who are least likely to come under pressure in times of economic hardship (youngsters who do not work and highly qualified professionals) are the most supportive of development assistance.

- 11 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD2 In your opinion, is it very important, fairly important, not very important or not at all important to help people in developing countries? Very important

Fairly important

Not very important

Not at all important

45%

44%

52% 46% 44% 42%

40% 44% 46% 45%

5% 6% 6% 7%

2% 2% 2% 3%

1% 2% 2% 3%

39% 44% 51% 52%

47% 45% 41% 39%

7% 7% 5% 5%

3% 2% 2% 2%

4% 2% 1% 2%

47% 53% 44% 41% 46% 46% 42% 52%

43% 41% 46% 48% 43% 43% 44% 39%

6% 4% 6% 7% 6% 7% 8% 5%

3% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 2%

1% 1% 2% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2%

42% 45% 49%

45% 45% 43%

7% 6% 5%

3% 2% 2%

3% 2% 1%

EU27 Age 15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation Self- employed Managers Other w hite collars Manual w orkers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase Low(1-4) Medium(5-6) High(7-10)

Based on the results presented above, it could be argued that the driver of European public opinion on the importance of development aid could be described as a general responsibility of the ‘stronger’ to help the ‘weaker’. Factors such as the economic situation and the ‘development aid culture’ of a country do play a role but, in the end, very few Europeans find helping those in need unimportant. Furthermore, public opinion on development aid seems to have suffered less due to the economic crisis than some other spheres of public life such as the support for and trust in EU institutions or EU membership6, which further reinforces the idea of moral considerations as the driver of support for development aid.

Standard

Eurobarometer

’Public

Opinion

the

European

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb69/eb_69_first_en.pdf

- 12 -

Union’

–

First

Results

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

2. WORKING TOGETHER BRINGS ADDED VALUE QD6 Do you think there is added value in EU member states working together on helping developing countries? An overwhelming majority of people in the EU (76%) think that there is added value in EU countries working together to help developing countries. This reinforces the mandate of the European Union, which is the largest aid donor in the world, to respond to the challenges posed by the needs of developing countries.

Not only are Europeans highly supportive of development aid, they also largely feel that EU countries should work together in helping developing countries. Just over three-quarters (76%) think that EU cooperation brings added value when pursuing the goals of combating poverty, hunger and disease in the developing world. Exactly the same proportions, 38%, think this is definitely or to some extent the case while only 14% believe that cooperation is not advantageous. 10% of people are not able to form an opinion in this respect.

- 13 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

The EU seems to have a strong mandate as a development aid actor in the eyes of its citizens. This was something that was also observed in the previous survey in spring 2009 when 61% of respondents believed that bringing a European perspective to the global debate on development brings added value7.

While the absolute majority in every country believes that EU cooperation brings added value, at least to some extent, considerable differences are observed between countries, ranging from 94% of respondents in Sweden to 54% of respondents in Lithuania having a positive view in this respect.

Special EB 318 ‘Development aid in times of economic turmoil’

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_318_en.pdf

- 14 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Generally speaking in countries where public opinion is favourable for development cooperation in general, the support for EU cooperation is also higher. We see this pattern in, for example, Sweden, Luxembourg, Denmark and the Netherlands – also countries that have the highest national aid targets. Conversely, respondents in Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovenia have less faith in the effectiveness of EU cooperation, illustrating the difference detected between EU15 and NMS12: 78% of the public in the EU15 believe in the added value of working together while 70% of respondents in the member states that joined more recently trust in EU cooperation. This divide can, however, be directly attributed to the higher ‘don’t know levels’ in NMS12 (15% against 9% in EU15). A previous survey carried out among this country group in May/June 20078 showed a significant information gap among respondents regarding EU development aid. Therefore it can be assumed that a lack of information at least partly explains the lower support for EU cooperation here.

QD6 Do you think there is added value in EU Member States working together on helping developing countries?

Y es, definitely

Y es, to some extent

No, not really

No, definitely not

38%

10%

39% 40% 40% 35%

38% 39% 38% 38%

9% 10% 9% 10%

3% 3% 4% 4%

11% 8% 9% 13%

31% 36% 48% 40%

38% 40% 36% 39%

11% 11% 7% 8%

4% 4% 3% 2%

16% 9% 6% 11%

43% 49% 36% 38% 35% 40% 33% 40%

37% 35% 43% 39% 37% 34% 39% 39%

9% 7% 11% 11% 10% 11% 11% 8%

3% 3% 4% 3% 2% 4% 4% 2%

8% 6% 6% 9% 16% 11% 13% 11%

33% 38% 43%

37% 39% 39%

11% 10% 9%

4% 3% 3%

15% 10% 6%

EU27 Age 15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Respondent occupation scale Self- employed Managers Other w hite collars Manual w orkers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase Low (1-4) Medium(5-6) High(7-10)

Special

286

‘Citizens

the

new

member

states

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_286_en.pdf

- 15 -

and

Development

Aid’

see

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

As can be seen in the table above, a higher socio-economic status tends to correlate with attaching a higher general importance to development cooperation. Similarly this group is more likely to value EU cooperation. This may well be due to greater understanding of the benefits for both the recipient and the donor countries: respondents with a high level of education and a high occupational status tend to be generally more knowledgeable about development aid issues. Problems in the developing world are global and are seen to demand a global answer. The European public generally supports common action at EU level when it comes to global issues, such as promoting peace and democracy in the world9. Development cooperation is no exception to this: Europeans give the EU a strong mandate to act in the field of helping poor countries.

Standard EB 71 ‚Public opinion in the European Union’ : see

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb71/eb71_std_part1.pdf

- 16 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

3. EUROPEANS ARE PERSONALLY COMMITTED BUT AT DIFFERENT LEVELS QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries? 9 out of 10 Europeans believe that it is important to help people in developing countries and 72% describe themselves as actively in favour of such support. However, the level of involvement varies, with most respondents (42%) generally favouring the goal but remaining as ‘development aid free-riders’ without active input, whereas 30% either give money to development

aid

volunteer

organisation.

- 17 -

with

relevant

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

As seen above, European public opinion is strongly supportive both of development aid in general and of EU cooperation in this area. Besides this generally positive attitude, 72% also express their personal commitment to that end. 30% contribute concretely to development aid either by giving money (26%) or by volunteering in a relevant organisation (4%). However, 42% endorse the goals of development aid but are not personally involved. Very few Europeans are opposed to development cooperation altogether but a significant share, 21%, seem indifferent to voluntary activities and simply say they are not involved. On the one hand, besides official EU aid, a high proportion of individual Europeans are involved in helping the developing world which proves the commitment of Europeans to combat the problems faced by these countries and their citizens. On the other hand, the results show a gap between the perceived importance and concrete actions: when looking at the group that think development aid is very important, only 45% are actively involved.

- 18 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries? Y ou are in favor of helping developing countries without being a volunteer or giving money yourself

You give money to an organisation helping developing countries but you are not an active volunteer

Y ou are not involved in helping people in developing countries

Y ou are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries

You are opposed to giving help to developing countries

Refusal (SP.)

42%

26%

21%

31%

35%

22%

59%

21%

51%

16%

26%

28%

55%

41%

35%

13%

EU27

42%

41%

61%

24%

47%

19%

25%

52%

22%

14%

20%

61%

13%

55%

23%

5% 2%

68%

17%

10%

43%

11%

38%

28%

59%

25%

55%

10%

49%

32%

16%

56%

22%

57%

12%

35%

38%

15%

45%

14%

34%

48%

11%

34%

3% 8%

44%

40%

32%

19%

39%

40%

22%

33%

28%

51%

11%

27%

58%

10%

25%

35%

30%

Highest percentage per country Highest percentage per item

Lowest percentage per country Lowest percentage per item

- 19 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

The personal perspective reveals more differences between countries than the generic question about the importance of development aid. Based on the level of personal commitment, the following country groups can be distinguished:

Countries

where

people

are

actively

involved:

Ireland,

Sweden,

the

Netherlands, Malta, Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, Austria, Belgium and the UK. •

In these countries the largest segment of the poll donates money to aid organisations and people in Luxembourg and Finland are the most likely of all to volunteer in a relevant organisation;

- 20 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

•

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

These countries generally opt for higher aid targets than agreed within the EU and have also kept their commitments in recent years10. A relatively positive GDP development also describes this group of countries. Malta is an exception to this pattern but only to a certain extent: among the member states that recently joined the EU, Malta ranks first when measured by the ratio of aid of GDP.

Countries where people are supportive but not involved: Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Estonia, Germany and Slovakia. •

This heterogeneous group of countries includes most of the southern member states as well as France and Germany and a number of countries that joined the EU during the past decade;

•

This largest group of countries perhaps reflects the nature of public opinion on development aid: ‘it is morally right to help people in need and therefore it is a valuable goal per se but this does not imply concrete actions at a personal level’;

Countries where people are not involved: Latvia and Slovenia, a high proportion also in Estonia and Romania. •

Latvia, Slovenia, Estonia and Romania have been hit relatively hard by the economic crisis compared to other member states. It is assumed that this impacts public opinion and it has already been shown that the public in these countries attach relatively low importance to development aid. The impact seems to be more distinct when it comes to the personal stance of individuals: in Latvia and Slovenia the largest segment of the population expresses indifference when asked about their personal stance regarding development cooperation.

European NGO confederation for relief and development: Penalty Against Poverty: More and better EU

aid can score Millennium Development Goals in http://www.concordeurope.org/Public/Page.php?ID=31754

- 21 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries? EU15

NMS12

You give money to an organisation helping developing countries but you are not an active volunteer

30%

11%

You are in favor of helping developing countries without being a volunteer or giving money yourself

41%

46%

You are not involved in helping people in developing countries

17%

34%

You are opposed to giving help to developing countries

Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)

You are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries

The patterns observed regarding the personal stance of Europeans are also reflected in a comparison between EU15 and NMS12. •

People in the EU15 are significantly more likely to be actively involved in development aid (35% in EU15 against 12% in NMS12);

•

Conversely,

considerably

respondents

the

NMS12

express

indifference when it comes to development cooperation (34% in NMS12 against 17% in EU15); Respondents’ personal situations vary significantly according to their socioeconomic status and, partly overlapping this, with their age. •

As already postulated above regarding the perceived importance of development aid, young people are highly supportive of the ideal but then turn out to be the largest group of ‘development aid free-riders’, i.e. supporting the cause but not acting on it (50%);

•

As one might expect, the highly educated professionals is the group that is the most likely to be directly involved, mainly by donating money as they probably have both the understanding of the goal and means to support it.

- 22 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries?

You are in favor of helping developing countries without being a volunteer or giving money yourself

You give money to an organisation helping developing countries but you are not an active volunteer

You are not involved in helping people in developing countries

You are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries

You are opposed to giving help to developing countries

Refusal (SP.)

42%

26%

21%

Male Female Age

43% 42%

24% 28%

22% 20%

4% 4%

3% 2%

1% 1%

3% 3%

15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of)

50% 45% 41% 38%

18% 24% 29% 29%

21% 22% 20% 21%

5% 3% 4% 4%

2% 2% 3% 3%

1% 1% 1% 1%

3% 3% 2% 4%

1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation

43% 42% 39% 52%

22% 24% 36% 19%

23% 24% 16% 18%

3% 3% 5% 5%

4% 3% 2% 2%

1% 1% 1% 1%

4% 3% 1% 3%

Self- employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase

40% 39% 43% 44% 44% 45% 38% 52%

31% 39% 30% 22% 23% 17% 28% 19%

19% 14% 18% 23% 22% 28% 22% 18%

5% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% 3% 5%

2% 1% 1% 3% 3% 3% 4% 2%

1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

2% 2% 3% 3% 4% 2% 4% 3%

Low(1-4) Medium(5-6) High(7-10)

46% 44% 37%

17% 26% 35%

25% 20% 18%

3% 4% 5%

4% 2% 2%

1% 1% 1%

4% 3% 2%

EU27 Sex

- 23 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Taking everything into account, the personal stance of the respondent appears to reveal more about public opinion on development aid than the generic question about its importance. It also seems to be more directly linked to one's personal domestic economic situation as well as to general ‘development aid culture’ in a country.

- 24 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

4. POVERTY AND ECONOMIC CRISIS: KEY CHALLENGES QD1 In your opinion what are the two biggest challenges currently facing developing countries?11 In

line

with

the

priorities

Development

Goals,

poverty

the

Europeans

greatest

the

Millennium

continue

challenge

see

facing

the

developing world (42%), the second biggest problem being considered the economic crisis (36%). This is broadly in line with the relative priorities noted in 2009.

Note that two new items ‘Water’ and ‘Education’ were introduced in this present survey. Consequently,

the results from 2009 and this study are not directly comparable.

- 25 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

Since 2007, Europeans have considered poverty as the number one problem in developing countries, with 42% of Europeans citing it in the present survey. As stated earlier, the European public appears to have an understanding of the single biggest challenge in the developing world which underlines many other problems faced in poor countries that of poverty, MDG 1. Reflecting the current world situation, 36% name the economic crisis among the two biggest challenges. It is, however, hard to say to what extent this opinion reflects the challenges currently faced by Europeans themselves in their national contexts and to what extent an understanding of the impact of the depression in the most vulnerable economies in the developing world. In line with the Millennium Development Goals, access to food as well as health issues follow with around a fifth of the European public citing them. When looking at the problems that are widely seen as current global challenges, such as climate change and energy, very few respondents place them among the most prominent problems in the developing world. It would therefore appear that Europeans see the most basic needs of human well-being as the primary goals of development aid, while the relatively recent global issues arising from growing consumption in the developed world are to be tackled elsewhere. The new items, water and education are cited by 18% and 13% of respondents respectively.

- 26 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD1 In your opinion what are the two biggest challenges currently facing developing countries?

EU27

Poverty

The economic crisis

Food

Health issues

Water

Poor governance

Education

Civil unrest\ conflict

Climate change

Migration flows

Energy

Other (SP.)

42%

36%

20%

19%

18%

13%

10%

35%

30%

26%

21%

23%

18%

11%

10%

48%

25%

21%

48%

33%

20%

31%

13%

18%

42%

26%

12%

32%

12%

14%

26%

16%

14%

38%

21%

28%

18%

21%

22%

11%

10%

46%

43%

17%

26%

10%

12%

17%

53%

42%

18%

19%

16%

11%

10%

1% 0%

48%

49%

17%

12%

24%

11%

40%

37%

22%

18%

23%

17%

12%

36%

29%

26%

28%

19%

24%

14%

38%

48%

17%

14%

20%

11%

43%

55%

16%

26%

14%

42%

59%

10%

13%

19%

10%

16%

44%

55%

14%

15%

14%

11%

39%

32%

16%

12%

19%

24%

19%

52%

43%

23%

21%

20%

43%

44%

11%

16%

21%

11%

10%

11%

33%

15%

22%

25%

26%

17%

23%

0% 1%

38%

25%

26%

21%

25%

16%

13%

10%

36%

42%

20%

23%

11%

12%

14%

51%

44%

23%

16%

17%

2% 1%

60%

64%

16%

14%

16%

44%

50%

12%

20%

11%

19%

17%

52%

37%

14%

25%

17%

10%

14%

10%

45%

11%

22%

28%

24%

21%

22%

17%

42%

25%

18%

20%

24%

20%

14%

41%

25%

19%

20%

28%

10%

12%

Highest percentage per country Highest percentage per item

Lowest percentage per country Lowest percentage per item

- 27 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

As hypothesised above, domestic economic situations seem to be reflected in the perceived problems in the developing world. In 18 member states the largest segment of the poll cites poverty as the number one problem. This group of countries includes nearly all member states that have belonged to the EU for a longer period but also a number of more recent members. At the same time, respondents in 9 countries place the economic crisis as the top-challenge facing the developing world. This group includes mainly newer member states and countries that have generally a lower GDP than the EU average and a number of countries that have been particularly strongly hit by the current economic turmoil, such as Spain, Latvia and Lithuania. It is interesting to see that the problems identified by the European public appear to coincide with the challenges named by people in one part of the developing world – in Africa. A survey carried out by GlobeScan in 2005 (more info on www.globescan.com), reveals that most Africans name economic-related problems – poverty, unemployment, the economy – ahead of all others, including health and government corruption, as the most important problems facing their country12. Some patterns can be observed according to the socio-demographic profiles of respondents: •

Those who finished education relatively early (aged 15 or under) and the unemployed who may be more likely to have limited means, tend to think that poverty is the biggest challenge facing poorer countries;

•

Respondents with a high socio-economic profile in terms of education and occupation are more likely to cite problems related to domestic affairs such as poor governance and civil unrest;

•

Respondents that are still in education, namely students and, overlapping with this, the youngest age group, place more importance on education than the other socio-demographic groups.

‘Africans' Views of Their Country’ 2005; countries surveyed Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria,

South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Selected data available at: http://www.globescan.com/rf_aid_views_01.htm

- 28 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD1 In your opinion what are the two biggest challenges currently facing developing countries?

Poverty

The economic crisis

Food

Health issues

Water

Poor governance

Education

Civil unrest\ conflict

Climate change

Migration flows

Energy

Other (SP.)

42%

36%

20%

19%

18%

13%

10%

Male Female Age

40% 43%

36% 36%

20% 21%

17% 20%

18% 17%

20% 16%

14% 12%

10% 10%

6% 7%

5% 4%

5% 3%

1% 0%

1% 1%

15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of)

42% 40% 41% 43%

36% 40% 36% 34%

18% 19% 21% 22%

21% 20% 19% 16%

16% 15% 18% 20%

16% 19% 20% 18%

19% 14% 12% 10%

9% 10% 11% 10%

7% 7% 7% 6%

5% 4% 4% 5%

4% 5% 3% 3%

1% 0% 1% 1%

1% 1% 1% 2%

1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation

45% 42% 39% 41%

36% 38% 33% 34%

24% 22% 15% 19%

16% 19% 19% 21%

20% 17% 18% 17%

17% 17% 23% 17%

8% 12% 17% 20%

9% 10% 12% 10%

6% 7% 8% 7%

4% 5% 5% 5%

3% 4% 4% 4%

1% 1% 1% 1%

2% 1% 0% 1%

Self-employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students

40% 37% 38% 41% 44% 47% 45% 41%

38% 30% 37% 40% 39% 40% 33% 34%

18% 18% 19% 20% 23% 21% 22% 19%

18% 19% 20% 20% 17% 17% 17% 21%

17% 19% 17% 16% 16% 17% 20% 17%

21% 24% 18% 18% 16% 19% 17% 17%

14% 19% 13% 12% 11% 11% 9% 20%

10% 13% 13% 8% 9% 9% 10% 10%

6% 7% 8% 8% 5% 6% 6% 7%

6% 4% 5% 4% 4% 3% 5% 5%

4% 4% 4% 5% 3% 3% 3% 4%

0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1%

1% 0% 0% 1% 2% 1% 2% 1%

EU27 Gender

- 29 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Overall, the European public seems to have a fairly accurate idea of the greatest challenges facing the developing world today and their views correspond to the priorities of the Millennium Development Goals.

- 30 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

5. INCREASING DEVELOPMENT AID ENDORSED BUT MORE CAUTIOUSLY THAN BEFORE QD5 The European Union has promised to increase the level of its aid towards developing countries. Given the current economic situation, which of the following propositions best describe your opinion? European support for increasing development aid remains high at 64%. Exactly half of the respondents would honour the EU commitment to increase aid and 14% would even go beyond this. Yet the severity of the economic crisis seems to be reflected in the results: more respondents than last year would now opt for maintaining development aid at current levels or even want to reduce aid. Public opinion continues to endorse the motto “keeping our promises” but this now seems to be somewhat less of a ‘moral absolute’.

- 31 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

To further gauge public support for development aid, Europeans were asked about their opinion on current aid commitments. The EU has promised to increase aid to a level that corresponds to 0.7% of national GNI by 2015, in line with the UN target. The target for the NMS12 is set at 0.33% by 2015. This question perhaps reveals the single strongest reflection of the economic crisis in European public opinion. While the vast majority of respondents continue to support the EU aid commitment (50%) or even want to go beyond it (14%), significantly more people (+10 percentage points) are now ready to give up the promise and keep the current level of aid (15%, +7 points) or even to reduce aid to developing countries (14%, +3 points). This result reverses the positive evolution witnessed between 2004 and 2007 when a significant increase in support for increasing aid was observed. The largest segment of the public in every member state continues to opt for honouring the aid commitment but considerable variation between countries is seen: •

Again we see that in some countries readiness to decrease development aid is correlated with the situation of the domestic economy. Bulgaria is the only country where those who would not keep the European aid commitment outnumber those who would keep the promise. High levels (35% or more) of those who would either reduce or cap aid are also observed in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Hungary, Ireland and Portugal – all countries suffering from a severe recession. However, this correlation is not allencompassing since countries such as the Netherlands and Germany with recent positive economic indicators are found in this group.

- 32 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

•

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

Also continuing the general pattern emerging in this survey, respondents in Sweden, Luxembourg, Denmark and Finland – all countries with high aid commitments and generally favourable economic development – are the most likely to say they would like to increase development aid in line with the EU commitment. Interestingly, a different trio of countries emerges in the top of the ranking when it comes to increasing aid beyond the agreed targets: Italy, Austria and Spain.

- 33 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

The swing in the opinion mood is best illustrated by looking at the evolution since May/June 2009 by country: •

When first looking at the proportions of those who would increase the level of aid beyond what has been foreseen, a significant decrease is observed in all countries except Austria, Latvia and Bulgaria. The largest drops are observed in Cyprus, Romania and Greece. In Cyprus and Romania this decline is largely compensated for by an increase among those who ‘want to keep the promise’ but in Greece the ongoing debt crisis appears to have led to significantly more people now opting for keeping the level unchanged or even reducing it.

•

Among respondents who are favourable to keeping current aid levels and not honouring the EU aid commitment, a significant increase is observed in Portugal, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Estonia, Hungary, Spain and Germany. Altogether, in 24 countries respondents are now more likely than in 2009 to opt for not increasing the aid even though the EU is committed to that end.

Similar tendencies have been recorded in national surveys on development aid. For example a survey published by the Finnish Foreign Ministry in July 2010 noted a strong increase of respondents in favour of reducing development aid although general support remains high.13

http://www.formin.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=196975&nodeid=15148&contentlan=2&culture=en

-US

- 34 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

We should increase European aid to developing countries beyond what is already promised

June 2010

May / June 2009

EU27

14%

24%

13%

22%

23%

13%

30%

We should keep our promise to increase aid to developing countries

June 2010

We should not increase the levels We should reduce aid to developing of aid to developing countries countries as we can no longer even though it has been promised afford it

May / June 2009

June 2010

May / June 2009

Don't know

May / June 2009

June 2010

May / June 2009

50%

48%

15%

14%

11%

51%

15%

19%

14%

31%

39%

24%

11%

23%

21%

18%

23%

52%

48%

15%

21%

14%

66%

57%

12%

18%

48%

54%

21%

10%

15%

12%

16%

54%

49%

19%

15%

18%

15%

38%

46%

43%

20%

14%

21%

34%

43%

45%

17%

15%

16%

23%

58%

52%

14%

12%

15%

51%

50%

20%

13%

15%

13%

22%

26%

44%

47%

13%

11%

10%

40%

58%

36%

13%

12%

14%

15%

38%

37%

19%

12%

27%

22%

14%

13%

49%

38%

12%

23%

30%

19%

26%

63%

51%

11%

20%

48%

47%

22%

11%

13%

14%

15%

18%

50%

48%

12%

17%

11%

17%

20%

55%

60%

20%

15%

10%

21%

19%

50%

46%

14%

12%

11%

16%

12%

22%

54%

45%

13%

12%

17%

18%

48%

49%

19%

16%

23%

14%

35%

44%

30%

12%

22%

25%

12%

26%

51%

14%

20%

11%

10%

17%

55%

56%

16%

15%

13%

17%

60%

65%

22%

11%

16%

29%

68%

54%

11%

25%

55%

45%

15%

13%

Highest percentage per country Highest percentage per item

Lowest percentage per country Lowest percentage per item

- 35 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

QD5 The European Union has promised to increase the level of its aid towards developing countries. Given the current economic situation, which of the following propositions best describe your opinion? We should not increase We should reduce aid We should increase the levels of aid to We should keep our to developing European aid to developing promise to increase aid to developing countries even countries as we can no countries beyond what is though it has been developing countries longer afford it already promised promised EU27 Age 15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of) 1516-19 20+ Still studying Respondent occupation scale Self- employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase Low (1-4) Medium(5-6) High(7-10) Help to developping countries - benefice of a common action of MS Yes No

14%

50%

15%

14%

19% 14% 13% 12%

52% 52% 52% 47%

12% 15% 15% 17%

10% 14% 14% 16%

7% 5% 6% 8%

11% 13% 14% 20%

41% 50% 58% 54%

18% 16% 14% 11%

20% 15% 10% 8%

10% 6% 4% 7%

15% 14% 14% 13% 12% 15% 11% 20%

51% 62% 53% 50% 47% 43% 46% 54%

16% 12% 16% 15% 16% 16% 18% 11%

13% 9% 13% 16% 15% 18% 17% 8%

5% 3% 4% 6% 10% 8% 8% 7%

13% 13% 15%

44% 51% 56%

16% 15% 15%

17% 15% 10%

10% 6% 4%

16% 5%

56% 30%

14% 24%

10% 36%

4% 5%

- 36 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

The socio-demographic profiling of respondents allows us to see differences in opinions according to age. The desire to increase aid beyond the commitment seems strongest among the younger age group. At the same time, a high socioeconomic status in terms of longer education and a higher occupational status tend to correlate with a higher support for keeping the promise. Furthermore, there is a strong link between respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; personal commitment to development and their views on the level of EU aid. Those who contribute personally to development cooperation either by giving money or volunteering in a relevant organisation are significantly more likely than the average European to support increasing EU aid either by keeping the promise or by even going beyond it. Overall, despite the negative trend observed in the current study, Europeans appear committed to keeping the promise regarding aid levels although with less enthusiasm than a year ago. Public opinion in countries with a relatively positive economic situation and more favourable aid targets is the most likely to be proincrease. The strong commitment witnessed here can perhaps be partly attributed to a general humanitarian accountability: the economic downturn has shaped European public opinion but the baseline support remains unchanged.

- 37 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries? QD5 The European Union has promised to increase the level of its aid towards developing countries. Given the current economic situation, which of the following propositions best describe your opinion?

You are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries

You give money to an You are in favor of helping developing countries without organisation helping developing countries but not being a volunteer or giving an active volunteer money yourself

You are not involved in helping people in developing countries

You are opposed to help to developing countries

Refusal (SP.)

Don't Know

We should increase European aid to developing countries beyond what is already promised

27%

16%

11%

13%

We should keep our promise to increase aid to developing countries

54%

62%

56%

37%

29%

27%

We should not increase the levels of aid to developing countries even though it has been promised

10%

12%

17%

21%

13%

12%

We should reduce aid to developing countries as we can no longer afford it

11%

25%

71%

22%

17%

Don't Know

27%

36%

Total

100%

- 38 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

6. EU TRADE AND FINANCE MEASURES AS WELL AS PEACE BUILDING POLICIES SUPPORT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES QD7 Apart from financial aid, which of the following European Union policies has a positive impact on developing countries? Beyond direct aid, Europeans believe that EU trade and finance policies as well as peace building policies have the most positive impact in developing countries (43% both). European public opinion seems to reflect the fact that poverty, civil unrest and hunger cannot be combated by direct measures only but also require a horizontal approach that permeates all policy areas.

Europeans were asked to what extent they think other EU policies, apart from direct aid, contribute to a positive change in the developing world. EU trade and finance policies and peace building policies are seen to have the most positive impact in this respect (43% both), followed by agriculture policy (33%).

- 39 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

All policy areas listed here receive important proportions of mentions which implies that Europeans believe the impact of the EU on the developing world is not limited to direct aid and the goals of development cooperation are, at least to a certain extent, permeating key policy areas of the European Union. Respondents in all countries name trade and finance and peace building among the top-two policy areas that have a positive impact. Danish and Dutch respondents and people in Cyprus are the most likely to believe that EU trade and financial policies positively influence the developing world. Regarding peace building, public opinion is the most positive in the three Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Denmark), Cyprus and the Netherlands. The public in the EU15 is more likely to mention peace building and climate change whereas respondents in the NMS12 are more likely to cite agriculture and transport. Outside the two most cited policy areas, around a third of people in Sweden, Cyprus, Austria and Greece think EU environment policies have an extended impact in the developing world, while over a third of respondents in Austria, Bulgaria and Greece cite energy as a policy area that has a positive impact. Linked to these two policy areas, climate change is cited by 39% of people in Sweden and by 33% in Denmark. As shown above regarding the biggest problems facing the developing world, Europeans appear to assume that direct aid is allocated to the most fundamental areas of poverty alleviation, health and access to food as well as, in the current situation, combating the economic crisis. Current global problems such as climate change and energy receive significantly less attention in this context. However, Europeans seem to believe that these challenges are tackled in the developing world by other EU policies.

- 40 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD7 Apart from financial aid, which of the following European Union policies have a positive impact on developing countries? Trade and finance

Peace building

Agriculture

Migration

Environment

Energy

Climate change

Transport

Other (SP.)

None (SP.)

EU27

43%

33%

22%

21%

18%

13%

49%

52%

45%

26%

28%

23%

24%

40%

41%

30%

21%

28%

35%

16%

15%

50%

38%

42%

20%

23%

19%

16%

62%

56%

47%

16%

30%

22%

33%

14%

41%

48%

35%

19%

27%

21%

27%

48%

44%

32%

13%

24%

21%

18%

53%

41%

27%

30%

31%

36%

21%

35%

39%

30%

37%

16%

15%

19%

10%

35%

49%

38%

18%

22%

25%

14%

12%

55%

49%

34%

13%

17%

18%

22%

18%

39%

43%

24%

29%

18%

22%

14%

12%

61%

60%

26%

34%

36%

22%

27%

11%

38%

29%

19%

23%

15%

37%

28%

25%

15%

18%

10%

42%

50%

33%

21%

20%

21%

22%

47%

48%

42%

10%

22%

27%

15%

13%

37%

54%

19%

36%

25%

29%

24%

60%

58%

45%

11%

20%

11%

19%

17%

42%

47%

40%

34%

31%

36%

26%

22%

38%

30%

33%

17%

20%

10%

16%

12%

39%

45%

25%

21%

15%

17%

13%

12%

13%

45%

33%

43%

25%

22%

19%

16%

24%

15%

48%

45%

36%

15%

18%

21%

17%

25%

51%

33%

38%

17%

26%

23%

15%

22%

46%

55%

42%

17%

29%

22%

26%

58%

63%

44%

19%

40%

29%

39%

20%

51%

39%

25%

18%

17%

10%

Highest percentage per country Highest percentage per item

Lowest percentage per country Lowest percentage per item

- 41 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

As the table in the page that follows shows, patterns observed according to the socio-demographic profile of the respondents are relatively weak. Men and respondents in a high occupational position are slightly more likely to believe trade and financial policies contribute positively while agriculture is cited significantly more often by the elderly than by their younger counterparts aged 15-39. In summary, the European public seems to hold a view that promoting development in poor countries is a goal that is permeating all key policy areas of the EU to varying degrees.

- 42 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD7 Apart from financial aid, which of the following European Union policies have a positive impact on developing countries? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)

Trade and finance

Peace building

Agriculture

43%

33%

22%

Male Female Age

45% 41%

42% 44%

33% 33%

15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of)

45% 44% 45% 39%

40% 42% 45% 44%

1516-19 20+ Still studying Respondent occupation scale

36% 44% 46% 45%

Self- employed Managers Other white collars Manual w orkers House persons Unemployed Retired Students

47% 50% 46% 43% 40% 41% 38% 45%

EU27

Energy

Climate change

Transport

22%

21%

18%

13%

23% 22%

22% 21%

23% 20%

18% 18%

15% 12%

1% 1%

2% 2%

7% 9%

28% 31% 35% 36%

21% 23% 22% 22%

20% 21% 23% 21%

20% 23% 22% 20%

15% 19% 20% 18%

17% 14% 13% 11%

1% 1% 1% 1%

2% 2% 2% 2%

8% 7% 6% 10%

43% 43% 46% 43%

32% 34% 35% 26%

23% 23% 21% 21%

19% 22% 23% 20%

18% 22% 23% 19%

17% 18% 20% 15%

11% 14% 13% 17%

1% 1% 1% 2%

2% 2% 2% 2%

11% 8% 5% 8%

45% 48% 43% 44% 45% 37% 43% 43%

35% 35% 32% 33% 33% 28% 36% 26%

25% 23% 21% 22% 21% 25% 21% 21%

19% 27% 19% 22% 20% 21% 21% 20%

22% 23% 23% 23% 19% 21% 20% 19%

17% 23% 18% 19% 16% 19% 18% 15%

14% 15% 13% 14% 11% 13% 11% 17%

1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2%

2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 3% 2% 2%

7% 3% 6% 7% 10% 10% 11% 8%

Migration Environment

Other (SP.) None (SP.)

Sex

- 43 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

7. LARGE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS SEEN AS BEST PLACED TO GIVE HELP QD4 Which one of the following actors, do you think, is in the best position to help developing countries? Europeans are most likely to think large international bodies such as the United Nations (27%), the World Bank (19%) and the European Union (17%) are best placed to help developing countries. Although the European public firmly believes in the added value of EU cooperation and supports increased aid, it still considers the UN and the World Bank better placed to help.14 This is possibly linked to a lack of knowledge of the level of aid that the EU gives each year and to the EU’s image as aid donor. One may argue that the UN and the World Bank have a more developmentoriented image whereas perhaps the EU is perceived more as an administrative organisation.

Note that the World Bank was added as a new item in this present survey. Consequently the results of

this study and the 2009 study are not directly comparable.

- 44 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

It has been previously shown in this report that the European public strongly believes that cooperation between EU members brings added value to helping developing countries. Furthermore, it endorses EU aid commitments and believes that, apart from direct help, other EU policy areas are positively contributing to improvements in the developing world. All this legitimises the EU’s mandate as a significant aid donor in the eyes of its citizens. Notwithstanding, Europeans continue to place other international organisations ahead of the EU when they are asked about which actors are the best placed to help developing countries. The highest number (27%) cites the United Nations, followed by the World Bank (19%) with the EU in the third place (17%). Regarding individual countries, 15% cite the United States while very few mention China or Japan or their respective countries. Differences compared to the previous study are largely explained by the introduction of a new item ‘the World Bank’ in this present study, and therefore the results of these two studies are not directly comparable. However, they show a similar ranking of aid donors in both years.

- 45 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD4 Which one of the following actors, do you think, is in the best position to help developing countries? The United Nations

The World Bank

The European Union

The United States

China

(OUR COUNTRY )

EU27

27%

19%

17%

15%

28%

26%

16%

12%

23%

28%

20%

Japan

Other (SP.)

12%

21%

37%

15%

16%

17%

35%

19%

20%

36%

13%

17%

14%

35%

16%

19%

11%

12%

22%

24%

21%

17%

15%

20%

12%

26%

16%

22%

27%

15%

16%

39%

19%

13%

11%

13% 14%

23%

19%

15%

16%

21%

25%

31%

14%

24%

20%

12%

28%

21%

19%

15%

11%

24%

22%

28%

20%

28%

12%

24%

28%

17%

18%

20%

11%

42%

23%

16%

30%

15%

18%

15%

12%

22%

18%

27%

14%

21%

15%

21%

20%

17%

15%

22%

30%

15%

13%

24%

22%

16%

18%

10%

47%

17%

15%

46%

23%

14%

56%

10%

15%

31%

16%

18%

12%

Highest percentage per country Highest percentage per item

Lowest percentage per country Lowest percentage per item

In this context it is interesting to note that, according to a survey conducted by GlobeScan in 200615, 54% of Africans surveyed held the UN and the World Bank equally responsible for improving the lives of people in poor countries, closely followed by rich country governments. As seen in the previous study in 2009, respondents in the NMS12 (23%) are more likely than those in the EU15 (15%) to name the EU as the best placed actor while the latter group is more likely to cite the United Nations. A further country-bycountry analysis reveals the following findings: 15

‘Responsibility for Assisting Developing Economies’; Countries covered: Tanzania, Nigeria, South

Africa, Kenya, Angola, Zimbabwe, D.R. Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal. http://www.globescan.com/rf_responsibility_01.htm

- 46 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

•

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

In 17 member states the largest segment of the poll cites the United Nations. It is noteworthy that all the ‘most committed aid donors’ of the EU in terms of

GDP ratio, with the exception of Luxembourg belong to this

group: Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Denmark, the UK and Belgium. Also respondents in Malta – the most committed donor among the member states that joined recently – are most likely to cite the UN. •

The World Bank receives the highest proportion of mentions in Bulgaria, Greece, France, Hungary and Lithuania.

•

The public in Luxembourg, Poland, Cyprus, Romania and Portugal (an equal share of the Portuguese cite the UN) believe that the European Union is the best placed to give aid while just over a quarter of respondents in Spain cite the United States.

Most noteworthy is that respondents in the UK, Slovenia, Italy, France, Hungary and Spain do not consider the EU to be even one of the top-three best placed aid donors.

- 47 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

â&#x20AC;&#x153;EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGsâ&#x20AC;?

Interestingly the segment of population that usually shows higher levels of awareness and knowledge are here the most likely of all to regard the UN as the best placed actor ahead of the EU. Respondents with a high socio-economic status in terms of education and occupation are the most likely to cite the UN while the youngest age group is slightly more likely to mention the EU than their older counterparts. It is also noteworthy that those who think that EU countries working together bring added value to development cooperation are more likely than the average European to mention the UN (29% against 27%) and that amongst this groups the EU is the third ranked actor. - 48 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

QD4 Which one of the following actors, do you think, is in the best position to help developing countries? (ROTATE)

The United Nations

The World Bank

The European Union

The United States

China

(OUR COUNTRY)

Japan

Other (SP.)

27%

19%

17%

15%

12%

15-24 25-39 40-54 55 + Education (End of)

24% 26% 30% 27%

16% 19% 22% 19%

18% 18% 15% 16%

21% 15% 14% 13%

4% 4% 3% 3%

3% 2% 2% 3%

2% 2% 1% 1%

2% 3% 3% 3%

10% 11% 10% 15%

1516-19 20+ Still studying Occupation

23% 26% 33% 27%

16% 21% 22% 15%

15% 17% 16% 19%

17% 15% 12% 20%

3% 4% 4% 4%

4% 2% 2% 2%

1% 1% 1% 2%

3% 2% 3% 3%

18% 12% 7% 8%

Self- employed Managers Other white collars Manual workers House persons Unemployed Retired Students Self-positioning on the social staircase

30% 35% 29% 26% 24% 22% 26% 27%

21% 21% 21% 21% 16% 17% 19% 15%

15% 14% 19% 17% 16% 15% 16% 19%

13% 12% 14% 15% 15% 20% 14% 20%

4% 4% 3% 4% 3% 6% 3% 4%

1% 2% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 2%

2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 1% 2%

3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 3%

11% 8% 7% 11% 18% 14% 16% 8%

Low (1-4) Medium(5-6) High(7-10) Help to developping countries - benefice of a common action of MS

22% 27% 32%

20% 19% 19%

17% 16% 17%

16% 16% 14%

4% 4% 3%

2% 2% 3%

1% 1% 2%

2% 3% 2%

16% 12% 8%

Yes No

29% 24%

21% 17%

18% 14%

15% 17%

3% 5%

2% 3%

1% 1%

2% 5%

9% 14%

EU27 Age

- 49 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

As discussed in the report of he previous study in 2009, it is hard to know the rationale behind public opinion when it comes to the best placed actors in development

cooperation.

One

may

argue

that

the

overall

visibility

and

conspicuousness of an organisation seems to weigh more than its concrete actions measured by the amount of money allocated to development aid. On the other hand, it would be ambitious to expect the general public to be knowledgeable about the amounts of aid given by various organisations. In a previous survey carried out among people of the NMS12, respondents were asked to estimate the level of EU aid16. 57% directly replied they do not know and only 6% were able to give the correct answer. Therefore it seems that the general visibility of an organisation plays a significant role when people are evaluating development aid actors. This ‘visibility argument’ could, for example, to a certain extent explain why respondents in NMS12 are significantly more likely to cite the EU than respondents in EU15 (23% against 15% in EU15). The accession of the new countries is fairly recent and numerous information campaigns related to this were carried out by the EU, but also by national actors. It is self-evident that the exposure to EU-related communication and actions has been higher in the NMS12 in the past decade. On the other hand, it is striking that people in nearly all the ‘biggest aid donor countries of Europe’ cite the UN before the EU. Furthermore, well-educated respondents, who usually show relatively higher levels of knowledge, also cite the UN way ahead of the EU. This implies that there is indeed a great lack of information about the role the EU plays. Either way EU policy makers may be challenged about the low visibility of the EU as a development aid actor and about low awareness of its activities amongst the general public. ‘Big players are better placed to tackle big challenges’ appears to be the rationale behind European public opinion and, at present, the European public does not consider the world’s biggest aid donor - the EU – to be the biggest player.

Special

286

‘Citizens

the

New

member

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_286_en.pdf

- 50 -

states

and

Development

Aid

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

CONCLUSIONS The ambiance surrounding European public opinion on development aid is shaped by a strong value basis of helping those in need and a moral responsibility of the stronger to help the weaker felt by Europeans. Very few people think giving aid is unimportant or undesirable. Real differences are only revealed when more concrete issues, such as personal input to development aid and money are discussed. While public opinion remains largely positive in these areas, more critical voices are raised here with nearly 30% of Europeans saying they feel the EU should give up the promise of increasing aid and 21% defining themselves as indifferent when it comes to helping poor countries. Throughout the survey, different ‘development aid cultures’ can be identified across Europe; the most influential factors shaping national opinions seem to be the domestic economic situation and the extent to which a country is committed to development aid, regardless of EU targets. Those countries that have only recently joined the EU are undoubtedly the young development aid cultures in Europe. The history of cooperating within the EU on helping poor countries is only as long as membership. This seems to be reflected particularly in the level of indifference that people in NMS12 express to development cooperation but also in the relatively lower support for EU countries working together. Besides, the economic development in these countries still lags behind the EU average which has made many countries more vulnerable to the economic crisis. Nordic and Western European countries can be described as ‘old development aid cultures’ with ambitious development aid targets and with a real delivery on the commitment. The public in these countries is highly favourable towards the ideal of development aid but also tends to personally act on it, mainly by donating money outside official aid. Favourable economic development and a GDP above the EU average also characterise these countries.

- 51 -

Special EUROBAROMETER 352

“EUROPEANS, DEVELOPMENT AID AND THE MDGs”

When looking more closely at individuals’ perceptions and views, somewhat unsurprisingly one socio-demographic group stands out. Well-educated people in high occupational positions are most likely to be pro-development aid. They possess all the essential elements: financial means to participate and sufficient information for developing an understanding of not only the moral considerations linked to helping but also of the mutual benefits that supporting the developing world brings. Finally, coming back to the two forthcoming events mentioned in the introduction to this report, some clear messages can be drawn from the results of this survey: The UN Summit on the Millennium Development Goals: The European public is strongly committed to achieving the targets set for 2015, both when representing the European Union member states working together and at a personal level. Despite the economic crisis they back the EU’s aim of increasing aid and give a clear mandate to the EU to act on helping poor countries and to keep its promises. Green Paper ‘Future of Development Policy’: The public support for development is unshakeable and the negative evolutions caused by the economic downturn seem moderate. In fact, when it comes to the general importance attached to development, it appears that the low point has already been passed and people are again increasingly valuing development cooperation. However, the visibility and conspicuousness of the EU as aid donor begs for attention. Regardless of their favorable opinions, Europeans still think other international organisations are better placed to provide help to developing countries. Raising awareness of and interest in the new development aid cultures also constitutes a challenge for EU policy makers.

- 52 -

ANNEXES

In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available.

The SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER N° 352 is part of the wave 73.5 and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density.

Between the 9th and the 30th of June 2010, TNS Opinion & Social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS opinion, carried out the wave 73.5 of the EUROBAROMETER, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Communication, “Research and Speechwriting”.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

EUROBAROMETER SPECIAL N° 352

BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK TOTAL EU27

ABBREVIATIONS

Belgium Bulgaria Czech Rep. Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Rep. of Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom

COUNTRIES TNS Dimarso TNS BBSS TNS Aisa TNS Gallup DK TNS Infratest Emor MRBI TNS ICAP TNS Demoscopia TNS Sofres TNS Infratest Synovate TNS Latvia TNS Gallup Lithuania TNS ILReS TNS Hungary MISCO TNS NIPO Österreichisches Gallup-Institut TNS OBOP TNS EUROTESTE TNS CSOP RM PLUS TNS AISA SK TNS Gallup Oy TNS GALLUP TNS UK

INSTITUTES 1.000 1.001 1.006 1.040 1.546 1.000 1.008 1.000 1.006 1.003 1.036 502 1.016 1.036 500 1.032 500 1.021 996 1.000 1.007 1.013 1.003 1.084 1.007 1.010 1.318 26.691

N° INTERVIEWS 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 12/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 13/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 10/06/10 12/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 10/06/10 12/06/10 11/06/10 11/06/10 10/06/10 12/06/10 09/06/10 10/06/10 11/06/10 09/06/10

30/06/10 21/06/10 25/06/10 28/06/10 30/06/10 28/06/10 27/06/10 26/06/10 28/06/10 28/06/10 29/06/10 27/06/10 28/06/10 27/06/10 28/06/10 27/06/10 25/06/10 29/06/10 28/06/10 28/06/10 27/06/10 22/06/10 27/06/10 27/06/10 27/06/10 29/06/10 28/06/10 30/06/10

FIELDWORK DATES

8.866.411 6.584.957 8.987.535 4.533.420 64.545.601 916.000 3.375.399 8.693.566 39.035.867 47.620.942 51.252.247 651.400 1.448.719 2.849.359 404.907 8.320.614 335.476 13.288.200 6.973.277 32.306.436 8.080.915 18.246.731 1.748.308 4.549.954 4.412.321 7.723.931 51.081.866 406.834.359

POPULATION 15+

10% or 90% ± 1.9 points

Observed percentages

Confidence limits

± 2.5 points

20% or 80% ± 2.7 points

30% or 70%

± 3.0 points

40% or 60%

± 3.1 points

50%

Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:

For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed above.

QUESTIONNAIRE

QD2

QD1

(382-394) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

QuestionnaireEB735

EB62.2 QC1 TREND MODIFIED

Very important Fairly important Not very important Not at all important DK

(ONE ANSWER ONLY) (395) 1 2 3 4 5

In your opinion, is it very important, fairly important, not very important or not at all important to help people in developing countries?

EB71.2 QF6 TREND MODIFIED

The economic crisis Food (M) Water (N) Poverty Health issues Education (N) Energy Climate change Migration flows Poor governance Civil unrest/ conflict Other (SPONTANEOUS) DK

(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – MAX. 2 ANSWERS)

In your opinion what are the two biggest challenges currently facing developing countries?

Now let's talk about another topic.

QD2

QD1

(382-394) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

23/51

EB62.2 QC1 TREND MODIFIED

Très important Plutôt important Pas très important Pas du tout important NSP

(UNE SEULE REPONSE) (395) 1 2 3 4 5

Selon vous, est-il très important, plutôt important, pas très important ou pas du tout important d'aider les populations des pays en voie de développement ?

EB71.2 QF6 TREND MODIFIED

La crise économique L’alimentation (M) L'eau (N) La pauvreté Les problèmes lies à la santé L'éducation (N) L’énergie Le changement climatique Les flux migratoires La mauvaise gouvernance Un conflit interne Autre (SPONTANE) NSP

(MONTRER CARTE – LIRE – MAX. 2 REPONSES)

Selon vous, quels sont les deux plus grands défis auxquels font face les pays en voie de développement actuellement ?

Parlons maintenant d'un autre sujet.

01/06/2010

QD4

QD3

QuestionnaireEB735

EB71.2 QF4 TREND MODIFIED

The United Nations The World Bank (N) The European Union The United States China Japan (OUR COUNTRY) Other (SPONTANEOUS) DK

(READ OUT – ROTATE – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (397) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Which one of the following actors, do you think, is in the best position to help developing countries? (M)

QD4

24/51

EB71.2 QF4 TREND MODIFIED

Les Nations Unies La Banque Mondiale (N) L’Union européenne Les Etats-Unis La Chine Le Japon (NOTRE PAYS) Autre (SPONTANE) NSP

(LIRE – ROTATION – UNE SEULE REPONSE) (397) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

D’après vous, parmi les acteurs suivants, qui est le mieux placé pour aider les pays en voie de développement ? (M)

NEW

Comment vous décrivez-vous quand on parle d’aider les gens dans les pays en voie de développement ? (MONTRER CARTE – LIRE – UNE SEULE REPONSE) – (SI "BENEVOLE ET DONATEUR", CODER '1' ET PAS '2') (396) Vous êtes bénévole dans une organisation d’aide aux pays en voie de 1 développement Vous donnez de l’argent à une organisation d’aide aux pays en voie de 2 développement sans être bénévole actif Vous soutenez l’aide aux pays en voie de développement sans être 3 bénévole ni donner de l’argent Vous n’êtes pas intéressé(e) par l’aide aux pays en voie de développement 4 5 Vous êtes opposé(e) à l’aide aux pays en voie de développement 6 Refus (SPONTANE) 7 NSP

QD3

(SHOW CARD – READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY) – (IF "VOLUNTEER AND DONATOR", CODE '1' AND NOT '2') (396) You are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries 1 You give money to an organisation helping developing countries but not an 2 active volunteer You are in favor of helping developing countries without being a volunteer or 3 giving money yourself You are not involved in helping people in developing countries 4 5 You are opposed to help to developing countries 6 Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) 7 DK

How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries?

01/06/2010

QD6

QD5

4 5

(398)

QuestionnaireEB735

NEW

Yes, definitely Yes, to some extent No, not really No, definitely not DK

(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY) (399) 1 2 3 4 5

Do you think there is added value in European Union Member States working together on helping developing countries?

EB71.2 QF5 TREND MODIFIED

We should not increase the levels of aid to developing countries even though it has been promised We should reduce aid to developing countries as we can no longer afford it

We should increase European aid to developing countries beyond what is already promised We should keep our promise to increase aid to developing countries (M)

(READ OUT – ONE ANSWER ONLY)

The European Union has promised to increase the level of its aid towards developing countries. Given the current economic situation, which of the following propositions best describe your opinion? (M)

QD6

QD5

4 5

(398)

25/51

NEW

Oui, tout à fait Oui, dans une certaine mesure Non, pas vraiment Non, pas du tout NSP

(LIRE – UNE SEULE REPONSE) (399) 1 2 3 4 5

Pensez-vous qu’il y a une valeur ajoutée à ce que les Etats Membres de l’Union européenne travaillent ensemble pour aider les pays en voie de développement ?

EB71.2 QF5 TREND MODIFIED

Nous devrions augmenter l’aide européenne aux pays en voie de développement au-delà de ce qui a déjà été promis Nous devrions tenir notre promesse d’augmenter l’aide aux pays en voie de développement (M) Nous ne devrions pas augmenter l’aide aux pays en voie de développement, même si cela a été promis Nous devrions réduire l’aide aux pays en voie de développement car nous ne sommes plus capables de l’assumer NSP

(LIRE – UNE SEULE REPONSE)

L’Union européenne s’est engagée à augmenter le niveau de l'aide au développement qu’elle fournit aux pays en voie de développement. Au vu de la situation économique actuelle, laquelle des propositions suivantes se rapproche le plus de votre opinion ?

01/06/2010

QD7

QuestionnaireEB735

NEW

Climate change Migration Trade and finance Energy Environment Transport Agriculture Peace building Other (SPONTANEOUS) None (SPONTANEOUS) DK

(SHOW CARD - READ OUT – MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) (400-410) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

Apart from financial aid, which of the following European Union policies have a positive impact on developing countries?

QD7

26/51

NEW

Le changement climatique Les migrations Le commerce et la finance L’énergie L’environnement Les transports L’agriculture La construction de la paix Autre (SPONTANE) Aucun (SPONTANE) NSP

(MONTRER CARTE – LIRE – PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES) (400-410) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

Au delà de l’aide financière, quelles politiques européennes suivantes ont un impacte positif sur les pays en voie de développement ?

01/06/2010

TABLES

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD1 Selon vous, quels sont les deux plus grands défis auxquels font face les pays en voie de développement actuellement ? (MAX. 2 REPONSES) QD1 In your opinion what are the two biggest challenges currently facing developing countries? (MAX. 2 ANSWERS) QD1 Was sind Ihrer Ansicht nach die zwei größten Herausforderungen, denen die Entwicklungsländer momentan gegenüberstehen (MAX. 2 NENNUNGEN)

1/2

La crise économique

L’alimentation

L'eau

La pauvreté

Les problèmes lies à la santé

L'éducation

L’énergie

The economic crisis

Food

Water

Poverty

Health issues

Education

Energy

Die Wirtschaftskrise

Ernährung

Wasser

Armut

Gesundheitliche Probleme

Bildung

Energie

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

-7

-1

-9

-4

EB 73.5

EU 27

BE BG

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

-8

-3

-12

-6

-1

-6

-13

-5

-7

-8

-1

D-W

-11

-2

-13

-2

-1

-9

-2

-14

-3

-2

D-E

-4

-16

-7

-2

-12

-2

-3

-6

-3

-5

-1 1

-2

-4

-3

-7

-10

-3

-14

-10

-7

-6

-4

-1

-7

-3

-9

-1

-6

-1

-6

-5

-3

-1

-9

-17

-5

-4

-6

-3

-2

-4

-12

-7

-1

-7

-4

-5

-2

-8

-2

-1

-2

-6

-1

-3

-6

-3

-15

-5

-2

-4

-3

-14

-1

-9

-10

-9

-13

-7

Special Eurobarometer N°352

Le changement climatique

2/2

Les flux migratoires

Climate change Migration flows Der Klimawandel

Wanderungsbe wegungen

La mauvaise gouvernance

Un conflit interne

Autre (SPONTANE)

NSP

Poor governance

Civil unrest\ conflict

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

Schlechte Regierung

Zivile Unruhen

Sonstiges (SPONTAN)

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

EU 27

-1

-2

-3

-4

-1

-7

-1

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

-1

-2

-1

-7

-1

-4

-6

-9

-1

D-W

-4

-3

-1

-3

-1

-2

-1

D-E

-1

-3

-2

-1

-2

-3

-1

-7

-2

-7

-2

-5

-9

-2

-4

-1

-2

-1

-2

-6

-4

-3

-4

-2

-1

-7

-3

-1

-2

-4

-2 -2

-3

-1

-8

-1

-2

-1

-6

-15

-7

-3 -1

-2

-3

-12

-1

-8

-1

-6

-1

-4

-1

-2

-1

-2

-1

-3

-2

-1

-2

-4

-3

-5

-1

-2

-1

-3

-6

-1

-3

-7

-1

-2

-9

-17

-2

-1

-2

-1

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD2 Selon vous, est-il très important, plutôt important, pas très important ou pas du tout important d'aider les populations des pays en voie de développement ? QD2 In your opinion, is it very important, fairly important, not very important or not at all important to help people in developing countries? QD2 Ist es Ihrer Meinung nach sehr wichtig, eher wichtig, nicht sehr wichtig oder überhaupt nicht wichtig, den Menschen in Entwicklungsländern zu helfen?

Très important

Plutôt important

Pas très important

Pas du tout important

NSP

Total 'Important'

Total 'Pas important'

Very important

Fairly important

Not very important

Not at all important

Total 'Important'

Total 'Not important'

Sehr wichtig

Ziemlich wichtig

Nicht sehr wichtig

Überhaupt nicht wichtig

Gesamt 'Wichtig'

Gesamt 'Nicht wichtig'

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

-8

-12

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

-2

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 62.2

-2

-4

Diff. EB 62.2

EB 73.5

EU 27

BE BG

-1

-2

-12

-3

D-W

-3

-1

EB 73.5

13 0

-4

-2

D-E

-3

-2

-4

-2

-4

-6

-8

-2

-26

-5

-13

-1

-2

-8

-1

-2

-13

-7

-1

-4

-5

-4

-8

-5

-1

-4

-6

-10

-1

-5

-3

-6

-8

-11

-3

-16

-5

-3

-13

-4

-19

-10

-4

-2

-1

-8

-2

-1

-3

-6

-1

-13

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD3 Comment vous décrivez-vous quand on parle d’aider les gens dans les pays en voie de développement ? QD3 How would you describe yourself in relation to helping people in developing countries? QD3 Was trifft auf Sie zu, wenn es um Hilfe für Menschen in Entwicklungsländern geht?

Vous donnez de l’argent Vous soutenez l’aide aux Vous n’êtes pas Vous êtes opposé(e) Vous êtes bénévole pays en voie de à une organisation d’aide intéressé(e) par l’aide à l’aide aux pays en dans une organisation aux pays en voie de développement sans aux pays en voie de voie de d’aide aux pays en développement sans être être bénévole ni donner développement développement voie de développement bénévole actif de l’argent

1/2

You give money to an organisation helping You are a volunteer in an organisation helping developing countries but developing countries you are not an active volunteer Sie sind ehrenamtlich Sie spenden Geld an eine Organisation, die in einer Organisation Entwicklungsländern hilft, tätig, die sind aber nicht aktiv Entwicklungsländern ehrenamtlich tätig hilft

You are in favor of helping developing countries without being a volunteer or giving money yourself

You are not involved in helping people in developing countries

You are opposed to help to developing countries

Sie befürworten Hilfe für Entwicklungsländer, Sie beteiligen sich Sie sind dagegen, ohne selbst nicht an Hilfen für dass ehrenamtlich tätig zu Menschen in Entwicklungsländern geholfen wird sein oder Geld zu Entwicklungsländern spenden

EB 73.5

EU 27

4 4

D-W

2 3

D-E

Special Eurobarometer N°352

Refus (SPONTANE)

NSP

Refusal (SPONTANEOUS)

Verweigert (SPONTAN)

EB 73.5

EU 27

D-W

2/2

D-E

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD4 D’après vous, parmi les acteurs suivants, qui est le mieux placé pour aider les pays en voie de développement ? (ROTATION) QD4 Which one of the following actors, do you think, is in the best position to help developing countries? (ROTATE) QD4 Welche der folgenden Länder und Institutionen ist Ihrer Ansicht nach am besten dafür geeignet armen Menschen Entwicklungshilfe zu leisten? (ROTIEREN)

1/2

Les Nations Unies

La Banque Mondiale

L’Union européenne

Les Etats-Unis

La Chine

Le Japon

(NOTRE PAYS)

The United Nations

The World Bank

The European Union

The United States

China

Japan

(OUR COUNTRY)

Die Vereinten Nationen

Die Weltbank

China

Japan

(UNSER LAND)

Die Europäische Die Vereinigten Union Staaten

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

EU 27

-6

-5

-8

D-W

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

-9

-5

-3

-13

-7

-2

-19

-6

-3

-8

-10

-5

-1

-10

-4

-1

-2

-10

-4

-1

-3

D-E

-6

-12

-7

-1

-2

-7

-5

-1

-11

-4

-3

-6

-17

-4

-1

-9

-11

-7

-1

-3

-12

-10

-2

-7

-6

-16

-6

-1

-9

-4

-1

-3

-16

-3

-12

-7

-1

-14

-17

-2

-9

-6

-3

-2

-12

-6

-4

-2

-1

-5

-10

-2

-12

-10

-1

-12

-1

-7

-17

-1

-15

-16

-1

-5

-12

-3

-20

-4

-1

-17

-3

-4

-5

-7

Special Eurobarometer N°352

2/2

Autre (SPONTANE)

NSP

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

Sonstiges (SPONTAN)

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EU 27

-1

-2

D-W

3 4

D-E

-1

-5

-1

-2

-9

-2

-1

-2

-1

-8

-2

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD5 L’Union européenne s’est engagée à augmenter le niveau de l'aide au développement qu’elle fournit aux pays en voie de développement. Au vu de la situation économique actuelle, laquelle des propositions suivantes se rapproche le plus de votre opinion ? QD5 The European Union has promised to increase the level of its aid towards developing countries. Given the current economic situation, which of the following propositions best describe your opinion? QD5 Die EU hat sich verpflichtet, den Umfang ihrer Entwicklungshilfe für Entwicklungsländer zu erhöhen. Welche der folgenden Aussagen entspricht angesichts der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Lage am ehesten Ihrer Meinung ?

Nous devrions augmenter Nous ne devrions pas Nous devrions tenir notre l’aide européenne aux pays promesse d’augmenter l’aide augmenter l’aide aux pays en voie de développement aux pays en voie de en voie de développement, au-delà de ce qui a déjà été développement même si cela a été promis promis

1/2

We should not increase the We should increase We should keep our promise levels of aid to developing European aid to developing to increase aid to developing countries even though it has countries beyond what is countries been promised already promised Wir sollten die europäische Wir sollten unsere Entwicklungshilfe für die anfänglichen Versprechen an Entwicklungsländer stärker die Entwicklungsländer erhöhen als bisher halten, aber nicht mehr versprochen

Wir sollten die Entwicklungshilfe für die Entwicklungsländer nicht erhöhen, auch wenn dies versprochen wurde

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EU 27

-10

-9

-2

-8

13 7

-14

-17

D-W

-10

-5

12 11

-9

-6

D-E

-6

-8

-9

-7

-23

-13

-2

-7

-4

-3

-30

-6

-7

-9

-3

-12

-5

-10

-1

-21

-14

-7

-1

-12

-5

-13

-14

Special Eurobarometer N°352

2/2

Nous devrions réduire l’aide aux pays en voie de développement, car nous ne sommes plus capables de l’assumer

NSP

We should reduce aid to developing countries as we can no longer afford it

Wir sollten die Entwicklungshilfe für die Entwicklungsländer verringern, da wir sie uns nicht mehr leisten können

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EB 73.5

Diff. EB 71.2

EU 27

-2

-5

-4

-1

D-W

1 1

D-E

-3

-4 -3

-4

-2

-3

-7

-4

-7 -5

-5

-1

-2

-11

-2

-5

-3

-5

-14

-3

-2

-1

-4

-2

-5

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD6 Pensez-vous qu’il y a une valeur ajoutée à ce que les Etats Membres de l’Union européenne travaillent ensemble pour aider les pays en voie de développement ? QD6 Do you think there is added value in EU Member States working together on helping developing countries? QD6 Sind Sie der Meinung, dass die Zusammenarbeit der Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union bei der Unterstützung von Entwicklungsländern einen Mehrwert bietet?

Oui, tout à fait

Oui, dans une certaine mesure

Non, pas vraiment

Non, pas du tout

NSP

Total 'Oui'

Total 'Non'

Yes, definitely

Yes, to some extent

No, not really

No, definitely not

Total 'Yes'

Total 'No'

Ja, voll und ganz

Ja, teilweise

Nein, eher nicht

Nein, überhaupt nicht

Gesamt 'Ja'

Gesamt 'Nein'

EB 73.5

EU 27

D-W

D-E

11 13

Special Eurobarometer N°352

QD7 Au delà de l’aide financière, quelles politiques européennes suivantes ont un impacte positif sur les pays en voie de développement ? (PLUSIEURS REPONSES POSSIBLES) QD7 Apart from financial aid, which of the following European Union policies have a positive impact on developing countries? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) QD7 Welche der folgenden politischen Richtlinien der Europäischen Union haben, abgesehen von finanzieller Hilfe, positive Auswirkungen auf Entwicklungsländer? (MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH)

Le changement climatique

Les migrations

Le commerce et la finance

L’énergie

L’environnement

Les transports

L’agriculture

Climate change

Migration

Trade and finance

Energy

Environment

Transport

Agriculture

Der Klimawandel

Zu- und Abwanderung

Handel und Finanzen

Energie

Umweltschutz

Transport

Landwirtschaft

EB 73.5

EU 27

D-W

D-E

1/2

Special Eurobarometer N°352

La construction de la paix

Autre (SPONTANE)

Aucun (SPONTANE)

NSP

Peace building

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

None (SPONTANEOUS)

Friedensaufbau

Sonstiges (SPONTAN)

Nichts davon (SPONTAN)

EB 73.5

EU 27

D-W

D-E

7 9

2/2