Zoning, Land Use, and Urban Tree Canopy Cover: The Importance of Scale

Page 1

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12 (2013) 191–199

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ufug

Zoning, land use, and urban tree canopy cover: The importance of scale Sarah K. Mincey a,b,∗ , Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh a,b , Richard Thurau c a

School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1315 E. Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States Center for the study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change (CIPEC), Indiana University, 408 N. Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47408, United States c Plan-It Geo, LLC. 6382 Utica St. Arvada, CO 80003, United States b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Keywords: Canopy cover goals Institutions Land-use and planning Urban forest management

a b s t r a c t Declining urban tree canopy cover in the United States underscores the importance of elucidating factors that influence the distribution of urban trees. This is particularly relevant as most urban trees are located on private property while their canopies maintain ecosystem services that constitute public goods. Thus, municipalities establish institutions in the form of canopy cover goals and various policies to incentivize private actions to meet those goals. However, urban land use, as governed by municipal zoning policies, plays a role in the abundance, distribution, and potential future location of urban trees independent of policies meant specifically to manage canopy. For instance, previous research finds that lands zoned for residential and park development have the highest canopy cover relative to other land uses. Yet, little research has explored whether this conclusion holds across scales of analysis and how it might influence our understanding of potential canopy cover and relative canopy cover. Thus, we ask, does the nature of the relationship between zoning and canopy cover change between aggregated and disaggregated zoning scales and how might this knowledge improve the sustainability of urban forest management? To answer this question, we classified high resolution National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) images of Bloomington, Indiana land cover and compared existing, potential and relative canopy cover across aggregated and disaggregated zones. Results demonstrate an important exception to the oft-cited theory that residential lands have higher canopy cover, a conclusion that our data supports only at the scale of an aggregated interpretation of zoning. At a disaggregated scale, residential high density zones are significantly different than all other residential zones and more akin to commercial zones in terms of all canopy metrics. For urban forest managers and urban planners, this suggests the relevance of fine-scale variation in land-use policies and related canopy cover policies. © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Introduction As urban populations grow, the significance of urban tree canopy cover, its provision of public benefits, and the uncovering of forces that shape and change it grow for city managers. This is particularly pertinent as tree cover in urban areas of the United States is on the decline at a rate of 7900 ha year−1 or 4.0 million trees per year (Nowak and Greenfield, 2012). The loss of urban tree canopy equates to a loss in ecosystem services including regulating and supporting services (e.g. air pollutant removal, stormwater runoff reduction, building energy conservation), provisioning services (e.g. wildlife habitat and mast), and cultural services (e.g. mental health and well-being, community cohesion, economic stimuli) (Kuo and Sullivan, 2001; De Vries et al., 2003; Wolf, 2005; Elmendorf, 2008; Walton et al., 2008). Sustainable urban forest management is the maintenance of these ecosystem services over

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 812 855 2230; fax: +1 812 855 2634. E-mail address: skmincey@indiana.edu (S.K. Mincey). 1618-8667/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.12.005

space and time (Dwyer et al., 2003), and given that ecosystem services are important for sustainable cities (Grove, 2009), preserving existing canopy cover and locating areas of potential canopy cover is imperative for city managers. Municipal governments often attempt to manage the sustainability of urban forests through institutions – policies or strategies used to organize repetitive structured interactions (Ostrom, 2005). Institutions directly aimed at sustaining urban forests are apparent in municipal urban tree canopy cover goals. Despite use of such institutions, urban canopy cover continues to decline – a collective action problem likely linked to the fact that the majority of a city’s urban trees are privately owned and managed by households and sub-municipal governances often incentivized to manage land for private gain, rather than manage trees for public benefits (Clark et al., 1997). In fact, land use itself is a primary factor in determining the distribution of tree canopy cover in urban environments because different land uses experience different degrees of development; not surprisingly, variation in canopy cover exists across land-use types (Hill et al., 2010). Thus, because municipalities establish


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.
Zoning, Land Use, and Urban Tree Canopy Cover: The Importance of Scale by Plan-It Geo - Issuu