Jean-Paul Corten Ellen Geurts Paul Meurs Remco Vermeulen eds.
Planning the Building the past Future
Heritage as An Urban an Asset for Manager’s Inner-City Guide Book Development
nai010 publishers
Preface
6|7 Contents
7 Preface Cees van ’t Veen 10 The image of urban heritage Strengths / Weaknesses
Preface
19 Introduction 20 Present Challenges, Jean-Paul Corten 23 From Monument to Urban Heritage, Paul Meurs 28 The image of urban heritage Opportunities / Threats 37 Urban Heritage Strategies 38 Chapter 1 Integrated Conservation, Ellen Geurts and Jean-Paul Corten 48 Chapter 2 The Economics of Heritage Conservation, Donovan Rypkema, Spyridon Stavropoulos and Ronald Wall 64 Chapter 3 Urban Heritage and Intervention, Paul Meurs 75 Case Studies, ed. RMIT 78 Recife 90 Paramaribo 102 Pretoria 116 Accra 128 Moscow 142 Pulicat 154 Jaffna 166 Surabaya 180 List of Heritage Cities 182 Biographies 184 Further Reading 186 Notes 189 Image Credits 190 Credits
This book takes you on a fascinating trip to eight cities around the world: Accra, Jaffna, Moscow, Paramaribo, Pretoria, Pulicat, Recife and Surabaya. Heritage as an Asset for Inner-City Development is the upshot of the first Course on Urban Heritage Strategies that was organized by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands and the IHS – the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam. The course was organized within the Dutch programme for Shared Cultural Heritage. Over the years, the Netherlands has developed close ties with many countries. Our society is the result of a long history – a past that can help us gain a better understanding of the present. The same is true of these other countries, whose history intersects with the Netherlands, generating
becoming the key component of urban development planning. For this reason, UNESCO has developed an approach for change management in what they call ‘Historic Urban Landscapes’. This illustrates how topical the issue of Urban Heritage Strategies for the future of historical cities is. I am happy that the Course on Urban Heritage Strategies has resulted in this valuable publication on the transformation of city centres and the important role of heritage in these developments. I hope that many will be inspired by the knowledge and experience that has been assembled in this Urban Manager’s Guidebook and wish you much pleasure in reading about the developments in these eight cities that all have historical ties with the Netherlands. Cees van ’t Veen Director Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands
Preface
8|9
many material and immaterial relics of the past, our ‘Shared Cultural Heritage’: archives, shipwrecks, museum exhibits, intangible heritage and, last but not least, buildings and urban structures. By maintaining, managing, using and highlighting this heritage, we can foster a critical reflection on our past and a mutual understanding of past, present and future. This can strengthen relations and promote cooperation between countries. The overall goal of our policy for Shared Cultural Heritage is to cooperate on the sustainable maintenance and management of heritage, on the basis of a reciprocal involvement. We want to increase and exchange knowledge of shared cultural heritage, raise awareness and strengthen the local support base. At the time of the first Course on Urban Heritage Strategies the shared cultural heritage policy focused on Brazil, Ghana, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Suriname. Eight countries that feel a responsibility towards our shared heritage and recognize mutual challenges and needs that ask for a multilateral cooperation. One of the issues that can promote this multilateral approach is ‘urban development in historical surroundings’. An important and urgent theme that is most suitable for an exchange of knowledge and experience. Global processes have a direct impact on the identity and visual integrity of historic cities, and on the people who live in them. Cities are exposed to new pressures: rapid urbanization threatening the sense of place of communities, uncontrolled urban development, the intensity and speed of changes, climate change and global warming, unsustainable consumption of resources. To address these issues, local urban strategies are
Quality of life
10 | 11
The image of urban heritage Strengths / Weaknesses
The temporary public space at the Novaya Gollandia (New Holland) Island contributes to the quality of life of St Petersburg’s citizens.
Non-Heritage
Duisburg
Lüneburg
Sheffield
Dundee City
Luton
Solihull
Amsterdam
A Coruña
Düsseldorf
Luzern
Solingen
Bamberg
Aachen
Erfurt
Madrid
Southampton
Bern
Aberdeen
Erlangen
Mainz
St. Gallen
Bruges
Alicante/Alacant
Essen
Málaga
Stockholm
Budapest
Ancona
Falkirk
Manchester
Stoke-on-trent
Cordova
Antwerp
Flensburg
Mannheim
Stuttgart
Edinburgh
Arad
Frankenthal (Pfalz)
Marburg
Sunderland
Florence
Arnhem
Frankfurt (Oder)
Milan
Swindon
Graz
Aschaffenburg
Frankfurt am Main
Milton Keynes
Szczecin
Liverpool
Athina
Freiburg im Breisgau
Modena
Tarragona
Lubeck
Augsburg
Fulda
Munich
Trento
This list concerns the cities used in the analysis on
Luxembourg
Barcelona
Fürth
Murcia
Treviso
foreign investments and heritage. The heritage cities
Napels
Bari
Gelsenkirchen
Neubrandenburg
Trieste
are selected from the UNESCO listed World Heritage
Paris
Barnsley
Geneva
Neumünster
Tübingen
Prague
Basel
Genova
Northampton
Ulm
Regensburg
Bedford
Gent
Nottingham
Uppsala
Rome
Belfast
Glasgow
Novara
Utrecht
Salzburg
Bergamo
Göttingen
Nuremberg
Valencia
Strategies International (Washington, D.C.). These two
Toledo
Berlin
Greifswald
Oberhausen
Valladolid
types of cities are used in the regression analysis to
Udine
Bielefeld
Groningen
Offenbach am Main
Varese
determine their independent relation with investments.
Verona
Birmingham
Hagen
Oldenburg (Oldenburg)
Venice
Vicenza
Bochum
Hamburg
Oostende
Warrington
Vienna
Bologna
Hamm
Örebro
Warwick
Bolzano
Hannover
Oslo
Wiesbaden
Bonn
Heidelberg
Osnabrück
Wolfsburg
Bournemouth
Heilbronn
Oxford
Wrexham
Bradford
Innsbruck
Paderborn
Wuppertal
Brandenburg an der Havel
Jaén
Padova
Würzburg
Bremen
Jena
Palermo
York
Bremerhaven
Jönköping
Parma
Zaragoza
Brescia
Kaiserslautern
Passau
Zurich
Brighton and Hove
Karlsruhe
Perugia
Bristol
Kempten (Allgäu)
Pesaro
Brussels
Koblenz
Peterborough
Burgos
Köln
Pforzheim
Bytom
Konstanz
Pisa
Cagliari
Kortrijk
Plymouth
Cambridge
Kraków
Pordenone
Cardiff
Krefeld
Porto
Celle
Landshut
Portsmouth
Charleroi
Leeds
Potsdam
Chemnitz
Leicester
Prato
Como
Leiden
Remscheid
Copenhagen
Leipzig
Reutlingen
Coventry
Rimini Leuven
Cremona
Leverkusen
Rosenheim
Darmstadt
Liège
Rostock
Derby
Linz
Saarbrücken
Dortmund
Lisbon
Salzgitter
Dresden
London
Schweinfurt
Dublin
Ludwigsburg
Sevilla
Cities. The non-heritage cities are cities that receive investments but that are not listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. The selection was carried out by Heritage
List of Heritage Cities / Biograhies / Futher Reading / Notes / Image Credits / Credits
180 | 181
List of Heritage Cities
Heritage
Editors and Writers
Moscow
worked for renowned urban planning offices, governmental organizations
Margarita Skop, MA is a marketing specialist at the Department of International
and academic institutions throughout the world. He currently teaches in
Relations and Popularization of the Objects of the Cultural Heritage of the
architecture and economics, and heads the Urban Competitiveness and
Moscow Committee for Cultural Heritage.
Resilience Department at the Institute for Housing and Urban Development
Anna Soloveychikova, MPhil works as a heritage manager at the State
Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Museum-Reserve Tsaritsyno in Moscow.
RMIT (Research & Education in Modification, Intervention and Trans-
Pulicat
formation) is a section within the Faculty of Architecture and the Built
Xavier Benedict, M.Arch., MBA is an urban architect and founder trustee
Environment of Delft University of Technology. RMIT focuses on the urban,
of AARDE Foundation, which is based in Pulicat.
architectural and technical aspects involved in the growing need for the
Kiran Keswani, MSc is an architect and is currently pursuing a PhD at
conservation and transformation of buildings and sites, including those
the Center for Environmental Planning and Technology University in
of cultural significance. Dott. Silvia Naldini, Dr. Ir. Ivan Nevzgodin and
Ahmedabad.
Dr. Ir. Wido Quist work at RMIT.
Benny Kuriakose, MA works as an urban planning consultant for the UNDP, Indian State Governments and works for the Task Force on Urban Development in Kerala.
Drs. Jean-Paul Corten obtained his degree in history at Utrecht University, after which he studied town planning. He started his career as a researcher
UHS-1 participants (writers) Jaffna
in the history of technology at Eindhoven University of Technology. He is presently employed as senior policy officer at the Cultural Heritage
Recife
Jayatissa Herath, MSc is a conservation architect and visiting lecturer
Agency of the Netherlands and is involved in many urban revitalization
Cristiano Felipe Borba do Nascimento, MSc is an architect and urbanist
at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Colombo.
projects.
and works at Fundação Joaquim Nabuco as a conservator.
Deepal Wijetillaka, MSc is an architect and the deputy director of architectural
George Alex da Guia, MSc is an architect and urban planner, he works as a
conservation at the Department of Archaeology.
ir. Ellen Geurts, MSc currently works at the Institute for Housing and Urban
coordinator at the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN).
Suganya Vinasithamby, MSc is a planning assistant at the Urban Development
Development Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam. She teaches in
Robson Canuto da Silva, MSc is an architect and urban planner manager
Authority, Northern Province in Sri Lanka.
the Master’s programme, manages several short courses (including Urban
at NTOU (Urban Renewal Unity) for the State Government of Pernambuco.
Surabaya
Heritage Strategies 2) and conducts a variety of advisory, training and research work on housing-related issues with a focus on the developing
Paramaribo
Susetyo Firmaningtyas, MSc is an urban planner at the Laboratory for
world.
Angelika Namdar, MSc works at the Anton de Kom University of Suriname
Housing and Human Settlements of the Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
as an urban planning program manager and lecturer in spatial planning and
Technology in Surabaya.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Paul Meurs studied architecture and restoration at Delft University
the environment.
Ari Novianto Aditomo, MSc is an architect and manager at the Building
of Technology and wrote a PhD entitled The Modern Historic City, Designs
Femia Wesenhagen, MSc is an architect and urban planner and works as
Development Division of the Conservation and Heritage Centre of PT Kerata
for Conservation and Renewal 1883-1940. He is a partner at SteenhuisMeurs,
an independent consultant with several engineering and architecture firms
Api Indonesia.
a research and consultancy firm specialized in heritage and transformation.
and as advisor to the Surinam Ministry of Public Works.
Iman Krestian, MSc is an architect and the head of the Environment and
Since 2006 he is professor of restoration and transformation at Delft
Seriena Bholai, BSc works as a project engineer at the Surinam Ministry of
Spatial Planning Division of the Infrastructure Department of the Surabaya
University of Technology.
Public Works.
City Development Planning Board.
Donovan Rypkema, MSc is president of Heritage Strategies International.
Pretoria
Surabaya Heritage Society as well as a lecturer at the Universitas Ciputra
He has worked in 45 countries for clients including the World Bank, the
Bernard Hanekom, MSc is an urban planner and is the current director of
in Surabaya
Inter-American Development Bank and UNDP. Rypkema is the author of
urban management of the City of Tshwane.
The Economics of Historic Preservation and serves on the Board of Global Urban
Marius Nadel, BA (Hons.) is an urban planner and the deputy director of
Development and the Senior Advisory Board of the Global Heritage Fund.
strategic spatial projects of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.
Freddy H. Istanto, MSc is an architect and the founder and director of the
Jacques Stoltz, MPhil is the owner of Place Matters and an associate Spyridon Stavropoulos, PhD is an economic geographer with an interest in
consultant at Shisaka Development Management Services.
regional economic transformation and evolution, agglomeration economies and locational behaviour of firms. He is an expert in spatial and micro-
Accra
econometrics. Besides conducting academic research, he has been a
Mae-ling Lokko, MSc is currently working as research assistant and
statistical consultant for several institutes and urban planning offices.
pursuing her PhD at the Center for Architecture Science and Ecology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York.
Remco Vermeulen, MA graduated in heritage studies at the University of
Gabriel Nii Teiko Tagoe, MSc is currently working as a development planner
Amsterdam and through research at the University of British Columbia in
for the Accra Metropolitan Assembly and a project director at Ga Mashie
Vancouver, focusing on urban heritage management and finance. Currently
Redevelopment Agency.
he works as an event manager at Ovation Holland, part of MCI Global, and
Isaac Segbawu, BSc works as a program officer at Ghanaian NGO Housing
as a freelancer in the field of heritage management and education.
the Masses.
List of Heritage Cities / Biograhies / Futher Reading / Notes / Image Credits / Credits
182 | 183
Biographies
Ronald Wall, PhD is an economic geographer and urban planner and has
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
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Cohen, B. , ‘Urbanization in Developing Countries: Current Trends, Future Projections, and Key Challenges for Sustainability’, Technology in Society (2006) vol. 28, 63-80 Council of Europe, Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro, 2005) Council of Europe, Heritage and Beyond (Strasbourg, 2009) Council of Europe, The Declaration of Amsterdam: Congress on the European Architectural Heritage (Amsterdam, 1975)
Introduction Alexander, C., A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1977) Bandarin, F., ‘The Bologna Experience: Planning and Historic Renovation in a Communist City’, in: Donald Appleyard (ed.), The Conservation of European Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979) Berlage, H.P., ‘Amsterdam en Venetië’, Bouwkundig Weekblad (1883) vol. 3, 34 Ceschi, C., Teoria e storia del restauro (Rome: M. Bulzoni, 1970) Cullen, G., The Concise Townscape (London: Butteworth Architecture, 1961) Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Beleidsbrief Modernisering van de Monumentenzorg (The Hague, 2009) First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments (Athens, 1931) Gratama, J., ‘Actueele vraagstukken, over de accijnshuisjes te Leiden en
De Noronha Vaz, E., et al., ‘Urban Heritage Endangerment at the Interface of Future Cities and Past Heritage: A Spatial Vulnerability Assessment’, Habitat International (2012) vol. 36, 287-294 Denslagen, W.F., Romantisch modernisme: nostalgie in de monumentenzorg (Amsterdam: SUN, 2004) Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, Nota Stedelijke vernieuwing (The Hague, 1997) Florida, R., The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002) Halla, F., ‘Critical Elements in Sustainable Participatory Planning: Bagamayo Strategic Urban Development Planning Framework in Tanzania’, Habitat International (2005) vol. 29, 137-161 Heerma, E., Evaluatienota Stadsvernieuwing jaren ’80 (The Hague: Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, 1990) ICOMOS, International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice, 1964)
blootleggen van Middeleeuwsche kerken’, Bouwkundig Weekblad (1909)
Maas, M., ‘Let niet op de Rommel’, de Volkskrant, 28 February 2002
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Rakodi C., ‘Forget Planning, Put Politics First? Priorities for Urban Management
Gutierrez, Ramon, Congres Patrimonia: La historia en la conservación del Patrimonio Edificado (Quito, 2010) ICOMOS, ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (Washington DC, 1987) ICOMOS, Nara Document on Authenticity (Nara, 1994) ICOMOS Australia, Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (Burra, 1981) Jacobs, J., The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, NY; Harmondsworth: Random House, 1961) Lynch, K., The Image of the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960) Meurs, P., De moderne historische stad: Ontwerpen voor vernieuwing en behoud 1883-1940 (Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2000) Meurs, P. (ed.), Toekomst beschermd gezicht? Stads- en dorpsgezichten, archeologie en cultuurlandschap (The Hague: College van Rijksadviseurs, 2011) Nelo Braga, S.M., Ouro Preto: Minas Gerais (Brazilia: IPHAN, 2008) Norberg-Schulz, C., Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (New York, NY : Rizzoli, 1980) Rossi, A., The Architecture of the City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982, © 1966) UNESCO, Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscapes (Paris, 2011) Veth, J. and D.C. Meijer Jr, Stedenschennis naar aanleiding van de Reguliersgracht-kwestie (Amsterdam: Ten Brink en de Vries, 1901)
in Developing Countries’, JAG (2001) vol. 3(3), 209-223 Rohde, W. and P. Bertholet, Stadsvernieuwing in cijfers: Het voortgangsrapport BELSTATO (Amsterdam: RIGO, 1990), 51-54 Ruskin, J., The Seven Lamps of Architecture (Cambridge, Smith Elder & Co, 1849) Rypkema, D., The Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader’s Guide (Washington, DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2005) Schuiling, D. et al., Functionele Vernieuwing van binnensteden 1960-1990: Lessen uit het reconstructieverleden (Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1990) Steinberg, F., ‘Conservation and Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage in Developing Countries’, Habitat International (1996) vol. 20(3), 463-475 Steinberg, F., ‘Strategic Urban Planning in Latin America: Experiences of
Budd, L. and A. Hirmis, ‘Conceptual Framework for Regional Competitiveness’, Recommended Additional Reading Chapter 2 Regional Studies (2004) vol. 38(9), 1015-1028 Burger, M.J., B. van der Knaap and R.S. Wall, ‘Revealed Competition for Economics and Built Heritage: Towards New European Initiatives Greenfield Investments between European Regions’, Journal of Economic http://lib.tkk.fi/Reports/2008/isbn9789512293971.pdf Geography (2013) vol. 13(4), 619-648. Available HTTP: http://papers.tinbergen.nl/12063.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) Council of Heritage Europe, Conservation ‘Heritage Conservation Measuring Performanceas a Driving Force for Development’ and ‘Economics and the Built Cultural Heritage’, Heritage and Beyond http://www.iccrom.org/pdf/ICCROM_19_Measuring-Heritage-Perfor(Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2009). Available HTTP: http:// mance00_en.pdf www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/identities/PatrimoineBD_ en.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) ‘Heritage Conservation asMetropool; a Driving Force for Development’ and “Economics De Hoog, M., De Hollandse Ontwerpen aan de Kwaliteit van Interactie milieus (Bussum: Uitgeverij THOTH, 2012)and Beyond, Council of Europe and the Built Cultural Heritage’, in: Heritage
Available HTTP: http://www.iccrom.org/ifrcdn/pdf/ICCROM_19_MeasuringHeritage-Performance00_en.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) Measuring Economic Impacts of Historic Preservation Kitson, M., ‘The Regional Competitiveness Debate’, Programme of Regional http://www.achp.gov/docs/economic-impacts-of-historic-preservaInnovation (2005) vol. 4, 3-14 tion-study.pdf Kitson, M., R. Martin and P. Tyler, ‘Regional Competitiveness: An Elusive yet Key Concept?’, Regional Studies (2004) vol. 38(9), 991-999 Proceedings, World Congress of the Organization of World Heritage Cities 2007, Kresl, P.K. and B. Singh, ‘Competitiveness and the Urban Economy: Twentyfour Large US Metropolitan Areas’, Urban Studies (1999) vol. 36(5-6), 1017-1027 Heritage and Economics Malecki, E.J. and B. Moriset, The Digital Economy: Business Organization, http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publicaProduction Processes, and Regional Development (New York, NY: Routledge, tions/kazan_eng.pdf 2007) Marlet, G.A. and C. van Woerkens, Tolerance, Aesthetics, Amenities or Jobs? Revitalization of Historic Inner-Cities in Asia, Asian Development Bank Dutch City Attraction to the Creative Class (Utrecht: Tjalling C. Koopmans http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2008/Revitalization-InResearch Institute, 2005) . Available HTTP: http://www.uu.nl/faculty/leg/ nl/organisatie/departementen/departementeconomie/onderzoek/publiner-City.pdf caties/DParchive/2005/Documents/05-33.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) McCann, P., ‘Globalization and Economic Geography: The World is Curved, The Sustainability of the Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage: Literature Review Not Flat’, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society (2008) vol. 1, http://www.hs-intl.com/pdf/IADBlitreviewHSIntl.pdf 351-370 Mälkki, M., R. Mäntysalo and K. Schmidt-Thomé (eds.), Economics and Built
Available HTTP: http://lib.tkk.fi/Reports/2008/isbn9789512293971.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) Mälkki, M. and K. Schmidt-Thomé (eds.), Integrating Aims: Built Heritage
– An Introduction’, in: R. van Oers and S. Haraguchi, Managing Historic City
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Centre: World Heritage Papers, no. 27 (Paris: UNESCO, 2010)
of Science and Technology; Centre for Urban and Regional Studies
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of Uniqueness: Investing in Historic City Cores and Cultural Heritage Assets for Sustainable Development (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2012), 1-14 Rogerson, R. J., ‘Quality of Life and City Competitiveness’, Urban Studies (1999) vol. 36, 969-985 Rugman, A.M. and A. Verbeke, ‘Towards a Theory of Regional Multinationals: a Transaction Cost Economics Approach’, Management International Review (2005) Special Issue 1, 5-17 Rypkema, D. and C. Cheong, Measuring Economic Impacts of Historic Preservation (Washington, DC; Philidelphia, 2011). Available HTTP: http://www. achp.gov/docs/economic-impacts-of-historic-preservation-study.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) Steinberg, F., Revitalization of Historic Inner-Cities in Asia (Mandaluyong City:
The Getty Conservation Institute, Proceedings, World Congress of the Organization
Technology; Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Publications, 2008).
Viollet le-Duc, E., Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française de XIe au XVIe
A Successful Recipe to Attract Investment to Cities’, in: The Economics
Dicken, P., Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century Integrating Aims: Built Heritage in Social and Economic Development (London: Sage Publications, 2003) http://lib.tkk.fi/Reports/2010/isbn9789526032849.pdf ICCROM, Measuring Heritage Conservation Performance (Olinda; Rome, 2012).
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Van Oers, R., ‘Managing Cities and the Historic Urban Landscape Initiative
Development Studies (2010) vol. 38(30), 263-287 O’Brien, J., ‘Livable Historic City Cores and Enabling Environment:
Asian Development Bank, 2008). Available HTTP: http://www.adb.org/
Heritage: Towards New European Initiatives (Espoo: Helsinki University of
the Historic Metropolis (New York, NY: Clarkson Potter, 2001)
Globalization: Some Clarifications and a Research Agenda’, Oxford
Florida, R., Cities and the Creative Class (New York, NY: Routledge, 2005) http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/identities/PatriFlorida, R., The Rise of the Creative Class And How it’s Transforming Work, Leisure, moineBD_en.pdf Community and Everyday Life (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002)
Building and Managing the Future’, Habitat International (2005) vol. 29, Tung, A.M., Preserving the World’s Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of
Narula, R and J.H. Dunning, ‘Multinational Enterprises, Development and
Publications, 2010). Available HTTP: http://lib.tkk.fi/Reports/2010/ isbn9789526032849.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014)
sites/default/files/pub/2008/Revitalization-Inner-City.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) of World Heritage Cities (Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Trust, 2007). Available HTTP: http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/ pdf_publications/pdf/kazan_eng.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014) Van der Knaap, G.A. and R.S. Wall, R.S., ‘Sectoral Differentiation and Network Structure Within Contemporary Worldwide Corporate Networks’, Economic Geography (2011) vol. 87(3), 266-308 Wall, R.S. and M.J. Burger, The Struggle for Capital: Developing South-Holland within International Investment Networks for the Province of South-Holland (The Hague: DeltaHage Publishers, 2013) Winters Davis, A. and D.D. Rypkema, The Sustainability of the Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage: Literature Review (Washington, DC: Heritage Strategies International, 2009). Available HTTP: http://www.hs-intl.com/pdf/ IADBlitreviewHSIntl.pdf (accessed 2 April 2014)
Chapter 3 Asselbergs, F., Niets is zo veranderlijk als een monument: een pleidooi voor het cultureel argument (Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen; Zwolle: Waanders, 2000) Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands et al., Richtlijnen bouwhistorisch onderzoek (Den Haag, 2009) ICOMOS, IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments (Venice, 1964) Nederlandsche Oudheidkundigen Bond, ‘Grondbeginselen en voorschriften voor het behoud, de herstelling en uitbreiding van oude bouwwerken’, Bouwkundig Weekblad (1916) vol. 37(5), 50-55 Meurs, P., ‘Restoration without dogma’, in: P. Meurs, Building in the stubborn city (Delft: VSSD, 2008), 51-91 Meurs, P. and M. Steenhuis, Herbestemming in Nederland, nieuw gebruik van stad en land (Rotterdam: NAi Puiblishers, 2011)
List of Heritage Cities / Biograhies / Futher Reading / Notes / Image Credits / Credits
184 | 185
Further Reading
Chapter 1 box
5 R.S. Wall and. G.A. van der Knaap, ‘Sectoral Differentiation and Network
1 Ministerie van VROM, Nota Stedelijke vernieuwing (The Hague, 1997).
Structure Within Contemporary Worldwide Corporate Networks’, Economic
Habitat International vol. 36 (2012), 287-294.
2 D. Schuiling, et al., Functionele Vernieuwing van binnensteden, 1960-1990.
Geography 87 (2011) 3, 266-308.
5 B. Cohen, ‘Urbanization in Developing Countries: Current Trends, Future
Lessen uit het reconstructieverleden (Amsterdam, 1990), 107.
6 R.S. Wall and M.J. Burger, The Struggle for Capital: Developing South-Holland
Projections, and Key Challenges for Sustainability’, Technology in Society 28
3 E. Heerma, Evaluatienota Stadsvernieuwing jaren ’80 (The Hague, 1990).
within International Investment Networks (The Hague, 2013).
(2006), 63-80.
4 W. Rohde and P. Bertholet, Stadsvernieuwing in cijfers. Het voortgangsrapport
7 The investment flows as presented in figure X are also visualized in a
6 C. Rakodi, ‘Forget Planning, Put Politics First? Priorities for Urban
BELSTATO (Amsterdam, 1990), 51-54.
motion picture.
Management in Developing Countries’, JAG vol. 3 (2001) no. 3, 209-223, 219.
5 D. Rypkema, The Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader’s
8 See, for instance, M. Kitson, ‘The Regional Competitiveness Debate’.
7 Ibid.
Guide (Washington, 2005).
Programme of Regional Innovation 4 (2005), 3-14.
8 Cohen, ‘Urbanization in Developing Countries’, op. cit. (note 5).
6 M. Bontje and S. Musterd, ‘Creative Industries, Creative Class and
9 E.J. Malecki and B. Moriset, The Digital Economy: Business Organization,
9 F. Steinberg, Strategic Urban Planning in Latin America: Experiences of
Competitiveness: Expert Opinions Critically Appraised’, Geoforum vol. 40
Production Processes, and Regional Development (New York/London, 2007).
Building and Managing the Future’, Habitat Internatinal vol. 29 (2005),
(2009), 843-852.
10 P.K. Kresl and B. Singh, ‘Competitiveness and the Urban Economy: Twenty-four Large US Metropolitan Areas’, Urban Studies 36 (1999),
69-93.
Introduction From Monument to Urban Heritage
10 Ibid.
Chapter 2
1017-1027.
11 Ibid.
1 The Historic Urban Landscape: Managing Heritage in an Urban Century (2012), 72.
11 R.J. Rogerson, ‘Quality of Life and City Competitiveness’, Urban Studies
1 H.P. Berlage, ‘Amsterdam en Venetië’, Bouwkundig Weekblad 3 (1883) 34,
12 F. Halla, ‘Critical Elements in Sustainable Participatory Planning:
2 ‘Functional obsolescence’ is a loss in value from poor or outdated
36 (1999), 969-985.
1883, 234.
Bagamayo Strategic Urban Development Planning Framework in Tanzania’,
design, a type of building use no longer needed in the marketplace, and/or
12 R. Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class And How It’s Transforming Work,
2 ‘Icomos Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas’,
Habitat International vol. 29 (2005), 137-161.
antiquated systems such as heating, plumbing or electricity.
Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York, 2002).
Washington 1987; ‘Nara Document on Authenticity’, 1994; ‘Australia
13 R. Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work,
3 Of course, converting a building into a museum is also adaptive reuse.
13 Kitson, ‘The Regional Competitiveness Debate’, op. cit. (note 7).
ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance’,
Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York, 2002).
The point here is that ‘let’s turn it into a museum’ is often the default
14 L. Budd and A. Hirmis, ‘Conceptual Framework for Regional Competitiveness’,
Burra 1981.
14 A.M. Tung, Preserving the World’s Great Cities. The Destruction and Renewal
response when, in fact, it will be appropriate for a very small percentage of
Regional Studies 38 (2004) 9, 1015-1028.
3 ‘Moderne Steden’, De Opmerker 38 (1903) 46, 363.
of the Historic Metropolis (New York, 2001).
heritage buildings.
15 G.A. Marlet and C. van Woerkens, ‘Tolerance, Aesthetics, Amenities or
4 Jan Gratama, ‘Actueele vraagstukken, over de accijnshuisjes te Leiden
15 J. Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture (Cambridge, 1849); E. Viollet-
4 http://www.ct.gov/cct/lib/cct/Economic_Impact_Study_%28Fi-
Jobs?’, Dutch City Attraction to the Creative Class 5 (2005) no. 33; J. O’Brien,
en blootleggen van Middeleeuwsche kerken’, Bouwkundig Weekblad 29
le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française de XIe au XVIe siècle
nal_6-2011%29.pdf.
‘Livable Historic City Cores and Enabling Environment: A Successful Recipe
(1909) 16, 186.
(1856).
5 http://www.utahheritagefoundation.com/images/Summary_Report_
to Attract Investment to Cities’, in: G. Licciardi and R. Amirtahmasebi (eds.),
5 Jan Veth and D.C. Meijer Jr, Stedenschennis naar aanleiding van de
16 W.F. Denslagen, Romantisch modernisme: nostalgie in de monumentenzorg
FINAL_med.pdf.
The Economics of Uniqueness: Investing in Historic City Cores and Cultural Heritage
Reguliersgracht-kwestie (Amsterdam, 1901).
(Amsterdam, 2004).
6 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/a-e/
Assets for Sustainable Development (Washington, DC, 2012), 1-14.
6 Carlo Ceschi, Teoria e storia del restauro (Rome, 1970).
17 ICOMOS, International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of
assessment-ca-value.pdf.
16 H. Bathelt, A. Malmberg P. and Maskell, ‘Clusters and Knowledge: Local Buzz, Global Pipelines and the Process of Knowledge Creation’, Progress in
7 ‘The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments’, Adopted
Monuments and Sites (Venice, 1964).
7 http://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/176/.
at the First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic
18 For UNESCO conventions, see: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/
8 http://cttrust.org/_IMAGES/Property%20Values%20LHD%202011.pdf.
Human Geography 28 (2004) 1, 31-56.
Monuments, 1931.
culture/; For ICOMOS charters see: http://www.icomos.org/en/charters-
9 http://www.utahheritagefoundation.com/images/Summary_Report_
17 R. Florida, Cities and the Creative Class (New York, 2005). 18 Marlet and Van Woerkens, ‘Tolerance, Aesthetics, Amenities or Jobs?’,
8 S.M. Nelo Braga, Ouro Preto. Minas Gerais (Brazilia 2008) IPHAN.
and-texts; Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC): http://www.
FINAL_small.pdf.
9 Paul Meurs, De moderne historische stad, ontwerpen voor vernieuwing
ovpm.org/; League of Historical Cities: http://www.city.kyoto.jp/somu/
10 http://www.iadb.org/publications/search.cfm?query=&filter=coun-
op. cit. (note 14); O’ Brien, ‘Livable Historic City Cores’, op. cit. (note 14).
en behoud 1883-1940 (Rotterdam, 2000).
kokusai/lhcs/.
try%3D%3DUnited%20States--US&lang=en.
19 To explain the output. The expected ‘mean difference’ in FDI attractiveness
10 Paul Meurs (ed.), Toekomst beschermd gezicht? stads- en dorpsgezichten,
19 The restored Renier de Klerk House in Jakarta is one of many examples,
11 http://www2.unwto.org/.
between heritage and non-heritage cities is 41 investments, when holding
archeologie en cultuurlandschap, College van Rijksadviseurs (The Hague,
see M. Maas, ‘Let niet op de Rommel’, de Volkskrant, 28 February 2002.
12 http://www.oef.com/SAMPLES/HERITAGEREPORT010210.PDF.
all other predictor variables constant. This means that heritage cities will
2011).
20 Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural
13 A compilation of numbers of visitors and total expenditures for several
attract 41 investments more than non-heritage cities. A simple way to
11 Congress on European Architectural Heritage, Amsterdam 1975.
Heritage for Society (Faro, 2005).
locations worldwide can be found at:
explain this is if a non-heritage city receives one investment, a heritage
12 Francesco Bandarin, ‘The Bologna Experience: Planning and Historic
21 Council of Europe, Heritage and Beyond (Strasbourg, 2009).
http://globalheritagefund.org/images/uploads/docs/GHFVanishingValue-
one will receive 42. If a non-heritage city receives 100 investments, then
Renovation in a Communist City’, in: Donald Appleyard (ed.), The Conservation
22 Council of Europe, The Declaration of Amsterdam. Congress on the
ofHeritageDatabase102010.pdf.
a heritage one will receive 141, etcetera. In the analysis, the heritage cities
of European Cities (Cambridge, MA, 1979).
European Architectural Heritage, Amsterdam, October 1975.
13 Ramon Gutierrez, congres Patrimonia, la historia en la conservación
23 http://www.icomos.org/charters/towns_e.pdf.
Chapter 2 box
an average of 36 investments. From this we can say that because the
del Patrimonio Edificado, Quito 2010.
24 Although UNESCO speaks of ‘historic’ urban landscapes, it may be more
1 R. Narula and J.H. Dunning, ‘Multinational Enterprises, Development
average of non-heritage cities is 36 investments, then the average of
have an average of 101 investments, while the non-heritage cities have
14 Unesco, recommendation on Historic Urban Landscapes, 2011.
appropriate to speak of ’historical’ urban landscapes. ‘Historic’ refers to
and Globalization: Some Clarifications and a Research Agenda’, Oxford
heritage city investments will be 77. No matter what non-heritage cities
15 Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Beleidsbrief Modernisering
a past of great importance and thus to a canonized history. ‘Historical’
Development Studies 38 (2010) 30, 263-287.
attract, the heritage cities will attract approximately 41 investments
van de Monumentenzorg (The Hague, 2009).
refers the past regardless of its importance. If it comes to conserving urban
2 P. Dicken, Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century
more.
heritage, we should not exclude certain elements too easily. Also, the
(Thousand Oaks, CA, 2003).
Chapter 1
non-canonized heritage may be of importance to the inhabitants and may
3 A.M. Rugman and A. Verbeke, ‘Towards a Theory of Regional Multinationals:
Chapter 3
1 F. Steinberg, ‘Conservation and Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage in
also offer development opportunities. There seems no reason to distinguish
A Transaction Cost Economics Approach’, Management International Review,
1 Fons Asselbergs, Niets is zo veranderlijk als een monument: een pleidooi voor
Developing Countries’, Habitat International vol. 20 (1996) no. 3, 463-475.
the canonized form the non-canonized past.
special issue 1 (2005), 5-17.
het cultureel argument (Nijmegen: 2000).
2 Council of Europe (CoE), The Declaration of Amsterdam. Congress on the
25 R. van Oers, ‘Managing Cities and the Historic Urban Landscape Initiative
4 M.J. Burger, G.A. van der Knaap and R.S. Wall, ‘Revealed Competition
2 RCE (et al.), Richtlijnen bouwhistorisch onderzoek (The Hague: 2009).
European Architectural Heritage (Amsterdam, October 1975).
– An Introduction’, In: R. van Oers and S. Haraguchi, Managing Historic City
for Greenfield Investments between European Regions’, Journal of Economic
3 Paul Meurs, ‘Restoration without dogma,’ in: Building in the Stubborn City
3 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm.
Centres. World Heritage Papers 27 (Paris, 2010), 14.
Geography 13 (2013) 4, 619-648.
(Delft: 2008), 51-91.
List of Heritage Cities / Biograhies / Futher Reading / Notes / Image Credits / Credits
186 | 187
Notes
4 E. Noronha Vaz et al., ‘Urban Heritage Endangerment at the Interface of Future Cities and Past Heritage: A Spatial Vulnerability Assessment’,
Case Pulicat
gebruik van stad en land (Rotterdam: 2011), 6-16.
1 N. Adlakha, ‘Once Bustling, Pulicat Now Dozes’, Madras Musings,
5 Ibid., 14-16.
no. 21 (February 2011), referring to: V.A., Pulicat and Sadras – A Confluence of
Image Credits
Brylev, Andrey, p. 135 below, 138 above
History, Culture & Environment, the Embassy of the Netherlands by Anamika
Clarke, Nicholas, p. 108 above left, 114 above and below
Chapter 3 box
Architects with the help of the students of the School of Architecture and
Corten, Jean-Paul, p. 38, 108 above right and below, 152 right, 153,
1 Nederlandsche Oudheidkundigen Bond, ‘Grondbeginselen en
Planning, Anna University.
voorschriften voor het behoud, de herstelling en uitbreiding van oude bouw-
2 The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Band 20: Pārdi to Pusad. New edition
werken’, Bouwkundig Weekblad, 37 (1916) 5, 50-55; ICOMOS, IInd International
Clarendon Press (Oxford, 1908), 241-242.
Duivenbode, Ossip van, p. 48
Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments (Venice, 1964).
3 Ibid.
Firmaningtyas, Susetyo, p. 172 above, 175 above
2 Marinke Steenhuis and Paul Meurs, Herbestemming in Nederland, nieuw
4 Ibid.
Furler, Christina, Atelier F&F, p. 126
gebruik van stad en land (Rotterdam, 2011), 60-65.
5 http://aarde.in/pulicat/the_mosques_of_pulicat.
Hannover, Tim, p. 122 above
3 Rik Nys and Martin Reichert (eds.), Neues Museum Berlin, 2009.
6 Its 77 graves show carved tombstones and even obelisks. Adlakha,
Herath, Jayatissa, p. 157 above
4 Steenhuis and Meurs, Herbestemming in Nederland, op. cit. (note 2),
7 ‘Once Bustling’, op cit. (note 1).
138-143.
http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/crz/crznew.html ; http://asi.nic.in/
ANP foto – 4991990, p. 42
Le Coultre, Antoinette, p. 162 left, 164
5 Ibid., 90-93, 100-105, 130-132.
pdf_data/6.pdf; http://india.gov.in/ancient-monuments-and-archaeological-
ANP foto – 19476829, p. 47 below
Lokko, Mae-ling, p. 29, 121 below, 123 below, 124 middle
sites-and-remains-amendment-and-validation-act-2010.
Basel Mission Archives / Basel Mission Holdings – QU-30.030.0002, p. 120
Mensah, Akua Nyame, p. 124 above and below
8 V.A., Pulicat and Sadras, op. cit. (note 1).
Basel Mission Archives / Basel Mission Holdings – D-30.01.022, p. 123 above
Meurs, Paul, p. 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 31, 32, 34, 64 above and below, 68 above
Case Pretoria 1 Paul Kruger (1825-1904) was the 3rd president of the South African
160 above and below, 162 right, 169 below, 170 above and below, 174 above, 175 below left and right
Keswani, Kiran, p. 13
Beeldbank Rijksdienst voor Cultureel Erfgoed, p. 93 below, 118 above,
Republic and became known as the face of Boer resistance against the
Case Surabaya
122 below Bijzondere Collecties, Universiteit van Amsterdam, OTM: HB-KZL HB-KZL
and below, 70, 72 above and below, 84 above right, 96 above and below, 111 above and below Morel, Paul, p. 98 left and right
British during the Second Boer War (1899–1902).
1 M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and European Influences in the
2 Freedom Park is a newly created heritage site, located on a hill south of
Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (The Hague, 1962),
the city centre. It celebrates the hard-won freedom of the peoples of South
270-277.
Collectie Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, p. 33
Nascimento, Cristiano, p. 86 above and below
Africa and simultaneously memorializes those who died in the process.
2 W.W. Rockhill, ‘Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with Eastern
Collectie Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (KITLV),
Potekhina, Nastya, p. 138 below
3 Siyaya ePitoli!’ (‘We are going – or marching – to Pretoria!’) was a popular
Archipelago and the Coast of the Indian Ocean During the Fourteenth
South African struggle song during Apartheid. The song refers to protesters
Century’, T’oung Pao, 16 (May 1915) 2, 248.
taking their grievances to Pretoria – the centre of political power in the
A22 VI.5.12, p. 92
Leiden, p. 168, 169 above Collectie Koninklijke Bibliotheek, p. 93 above, 118 below, 146 below, 156, 157 below
Moriel, Luis, p. 80 below
Salhi, Hassan, pp. 120-121 middle Schiebroek, Hans, p. 144 below, 149 below, 150, 152 left Schubert, H., p. 140, 141
country. It was regularly sung during protest marches against the Apartheid
Collectie Nationaal Archief, p. 80 above
Stoltz, Jacques, p. 106 below
regime. The song also carries echoes of a South African War (1899-1902)
Collectie Rijksmuseum, p. 146 above
Swart, Johan, p. 36
song, ‘We are marching to Pretoria’ that was sung by British Troops marching
Collection A.V. Schusev Architectural Museum, Moscow, p. 135 above
Ubaidi, Ella, p. 172 below, 174 below
from Bloemfontein to Pretoria and has been adapted as an Afrikaans folk
Collection Archaeological Service of the Moscow Heritage Committee,
Vermeulen, Remco, p. 20
ditty: ‘Jou kombers en my matras en daar lê die ding.’
p. 136 above left and right and below Collection Department of Architecture, University of Pretoria, p. 104 above
Case Pretoria box
and below, 105 above, 106 above, 112
1 The report: J.P. Corten and P. van Dun, History in Progress. Future
Collection Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, p. 82 above and 83
Perspectives of Pretoria’s Historic Core (2009) can be downloaded from
Collection The Hebrew university of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and
the University of Pretoria’s Institutional Repository, UPSPACE at http:// repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/13943. J.P. Corten and N.J. Clarke, ‘Regenerating Pretoria’s Historical Core’, in: ICOMOS, Heritage as a Driver for Development, Proceedings of the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly Symposium (Paris, 2012).
University Library, p. 132 iStockphoto by Getty Images – 24058137, p. 35 Joannes van Keulen, 1753, Collection National Maritime Museum, p. 144 above Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad Photo/Hugo Wilmar, p. 94 above Retromap (www.retromap.ru), pp. 130-131
Case Accra
RGDA, Russian State Archive for the Ancient Acts, Moscow, p. 134
1 It is estimated that 48 people live in a house, with a density of
Stadsarchief Amsterdam/Frits Weeda – 010116000642, p. 47 above
7 inhabitants per room; in some cases up to three generations live in
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, p. 158 above and below
one room. Abrahamse, Jaap Evert, p. 105 below, 110
Case Moscow
Altenburg, Frank, p. 15, 30, 84 above left
1 E.A. de Jong, ‘Vigilian Paradise: a Dutch Garden near Moscow in the Early
Ana Lira Retratografia, p. 17, 82 below, 84 below,
18th Century’, Journal of Garden History vol. 1 (1981) no. 4, 337.
Bauke van der Pol, from ‘De VOC in India’, p. 148 above and below, 149 above
2 On basis of the year 2009 see: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Beukers Scholma based on Susetyo Firmaningtyas, map annotated by
NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD/countries/1W-RU?order=wbapi_data_value_2009%20
authors, p. 176
wbapi_data_value&sort=desc&display=default, accessed 30 September 2013.
Bhoelai, Sheetal, p. 100 below
3 Supervisor of the design, Hank van Tilborg.
Brown, Jeremy, p. 94 below
Wall, Ronald, p. 61, 62 above left and right and below Wesenhagen, Femia, p. 100 above
List of Heritage Cities / Biograhies / Futher Reading / Notes / Image Credits / Credits
188 | 189
4 Marinke Steenhuis and Paul Meurs, Herbestemming in Nederland: Nieuw
190 |
Credits
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