Plastic River

DESIGNING THE PLASTIC RIVER Modeling the Cali Ciliwung Park in Jakarta

DARCH

Spring semester 2013

Professur Christophe Girot ILA ETH Assistants: Ilmar Hurkxkens, James Melsom, Magdalena Osinska, Philipp RW Urech www.girot.arch.ethz.ch

Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur Professor Christophe Girot HIL H 55.3 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich T +41 (44) 633 29 87 X +41 (44) 633 12 08 Office: Claudia Knecht Design assistants: Ilmar Hurkxkens James Melsom Magdalena Osinska Philipp RW Urech Hil H 55.3 T +41 (44) 633 21 71 hurkxkens@arch.ethz.ch urech@arch.ethz.ch www.girot.arch.ethz.ch

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CONTENT

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY AND

4

PROGRAMME

6

SCHEDULE

8

PHASE 1

11

PHASE 2

13

PHASE 3

15

MAPS URBAN DEVELOPMENT

16

CILIWUNG WATERSHED

17

VOCABULARY

23

STUDIO RULES

26

READINGS

28 Batavia 1840

3

INTRODUCTION The Kampung and the Plastic River

ETH Design Research Studio on the Cali Ciliwung in Jakarta The Design Research Studio on the Ciliwung River in Jakarta is part of the ETH Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore and will involve architecture students for one semester on one of the most challenging sites in Jakarta: the Kampung Melayu. During the course of

the semester one workshop will be taught in March jointly with NUS, UI and IPB students in Jakarta and Singapore. The operational framework and methodology of the studio will involve landscape, architecture as well as urban design thinking and will follow the

precepts of a site-specific topological approach. Emphasis of the design work will be on the role of landscape and dwelling structures as they interact with the adjacent river in the flood prone neighbourhoods of Kampung Melayu and Bukit Duri in Jakarta.

Can the widening of the Ciliwung river corridor become an incentive to doubling the population density in the remainder of the

kampong? This would avoid the problem of population displacement, but would require a clear strategy in terms of landscape and architecture. The studio will operate at three distinct scales, the scale of the unit, the scale of the urban block and the scale of the

kampung. Students will be asked to develop prototypes on given cross sections of the river to be widened. This will enable advanced design experimentation and transformation of the sections under study. The goal of this studio, with the help of design tools is to

develop methodologies capable of dealing with the physical and spatial complexity of this highly urbanized “natural� environment.

The underlying thesis is that landscape and architecture can be worked-out together, to bring forth solutions that can help restore the quality and purpose of the river withinits degraded context while allowing for higher living densities. With a healthy dose of

heuristic terrain analysis, prospection and design vision, students will be asked to develop a new positive foothold on the landscape

and architectural challenges posed by the Ciliwung River. The studio results will serve as example towards a new combined approach to urban landscape and architecture in Southeast Asian cities. The goal is to set some clear topological rules that can help define generative principles for both landscape and architecture as a way of restructuring urban river profiles in response to flooding,

overcrowding and insalubrious conditions. The studio will result in a set of comprehensive architectural and landscape design proposals that will serve towards the melioration of rivers in Jakarta.

4

Kampung Melayu, orthophoto

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METHODOLOGY AND PROGRAMME 3 scales: the unit, the block, the kampung

The Unit: the kampung at present is structured in terms of

The studio will begin in reverse scale, moving from the object

kampung unit dwelling be further developed to attain a higher

of the entire kampung. In doing so, degrees of precision with

the minimal unit size, and how can it be combined into larger

relationship to the river dynamics. The goal of this studio is

be dictated by the river landscape and its varying flood levels.

to double the density of the present kampung to 500 units per

flooding, high flooding and extreme flooding. Depending on

will be incorporated at each scale: that of rain water collection

each unit may change. The goal of unit design is to find a means

garbage collection and recycling. These key issues should enable

city fabric. The unit will also inform strategies to improve the

for the ecological benefit of all.

productive environmental paradigm. Different unit scenarios and

roughly 250 living units per hectare. Can the footprint of the

scale of the unit, through the scale of the block, to the scale

density or must it be fundamentally transformed? What is

terrain at each scale will change as well as the direct topological

units? Part of the tectonic constraints of the unit will in fact

indeed, to give more room to the river for flooding purposes, and

Students will be asked to consider three unit conditions: normal

hectare to limit in part population displacement. Three key issues

the location and level under study, the approach to designing

and storage, that of grey and black water treatment, and that of

of integrating the flood as a natural phenomenon within the

the river to recover some of its cleanliness, dignity and identity

adjacent landscape, to adapt it and make it evolve into a new and typologies will emerge from studio depending on their specific location and the way dynamic forces such as water, vegetation and location are worked-through together and interact with each other. The unit design will require several tectonic and topological guidelines following:

- Landscape: topography, water and gardens; - Dwelling density, tectonics and typology; - Common spaces and connections;

- Collection, sanitation and services.

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The Block: The condition of the kampung in response to the

The Kampung: The kampung ties the studio back to the scale

of a combination and assemblage of many individual units. Each

of the place. The kampung consists at present of a combination

river edge is defined by the kampong block, which itself consists block represents roughly one hectare of surface area that could house up to 500 units instead of the 250 units currently in use.

This is the scale at which students must master the systemic organization of the city, whether for rainwater collection and storage as for water treatment and garbage. Each student

team will be asked to reflect on the kampung block as a key

to environmental sanitation and sustainability. The place and

role given to the river at the scale of the block will be of critical importance in applying and consolidating these remedial

measures over time. The understanding of local terrain in terms of water and topography will in turn inform the design of the block. This is first and foremost an exercise in the modulation of architecture principles and site planning, through the

understanding of terrain, water and vegetation. Community

gardens and ponds (wadoks) will be linked to specific blocks,

depending on the location and the quality of the terrain. In order to work on new block typologies for the Kampung, students will need to transform the existing footprint depending on

the conditions and location. There will also be the question of

levels and circulation patterns to solve. The block will take into consideration both the adaptation of innovative architectural

solutions and prototypes with the given cultural and “natural� situation of the river with its unpredictable temperament. In turn the block will also need to respond to its specific urban

location in terms of services, continuities and connections. The

block study will require architectonic and topological guidelines following:

- Landscape: topology, the river system and its vegetation; - Building densities and typologies;

- Rainwater collection, wadoks and communal gardens; - Infrastructure: transport, recycling and services.

of the entire city and gives us the true measure and character

of blocks of different sizes, populations and densities. The goal

is to double the overall density of the Kampung in order to free some space given to the Ciliwung river. How do the different

blocks combine to define a clear urban edge towards the river

at the scale of the whole neighbourhood? The Kampung Melayu could become the first neighbourhood to propose the river as a landscape for the city - a landscape that can create much

higher value and quality of living for its inhabitants while still

being allowed to flood. The design scale of the Kampung ranges from the human dimension defined by the block to the scale of the entire neighbourhood. Students will propose a landscape strategy at the kampung scale integrating elements of local

block design into a coherent urban whole. The perimeter defined by the Kampung should allow students to respond to greater

urban connections and to make a clear landscape design that

responds to the architectural choices that have been developed.

Students will ascertain the scale of the site by assessing various edge conditions that reveal a variety of landscape elements in relation to the river. A critical assessment of these edges will

lead to a better understanding of the site and its possible future

orientations and potential. What are their qualities, permeability (visual and physical), and degree of resistance to flooding

and water dynamics? By means of significant modifications

along the river corridor, some edges will have the potential of being reconfigured to bring radical changes. The goal of this

studio is to fundamentally change the way the river landscape is perceived and experienced by its inhabitants. Working at

the scale of the entire Kampung will raise issues of materials,

construction, separation and recycling. To do so it will need to

define the kind of landscape space that needs to be developed in relation to the city. The kampung study will require several urban and topological guidelines following: - Landscape: the river as park

- Blocks, public buildings and space; - Differentiated edge conditions

- Connections, recycling and services

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SCHEDULE FS13 CG Christophe Giro, IH Ilmar Hurkxkens, PU Philipp Urec, MO Magdalena Osinska, JM James Melsom DATE

THEMES

W1

FEB

PHASE 1

TASKS

PARTICIPANTS

ROOMS

18 19

Introduction 10:00, HIL H35.1

20

"unit"

design research and analysis

CG, IH, MO, PU

26

"unit and block"

schemes, sections

27

Introduction to Rhino

IH, MO, PU

HIL H35.1 Atelier

21 22 23 24 W2

25 IH, MO, PU

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

LVML

28 MARCH

1 2 3

W3

4 5

Milling Workshop

6

schemes, sections, models

IH, MO, PU

Raplab

design hypothesis

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

CG, IH, MO, PU

Foyer

7 8 9 10 W4

11 12 13

FIRST REVIEW

14

PHASE 2

W5

design strategy Flight ZRH 15:15 - DOH 23:10

15

SEMINARWEEK

16

Site visit

17

Site visit

Flight DOH 02:20 - CGK 15:15

CG, IH, MO, PU

18

Site visit

19

SITE VISIT REVIEW (9-12)

20

Workshop

NUS

21

Workshop

NUS

22

SEMINARWEEK REVIEW (17-20)

NUS

Flight CGK 17:40 - SIN 20:25

23 24 W6

Flight SIN 21:05 - DOH 23:59

25 26

Flight DOH 01:30 - ZRH 06:30 Concluding Seminar Workshop

unit, block, kanpung

27 28 29 30 31 W7

APRIL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

[EASTER]

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

W8

8

PHASE 3

9

Introduction to visualisation

project development

10

JM

Atelier

JM

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

11 12 13 14 W9

15 16

10:00 present visualisations

project development

17 18 19 20 21 W10

22 23

MID TERM CRITIQUE

24

unit, block and kampung

CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests

HIL H35.1

project development

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

project development

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

25 26 27 28 W11

29 30 MAY

1

[LABOUR DAY]

2 3 4 5 W12

6 7

project development

8 9

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

CG, IH, MO, PU

Foyer

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

[ASCENSION]

10 11 12 W13

13 14

LAST REVIEW

15 16 17 18 19 W14

20

[PENTECOST]

21 22

layout and text

project development

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

synthesis, communication, visualisation

IH, MO, PU

Atelier

23 24 25 26 W15

27 28 29

FINAL CRITIQUE

CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests data and document delivery HIL H 55.3

CG, IH, MO, PU, Guests

9

Batavia 1910

10

Batavia 1921

PHASE 1 Unit research, Block structure, Site concept and identity

Phase 1 is about generating an approach to the Kampung unit in term of tectonics and typology. A series of exercises is programmed

to introduce the students to the typologies of the Kampung. This

includes the ability to individuate and develop themes specific

to the unit, its location and structure, and to develop prototypes capable of adapting to variable heights and water levels.

Site River Section The following themes need to be defined for the unit

19 FEBRUARY : INTRODUCTION 5-6 MARCH : MILLING WORKSHOP 13 MARCH : REVIEW AND TRIP PREPARATION Documents required: Project statement

Housing typologies 1:20- 1/50 Block configuration River Sections

Milled concept model Schemes & Diagrams

and the block:

- Defining a unit base structure

- Defining the ratio of workspace to dwelling

- Defining private and community spaces with circulation

- Developing new housing typologies and higher living levels - Understanding river front sections and river levels - Re-qualifying edge conditions according to: 1. Permanently wet 2. Semi-wet 3. Dry zone

Each urban block will need to resolve autonomously the: - Garbage collection

- Rainwater collection

- Sewage water collection The river block segment needs to define:

- Community gardens and fishponds (wadoks) - Meeting places and markets - Circulation and Networks - Natural habitat

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Batavia 1940

12

PHASE 2 Field trip to Jakarta and Singapore

15-24 MARCH : SEMINAR WEEK

developing a design hypothesis

Plane

Students will develop a preliminary design hypothesis over the

14 MARCH: ZRH 1515 - 2310 DOH

site reading, architecture, landscape and urban design -

course of their field trip. The goal is to confirm or question certain

architectural and landscape design ideas that appeared in phase 1.

Thursday 14.3.2013, check-in 13:30 15 MARCH: DOH 0220 - 1515 CGK

The proposed hypothesis must work at all 3 scales combined and

Bus transfer to the hotel in Jakarta:

the kampung and its relationship to the city and river.

Aston at Kuningan Suites Hotel

with students of the MLA programme at NUS, students of

Jakarta Capital Region 12920, Indonesia

needs to define a clear spatial and developmental organization for During the field trip and workshop, students will come together Architecture at U.I. Depok and students of landscape architecture

at IPB Bogor. They will be asked together to think about the unit, the block and the overall river landscape site, to determine a clear

Jl. Setiabudi Utara, Kuningan +62-21 526 0260

Taxi transfer to the Airport CGK

spatial hierarchy between them. The main question will be how

Plane

inversion of the status of the river from garbage disposer and

19 MARCH: CGK 17:40 - SIN 20:25

to “invert” the relationship of the kampung to the river? The cloaca to that of landscape riverfront will become a key element

Tuesday 19.3.2013, check-in 16:00

to the solution of the block, its common public spaces and units. It

Taxi transfer to the hotel in Singapore:

through at different scales and imagine how some of these ideas

Santa Grand Hotel West Coast

During the field trip students will be asked to concentrate their

Singapore 118769

is, therefore, important that students constantly work their ideas

may translate from the housing scale to the entire river scale. design on specific sections of Kanpung Melayu, Bukit Duri and Kampung Pulo.

Each student group during the workshop will be asked to present a clear design statement and formulate a future vision on: - The Kampung unit and its combinatory potential - The Kampung block and its specific answer to river edge conditions - Widening of the river with volume shifting and carving - Water collection systems (wadoks and cisterns) - Flood risks and levels - The new edge condition between River Park and City - Landscape vegetation strategies, such as urban forestry, habitat and urban farming

All these aspects are to be addressed by the kampong design project: - Water types, systems and surfaces - Vegetation, types, design and structures - Spatial qualities and ambiances - Urban uses and program - Architectural edges (water/land, open/built) - Maintenance and recycling(control/freedom)

- Accessibility and circulation(facilities/restrictions)

428 Pasir Panjang Road +65 6778 6788

Workshop NUS address: Create Way

Create Tower, University Town NUS Singapore Plane

Sunday 24.3.2013, check-in 19:30

24 MARCH: SIN 21:05 – 23:59 DOH

15 MARCH: DOH 01:30 – 06:30 ZRH Note that technical and IT equipment in Jakarta will be limited to an A4 printer, a video projector and Internet connection. Bringing

your own laptop and camera will be necessary, but physical models, sketches and drawing are a welcome as well.

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Batavia 1780

14

PHASE 3 The Kampung unit, block and site.

9-10 APRIL : VISUALIZATION WORKSHOP

This part of the studio will be devoted to developing unit types.

will give a workshop on visualisation. It will allow students to

Students will be asked to specify their approach to tectonics, block structure and density, site planning and river landscape.

In the Final Studio, students are asked to Each student team will

formulate an appropriate unit for the Kampung, and look at its

combinatory potential with the rest of the block under study.

The block presenting the unit will need to show possible phasing and construction schemes integrating the 3 priorities foreseen in addition to housing, i.e. rainwater collection, sewage and

recycling. In turn students must show how this will contribute to the melioration of the landscape along the Ciliwung. Site

work developed in phase 2 will become the basis of the designed “inversion� of the river. The overall landscape plan of the Kampung

developed by each team should give a complete reading of the place.

The goal of this final phase is to present a plausible vision for the future development of the kampong and its pertinence to other

neighbourhoods of Jakarta. The aim of this studio is to develop

answers to an acute environmental situation in Jakarta. The solution to this problem resides on the quality of the blocks to

be developed and transformed. Students will learn site planning through architecture and landscape combined. They will also

need to demonstrate a good level of site planning and topological modelling, and show how their designs can combine and accept natural processes within the city.

At the beginning of the final phase of the semester James Melsom

deepen your design further and to test various aspects such as

scale, scenography, spatial qualities and topological modulation.

The goal of this third final phase is to develop, elaborate and visualize a plausible approach to the future of the site. The visualizations will be discussed on the 16th of April.

23 APRIL : MIDTERM CRITIQUE Documents required:

Title and Statement

Plan with topographical indications Sections

Diagrams on water level variation 2 Visualizations Milled Model

14 MAY : LAST REVIEW

Students receive feedback on their design process.

28-29 MAY : FINAL CRITIQUE Documents required: Title and statement

Plans with contour lines Sections

Diagrams on water level variation Diagrams on site organization 3 Visualizations Milled models

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT

20 km

Jakarta 1975

Jakarta 1990

Jakarta 2000

Jakarta 2010

from Taubenböck H, Esch T, Felbier A, Wiesner M, Roth A & Dech S (2012): Monitoring of mega cities from space. In: Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 117, pp. 162-176.

Taubenböck H (2011): Diagnose aus dem All: Die gigantische Flächenexpansion von Megastädten. Geographische Rundschau. 3/2011, S. 62-65.

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Tjisadane

CILIWUNG WATERSHED

Cengkare ng Drain

Pademangan (North Jakarta)

Kali Angke

Gambir (Central Jakarta)

Kampung Melayu (South Jakarta)

Pancoran (South Jakarta)

Kali C il

iwun

g

Pondok Cina

Kali B e

nkasi

Pejaten Timur

Semplak

Bogor

Gadog

Ciliwung Watershed Perimeter, Ciliwung River - Jakarta

17

Gadog

Bogor

18

Semplak

Pondok Cina

19

Pejaten Timur

Pancoran (South Jakarta)

20

Kampung Melayu (South Jakarta)

Gambir (Central Jakarta)

21

Pademangan (North Jakarta)

22

VOCABULARY

To participate in discussions about landscape architecture design and aesthetics, each student should understand the following terminology:

DESIGN

MORPHOLOGY

aesthetics, and modify positively natural processes and dwelling on

organisms.The study of the structure of a landscape which includes

Making a set of specific topological decisions that affect spatial a given site. Design brings a new identity to both city and nature, it is through the modification of our landscape that both balance

The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of its modulations, inflections, natural systems and circulations.

and beauty can be found for times to come. Landscape design is

TOPOLOGY

broad variety of engineering and architectural concepts.

its existing or evolving structural and morphological properties (i.e:

particularly about adding value to urban planning and qualifying a

FRAME

A reference plane in which spatial and aesthetic relationships can

Topology is the precise study of a place (topos) capable of defining

the surface of the ground). It is also the study of complex surfaces and their dynamic deformations over space and time.

be studied over time.

DYNAMIC

partitions elements within a much broader milieu. It is also a point

or progress. A force that stimulates change or progress within a

A frame can be a structure that differentiates, combines, or of view that encapsulates the overall spirit of a design project.

a process or system characterized by constant change, activity, system or process.

DEVICE

SEDIMENTATION

developments over time. It is about conditioning a site in such a

on the surface of the land or the bottom of a body of water.

A device is an instrument that can be used to produce landscape manner that it engenders, produces and transforms landscape in a space/time relationship.

STRATEGY

Strategy in the context of landscape design talks about the art

and science of organizing forces on a territory to reach an aim. The science applied to the overall planning and conduct of large-scale

Particulate matter that is carried by water or wind and deposited

BANK

the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake BOG

wetland with acid, peaty soil, typically dominated by peat moss

operations.

CANAL

TOPOGRAPHY

ships inland or to convey water for irrigation

Topography is the graphic representation of the surface features

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or

of a landscape through on a map, indicating existing positions and

DAM

the landscape with a structured entity, showing the relations and

raise its level, the resulting reservoir being used in the generation

elevations of the terrain. It is also a tool of analysis and design for topographic transformation of its components. Generally speaking

a topographic map refers to the survey of a place or region, in

a barrier, typically of concrete, constructed to hold back water and of electricity or as a water supply

design it signifies the representation of the entire ground structure of a project.

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DELTA

Singapore, and Malaysia. In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a

typically where it diverges into several outlets

practice the culture of helping one another as a community, which

a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river,

DIKE

(construction) or levee: natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels DITCH

a water filled drainage trench

locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Malay and Indonesian villagers is better known as "joint bearing of burdens" (gotong royong), as

well as being family-oriented (especially the concept of respecting one's family), courtesy and believing in God ("Tuhan") as paramount

to everything else. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque, as all Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be prayed

for, and to receive Allah's blessings in the afterlife. Locally, the term is frequently used to refer to one's hometown.

DRAIN

LAGOON

waste

or coral reef. The enclosed water of an atoll. A small freshwater lake

a channel or pipe carrying off surplus liquid, esp. rainwater or liquid

ECOSYSTEM

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Freshwater ecosystems are among the earth

a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank near a larger lake or river. An artificial pool for the treatment of effluent or to accommodate surface water that overflows drains during heavy rain.

aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams

LOCK

ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats

water level can be changed by the use of gates and sluices, used for

and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation.

EROSION

the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents ESTUARY

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream FERRY, FERRYBOAT

a boat or ship for conveying passengers and goods, esp. over a relatively short distance and as a regular service.

short confined section of a canal or other waterway in which the raising and lowering vessels between two gates MARSH

an area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains waterlogged at all times. ‌ TIDAL MARSH

a type of marsh that is found along coasts and estuaries of which the flooding characteristics are determined by the tidal movement

of the adjacent estuary, sea or ocean. According to the salinity of the flooding water, freshwater, brackish and saline tidal marshes are distinguished. Respectively, they may be classified into coastal marshes and estuarine marshes.

FLOOD

POLDER

confines, esp. over what is normally dry land

protected by dikes, esp. in the Netherlands

an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal

a piece of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and

FLOOD BARRIER

POND

of floodgate, designed to prevent a storm surge or spring tide from

embanking.

A flood barrier, surge barrier of storm surge barrier is a specific type flooding the protected area behind the barrier KAMPUNG

a kampung is defined today as a village in Brunei, Indonesia,

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a small body of still water formed naturally or by hollowing or

SEDIMENT

particulate matter that is carried by water or wind and deposited on the surface of the land or the bottom of a body of water

SLUICE, SLUICE GATE

… GROUNDWATER

one in a lock gate

brackish water: water that has more salinity than fresh water, but

sliding gate or other device for controlling the flow of water, esp.

STORM SURGE

a rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm SOIL

the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown

material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles. … PEAT, OR TURF

accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp

forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world. … CLAY

sediment with particles smaller than silt, typically less than 0.004 mm. Thick clay deposits usually are formed as the result of a

secondary sedimentary deposition process after they have been

water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.

not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater

with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

… FRESH WATER

water naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater

in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and

other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater

and brackish water although it does include mineral rich waters such as chalybeate springs. … BRACKISH WATER

water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as

seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. The word

comes from the Middle Dutch root "brak," meaning "salten" or "salty"

eroded and transported from their original location of formation.

WATERSHED OR DRAINAGE BASIN

… SAND

water/an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to

a loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting

from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major

an area or region drained by a river, river system, or other body of different rivers, basins, or seas

constituent of beaches, riverbeds, the seabed, and deserts SWAMP

an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a

sources: wikipedia, apple english dictionnary, Thesaurus

bog or marsh.

TIDE

the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun

TRIBUTARY, AFFLUENT

a stream or river which flows into a main stem (or parent) river. A

tributary does not flow directly into a sea, ocean, or lake. Tributaries and the mainstem river serve to drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater by leading the water out into an ocean or some other large body of water.

25

STUDIO RULES

This studio deals with a complex site at various scales and we require that students work in groups of two.

The site visit is part of the process and mandatory for everyone.

The official „Design Studio“ days are Tuesdays and Wednesdays and we expect you to be present in the Studio from 10am to 6pm. This

allows us to give short-notice inputs and/or program modifications.

After the final critique, all students have to give a CD-Rom of their

final documents ( layout, plans and photos of models) in order to receive their grade. The file format will be announced later.

Uncompleted or late pin ups will not be acceptable and will not receive any final critique.

On critique and reviews days, it is mandatory to be present all day long.

Please check the ETH-homepage regurarely for the latest information. www.girot.arch.ethz.ch

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27

READINGS

‘Topology’ (Introduction) Christophe Girot ‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke ‘Rivers in Future Cities: The case of Ciliwung, Jakarta, Indonesia’ FCL Gazette: Module VII, Landscape Ecology ‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ Andre Corboz ‘Earth moves’ Bernard Cache ‘Topographical Stories’ David Leatherbarrow ‘Walkscapes’ Francesco Careri

28

Topology (Introduction) - Christophe Girot 29

Topology (Introduction) - Christophe Girot 30

from Topos 77 “Making Space“

‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ - Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke 31

‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ - Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke 32

‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ - Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke 33

‘Daring down the Plastic River in Jakarta’ - Christophe Girot, Jörg Rekittke 34

35

the problem of the Kali Ciliwung originates in Dutch colonial times when vast quantities of sugar cane refuse obstructed its course. Furthermore, the incessant disposal of solid waste directly into the river doesn’t help the situation today. Pollution of the Kali Ciliwung has reached a point of no return; and although kids from the kampungs still dive and swim in its murky waters, the presence of uncontrolled agricultural runoff, raw industrial pollution, untreated urban run-off, domestic household effluent and suspended fecal matter in its waters, poses severe health and environmental problems for Jakarta. Ciliwung means turbid water in local Sundanese language; with dregs and sediments of all sorts, one regrettably notes that the river lives-up to its name. Some call the Kali Ciliwung the “plastic river�; its bed and banks now consist of a thick “lasagna� of plastics, refuse and urban muck mixed-in with sediment. The goal of this study is to restore ecological equilibrium in this sullied river through a strong landscape vision and concerted plan of action.

CHRISTOPHE GIROT

and co-led by Professors Paolo Burlando, Adrienne GrĂŞt-Regamey, Liong Shie-Yui, and JĂśrg Rekittke.

Concerning water, Nikos Theodoratos studies the river’s hydrology at the catchment scale. Kashif Shaad, Diogo Da Costa and Dr Senthil Gurusamy, eco-hydraulics and water-quality researchers, develop detailed numerical models at the river scale to shed light on the problems of water quantity and quality.

In the social aspect, Derek Vollmer, working on ecosystem services, evaluates the trade-offs made and accepted when using the river. Michaela Prescott, as a researcher in landscape architecture, investigates SK\VLFDO GHVLJQV WKDW FDQ LPSURYH ÀRRG PDQDJHPHQW and advance remediation. Students of the Master of Landscape Architecture programme, of the National University of Singapore, are involved in developing a new set of design tools for urban landscape environments within a Design Research Studio.

2XU VWXG\ ZLOO SODFH DGGLWLRQDO IRFXV RQ VSHFLÂżF sites along the Ciliwung river namely, Kampung Melayu - downstream, urban, Tanjung Barat - midstream, suburban, and Ciawi - upstream, rural (Fig.3).

The upstream area is hilly and mountainous while the GRZQVWUHDP DUHD LV JHQHUDOO\ ÀDW 7KH RXWSXWV IURP the hydrologic modelling will be used by environmental planners and landscape architects to provide future scenarios and landscape design. This critical information will help hydrologists to simulate future scenarios to improve the hydrologic situation of the river.

SENTHIL GURUSAMY

=85,&+ ³(FRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV´ WKH EHQH¿WV WKDW SHRSOH GHULYH IURP HFRV\VWHPV VXFK DV D ULYHU KDV HPHUJHG DV D FRPPRQ ODQJXDJH LQFRUSRUDWLQJ VFLHQWL¿F LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VRFLHWDO YDOXHV :LWKLQ WKH &LOLZXQJ 5LYHU ZDWHUVKHG WKHVH VHUYLFHV LQFOXGH DPRQJ RWKHU WKLQJV ÀRRG SURWHFWLRQ JURXQGZDWHU UHFKDUJH IRRG SURGXFWLRQ DQG UHFUHDWLRQ :H DVVXPH WKDW D VXVWDLQDEOH IXWXUH VFHQDULR IRU WKH ZDWHUVKHG LQFOXGHV DQ RSWLPDO VXSSO\ RI the services residents demand.

Changes at one point along the river, such as converting agricultural land to urban settlements (Fig. 5), frequently trigger a change in services available at that and other sites. Decisions on these trade-offs are currently being made with little information on their consequences, leading to a non-optimal supply of services, particularly IRU GRZQVWUHDP UHVLGHQWV 7KXV D EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI ZKR EHQHÂżWV IURP RU LV KDUPHG E\ FKDQJHV WR WKH river could help planners develop strategies for land and resource use, and could also inform remedial policies and landscape designs to enhance the societal value of the river.

ADRIENNE GRĂŠT-REGAMEY

Framework for Sustainable Landscape Planning

SINGAPORE – The Landscape Ecology module engages in a vital plan of action for the Kali (river) Ciliwung.

Through advanced remote sensing, hydrological modelling and landscape visualising, the Kali Ciliwung can be restored as an environmental corridor for Jakarta.

From its source on the Mount Gede volcano, the Kali Ciliwung runs one hundred kilometres through a 500 km2 catchment covering areas of Bogor, Depok and Jakarta before merging with the Java Sea. How can a modest river cause such havoc in this overpopulated city? Why has it become the crucible of unimaginable environmental threats and woes? Prone to repetitive flash floods of cataclysmic proportions,

Can a group of doctoral researchers and students in landscape design, planning and environmental engineering help define a new topological approach to river restoration, design and management in Jakarta?

The Ciliwung Experiment

SINGAPORE – Jakarta, the Indonesian capital, is amongst cities which need great attention. Urbanisation has progressively waterproofed the surface of WKH FLW\ SUHYHQWLQJ UDLQ IURP LQ¿OWUDWLQJ DQG FDXVLQJ increased runoff to rivers. Uncontrolled extraction of ground water has led to land subsidence in the region.

The Ciliwung, is a major river of Jakarta. The river is being used for daily activities such as bathing and washing, as well as the dumping of garbage.

(QFURDFKPHQW RQ WKH ÀRRGSODLQ KDV QDUURZHG WKH width and reduced the river’s capacity.

Module VII Landscape Ecology, is an interdisciplinary team of researchers from diverse academic backgrounds who share a common interest in studying the components of water, ecology and landscape, and their interaction across both space and time. The YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH PRGXOH EULQJ LQ VSHFLÂżF information to the project that can be used for the advancement of the joint goals.

The project is led by Professor Christophe Girot,

Rapid urbanisation in developing countries brings about not only economic growth of cities, but also critically impacts society and environments.

Module VII: Landscape Ecology

SINGAPORE - An important part of the development of our approach will be the study of Ciliwung’s hydrology. We will develop a mathematical hydrologic computer model of the river’s catchment. It will help us understand the river’s present character and predict how future changes may affect it.

Flooding will be given special attention. How ‘impulsive’ LV &LOLZXQJ" ,V LW Ă€RRGLQJ IDVW RU GRHV LWV ÂľZUDWKÂś EXLOG XS slowly? Once it has inundated the city, how soon does it ‘calm down’? Our model can help us read the river’s ‘temperament’ DQG H[DPLQH YDULRXV Ă€RRG FRQWURO VFKHPHV The hydrologic study will consider the entire Ciliwung catchment. We will use a variety of data to develop the model including satellite topography, land-use maps, vegetation cover and soil properties. Input of past rainfall and river discharge will be used to test and adjust the model to ensure its close representsation of Ciliwung’s hydrology. Once adjusted, the model can be applied to predict future changes and scenarios.

The base model for the study is TOPKAPI-ETH, a distributed model. Distributed means that it works on the scale of the whole catchment, yet is still able to produce results for any given point within the catchment. These results can inform studies of the team at smaller scales such as the river corridor or the three focus sites. Similarly, inputs that DUH VSDWLDOO\ YDULHG UHÀHFWLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WRSRJUDSK\ soils, land-use, etc. across the catchment, may be used by the distributed model. This will allow us to incorporate the local studies’ results produced by the team. For example we can test how a landscape design scenario or a change in land-use may impact the river’s hydrology.

In this way an example of an interdisciplinary methodology is explored.

NIKOS THEODORATOS

How can our interdisciplinary team work together in a meaningful way? How can we exchange inputs and outputs and work as a single unit?

The Hydrologic Study: Understanding the River’s Character

ZURICH – River corridors are an important element of both natural and urban landscapes. The intensive exploitation of land resources close to rivers has progressively reduced them to narrow strips, which are often SROOXWHG DQG D VRXUFH RI ULVN GXULQJ ÀRRG HYHQWV 7KH &LOLZXQJ 5LYHU LV QR exception, particularly due to the rapid growth of Jakarta in recent decades.

The project aims at demonstrating that a change of paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible. By means of an interdisciplinary and iterative approach strongly based on conceptualization and mathematical modelling, we intend to identify, at selected spots along the river, local landscape FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV WKDW FRQWULEXWH WR UHKDELOLWDWH WKH ULYHU FRUULGRU 7KLV ZLOO EH DFKLHYHG E\ ¿UVW PRGHOOLQJ WKH K\GURORJ\ DQG K\GUDXOLFV RI WKH ULYHU WR SURYLGH DQ DQDO\VLV RI WKH ÀRRG ULVN DQG RI WKH IXQFWLRQLQJ RI VXUIDFH and groundwater processes, which the river corridor is presently capable of. The result will then guide the design of alternative river corridor local landscapes that can lead to a status of restored dynamic equilibrium between QDWXUDO DQG EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW WKXV UHGXFLQJ WKH ÀRRG ULVN DQG LPSURYLQJ the ecological functioning of the river, while maintaining the accessibility to water.

PAOLO BURLANDO

Rehabilitation of a River Corridor

Fold, Punch, File

12/03/2012

Date

12

Issue

Figure 3, Model of the Kali Ciliwung watershed showing three focus sites (Š LVML)

CIAWI

TANJUNG BARAT

KAMPUNG MELAYU

FCL – Future Cities Laboratory Singapore ETH Centre for Global Environmental Sustainability (SEC) 1 Create Way, #06-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602 gazette @ fcl.arch.eth.ch

Published by

Executive Editor: Stephen Cairns Editors: Senthil Gurusamy, Michaela Prescott, Nikos Theodoratos

Editorial Team

Ciliwung River, Watershed Modelling, Eco-hydraulics, Water Quality, Landscape Ecology, Ecosystem Services, Landscape Architecture

Tags

G A ZETTE

FCL – Future Cities Laboratory

Figures 1 and 2, Encroachment and garbage disposal (Senthil Gurusamy, 2012)

DEPOK

BOGOR

JAKARTA

Module VII: Landscape Ecology

Rivers in Future Cities: The Case of Ciliwung, Jakarta, Indonesia

36

Water Quality Parameters within Kampung Melayu The image above shows a stretch of the Ciliwung River in Kampung Melayu, Jakarta. The lack of adequate water supply and wastewater systems forces the population to make direct use of the river both as a source and a disposal site. The activities take place side by side. The river is in fact the perfect vehicle for disease propagation in these communities.

Many rivers around the world experience quality problems due to natural causes but many more have their conditions degraded due to human activities. This is definitely the case of the Ciliwung River. The combination of rich organic loadings and natural tropical conditions, such as high temperatures, is the perfect condition for intense bacteriological activity. This leads to oxygen depletion affecting the whole trophic chain. Consequently the ecosystem is unbalanced as specific species tend to dominate.

Modelling the water quality in the river and its interactions with groundwater will help us understand the fate and transport of contaminants throughout this water body and provide a platform for forecasting concentrations in the river under different future development scenarios.

DIOGO DA COSTA

Figure 4, Kali Ciliwung at Kampung Melayu (Diogo Da Costa, 2012)

site - will be presented a series of scenarios for the future landscape along the river. The attributes that participants will be rating will LQFOXGH ÀRRG DQG KHDOWK ULVN UHGXFWLRQ DQG amenity enhancements. We will also include information about upstream changes in the watershed, such as urban growth boundaries, that would be necessary to sustain proposed SINGAPORE - Envisioning a sustainable conditions downstream. The experiment will future for the Ciliwung watershed and its be paper-based but will incorporate detailed UHVLGHQWV UHTXLUHV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI VFLHQWL¿F visual cues such as 3-D renderings of the site knowledge, detailed landscape design, and GHVLJQ FRQFHSWV WR HI¿FLHQWO\ FRQYH\ LQIRUPDstakeholder feedback. For example, informa- tion about the scenarios. These scenarios will tion on the interaction of the watershed’s UHÀHFW FRQGLWLRQV H J DQQXDO ÀRRG OHYHO

biophysical components (land, water, and predicted by our suite of hydrologic models, ÀRUD IDXQD VKRXOG SURYLGH D EDVH IRU GHVLJQ EXW ZLOO DOVR UHÀHFW LGHDV JHQHUDWHG DW D SUH LQWHUYHQWLRQV WKDW DOVR UHÀHFW LQ SDUW WKH experiment workshop where residents can needs and desires of those affected by the provide initial input into future visions for intervention. Integrating these three factors the site. into an iterative process is no small task.

Data collected through the choice experiFor the purposes of our research, a choice ment can provide insights into local preferexperiment will be conducted, as a way to HQFHV ZKLFK FDQ WKHQ EH IHG EDFN LQWR UHÂżQHG analyze residents’ preferences for potential designs and can also help identify issues where design interventions based on our best under- more detailed hydrologic modeling would be standing of the natural boundary conditions of needed. The quantitative data will include inthe river. We are particularly interested in the dicators of a societal willingness-to-pay for value residents assign to the river corridor’s certain changes to the landscape, which could ecosystem services and the trade-offs they EH HLWKHU IDFWRUHG LQWR D SROLF\ FRVW EHQHÂżW are willing to make to obtain a given level analysis or used to help develop new “marketsâ€? of services. for ecosystem services. The latter option will Choice experiments simulate a realistic be considered in a subsequent research task, as decision-making context, to elicit data about D Ă€H[LEOH PHFKDQLVP WKDW ZRXOG EH FRQVLVWHQW relative preferences for attributes of a complex with metropolitan Jakarta’s existing marketgood, in this case, a landscape. Participants - led approach to urban development. residents in and around the Kampung Melayu DEREK VOLLMER

Integrating Science, Design, and Local Preferences for Changes to the Environment

SINGAPORE - The Design Research Studio on the Kali

SINGAPORE - Kampung Melayu-Bukit Duri is an urban village within a river. The river corridor, as defined by the limit of the major flood of 2007, faces increasingly dense settlement and infrastructural development, and suffers extreme environmental degradation.

The site’s ecology is no longer primarily natural; it is now heavily characterised by its anthropogenic influences.

Burgeoning urbanisation of the river’s banks, which are at times barely discernible beneath the varied architectures of the kampung (Fig. 1), decreases the capacity of the river and reduces surface permeability affecting groundwater recharge. The terrain of the banks is a complex of layered plastics, organic matter and earth, punctuated by unregulated sewage outlets discharging directly into the Kali Ciliwung. Drainage infrastucture within the urban environment is inadequate. It offers too little capacity with insufficient grading causing blockage and stagnancy, increasing disease, malodor and general risk of flooding.

The river itself is the backside of the urban village, suffering a lack of public access and opportunity for meaningful interaction, apart from key crossing points (Fig. 6), toileting barges (Fig. 4), and a number of spaces that are available for community use. It cannot be claimed that ‘landscape’ has no value within the kampung, in fact, if tied into an ecosystem services perspective its function is clearly valued. The landscape of the terrain and the river is considered as a service – and exploited as such. Terrain becomes public space for recreational and community use. This includes private stoops and frontages for meeting, the establishment of informal gardens, and intermittent plantings of productive trees harvested for edible and construction needs. The river is used as a space for recreation and transport, but is valued more greatly as a bathroom and laundry and a distributor of waste, including sewage and garbage (Figs 2 and 4).

This project calls for the development of an understanding of the current and future place of the kampung within the river.

MICHAELA PRESCOTT SINGAPORE - The delicate interface between freshwater and land forms one of the most contested areas of human habitation. Increased anthropological forcing in these areas has posed serious questions about the environmental and human risk. A case in SRLQW LV WKH &LOLZXQJ 5LYHU ÀRZLQJ WKURXJK WZR UDSLGO\ growing metropolitan areas, Jakarta and Bogor. The burgeoning population on its banks and stretching of resources offered by the river in a sustainable way, has transformed it from a healthy life supporting WURSLFDO ULYHU WR RQH WKDW LV ÀRRG SURQH DQG NQRZQ IRU FDUU\LQJ PRUH ¿OWK WKDQ ¿VK 7R PDQDJH WKH LPSDFW on the environment along the river, one must take into account the intense exploitation of the river and its basin coupled with the rapid change of its surroundings. This involves considering not just the quantity and quality of water in the river, but the hydraulic system as a whole. :DWHU VWRUHG DQG WUDQVPLWWHG E\ DTXLIHUV LV usually overlooked or treated separately as it is YLVXDOO\ KLGGHQ DQG GLI¿FXOW WR PRQLWRU +RZHYHU LW plays a crucial role in the water cycle being a readily exploitable reserve, regulating the vegetation that WKH VXUIDFH FDQ VXSSRUW DQG LQÀXHQFLQJ WKH ULYHU system above it. Interactions, therefore, between the hydraulics on the surface and in the subsurface have both long and short term implications. Strides made in computational sciences offer possibilities of building such complexities into numerical models. The ability to develop sophisticated methods that allow engineers, architects and designers to deal with both the surface and sub-surface components in a comprehensive yet detailed manner is essential for understanding the system as one whole.

KASHIF SHAAD

JĂ–RG REKITTKE and CHRISTOPHE GIROT

Ciliwung in Jakarta involves a dozen NUS Master of Landscape $UFKLWHFWXUH VWXGHQWV ZRUNLQJ RQ WKHLU ÂżQDO VHPHVWHU XQGHU WKH direction of NUS Professor JĂśrg Rekittke and ETH Professor Christophe Girot. Three internal workshops taught respectively

by Alexandre Kapellos from the ETH in Rhino modelling and CNC milling, James Melsom from the ETH in landscape visualising and drone operations, and Philip Paar from Berlin LQ ¿HOG UHFRQQDLVVDQFH DQG JHR GDWD PLQLQJ LQ -DNDUWD KDYH set the operational framework and methodology of the studio. :RUN KDV IRFXVHG RQ WKH ULYHU DV LW FURVVHV WKH ÀRRG SURQH Kampung Melayu and Bukit Duri neighbourhoods of Jakarta.

The studio has so far yielded a set of extremely precise GIS-located cross sections of the river. This has enabled experimentation with detailed 3D photo stitching of certain sections under study. The goal of this studio has been to develop a new set of design tools and methodologies capable of dealing with the physical and spatial complexity of such urban landscape environments. It will result in a set of comprehensive landscape design guidelines for the melioration of the river in Jakarta. The underlying thesis is that landscape architecture can take the lead in restoring the ecology of this river in a complex urban context. :LWK D KHDOWK\ GRVH RI KHXULVWLF WHUUDLQ DQDO\VLV LQYROYLQJ VRPH EUHDNQHFN EUDYDGR WKH WHDP WULHV WR GHYHORS D ¿UVW foothold on the Ciliwung River in the slums of Jakarta. Further design research studios could serve as an example for the design and management of tropical watersheds within dense urban agglomerations in – and even beyond – the tropics. The goal is to set some clear topological rules with hydrologists, ODQGVFDSH DUFKLWHFWV DQG SODQQHUV WR GH¿QH D VRXQG ZD\ RI restructuring the river ecologically in response to prediction PRGHOV DQG WKH UHDOLW\ RI ÀRRGLQJ

Design Research Studio on the Kali Ciliwung

Figure 7, MLA students within Kampung Melayu (Senthil Gurusamy, 2012)

The Kampung within the Kali Ciliwung

Figure 6, Boat dock for river crossing within Kampung Melayu-Bukit Duri (Michaela Prescott, 2012)

Hydraulics in Ecosystems and Human Environments

Figure 5, The upstream site of Ciawi, eyed for development (Kashif Shaad, 2012)

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 37

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 38

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 39

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 40

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 41

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 42

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 43

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 44

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 45

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 46

‘Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities’ - Hadi Susilo Arifin, Nobukazu Nakagoshi 47

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 48

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 49

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 50

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 51

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 52

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 53

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 54

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 55

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 56

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 57

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 58

‘Das Territorium als Palimpsest’ - Andre Corboz 59

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‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

61

62

‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

63

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‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

‘Earth moves’ - Bernard Cache

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66

‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

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68

‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

‘Topographical Stories’ - David Leatherbarrow

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70

‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

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‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri

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‘Walkscapes’ - Francesco Careri