Student Research Book Fall 2013 - Ryan Carbone

BUILD

ON THE SIDE OF A

VOLCANO

Architecture of Resistance and Resilience

Ryan Carbone

Advisor: Peter Waldman M.Arch 2014

BUILD

ON THE SIDE OF A

VOLCANO

Architecture of Resistance and Resilience

PHASE

I of IV

I. INITIAL RESEARCH

II. SUPPLEMENTAL RESEARCH III. SUMMER TRAVEL IV. PROJECT DESIGN

SUBMITTED December 3rd, 2013

Ryan Carbone

Advisor: Peter Waldman M.Arch 2014

(Img. 1)

(Img. 2)

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ESCHATOLOGY

CITADEL

CIVIC PARTICIPATION

INSTABILITY

MILITARY NETWORKS

SKY + EARTH

DEFENSIVE

CREATIVE EVOLUTION

URBAN CONFLICT

VOLCANIC OPTIMISM

FLOWS

HIDDEN “IKASTOLAS”

GUERNICA, SPAIN

RECURRENT DUALITIES

ALEPPO, SYRIA

GRAVITY

CYCLOPEAN WALLS

LIFE FORCES / CONTINUITY

CREATING DECAY

CREATING COMMUNITY

ENCLOSURE VS. RESILIENCE + ENGAGEMENT RESISTANCE

THE WALL + THE SHEILD

SUNRISE SUNSET

TOXIC NARRATIVE

INFRASTRUCTURE

20TH C.= RECONSTRUCTION SOCIAL EARTH CORE + CENTURY OF WAR ARCHITECTURE SATELLITES

FAMILIAR STRANGERS

A ROOM + A CITY

EMBRACING MYTHS

AERIAL ATTACKS

CELESTIAL ORIENTATION

RETURN TO ENDURANCE

PRIMARY FIGURES

Thomas Malthus

Henri Lefebvre

Joseph Rykwert

Thomas Malthus

Stephen Graham

Jacques Derrida

Pablo Picasso

Henri Bergson

Dalibor Veseley

Pier Vittorio Aurelli

Friedrich Nietzsche

Paul Virilio

This proposal uses the recurrent duality of creation and destruction as a framework for understanding the increasing instability of 21st century cities.

The present ideology of military urbanism is shifting the primary role of the city from community engagement to defensive protection.

For this proposal, the city of Aleppo, Syria will serve as the focal point due to its remarkably long timeline of existence, as well as its relevance today as a site of extreme civilian and urban warfare.

The goal is to locate a project of resistance that uses gravity and celestial orientation as methods of stability.

ABSTRACT This is a proposal that examines the recurrent duality of creation and destruction of architectural form in urban landscapes and the consequent affect that is has on cultures and communities.

This dialectical nature of architecture serves as a framework for interpreting the highly complicated systems of contemporary society.

In other words, what on the surface today seem like unrecognizable forces, have in reality, been receding and emerging at various points of history under a variety of conditions. For this proposal, the city of Aleppo, Syria will be the focal point due to its remarkably long timeline of existence, as well as its relevance today as a site of extreme urban warfare.

The city of Guernica, Spain and Picasso’s painting of the same name will serve as points of reference.

The title refers to a phrase used by Friedrich Nietzsche to describe a state of danger and instability that will lead to a life of perpetual creativity. It is this sense of conflict and instability that I recognize as an increasingly common state of global society. Likewise, the image of a volcano can serve as a model for forces that lay dormant under the surface but can, at any moment, become activated to disturb the ground plane, consequently creating new landscapes.

This presents a link between forces of nature, consistency of oppositions and again, the role of recurrent dualities that portray the world as a constantly changing system of cycles.

This can be enforced through the study of Eschatology as a means of seeing the world as an infinite collection of eras, which, upon the destruction of each one, forms a new era; an infinite existence.

Questions inevitably arise surrounding the issue of how to face this instability and conflict. With instability comes the opportunity to pause and reflect upon the contemporary scenario, acknowledging the ground and force of gravity as well as the stars and celestial arrangements above. It is my intention to prove that these moments of reflection could result in an Architecture of Resistance and Resilience that will shape the form and trajectory of cities facing these conditions of instability and conflict.

Development of Underground Schools (Ikastolas) Physical Recovery Separated From Emotional Recovery

Fascism vs.

Democracy

Picasso and Global Recognition

Delayed Infrastructure

British Invade U.S. 1814

WTC Berlin 2001 1945

Subdued Rebuilding

End of Eran = Beginning of Eran+1

“Vital Impetus” to create spurs evolution

Thomas Cole Fortified City

A Model For Contemporary City?

Walls of Enclosure

Achilles’ Wooden Horse

Why Rebuild?

Gravity

Henri Bergson

Examples Guernica, Spain

Gates of Unification

Joshua’s Trumpet

Infinite Existence

Palmanova, Italy

Methods of Subversion

Reflect Upon Constants

Atlanta 1864

Resilience/ Resistance

Civil Wars

Beirut 1980’s

Celestial Orientation

Eschatology/ Creative Evolution

Aleppo, Syria

Pause/ Slow Down Society

Border Crossing

WWI WWII Hiroshima 1945

Urbicide

Cities of Conflict

Constant Conflict

Guerilla Warfare

Urbanity = Culture Therefore Urbicide = Death of Culture?

New Space For Julian Assange

International Wars

OK City 1995

Recurrent Dualities

Terrorism

Halabja, Iraq 1988 WTC 2001

Embassy

Possible Projects

System of Resistance Built From Within Building

Instability

New Fortress

Urban Densification Resource Competition

Sunrise and Sunset

Deconstruction Volcano

Creation and Destruction

Devastation

Trojan War Biblical Stories Sodom and Gomorrah The Great Flood

“Rape of the Sabines”

New Possibilites

Surface Ruptures

Background of Taking Apart Before Putting Together

Subsurface Alters Topography The Series of Plagues Freud: Unconscious Alters Conscious

Gordon Matta-Clark

LOGIC MAP

I. Cities of Conflict

II. Instability

III. Recurrent Dualities

IV. Resilience + Resistance

V. Eschatology

VI. Pause / Slow Down, Society

VII. Possible Projects

INITIATION

5 Great Hindu Elements

pancha mahabhuta FRICTION

WATER jala FIRE agni

EARTH bh큰mi

AIR pavan

PAUSE

ETHER akash

CONTENTS MONDAY

I. Cites of Conflict

Between Malthus and Weizman 1.human disasters 2.constant conflict 3.urban guerrillas 4.the urban battlefield

TUESDAY

II. Instability

Between Lefebvre and Graham 5.volcanic optimism 6.devastation -> new possibilities 7.in defense of infrastructure 8.crisis of geography

WEDNESDAY

III. Recurrent Dualities Between Rykwert and Derrida

9.creation and destruction 10.continuity and fragmentation

THURSDAY

IV. Resilience + Resistance Between Picasso and Aurelli

11.participation is war 12.CASE STUDY / guernica, spain 13.CASE STUDY / guernica, picasso 14.CASE STUDY / palmanova, italy

+ aleppo, syria

FRIDAY

V. Eschatology

Between Bergson and Nietzsche 15.why rebuild?...

16.creative evolution 17.embracing myth 18.embracing decay

SATURDAY

VI. Pause. Slow Down, Society Between Veseley and Virilio

19.speed and the military 20.a network existence 21.reflect upon constants

SUNDAY

VII. Spaces Unknown 22.possible design experiments 23.gravity: caves + orbits 24.are we building communities?

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I. Cites of Conflict

Between Malthus and Weizman 1.human disasters 2.constant conflict 3.urban guerrillas 4.the urban battlefield

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This discussion begins by focusing on the city as a primary unit of human civilization.

For the first time ever, more than half of the world’s population lives in a city. The effect this is producing at the local and global scale is still uncertain. One clear trend, however, is the surging frequency and intensity of conflict within the urban environment. The unprecedented influx of new residents to already swelling cities is putting enormous stresses on networks of commodities, infrastructure, and civic amenities. Competition for scare resources is dividing populations into warring neighborhood factions that threaten to dissolve the dynamic, heterogenous fabric of community. Taken as the first of seven chapters, this serves as an introduction to what can be viewed as a rapidly mutating urban landscape that presents new challenges to the architect, designer, and citizen.

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1 Human Disasters It became clear early in the process that a distinction needed to be made between the various types of disasters and conflicts that have emerged throughout human existence. This body of information boiled down to two camps: either natural disasters or human-inflicted disasters.

For the purposes of this study, natural disasters have been discounted because they tend to occur over a short period of time, and the interest here lies in conflicts that have transformed from temporary to permanent states of existence.

DISASTERS chemical weapons biological weapons arson bombing/gunfire

atlanta:1864 beirut:1980s

chemical weapons biological weapons bombing/gunfire

world wars i,ii

nuclear weapons

hiroshima:1945

explosives

oklahoma city:1995

chemical weapons

halabja,iraq:1988

biological weapons bombing/gunfire hijacked planes

wtc:2001

nuclear weapons displacement

u.s. cities:1950-60s

reformatted from “The Resilient City�, chart I-1

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18th century English philosopherThomas Maluthus (Img. 4)

Thomas Malthus predicted that the frequency of conflicts would increase as world resources dwindle and population figures grow.

Population

CRISIS Resources

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year 10000 bc

Crowd psychology: the loss of individuality for the sake of participating in a collective symbol of unity.

Elias Canetti

20th century philosopher Elias Canetti (Img. 5)

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year 2000

As military strategist and urbanist, David Kilcullen has suggested, population growth and urbanization has accelerated in an intertwined process that is putting enormous stress on cities that are simply unprepared to handle these new tides of people. In one generation, cities will need to absorb the same population growth that occured over the span of recorded history up until 1960.1

1 - Kilcullen, (2013); 29.

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“IN THE NEXT 20 YEARS, THE ARAB WORLD’S POPULATION WILL NEARLY DOUBLE WHILE SUPPLIES OF GROUNDWATER WILL DIMINISH.” 2

2 - Kaplan, (2009); 101.

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2 Constant Conflict Our exisence has been dominated by the presence of war, but this has traditionally manifested itself as an armed conflict between two sovereign states. The shrinking of the world through its increased state of connectedness has led to a blurred understanding of war as a general phenomenon.

“There may be a cessation of hostilities at times and in certain places, but lethal violence is present as a constant potentiality, ready always and everywhere to erupt.”

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It is important to note, however, that in addition to the frequency of war, the appearance of war has changed recently.

Starting in the early 20th century with World War I, there has been no reprieve of global conflict. This presents the impression that war is no longer the exemption to existence but rather the norm. Military sociologists refer to this as “militarization”, which functions counterintuitively to civic society in that it prepares citizens for an existence dominated by violence.

3 - Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2004); 4.

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WºRLD WªR I (Img. 6)

WºRLD WªR II (Img. 7)

CºLD WªR (Img. 8)

GULF WªR (Img. 9)

ªFGªNISTªN WªR (Img. 10)

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the perpetual war

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this full spread from “Architecture of Peace�, Volume 26, depicts the normalization of the state of war throughout the world since the end of World War II

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(Img. 11)

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Another facet of constant conflict is the growing trend of urbicide taking place in cities facing great instability. Urbicide is a term promoted by Serbian architect Bogdan Bogdanovic´ to describe the intentional violence against a city that was witnessed in Sarajevo in the early 1990’s. It is the destruction of urban conditions so as to prevent the heterogeneous composition of a city from forming. Stephen Graham argues that it is, in fact, not only the physical violence against buildings but truly a form of genocide. 4

s, los angele usa sion of mass subver

4 - Graham, S. (2004); 141.

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Over the past 20 years there has been a rise of anti-city setiments throughout regions of instability. For example, in South Africa violence erupted between supporters of the ethnically-based Inkatha tribe and the more urban, civic-nationalist ANC group. 5 The city tends to embody progressive, liberal ideologies that threaten certain groups, causing them to retaliate against the city and its built forms.

sarajevo, bosnia ing civic target tructure infras

jerusalem, st bank n and gaza,ofwe restrictio cycles ction destru

ayodhya, india

mogadishu, somalia

lagos, a nigeri licies land po

south africa

5 - Ibid, 144.

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Spread from Rem Koolhaas’ “CONTENT”

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(Img. 12)

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3 Urban Guerrillas Those responsible for inflicting urbicide are often considered urban guerrillas due to their revolutionary spirit.

Dating back to 1789, French peasants revolted against the aristocratic rulers based within the city. Socialists and Communists followed suit in St. Petersburg in 1917 and Barcelona in 1936. The Stalinized guerrillas of China, however, employed an authoritarian principle of their own to encircle cities and suffocate their creative dynamics.

Generally speaking, it has been observed that with increased urbanization comes greater dependence on complex infrastructural networks. Armed groups of rogue guerrillas carry enough power to isolate these networks and pinch them in order to gain leverage against other guerrillas. They are able to control food checkpoints, water distribution and other critical elements of survival that severely compromises the collective health of the city.

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African union troops with weapons, radios and ammunition.(Img. 13)

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4 The Urban Battlefield Dating back to at least 1996, it has been recognized that the city will become the new battlefield. According to

“The future of warfare lies in the streets, sewers, highrise buildings, industrial parks, and the sprawl of houses, shacks and shelters that form the broken cities of our world.� This shifts an Ralph Peters,

6

enormous burden onto the design of cities as a response to this phenomenon. Implied here is the imperative to adjust urban design strategies to accommodate new realities of urban densification, guerrillas’ access to weapons, street layouts and cross-sections, and the provision and defense of necessary infrastructure.

6 - Peters, R. (1996); 43.

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“The city [is] not just the site, but the very medium of warfare - a flexible, almost liquid medium that is forever contingent and in flux.�

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7

Battle of Hiroshima, Japan.(Img.14) 7 - Weizman, E. (2005); 53.

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Destruction in Gaza, 2008.(Img.15)

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II. Instability

Between Lefebvre and Graham 5.volcanic optimism 6.devastation -> new possibilities 7.in defense of infrastructure 8.crisis of geography

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Taken as Part 2 of this “Initiation� phase of the proposal, the following section briefly elaborates on the resultant instability that exists within cities of conflict. Tensions, fears, and violence are spreading like the plague throughout cities that lack the proper foundations to cope properly.

This touches upon political, cultural, and geographical situations that at times overlap to increase the potential threat of chaos and disorder. This is not, however, to suggest that instability always ends in tragedy. Creativity is spawned from crises, rather than the status quo. As a discipline, architecture straddles both sides. By examining moments of instability and working within an environment that does not offer pre-conceived solutions, architecture has the potential to continue to expand its range and diversity in its responses to contemporary and future crises throughout the world.

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5 Volcanic Optimism The notion of instability is embedded within the essence of a volcano. The surroundings are under the constant threat of an impending eruption. A cross-section reveals “normal” condtions above the surface yet volatile conditions directly underneath simultaneously. This mirrors the logic of the conscious / unconscious dialectic revealed by Sigmund Freud at the turn of the 20th century. Extending that logic even further, one can draw a connection to Henri Lefebvre and the concept of “moments”. For Lefebvre, the “moment” is a point of rupture - “ephemeral, euphoric, revelatory of the total, radical, sometimes revolutionary possibilities latent in everyday life...” 8 So a language is beginning to develop that links the mechanics of the mind with the geotectonics of the Earth in order to produce spatial conditions that embrace instability. This ties back to the suggestion put forth by Friedrich Nietzsche to build one’s house on the side of a volcano because it guarantees a life of fertile creativity.

(Img. 18)

8 - Hays, K.M. (2000); 146.

(Img. 19)

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unconscious alters conscious

Sigmund Freud (Img. 16)

ruptures expose new possibilities

Henri Lefebvre (Img. 17)

(Img. 20)

(Img. 22)

(Img. 21)

Paris 1968...A Moment

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1 Attack on the World Trade Center, September 11, 2001(Img. 23)

Devastation

6

New Possibilities

Each of the three subjects shown here depicts a scene of devastation that has ultimately led to new possibilities and new futures. Terrorism spawned a refocus on civic renewal in New York, a painting depicts the birth of Romans, while international war created an opportunity for a new identity.

1

WTC 2001

2

“The Rape of The Sabine Women�

3

Berlin 1945

A city unites to rebuild

A new race of Romans is created via abduction

A break in continuity to forget Nazism

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The Sabine Hills surrounding Rome; source of new race (Img. 24)

2 “The Rape of the Sabine Women” by Pietro da Cortona (Img. 25)

55,000,000 m3 of Rubble 9

3 Berlin, Alexanderplatz (Img. 26)

9 - Vale, L. J., & Campanella, T. J. (2005); 118.

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Caterpillar - Armored D-9 Bulldozer (Img. 27)

7 In Defense of Infrastructure Every city relies upon highly complex arrangements of infrastructure in order to operate. This knowledge fuels the direction of terrorist and guerrilla groups intent on disrupting the functioning of civilian life. Attacks on these physical elements have become more surgical in nature, a move away from massive aerial bombardments of the mid-20th century. Today, a new weapon has emerged the D-9 Bulldozer manufactured by Caterpillar. This is a machine specifically designed to protect the operator while clearing away rubble, buildings, and other structures. 10

10 - Graham, S. (2004); 195.

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Masked Militants

The bulldozer has been re-imagined as a weapon capable of massive transformation within the city

(Img. 29)

(Img. 28)

(Img. 30)

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intentional destruction of infrastructure

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series of video stills showing a D-9 bulldozer claw destroying a Palestinian road and water network (April 2002) (Img. 31)

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bulldozing landscapes

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using the D-9, the practice of erecting walls continues in the Middle East with the recent division between Israel and the West Bank

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(Img. 32)

+ 360 km in length + 2 km “buffer zone”

(Img. 33)

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systemized enemies

This is a system devised by United States Air Force strategist, John Warden, that prioritizes certain levels of attack over others. For instance, political leadership is the priority at the center, followed by infrastructure, food and energy. The actual enemy fighting forces represent the lowest

1ST ORDER EFFECTS

2ND ORDER EFFECTS

3RD ORDER EFFECTS

No light after dark or in building interiors

Erosion of command and control capabilities

Greater logistics complexity

No refrigeration

Increased requirement for power generating equipment

Decreased mobility

Some stoves/ovens non-operable

Increased requirement for night vision devices

Decreased situational awareness

Inoperable hospital electronic equipment

Increased reliance on battery-powered items for news, broadcasts, etc.

Rising disease rates

No electronic access to bank accounts/money

Shortage of clean water for drinking, cleaning and preparing food

Rising rates of malnutrition

Disruption in some transportation and communication services

Hygeine problems

Increased numbers of non-combatants required assistance

Disruption to water supply; treatment facilities and sanitation

Inability to operate and process some foods

DifďŹ culty in communicating with non-combatants

Levels of Disruption to Civil Society (reproduced here) (Img. 34)

level of attention. Taken one step further, Edward Felker of the US Air War College, Air University, has suggested that civilian infrastructure is, in reality, what constitutes society. His model to the right depicts Infrastructure as a pervasive element throughout all levels of society.

This is elaborated upon in the chart of 1st Order, 2nd Order, and 3rd Order effects according to the level of infrastructure damaged. Again, this represents the militarization of the city through its devaluing of civilian society.

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INF

S AL E UR

OR G

LDED FORCES FIE ULATION POP ESSEN IC TI AN STRUCT A R LEADERSHIP

John Warden’s Model (reproduced here) (Img. 35)

ES

LEADER SH

I

POPULA TI ON

.

FIELDED FO RC

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IP

INFRASTRUCTURE

IC ESSENTIA GAN LS OR

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Edward Felker’s Model (reproduced here) (Img. 36)

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On the Doctrine of Shock and Awe

“Shutting the country down would entail both the physical destruction of appropriate infrastructure and the shutdown and control of the flow of all vital information and associated commerce [that would] achieve a level of national shock akin to the effect that dropping nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on the Japanese.� 11 -Authors of the Doctrine, Harlan Ullman and James Wade

11 - Graham, S. (2011); 275.

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(Img. 37)

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ouses are destroyed, olive trees uprooted,“Houses are destroyed, olive trees uprooted,

ange

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ography.”

geography.”

ouses are destroyed, olive trees uprooted, orange“Houses are destroyed, olive trees uprooted, orange

oves

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nk. Never has such an inoffensive machine struck metank. Never has such an inoffensive machine struck me

being more of a harbinger of silent violence. Theas being more of a harbinger of silent violence. The

utality of war.

r.

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“Houses are destroyed, olive trees uprooted,“Houses are destroyed, olive trees uproote orange

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is war that has achieved the upper hand overis war that has achieved the upper hand ov geography.”

geography.”

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upper hand over geography.”

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upper hand over geography.”

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groves

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laid

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visibility...The bulldozer one runs acrossvisibility...The bulldozer one runs acro at every roadside seems as much a part ofat every roadside seems as much a part

the strategy in the ongoing war as the tank.the strategy in the ongoing war as the tan

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me as being more of a harbinger of silentme as being more of a harbinger of sile violence.

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it is said, determines war.

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Geograph

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is war that has achieved the upper hand overis war that has achieved the upper hand ov geography.”

geography.”

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laid

waste...to

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laid

12

waste...to

improve...visibility...T

bulldozer one runs across at every roadside seems asbulldozer one runs across at every roadside seems

- Christian Salmon of the Autodafe writers’ collective

much a part of the strategy in the ongoing war as themuch a part of the strategy in the ongoing war as t tank. Never has such an inoffensive machine struck metank. Never has such an inoffensive machine struck

12 - Graham, (2004); 199. as being more of a harbinger of silent violence. Theas being more of a harbinger of S.silent violence. T

brutality of war. war.

Geography, it is said, determinesbrutality of war.

In palestine it is war that has achieved thewar.

Geography, it is said, determin

In palestine it is war that has achieved t

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8 Crisis of Geography The crisis here refers back to the work of Thomas Malthus in that the Earth has only a finite amount of energy, space, and resources to offer, yet the trend of human inhabitation is tracing a path in conflict with that reality. Specifically, Yale professor Paul Bracken declared in 1999 that a “crisis of room” was taking shape that would transform the limited size of the Earth into a force of instability. This force intensifies through the rapid militarization of the planet and the ability to maintain “control” over certain scenarios vanishes.

(Img. 38)

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“Artificial borders will crumble and become more fissiparous, leaving only rivers, deserts, mountains, and

r i v e r s , d e s e r t s , m o u n t a i n s

other enduring facts of geography.

e n d u r i n g g e o g r a p h y

Indeed, the physical features of the landscape may be the only reliable guides left to understanding the shape of future conflict. Like rifts

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in the Earth’s crust that produce physical instability, there are areas

p h y s i c a l i n s t a b i l i t y

in Eurasia that are more prone to conflict than others. These “shatter

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zones” threaten to implode, explode, or maintain a fragile equilibrium.

And not surprisingly, they fall within that unstable inner core of Eurasia:

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the greater Middle East, the vast way station between the Mediterranean world and the Indian subcontinent that registers all the primary shifts in

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global power politics.”13 13 - Kaplan (2009); 102.

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III. Recurrent Dualities Between Rykwert and Derrida

9.creation and destruction 10.continuity and fragmentation

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The “Recurrent Duality� is a term that is used to describe a universal duality (good and evil, risk and reward, sunrise and sunset, etc.) that exists through a cycle of self-perpetuation. This notion was unearthed after identifying that destruction was a common language for all spaces of instability. Something is destroyed, broken apart. The city is attacked because it is considered to be immoral and in need of a new beginning.

The earth is excavated to extract resources for the continuity of society. Historical trends suggest that destruction is usually paired with consequent creation. This is good to know. Is it any consolation for those victims of terrorist attacks who have lost their possessions, homes, or families? Is the contemporary city the clear embodiment of cultural values, and consequently, in need of significant defense and protection against those aiming for its destruction? In either case, the result of this section highlights the recurring paradox between the city of continuity and the city of fragmentation.

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THEN THE LORD RAINED DOWN BURNING SULFUR ON S

HEAVENS.

25

THUS HE OVERTHREW THOSE CITIES AND TH

CITIES—AND ALSO THE VEGETATION IN THE LAND. 26 BUT LOT 27

EARLY THE NEXT MORNING ABRAHAM GOT UP AND

BEFORE THE LORD.

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HE LOOKED DOWN TOWARD

OF THE PLAIN, AND HE SAW DENSE SMOKE RISING 9 Creation and Destruction Stories of creation tend to be associated with stories of destruction, implying the two go hand in hand. This dates back at least to the Bible and the Book of Genesis. In Genesis 19, the story of Sodom and Gomorrah reveals the consequences of immorality when the Lord destroys the city when less than 10 righteous people could be found. This attack on cities as playgrounds of immorality is present today through acts of urbicide that target the city as a center of improper behavior and ideology.

The key is that Creation myths almost always contain the vital component of destruction - one that, in fact, sparks the need to build in the first place. Here, the root of creation lies in destruction. For instance, in Genesis 6-8, Noah builds the Ark that preserves life on Earth during the Great Flood, permitting the creation of a new existence.

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SODOM AND GOMORRAH—FROM THE LORD OUT OF THE

HE ENTIRE PLAIN, DESTROYING ALL THOSE LIVING IN THE

T’S WIFE LOOKED BACK, AND SHE BECAME A PILLAR OF SALT.

D RETURNED TO THE PLACE WHERE HE HAD STOOD

SODOM AND GOMORRAH, TOWARD ALL THE LAND

FROM THE LAND, LIKE SMOKE FROM A FURNACE.14

Sin City

“Lot and His Daughters” - a portrait of incest (Img. 39)

“Sodom and Gomorrah” by John Martin (Img. 40)

14 - Holy Bible (2011).

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Joseph Schumpeter in 1942: “Capitalism is by nature a form or method of economic change and not only never is, but never can be stationary.

This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism.� 15 Josheph Schumpeter Img. 41)

15 - Schumpeter, J. (1947); 82-3.

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In addition to holding a firm foundation in various world religions, the recurrent duality of creation and destruction can be traced throughout the dominant world economic system of Capitalism. Based on Karl Marx’s notion of the duality between the annihilation and accumulation of wealth, economist Joseph Schumpeter promoted the theory of “Creative Destruction” to describe the destructive tendencies of capitalism. Wealth is destroyed to create space for new wealth in a cyclical fashion with the goal of infinite growth.

To highlight the dangers and instabilities potentially caused by this system, consider the view of Paul Virilio in “The Overexposed City”:

“In a period of economic crisis, will mass destruction of the large cities replace the traditional politics of large public works? If that happens, there will be no essential difference between economic-industrial recession and war.” 16

Economic Disaster

Oct. 2008

(Img. 42)

16 - Virilio, P. (1997); 387.

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Taken together, creation and destruction form a liberating experience that exposes new choices and possibilities that would have been concealed otherwise. When Lebbeus Woods suggests that this can occur “only in the conflicting terms of space that is at once vividly present and unknown”, 17 I think he is echoing the setiments of Henri Lefebvre and the hidden potential of the “Moment” and surface rupture. So if we alter our focus at this point to what could result from this, we might ask how destruction could promote social and cultural growth? It clears the land (or mind) and immediately presents a void, which can be seen as an opportunity.

It creates the void for opportunity.

This instigates an innate urge in humans to make something.

Brett Steele has been quoted as saying

“A c a t a s t r o p h e i s a t e r r i b l e t h i n g t o w a s t e” .

18

Architecture should see an opportunity here to envision new landscapes of occupation and dispersal following a catastrophe.

17 - Woods, L. (1997); 31.

18 - Steele, B. (2013); 95.

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[cata]strophe [cata]log [cata]lonia [cata]lyst prefix // down; downwards; lower in position: catadromous, cataphyll

indicating reversal, opposition, degeneration, etc.

Etymology // from Greek kata-, from kata.

In compound words borrowed from Greek, kata- means: down (catabolism), away, off (catalectic), against (category), according to (catholic), and thoroughly (catalogue)

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“While the earth remains, Seedtime and harvest, Cold and heat, Winter and summer, And day and night Shall not cease.”19 -Genesis 22

(Img. 43)

10 Continuity and Fragmentation The relationship between continuity and fragmentation serves as a parallel course to the recurrent duality of creation and destruction, yet also overlaps from time to time. Above is the Hindu “Trimurti” of the three gods that represent creation, destruction, and preservation. Their association as a linked unity implies a sense of continuity amongst all Hindu generations, along with hope and renewal. Applied directly over this image is a passage from the Bible, Genesis 22 in which the Lord confirms the infinite cycles of existence.

19 - Holy Bible (2001).

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Joseph Rykwert, the notion of generative processes (Img. 44)

infinite line circle

pierced circle

fragmentation

Jacques Derrida, the notion of separation (Img. 45)

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IV. Resilience + Resistance Between Picasso and Aurelli

11.participation is war 12.CASE STUDY / guernica, spain 13.CASE STUDY / guernica, picasso 14.CASE STUDY / palmanova, italy

+ aleppo, syria

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When faced with the overwhelming challenges of civil war, domestic terrorism, resource depletion and urbicide, the only response for a city is to resist these forces and maintain a policy of resilience. For thousands of years, the most culturally diverse and prosperous cities have been those that have endured every negative wave of crisis and catastrophe to have passed. In the following Case Studies, victimized populations have survived by forming various sects of resistance.

This tends to play itself out as a balance between engagement and enclosure, or in other words, how one attacks and defends. The process of survival must involve not only the defensive position (as seen in ancient fortresses and citadels) but also in a pro-active position that asserts a population’s cultural values and attempts to retain its history.

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11 Participation is War Resilience and resistance are terms of inherent opposition.

This implies a tensile relationship, again, between two forces (we have already examined creation and destruction, continuity and fragmentation). Here, the actual process of resistance becomes the focus as several leaders in the field of post-conflict architecture reveal insights into its realities.

Markus Miessen has suggested that any form of participation in this relationship is an act of war, an alternate path of conflict. It is absolutely critical to acknowledge all forces involved to understand the complexity of their interactions.

He goes so far as to suggest that the concept of a conflict could be imagined as the catalyst for a new productive environment rather than a violent, destructive one. 20 The following interview positions Esther Charlesworth at the center of this debate on how one participates in conflict.

20 - Miessen, M. (2007).

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An interview of Esther Charlesworth by Rory Hyde and Timothy Moore, from “Architecture of Peace: Volume 26” “KEEPING THE PACE” In your 2006 book “Architects Without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility”, you discuss how after a war has ended and a physical line of division within a city is dismantled, often a psychological division remains within the minds of the people. How can architecture play a role in reintegrating a city?

That’s the question.

In fact I’ve seen more examples where it tends to disunite people. You quite often have the manmade disaster of war, then there is the political disaster: the design disaster. Architects never really think about reconstruction in terms of psychological reconstruction. They tend to go for the classic heritage approach, by rebuilding what-it-was-where-it-was, or they use the funky 3D fly-in-software, which has nothing to do with the actual context.

On the other hand, I’ve witnessed first hand in Beirut, Mostar, and particularly in Nicosia, how architects working in interdisciplinary teams, with lawyers, planners, psychologists, and politicians, have put together long-term reconstruction strategies. I’d hate to use the word ‘heal’, because it’s such a cliche in terms of postwar reconstruction, but through an undertaking spanning twenty years to develop and implement, these collaborative teams produced a result on both sides of the divide, in which neither side was favored.

I think when it’s done in a thoughtful and well-considered manner with other professional groups, it can have a healing aspect. People just want to talk about these things after trauma or disaster, and want to be involved in the process when quite often they’re completely shut out. I don’t think that consultation in itself can provide psychological mending, but I do think inviting people to be a part of the general process by putting up plans and models, is a part of that journey.

With this in mind: how does a typical Architects Without Frontiers project run? How do you determine which projects require your attention? What kind of people do you need to bring together? At what point do you decide to act?

The process has changed a lot in the last ten years.

At the beginning we would get a request to do anything anywhere, and we would try and do it with no funding. It was a scatter gun approach in geographic zones we knew nothing about, on projects with no chance of funding and would inevitably lead to a letdown for the community.

So last year we took a big rethink of the institute and decided to reduce our geographical focus to the AsiaPacific region, particularly Nepal, India, Vietnam, and remote indigenous communities in the Northern Territory of Australia.

One of the criteria is that the project has to have funding for construction or else we generally won’t take it. Furthermore, although we offer a pro bono design service, two or three of our projects have a

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project manager so we manage the construction documentation and the project administration, which leverages a fee for the organization. No one wants to be a project manager on a voluntary basis.

We have shifted from a volunteer-based organization to having two paid staff. As we made this leap forward, we realized as a not-for-profit, it’s really difficult to sustain the energy of volunteers.

With volunteers, there is a bell curve. People start off really fascinated. Well-known architects contact us and want to be involved, and think that they will get to design the next Future Shack in East Timor, and we would get them on a plane straight away. Of course I’m exaggerating, but the reality is when a lot of drudgery, templates and project insurances come into play, people become less interested.

You use the term ‘trauma-glam’ to describe the current interest architects have with operating in zones of post-conflict; where the damaged or decayed city is treated as an experiential laboratory. When does experimentation become trauma-glam?

To give you an example, in Mostar, when I first took a group from the University of Melbourne in 1998, a group of Columbia University students were also there.

They basically came with form-Z - which back then was the latest groovy software package -and they made a lot of 3D flyovers, zooming in and out of Mostar. At the time, only four years after people were being shot at and killed, it seemed particularly obscene to then be experimenting on a community who didn’t want these sexy digi-blob projections. Having said that, some architects manage to use this form of design in meaningful ways.

I am thinking of Bernard Khoury in Beirut, but very few have established this as a legitimate architectural form.

There seems to be a basic tension between architects working to re-establish basic services and infrastructure, and architects working to re-establish identity and community, through the rebuilding of key cultural sites for instance. Is the architectural icon a valid project for building peace?

To use the example of Mostar again, one of the priorities after the war was to rebuild the Stari Most (bridge), an incredibly important and symbolic cultural site.

However, after the war the river was incredibly polluted due to hospital refuse, which led to a whole lot of other problems.

So, you cannot make the choice to rebuild either the Stari Most or to repair the infrastructure, and the same can be said of a peacetime city. But when you have all the foreign media and donors only giving money to cultural heritage projects such as the Stari Most, it can be very problematic. I don’t think it’s an either/or argument because we all want cultural icons.

The difference is you can hang a sponsor’s banner on a bridge, but how do you put a banner on a river?

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Can one distinguish a difference between postwar rebuilding, like in Mostar, and social conflict, such as the Paris riots of 2005?

Well one of the basic differences is infrastructure. If you take remote indigenous Australia - which if you look at it in a certain way is a postwar zone of another kind - there is infrastructural support, government support, there is funding, and there is stable governance. Wars, unlike natural disasters or even social conflict, are often about political power, so you are left without a government in place. Five years after the war in Mostar they still had two currencies, two policing systems, and two different planning units. It was impossible to make any decisions about reconstruction.

Without that sustained political thinking and economy, it’s pretty much impossible to move ahead unless you do it in a limited way.

You criticize the swiftness with which new schemes are proposed for post-conflict territories. For instance after 9/11 we had architects jumping forward with new designs for the towers, as you put it, ‘while the rubble was still smoking.’ At what point should architects be involved, and how do we avoid being dismissed as opportunistic?

These competitions are very important as it gets the public and the communities affected by these disasters to partake in a project, but there’s always a tragic group of architects who want to make a media statement out of the whole thing; publicity for their homepage.

It’s really weird.

There was an exhibition in New York of 30-40 global architects who were asked to present designs for the site only a year after. Doing that competition so soon after, before they even seemed to know who owned the site, or the details of the insurances, seemed to be very misguided.

To inflict these purely speculative ideas of yet another ideal city on an already traumatized community seems totally wacky. And yet architects are so good at it.

Just to move now to discuss your work with indigenous communities in rural Australia, how is it different to work within a stable democracy with its own issues as compared to the more far-flung destinations?

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It’s interesting, when I came back to Australia in 2002 after living in Beirut, I thought naively you had to have a passport to go and see conflict or warzones. But the first time I went to a remote indigenous community in the Northern Territory, it was far worse than anything I had seen in some respects in Bosnia or Beirut. It’s far more shocking, because as a democracy, Australia has the capacity, funds, and knowledge to deal with these issues, but because they’d been put in a back drawer for so long, they hadn’t been dealt with either on a social or a physical level. I have never seen people living in such poor housing conditions as in some of these remote communities.

We are currently working on a cultural center in Maningrida in north-central Arnhem Land; a cultural and business centre in Wadeye, four hours west of Darwin; and another cultural centre in Oenpelli, just outside of Kakadu national park.

Our experience has been that these projects perhaps require the most delicate balance between consultation and coming up with a vision pretty quickly.

One of the first projects we did was to rebuild the house of an indigenous elder on Stradbroke Island. Apart from giving him a place to live, I gave him an old mobile phone of mine so he didn’t have to walk ten kilometers to the nearest post office to ring up his relatives. It’s the smallest thing I could have done, and now he’s in contact with all of his clan from all over Australia.

It’s because down with do you

refreshing to hear a positive story recounted, in building for peace, it’s easy to get bogged the countless problems at hand. I wonder: how mobilize your team and yourself for this work?

See these bags under my eyes!

I turned 46 two weeks ago and I feel 76. I was crazy enough to start up this organization with a couple of colleagues over ten years ago - it’s gone beyond motivation.

At some point, you very quickly establish whether people are onboard with you or not, or whether thy are serious or not. I generally only work with people I have worked with before, people who I have a high level of respect for as an architect and human being.

I am also lucky because I have a supposed day job as an academic at RMIT in a research only role. It would be different if I was in the private sector where every dollar equals a cent. I can balance productive research output, which enables us to continuously then pay other people.

It’s a matter of creating a robust structure so that other people can take it on. People get tired with the volunteer gig and people burn out. You can’t say ‘sorry it’s all too much’ to a client, and especially not to a traumatized client. The not-for-profit sector is full of burnout shells, and I don’t want to become one of them. 21 21 - Koolhaas, R. (2011); 24-26.

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(Img. 46)

Stari Most bridge (1566) former social and symbolic hub of the town of Mostar; shelled by Croat gunners on November 9, 1993

Still from home video taken by anonymous citizen (Img. 47)

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12 CASE STUDY / Guernica, Spain The small Spanish town of Guernica was attacked by Nazi forces on April 26, 1937 under the direct orders of General Franco, representing the introduction of modern warfare to innocent civilians. This is a relevant case study when paired with the hostilities currently taking place in Aleppo and other Syrian cities. It represents a moment in history that changed the relationship between city, civilian and warfare.

This bombing of innocent civilians was Franco’s solution to the increasing independence of the Basque culture and its refusal to submit to his fascist regime. The Basque region, and Guernica in particular, was a particularly heterogenous mixture of races and cultures that was another example of the city threatening the integrity of tradition.

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Heinkel He 111

Dornier do 17 66 tons

Bf 109 B

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(Img. 48)

(Img. 49)

(Img. 50)

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(Img. 52) (Img. 51) Graham, S. (2004); 99. [ all other images are stills from “La guerra civil española” parte 3 ]

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THE TRAGEDY OF GUERNICA TOWN DESTROYED IN AN AIR ATTACK -

EYE-WITNESS’S ACCOUNT

From Our Special Correspondent BILBAO, April 27 Guernica, the most ancient town of the Basques and the centre of their cultural tradition, was completely destroyed yesterday afternoon by insurgent air raiders. The bombardment of this open town far behind the lines occupied precisely three hours and a quarter, during which a powerful fleet of aeroplanes consisting of three German types, Junkers and Heinkel bombers and Heinkel fighters, did not cease unloading on the town bombs weighing from 1,000 lb. downwards and, it is calculated, more than 3,000 two-pounder aluminium incendiary projectiles.

The fighters, meanwhile, plunged low from above the centre of the town to machine-gun those of the civilian population who had taken refuge in the fields. The whole of Guernica was soon in flames.... ( “The Times”, London, 28 April 1937 ) 22

General Francisco Franco, former dictator of Spain, meeting with Adolf Hitler

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22 - Fisch, E and Picasso, P. (1988); 13.

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+ Toxic Narrative A strange phenonmenon occurred following the bombing.

Franco was responsible for the attack yet denied all responsibility and instead took credit for the rebuilding effort.

Strict rules regarding behavior ensued, forcing the surviving citizens to conceal their emotions and opinions for fear of imprisonment. Consequently, underground networks of Basque schools (“ikastolas’) and support groups were formed in order to cope with the shock of the situation. This separation of physical and emotional recovery, the Toxic Narrative, made the process of rebuilding extremely painful for all involved.

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Buildings Destroyed

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13 CASE STUDY / Guernica, Picasso Pablo Picasso’s global fame and swift response to the tragedy in Guernica largely contributed to the memorialization of the 7,000+ victims who would have otherwise been forgotten amidst the massive number of dead from WWII. This is suggestive of art’s ability to transcend social boundaries and serve as more than art for art’s sake. The piece is a reminder of one of the first acts of “total war” waged against a defenseless society. 23 It is something localized and personal due to Picasso’s Spanish heritage and fierce opposition to the fascist regime of Franco, but it is also speaks to the universal message against war. Looking back now, war was arguably the most consistent theme of the 20th century, so Picasso instinctly connected with the spirit of the times. Taken altogether, therefore, “Guernica” serves as one of the most important images of the century. Its composition and symbolism continue to narrate the story of suffering and misery with the hope of counteracting future conflict and war into the 21st century.

23 - Fisch, E and Picasso, P. (1988); 23.

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The Mourning Mother REPRESENTS: death of youth

The Bull

REPRESENTS: immobile force of good and evil, but also Spain itself

The Bird (goose)

REPRESENTS: spreading the word of atrocities throughout the world

The Wounded Horse

REPRESENTS: incarnation of the suffering of “the people”

The Light Bearer

REPRESENTS: Lucifer, or the arrival of evil and destruction

The Lightbulb

REPRESENTS: “God’s eye”, the priciple of good

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14 CASE STUDY / Palmanova, Italy The fortress city of Palmanova, Italy serves as a potential model for the contemporary city because it was built to satisfy 2 dialectical purposes: enclosure and engagement. Although the need for physical city walls has disappeared for most cities today, the invisible defense strategy has now become the standard logic (urban surveillance, airport checkpoints, militaries overseas, etc.). In that regard, the city still requires some form of boundary defense. Essentially, this implies a limit to the city, which suggests a danger in the proliferation of horizontally expanding megacity perimeters today.

“Today it is clear that the outcome of th itself not only in the smooth space of glo especially, in the proliferation of enclav closure established in order to maintain t This is nothing new. The rise of urbaniz marked precisely by the constant dialecti The second condition, engagement, occurs constantly today through physical and virtual networks, but when Palmanova was built, only the physical network of roads was capable of uniting a population. In fact, when the city was not guarding against an attack, it would lower its primary gates and would immediately transform from an inwardly-focused citadel into a major trading hub with a market centralized at the intersection of the major streets that extended out to neighboring villages.

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Border City

VENETIAN REPUBLIC V. TURKISH EMPIRE (1593)

PALMANOVA

TURKISH EMPIRE

VENICE

he logic of urban governance manifests obal economic transactions, but also, and ves, walls, and apparatuses of control and the “smoothness” of global economic trade. zation as an apparatus of governance is ic of integration and closure.”

24

Pier Vittorio Aurelli

2 Methods of Attack: Joshua’s Trumpet and the Horse of Achilles (Imgs. 56-7)

24 - Aurelli, P.V. (2011); 11.

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introversion AS A FORTRESS CITY, PALMANOVA WAS A VARIATION OF THE CITADEL TYPOLOGY A CENTRAL COMPONENT OF ALEPPO, SYRIA

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extroversion UNIQUE RADIAL LAYOUT PERMITTED VIEWS THROUGHOUT THE CITY FROM CENTER - FORM OF PANOPTICON

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But for all the recent focus on Iraq, geography and

history tell us that Syria might be at the real heart of future turbulence in the Arab world. Aleppo in northern Syria is a bazaar city with greater historical links to Mosul, Baghdad, and Anatolia than to Damascus. Whenever Damascus’s fortunes declined with the rise of Baghdad to the east, Aleppo recovered its greatness. Wandering through the souks of Aleppo, it is striking how distant and irrelevant Damascus seems... 25

25 - Kaplan, R.D. (2009); 104.

ALEPPO SYRIA

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On the left is pictured General Francisco Franco, dictator of Spain during the civilian warfare waged against the citizens of Guernica in 1937. On the right is a number of posters of president Bashar al-Assad being burned by rebels. Are we witnessing another Guernica in Aleppo?

This proposal will focus on Aleppo as a site of contemporary urban militarism, civilian warfare, and instability. It will serve as an example of endurance and resilience due to its +6,000 years of existence as a thriving cultural crossroads. Phase II will focus on a thorough urban analysis of Aleppo with the intention of isolating a particular zone or site to develop a project. The well-known Souks (markets) located to the west of the Citadel may become a point of departure because they represent the intersection of culture and commerce but are currently under attack in the war between Government and Rebel forces. As a highly contested site, it could serve as a new project of resistance and resilience.

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Empty, Attacked..................Bustling, Active

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Recent battles between government and rebel forces have resulted in extensive damage to souks, effectively shutting down commerce and critical civic interaction from occurring.

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Souks

the backdrop for commerce, civic activity, and cultural representation

Concentration of Souks adjacent to central Citadel (reproduced here) (Img. 65)

“The Furies have not been kind to Aleppo’s Great Mosque and Souq. In 1,300 years of history, their columns and colonnades have been consumed by fire, destroyed by earthquake, levelled by the Mongols.”

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“The once packed streets stand empty, apart from rebel soldiers.

Incongruously, they have set up video cameras along the snipers’ alley alongside the mosque, monitoring their enemy’s movements on television sets in the safety of the covered arcades.” 27 (Img. 66)

Of course, the human suffering is far more important and pressing, but I

also mourn the loss of a place that so effortlessly encapsulated everything

that was light, vivacious, sociable and friendly, everything that war is not.

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“This is not a revolution against a regime any more, this is a civil war.” 29

“[the al-Qaida-linked group Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (Isis) ] controls cities: once you control a town you control the surrounding villages.”

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26 - Spencer, R. (2012).

27 - Ibid.

28 - Rushby, K. (2012).

29 - Abdul-Ahad, G. (2013).

30 - Ibid.

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Citadel

a defensive acropolis surrounded by 8 hills

Citadel illuminated at night (Img. 69)

cember and threatened to shoot down commercial aircraft, alleging that the government was using them to transport loyalt troops and military supplies.[358] After multiple attacks on Aleppo International Airport, all flights were suspended 1 January 2013.[359] Rebels attacked loyalist troops at the airport perimeter, including the nearby Brigade 80.[360] By d-February, at least 150 people had died in this fighting.[361] bel troops attacked Menagh air base. On 30 December, government planes bombed rebel positions after the rebels entered the rimeter. On 14 January rebels had totally surrounded the base.[362] Rebel troops stormed the base on 9 February, prompting taliatory airstrikes.[363] On 11 February, rebels stormed and took control of Jirah airbase, killing or capturing 40 solers. It was reported that rebels were in control of some operational Czech-built Aero L-39 Albatros jets.[364] e rebel offensive on the Old City continued in early 2013. On 12 January, SANA claimed that army units had secured the eas surrounding the historic Umayyad Mosque, the Citadel and the Justice Palace near the Old City.[365] However, by late bruary rebels had re-captured the mosque after days of heavy fighting, as government forces retreated to nearby buildings.

66] Clashes continued afterward around the mosque.[367] 15 January, twin blasts occurred at University of Aleppo during the first day of mid-terms, killing at least 87[368][369] wounding more than 150, among them students and civilians. The University dormitories are used by reguees. Activists med government warplanes while the government blamed “terrorists”.[370] The Syrian government representative to the UN ted that 162 had been wounded.[371] In the wake of the bombing, the Russian consulate in Aleppo temporary closed.[372] gian-born French journalist Yves Debay was killed during fighting on 18 January.[373] Syrian State Media reported that rebs fired rockets at a building in the government-controlled Muhafaza Sakaniya neighbourhood, a claim that rebels denied.[374] 22 February, rebels alleged that three “Scud-type missiles” landed in the Hamra, Tariq al Bab and Hanano neighbourhoods th 29 confirmed dead and 150 wounded.[375] SOHR later updated the toll, alleging that Scud missile strikes left 58 dead, cluding 35 children.[376] 29 January, the bodies of approximately 110 men and boys, most with bound hands and shot in the head were found on the nks of the Queiq River in the western district of Bustan al-Qasr, controlled by rebels. The victims were believed to have en n detained, executed and dumped by government forces into the river over a period of several weeks. The bodies floated wnstream nstream from a government held portion of the river into a rebel area in Bustan al-Qasr. The bodies only became apparent en n winter high water resided in late January. In February, a grate was placed over the river in rebel held territory to help tch ch other bodies floating down. Between February and mid-March, more than 80 additional bodies were dragged from the river.

77] 7] The continual appearance of these bodies the Queiq River to be referred to as “The River of Martyrs” by locals.[378] 31 January, government warplanes bombed the Kurdish neighbourhood of Ashrafiyeh, controlled by the Popular Protection its ts (YPG), killing at least twenty civilians and injuring 40.[379] Sheikh Maqsoud was also reportedly shelled. Several ys s prior, on 28 January, a government tank reportedly fired a shell into the Kurdish sector of the city, killing one child d wounding two women.[380] early January, rebels laid siege to the strategic Police Academy in Khan al-Assal on the western outskirts, which was used the government to shell nearby areas.[381] On 24 February rebels used captured tanks to breach the walls and storm the lice ice Academy. Rebels took control of several buildings. Fierce clashes reportedly continued thereafter.[382] SOHR stated on rch ch 3 that 120 soldiers and 80 rebels were killed that week there.[383] On 4 March rebels fully took over the police academy. ey y reported that about 45 government soldiers were killed, possibly executed, by rebels after they stormed the academy.[384] 2 February, Sheikh Saeed district residents confirmed that rebels had taken control of the district after the Army withwith ew, allowing the rebels to secure a key route to Aleppo International Airport.[385] Sheikh Said was the last land route tween Aleppo and Nayrab airport.[386] Many of the neighbourhood’s residents, who were largely loyal to the government, fled en the army retreated.[387] 1 March, government forces retook Tel Shghaib village, located southeast of Aleppo. The following day, Army forces seized road to the besieged airport, creating a new supply route for government forces advancing from Hama.[388] ring March, an eight-day rebel offensive in an attempt to capture the village of Khan al-Assal on the western outskirts of e city was repelled. 200 fighters on both sides were killed in the offensive,[389] including 120 government and 80 rebel hters. Among government forces killed were 115 policemen, who the government alleged were executed by the opposition after pturing a police academy in Khan al-Assal.[390][391] 15 March, rebels seized control of an ammunition factory complex and munitions depots in the town of Khan Tuman, southwest Aleppo. The complex had been used to supply the Army with munitions to regularly shell rebel positions in the surrounding ea.[392] 19 March there was an alleged chemical attack in Khan al-Assal, about 15 kilometers west of Aleppo, with about 26 fa falities. It was the first widely reported use of chemical weapons in the war. Both the government and rebels claim that a ssile or rocket was used to deliver the agent. The Syrian Information Minister blamed the rebels for the attack, while the bels blamed the government.[393] the night of 29 March, the opposition Aleppo Media Center claimed that rebel forces had captured Sheik Maqsoud, which s previously held by both government and Kurdish forces. However, SOHR stated that while rebel forces advanced into the strict, they had captured only the eastern part. SOHR also reported that heavy fighting was still ongoing. It was also nfirmed that during their advance, rebels had captured and killed the top pro-government Sunni cleric in the district, ssan Seifeddine. Unconfirme4d reports by pro-government Al-Ikhbariya TV and SANA state news stated he was beheaded and his ad was placed on the minaret of the Al-Hassan Mosque.[394] SOHR confirmed that his body had been dragged and paraded in e neighborhood.[395] 31 March, government troops counterattacked. Fighting was concentrated by the Awarded bridge and in the area between stern Sheikh Maqsoud and the Bustan al-Basha neighborhood.[396] Since the rebel attack on the district started, 43 people d been killed, including 15 civilians, 19 government soldiers and militiamen and 9 rebels.[397] was claimed by YPG fighters in Sheik Maqsoud that following a long discussion within the group, the (mostly Kurdish) YPG cided to end their neutrality in Aleppo and switch to the rebel side, cooperating with the FSA in their advance through e district where several pro-government militias and intelligence officers were located.[398] However, a day later, a YPG litical representative denied the claim and stated that the Kurds had not aligned with the rebels, instead that Kurdish rces fought government troops after the Army attempted to reach Arab parts of the district that had been captured by op opsition forces, via the Kurdish areas.[399] cording to the YPG, as a result of these clashes, which also included artillery, 15 Syrian soldiers and 1 YPG fighter, YPG litary council member Zekeriya Xelîl, were killed.[400] 2 April, clashes erupted in the strategic village of Aziza, on the southern outskirts, from which rebels were launching tacks against Aleppo international airport and the adjacent military air base.[401] By 6 April, the military had captured e village, pushing the rebels to the outskirts. Around 35 people were killed, including at least 18 civilians and 5 rebels.

02] The capture of the village was seen as a strategic victory for the military because it would allow the Army to protect s supply convoys and have a strategic spot from which they could shell rebel positions.[12] On 8 April, SOHR reported rebel inforcements arrived and entered the fight.[403] so on 2 April, rebels assaulted the al-Kindi hospital at the northern entrance to the city. The hospital had been under litary control since December 2012. Fighting was ongoing in mid-April after the rebels repeatedly failed to capture it, th parts of the hospital destroyed in the process. 80 government soldiers and 65 rebels were killed by that point in the ttle.[404] 13 April, nerve gas was reported in Sheikh Maqsood. An anonymous doctor reported three were dead and a dozen wounded. 1,500 ses of atropine were used with a further 2,000 sent by aid agencies. Atropine is a recognised antidote to nerve 26 gases.[405] 15 April, rebels had reportedly gained full control of the northern entrance to Aleppo, as well as a factory and a weapons orage facility.[366] 16 April, the first Aleppo truce was declared. The temporary truce allowed Red Crescent workers to remove 31 decomposing dies killed during in the poor al-Sakhour district located in northern Aleppo. Three of the dead were found with tied hands d four were badly burnt.[406] 22 April, two Syrian Christian Orthodox Bishops were kidnapped on their return to Aleppo after completing humanitarian rk. State media blamed the rebels while the rebels stated, “all probabilities are open.”[407] 26 - < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9313)> 23 April rebels took control of a key position at the strategic Mennagh Military airbase, allowing them to enter the rbase after a months-long siege.[408] 24 April the 11th century minaret of the rebel-held Great Mosque of Aleppo was destroyed in the fight.[408][409] Rebels aimed that the Army destroyed the minaret with tank fire to prevent it becoming a sniper position, while the government aimed that it was destroyed by the Nusra Front.[410]

Reactions to the Civil War Reactions to the Civil War Reactions to the Civil War Reactions to the Civil War Reactions to the Civil War

“Armenia began sending humanitarian aid to Aleppo in midOctober. The aid is distributed by Red Crescent, the Armenian National Prelacy in Aleppo, Aleppo Emergency unit and the Embassy of the Republic of Armenia to Syria.”

“The French Foreign Ministry said, ‘With the build-up of heavy weapons around Aleppo, Assad is preparing to carry out a fresh slaughter of his own people’, while Italy and the UN peacekeeping chief also accused the government of preparing to massacre civilians.”

“ ‘Iran will not allow the axis of resistance, of which it considers Syria to be an essential part, to be broken in any way.’ ”

“ ‘We firmly condemn the terrorist acts which claim the lives of innocent people’, stated the Ministry on 11 September. The Foreign Ministry also called the foreign powers to pressure the armed opposition to halt launching ‘terrorist attacks’.”

“Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urged international action, saying it was not possible ‘to remain a spectator’ to the government offensive on Aleppo.”

“William Hague, the British Foreign Minister, said, ‘the world must speak out to avert a massacre in Aleppo.’”

The United States said it feared a new massacre in Aleppo by the government: “This is the concern: that we will see a massacre in Aleppo and that’s what the regime appears to be lining up for.”

that a group of pilots had defected and assassinated the base’s commanding officer. The defectors told rebels that around 2 soldiers remained on base, garrisoned in the headquarters building and supported by a handful of tanks. Many soldiers resort to sleeping under tanks, fearing a rebel assault.[413] On 9 May, it was reported that air strikes forced rebels to retreat from the air base.[414] Clashes took place by the Mal village checkpoint, near the Aleppo civilian airport.[415] On 10 May, SOHR reported that rebel fighters had cut off the road to Halab al-Jadida that was the main supply line for Army between Hama and Aleppo.[416] On 15 May, rebel forces assaulted the main prison in central Aleppo where some 4,000 inmates were held. These include bo common and political prisoners. The attack was initiated by twin car bombs at the prison entrance. Rebels secured one co pound that housed government forces. The attack bogged down due to the intervention of Syrian tanks and planes. No prison were freed.[417] On 16 May, rebels were forced to retreat when soldiers began throwing inmate’s bodies out of the windows.[418] It was report that rebel fighters took control of a building inside the prison after blowing up the main gate.[419] Rebel fighters continu to hit the facility with rockets late into the night.[420] In early May, clashes started between rebel groups Ghuraba al-Sham and groups operating under Judicial Committee alliance. T latter accused Ghuraba al-Sham, which was in alliance with Jabhat al-Nusra, of going rogue and looting factories. Accordi to various rebel reports Jabhat al-Nusra started weakening after Nusra leader al-Jolani pledged loyalty to Al-Queda lea Ayman al-Zawahiri. Before the announcements rebel fighters of various brigades were leaving for Jabhat al-Nusra, in one d about 120 left. Several rebel officials also commented on their disappearance from much of Aleppo.[421] On 24 May, several regime forces entered the Dahr A’bd Rabo area, following clashes from midnight of Thursday-Friday unt today morning. Clashes took place in Bani Zeid and Tariq Castillo, in an attempt to stop regime forces from storming t Dahrat And Rabbo area. Rebels targeted the regular forces with mortars.[422] A former government scientist claimed that the Syrian government was using chemical weapons in small quantities to slow reb advances. Amongst these areas were the Sheikh Maksoud district. The scientist, who worked for Centre for Scientific Studi and Research, claimed that the alleged gas attack on Khan al-Assal, Aleppo, on 19 March 2013, was likely tear gas and nerve gas.[423] On 25 May, clashes broke out at dawn on the perimeter of Kweiris military airport. Clashes took place on the outskirts of t Jub al-Jabali neighbourhood in Aleppo city at midnight, amid reports of losses from regular forces.[424] On 26 May, 15 inmates were killed, according to SOHR, at the central prison during fighting.[425] On 27 May, a military motorcade headed from the Defence plant towards the village of Qubtein, by al-Sfeira city, were clash were taking place; reports claimed that rebels destroyed 2 tanks. Violent clashes took place near Anadan between rebel fighte and pro-regime gunmen from the villages of Nebbel and al-Zahra.[426] On 1 June, 50 prisoners were reported to have been executed by government soldiers, while further 31 were killed by t 2010 apeak of growth rebel bombardment of the central prison. 40 government soldiers were killed by rebels.[427] On 2 June, a senior commander in the Lebanese movement Hezbollah, said that Assad’s forces had called thousands of Hezboll fighters deeper into Northern Syria, in and around Aleppo, to shore up Assad’s overstretched forces and potentially break t stalemate there. It was estimated that around 4,000 Hezbollah fighters responded. Rebels said Hezbollah forces had entered t city on Sunday and were preparing an attack. An unnamed Hezbollah commander stated: “We are going to go after stronghol where they (the FSA) think they are safe. They are going to fall like dominos.”

The diversion of rebel forces to the Battle of al-Qusayr potentially weakened the rebel grip on Aleppo.[25] On 4 June, clashes took place in Kafarhamra, by the Sheikh Sa’id side, as regime forces tried to storm the town. The villa of Kedar was bombarded by regime forces.[428] On 13 June, in a statement on recent clashes in the province of Afrin, in western Kurdistan, People’s Defense Units (YP Command said that Turkish soldiers attacked the village of Mele Xelîl in Afrin late Wednesday. YPG said, “The armed grou which first attacked our forces in the villages of Aqîn, Basil and Zarat increased in number as of June 10 when they attack Meresk and Kefer Mezê villages. The armed groups were strongly responded and defeated by our forces”. The Command remark that YPG had strengthened its control as armed groups had to withdraw from the region after the clashes one day later. Refe ring to the Turkish attacks, YPG said “Troops of the Turkish military launched an attack against the village of Mele Xel in Afrin’s Cindêris district late Wednesday in support of the armed groups targeting the recent regioncensus) of Afrin.” YPG said Turki 2005 (most 1900 1983 soldiers were repulsed from the region as a result of the response by YPG units.[429] On 9 June, the Army announced the start of operation “Northern Storm”, in an attempt to recapture territory in and arou Aleppo.[430] In preparation for the assault the Army reinforced the Shiite villages of Al-Nubbul and Zahra which the g ernment intended to use to advance into Aleppo. Rebel defenses in Salamiyeh, south of Aleppo, were strengthened to preve tanks from moving from that direction.[431] Between 7 and 14 June, Army troops, government militiamen, and reportedly Hezbollah fighters, launched the operation. Ove one-week period, government forces advanced both in Aleppo city and the countryside, pushing back the rebels. However, on June, according to an opposition activist, the tide started reversing, after rebels halted an armoured reinforcement colu from Aleppo headed for the two Shiite villages northwest of the city. As of 16 June, the rebels had held back the column f two days. Rebels claimed to haver destroyed one tank and killed 20 government soldiers northwest of Maaret al-Arteek.[43 27 forces had captured the high ground at Maaret al-Arteek, threatening rebel pos Before the column was stopped, government tions. Rebels were boosted after receiving at least 50 Russian-made Konkurs anti-tank missiles in the previous few days fr Saudi Arabia.[433] During the 13 June fighting in Aleppo city, government forces temporarily advanced into rebel-held Sakho district from two directions, al-Sheikh Khudur and Shurket al-Kahraba,[434] but were soon repelled.[435] On 12 June, FSA fighters claimed to have killed 40 Hezbollah and Syrian army soldiers, who were traveling in buses, in ambush between the villages of al-Bouz and al-Khanasir.[436] 28 On 17 June, a car-bomb hit an Army facility in al-Douwairinah district, east of the international airport. Jabhat al-Nus claimed responsibility for the attack. Some opposition activists claimed the attack killed at least 60 troops.[437] Howeve according to SOHR, only six soldiers were killed and 15 wounded.[438] On 21 June, the FSA said that 13 rebel brigades, amongst them the large Liwa al-Tawhid and the Farouq units, had launche new offensive. One of the targets was the military research facility in the Rashidin area of New Aleppo. Rebel mortars s it ablaze. The rebels claimed that they were moving forward in Rashidin with the aim of removing military targets includi areas used by the army to shell rebel areas.[439] On 23 June, 12 government soldiers were killed by a car bomb while 6 rebels from the Islamist Al-Farouq Brigade were kille [440] On 24 June, rebels claimed to have repulsed a loyalist attack crediting their victory to newly arrived anti-tank weapon Aleppo military council leader Colonel Abduljabar al-Oqaidi claimed, “The regime pushed forward in the north of the city, b the Free Syrian Army caused a lot of casualties and they went back to their bases.”[441] The renewed offensive was called “ Battle of Qadisiyah”, a reference to a battle, from 636 CE, in which an Arab army defeated a Persian (now Iranian) army.[44 According to one rebel fighter, the rebels were launching counterattacks in the north east and west of the city, advanci into the agricultural research center.[443] On 25 June, rebels advancing in western Aleppo were reportedly engaging in “tit for tat” operations against the Army Rashidin and Ashrafiyeh, according to SOHR.[444] A numbering of people were killed in the shelling of Aleppo Central Prison on 7 July, though who fired the shells was n immediately known.[445] Syrian government forces retained control over New Aleppo despite initial rebel advances in the are with the opposing sides entrenched sometimes as close as 200 meters to one another.[446] An activist said that an apparent rebel blockade of the southwestern highway was causing fast-emerging food shortages government-held areas. A rebel source denied that it was intentional, saying that intensified fighting on the highway was blame, with no vehicle on the highway safe from the fighting. The Southwestern highway is the source of food supplies western Aleppo, and among the most strategic roads leading into the city.[447] On 17 July, rebel fighters were reportedly making small advances in Salaheddine.[448] On 21 July, reports emerged that rebel fighters had taken full control of the Aleppo suburb of Khan Al-Assal, along with t 27 - < http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/7/millions-more-refugeesexpectedtofleesyria.html> towns of Mataa and Summakiyah, east of the city.[449] Khan Al-Assal was the last government stronghold west of Aleppo, a 28 - Ibid. video foot rebels claimed that seizing it had given them control of the entire Western Aleppo countryside.[450] Unverified showed the body of the Syrian Army’s operations commander in Khan Al-Assal, General Hassan Youssef Hassan who rebels of t Al Ansar brigade claimed they killed in clashes. In the video they also displayed his ID card.[451][452] Both opposition government sources reported that about 150 government soldiers were killed during the battle, including 51 who were execu

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Population Growth for

Aleppo

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5,000,000 People Expected to Leave Syria in Next 2 Years

5,000 People Leave Syria Every Day

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V. Eschatology

Between Bergson and Nietzsche 15.why rebuild?...

16.creative evolution 17.embracing myth 18.embracing decay

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At a certain point, the question of purpose will arise - why do people rebuild in the face of utter devastation? Beyond that, why do people even build in the first place?

Both of these issues are addressed in the following section, and ultimately tie back to the title of this proposal, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Build on the Side of a Volcanoâ&#x20AC;?. A zone of instability can trigger infinite creativity, and a boundless universe can offer an infinite future. By probing into these labyrinthine issues and straightening them out, one may eventually stumble upon myths and their value as narratives of origin. Where is the origin? Where does it fit into the cycles of infinite existence? Myths can offer a clarified path through the obscurity of history.

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15 Why Rebuild?...

When confonting the issue of rebuilding following a disaster or attack, it is easy to slip into the belief that death is the ultimate conclusion. But the study of Eschatology presents an alternative belief to this nihilistic perspective and can help to offer a link between creation, destruction and cycles of continuity. “Eschatology is the doctrine of the ‘last

things’ or, more accurately, of the occurences with which our known world comes to its end.

It is the doctrine of the end of the world, of its destruction.” 29 This is a common belief for many cultures yet what is most interesting here is that Western history developed from the notion of the “periodicity of the course of worldly events” 30, or in other words,

End of Eran = Beginning of Era(n+1).

29 - Bultman, R. (1962); 23.

30 - Ibid, 23.

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Minds of Eschatology (Imgs. 71-4)

This logic can certainly be traced back to the ancient Greeks when Chrysippus stated that “Socrates and Plato will exist again and every man with his friends and his fellow citizens; he will suffer the same and do the same. Every city, every village and field will grow again. And this restoration will not happen once, but the same will return without limit and end” 31.

And from the more recent philosopher Martin Heidegger: “An existence becomes authentic, i.e. fully human, when comprehending the inevitability of death, man realizes the freedom unto death.” 32

31 - Ibid, 24.

32 - Vesely, D. (1982); 14.

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Henri Bergson (Img. 75)

16 Creative Evolution The meta-physicist Henri Bergson put forth the concept of Creative Evolution as a means to understanding what drives humans to create in the first place. It was a four part system that started with the “Vital Impetus”, which was the original common impulse to create, and concluded with the argument that intuition is the key factor in allowing us to overcome all of life’s obstacles that obscure true knwledge. 33 It accounts for the continuity of all living creatures, as well as the discontinuities that arise from the variability of natural evolution.

Prior to Bergson’s theories on creativty and evolution, the great American artist Thomas Cole created a series of paintings entitled “The Course of Empire” in which the world is separated into 5 stages to work together in sequence to form a cycle.

33 - Lawlor, L. (2013).

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Dawn Wilderness Fire (Native Americans)

(1834)

THE SªVªGE STªTE

Morning Settled Land Fire Domestication Building (Ancient Greece) (1834)

THE ªRCªDIªN

Noon City + Architecture (Pinnacle of Rome)

(1836)

THE CºNSUMMªTIºN ºF EMPIRE Late Afternoon Invasion + Destruction Broken Defenses (Sack of Rome, 455)

(1836)

DESTRUCTIºN

Dusk Return to Wilderness Only Ruins Moonrise

(1836)

DESºLªTIºN “The Course of Empire” (Imgs. 76-80)

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17 Embracing Myth Amidst this search for stability in spaces of conflict, one may turn to the enduring dispersal of myths throughout cultures that can offer reframed perspectives. For better or worse, this is not an activity that is in danger of perishing anytime soon, because as each place battles to cope with conflict and disaster, new lessons can be extracted and distributed to others in distant places experiencing the same plight. Here we see how the story or narrative gains relevance as a key component of a cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to instability. The following passage exemplifies this particular strength offered by myths:

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Some situations are always more important than others, some are similar and some are just repetitive.

The picture that emerges is a hierarchy with the most important siutations in the center of our lives and less important ones on the periphery.

The process of differentiation and stabilization of situations (traditions and culture) becomes much clearer and more compehensible in the temporal view. The deeper we move into history (vertical history) the more the situations share their common precedents (roots) until we come to myth which is their ultimate foundation. Myth in the human world discloses the primordial reality which encompasses and gives a foundation to human time, space, events and things.

Myth is the dimension of culture which opens the way to a unity of our experience and a unity of our world, while it preserves the most permanent features of our life. Myth is today seen as an interpretation of primary symbols which are spontaneously formed and which preserve the memory of our first encounters with the cosmic conditions of our existence.

It is the interpretative power of myth that gives life to secondary symbols, allegories, poetic images and metaphors, which in turn constitute the real stability and meaning of all important human situations. 34

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Eden Without Wallsâ&#x20AC;?, for Genesis in Martin Lutherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s German Bible (Img. 81)

34 - Vesely, D. (1982); 11.

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ey are o of a nly to b rchi du e discov tects cat ered in ion ca n Th the ruin only of ed s of drea arc be t an he b h i t egin ge e c t ro ning sm ft of th ust he e de beg st r u fa i nw ctio lse n of ith op arch ad tim itect i s ma ure. ist ntl is in g th of at cer he tai ha nt i sn es a oi nd de pro ao cee ft dt he o de str uc tio n he ca us es.

(Th et ru eo pt im ist do es)

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Today, the education of architects is in the hands of builders. Tomorrow it will be in the hands of destroyers.

Archite cts presu me that Arch buildin itect g is a pri s pre “N ori good ach “N ot . Actuall opti ot e es y, not b mism s fo for uilding r b is alway ecau an an s better. se t h Ess ess e y th ay ay i o n n k on it wa moment of perfection—when their the Architects strive for ill a th no ttra en n-d is finished. But ct csoon building as at lien as that moment passes, e ter ur ts w mi begins to decay. A ho a etheir building finished nis of re a building is really tic Sp s san unfinished, thenafirst frame of a descent to destruction. ac guin tur ea e ab e o out at sa f b the decay of their buildings, Architects must embrace mak oth n in a S c pa forget about perfection, the g mon least mentally.

They should tiv c ey a ea em s the nd complete realization of their design, and understand that y ar ed E e ab t iu h i 35 ou t c m s,heap the only truly finished building is a of rubble.” m w of i a t ha th gnik ne eE mp th quoting Balthazar Holz - Lebbeus Woods ha i ca sis l, w on the it h ir a em bs t ph rac as t, s is elfon ref th ere es nti elf al , -re yet fer ent en ir tia yle i ln tn e r at ed ur eo nep fb ned t ot 35 - Woods, L. (2009); <website>. h.”

ra ha cc s ti ni mi te r de nno he lt ea ev tr ha st c on tra cti y in tra ngl bs mi la see ia the at sp ith ic nw at tio nta te m fro sys on aac of as re as i s ce tu mph spa ith e na act s, w ry str thic ab tra nd e of bi rm a ion ar ct fo uc t ly stra str ng n ab co n mi twee ee the p be es on nshi th ay latio meanin ess on al re rticular n oxic b ody p a ay ra arad mpt to em ess tes fo he p ich atte n o on t ions wh ra N

18 Embracing Decay

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VI. Pause. Slow Down, Society Between Veseley and Virilio

19.speed and the military 20.a network existence 21.reflect upon constants

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I have already argued that the increasing speed of society in conjunction with recent trends of population explosions in unprepared urban zones has resulted in a ubiquitous state of instability throughout much of the world. It is hard to determine whether or not the 21st century city will be capable of adapting and adopting new practices for sustainable existence.

One suggestion to propose at this point is for global society in general to pause and slow down. Reflect. In this moment it may be possible to revert back to these aforementioned myths and treat the city as a palimpsest that accepts these myths in new cultural layers. Ultimately, does architecture offer the opportunity to communicate with society by slowing it down, acknowledging the presence of the past and embracing it?

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19 Speed and the Military At the outset of WWI, English military generals proclaimed that even the universe could be redistributed according to military engineers like an infrastructure for future battlefields.36 This sentiment reflects the present condition of military urbanism that is altering the experience of civilian life in cities of conflict. One can, therefore, tie this back to military planning (Palmanova, for example) and the speed at which the military operates. “Advanced technologies, industrial redeployment create interruptions like plant closings, unemployment, casual labor.... which proceed to organize and disorganize the city until neighborhoods eventually decay.”37 The sense of place,

(Img. 83)

according to Virilio, is progressively degraded due to the instability that is created by the speed of society. This is clearly occurring in places like Aleppo where military ideologies have taken control of the city and now prevent “normal” urban life from existing. This puts an enormous strain on the physical and virtual networks of a city.

36 - Virilio, P. (1977); 50-1.

37 - Virilio, P. (1997); 382.

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Built for military purposes, this WWII bunker still remains (Img. 84)

(Img. 85)

Built for religious purposes, this mosque has been attacked and damaged due to military tactics

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2,000,000

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500,000 20 A Network Existence

2012

The idea of a networked existence is not necessarily a new phenomenon but it is particularly relevant for this discussion because during times of instability, a stable network can help secure and maintain a certain level of health and safety for a cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The notion of networks is ancient...one could date its metaphoric usage from the 18th century to describe a physiological aspect (e.g. the circulatory system or network), a physical aspect (e.g. the hydraulic network) and even a military aspect (e.g. the network of fortifications to defend a territory).â&#x20AC;? 38 The network can operate for the benefit and detriment of a population. On the one hand, its tendency to dissolve differences and reduce the value of physical space works in opposition to the traditional plaza and public spaces of 38 - Dupuy, G. (2000); 3,5.

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At the border of Turkey and Syria near Reyhanli, Syrian refugees are caught and escorted back to Syria (Img. 86)

Population of Syrian Refugees 3/2012 - 9/2013

2013 the city. Physical isolation and virtual unity become the norm. On the other hand, however, when physical spaces are comprised, such as in Aleppo and other cities of conflict, the virtual netwrok gains new relevance as a potential stabilizing force for a fragmented community.

“The use of networks means that an urban lifestyle is no longer linked to the city’s physical environment. What we have is a new type of urbanity, an urbanity without a city.” 39 I would argue that a new city typology is emerging that is not based on plazas and civic monuments but rather on nomadic populations that are displaced from their homes and rely upon invisible networks of telecommunications and collective mobility to exist.

(Img. 87)

39 - Ibid; 7.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cosmic order is more present literature. It is symptomatic is usually discussed in term architecture is understo history, in terms of myt and cosmic harmon the most cosmic o understand why been the privile and cosmic ritual, dram politics, l painting

21 Reflect Upon Constants Flux and instability can yield fear and axiety, chaos and disorder.

Architecture, possibly more than any other discipline, can respond with a techtonic yet emotionally rejuvenating solution.

40 - Vesely, D. (1982); 11.

41 - Virilio, P. (1994); 44.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lin the gro the surr earth, the camouflage, te with the geolog geometry results f exterior conditions t modeled them. The bu this erosion by suppressi the bunker is prematurely w all impact. It nestles in the u landscape and disappears from to bearings an

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t in architecture than in music or c that while literature or music ms of poetics and aesthetics, ood, through most of its thical orders, proportions nies. If architecture is of the arts, we can y it has for so long edged receptacle reference for ma, music, literature, g, etc.â&#x20AC;? 40

nked to ound, to rounding bunker, for ends to coalesce gical forms whose from the forces and that for centuries have unkerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form anticipates ing all superfluous forms; worn and smoothed to avoid uninterrupted expanse of the m our perception, used as we are nd markers.â&#x20AC;? 41

(Img. 88)

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VII. Spaces Unknown 22.possible design experiments 23.gravity: caves + orbits 24.are we building communities?

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In the spirit of the Hindu pancha mahabhuta or great elements, this concluding section serves as the “Ether” or unifying element for the entire proposal. Reflecting upon the previous chapters, the pervasive thread throughout is a stifling sense of instability.

One could argue that ever since the attacks of 9/11, the notion of “collapse” has gained much greater relevance. There is, of course, the physical collapse of the towers, as well as the financial institutions that occupied their spaces. The ongoing global economic crisis collapsed markets throughout the world in 2008 and has impacted the operations of cultures at both the macro and micro scales. This has led to an increased social awareness within architecture. Shifting away from the wealthy clients with personal interests, there is now much more attention directed towards the rebuilding of communities that have been victimized by these traumatic “collapses”. Spaces Unknown attempts to address these issues through “stabilizing constants” that will be developed as part of Phase II of IV.

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22 Possible Design Experiments Are we seeking Eden...

Eden with Walls and Interior Architecture (Img. 89)

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BORDER CROSSING

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DEFENSIVE FLOWS ENCLOSURE VS. ENGAGEMENT THE WALL + THE SHIELD LIFE FORCES/ CONTINUITY CREATING COMMUNITY SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE FAMILIAR STRANGERS

Imagine a border crossing that acts as a symbol of engagement rather than enclosure and transforms into a perimeter city of generations.

GUARDING INFRASTRUCTURE

CIVIC PARTICIPATION INSTABILITY MILITARY NETWORKS DEFENSIVE URBAN CONFLICT FLOWS RESILIENCE+RESISTANCE INFRASTRUCTURE LIFE FORCES/CONTINUITY

NECROPOLIS + SATELLITE

ESCHATOLOGY MILITARY NETWORKS SKY+EARTH VOLCANIC OPTIMISM RECURRENT DUALITIES GRAVITY LIFE FORCES/CONTINUITY SUNRISE SUNSET EARTH CORE+SATELLITES CELESTIAL ORIENTATION AERIAL ATTACKS RETURN TO ENDURANCE

ALEPPO UNDERGROUND

ESCHATOLOGY MILITARY NETWORKS SKY+EARTH VOLCANIC OPTIMISM RECURRENT DUALITIES GRAVITY LIFE FORCES/CONTINUITY SUNRISE / SUNSET EARTHCORE / SATELLITES CELESTIAL ORIENTATION AERIAL ATTACKS RETURN TO ENDURANCE

If we consider the 21st century metropolis as the new urban battleground, how can we imagine a project that defends it’s infrastructure through civic participation.

In a world of instability, a city must offer spaces to pause and reflect.

Envision a new potential link of stability between a Necropolis rooted deep in the Earth and a Satellite that is fixed in orbit around the Earth.

Below the surface can become a space of shelter - a natural architecture.

Imagine a threat from the skies - weapons, surveillance, etc. - creating a society of imprisonment.

We return to the cave for escape and to create a new resistance.

VOLCANIC OPTIMISM

The dynamic subsurfaces forces within the Earth are responsible for major alterations to our surface of existence. Harness the instability of a volcano as an allegory for the present state of Aleppo, Syria.

+

ESCHATOLOGY INSTABILITY CREATIVE EVOLUTION VOLCANIC OPTIMISM FLOWS RESILIENCE+RESISTANCE RECURRENT DUALITIES CREATING DECAY

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+ 23 Gravity: Caves + Orbits Gravity - a paradox of simplicity and profound complexity serves as a stabilizing constant for any design proposal. It is the single dominant force within architecture and can act as a model for developing a project that seeks stability. Here is is depicted as the force the pulls everything towards the core of the Earth, and the cave acts as the constructed void necessary for getting closer to the core. At the same time, however, gravity retains satellites and other objects within an orbit around the planet. It is a force that creates motion and stability at the same moment and will frame the trajectory for the rest of this proposal.

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“Banquet in the Thames Tunnel” by George Jones (1827)

Mayor Bloomberg opens Water Tunnel #3 (2013)

(Img. 90)

(Img. 91)

“Entrance to the Thames Tunnel from the South Side” by B Dixie (1836)

Valve Chamber for Water Tunnel #3

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(Img. 93)

...deep within the Earth?

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24 Are We Building Communities?

“INDEED, THERE IS A SERIOUS LINK BETWEEN C R I S I S A N D C R E AT I V I T Y. THE HUMAN IS DISTINCT FROM OTHER SPECIES P R E C I S E LY B E C A U S E O F I T S C R E AT I V E IMPULSE. THIS IMPULSE IS TRIGGERED BY HUMANS’ LACK OF SPECIALIZED INSTINCTS AND PERMANENT INNER 39 - Aurelli, P.V. (); 111.

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FEELING OF NOT BEING AT H O M E . T H I S R E Q U I R E S HUMANS TO ADAPT TO T H E I R E N V I R O N M E N TA L S I T U AT I O N S , E V E N T H E MOST HOSTILE. THE C R E AT I V E A C T I S T H U S THE ACT OF “MAKING A W O R L D ” , T H AT I S , M A K I N G A C C E P TA B L E O U R O W N LIVING CONDITIONS IN A N Y G I V E N S I T U AT I O N . ” 39

(Img. 94)

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IMAGE CREDITS

0. Pre-text + Img. 1_ http://www.slideshare.net/sdng1/stephen-graham-exploring-urbicide + Img. 2_ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/18/syria-revolution-civil-war-conflict-rivalry + Img. 3_ http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/world/20131130boat/web-s645-BOAT.jpg

I. Cities of Conflict + Img. 4_ http://vermelhosnao.blogspot.com/2011/10/o-terrorismo-dos-neo-malthusianos.html + Img. 5_ http://rafaelnarbona.es/?p=63 + Img. 6_ http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item107535.html + Img. 7_ http://www.vintag.es/2011/09/hi-res-images-from-world-war-ii.html + Img. 8_ http://theleagueofaggressiveprogressives.wordpress.com/2011/11/23/holy-cold-war-batmanrussia-threatens-to-deploy-missiles-in-row-with-us/

+ Img. 9_ http://www.army.mil/article/71394/ + Img. 10_ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/3rd_Battalion,_3rd_Marines_-_ Afghanistan.jpg

+ Img. 11_ Koolhaas, R., (2011). “Architecture of Peace”, Volume 26, n.4, Archis. + Img. 12_ Koolhaas, R. (2004). “Content”. Köln, Taschen; 36-41. + Img. 13_ Kilcullen, D. (2013). “Out of the mountains: the coming age of the urban guerrilla.” New York, Oxford University Press.

+ Img. 14_ http://ww2db.com/images/battle_hiroshima66.jpg + Img. 15_ http://thefunambulistdotnet.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/gazadestructiongettyimages2008.jpg

II. Instability + Img. 16_ http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2013/03/08/3274654-sigmund-freud-portrait_custom-74f04f5 f6641adcdb203fb3a041b3916f4c5585c-s6-c30.jpg

+ Img. 17_ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Henri_Lefebvre_1971.jpg + Img. 18_ http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/03/21/parismagnum10a.jpg + Img. 19_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uZ1S_SyitVE/TtKbaR7YTcI/AAAAAAAAARk/IhbKoMQcu-g/ s640/inetravaillezjamaismd3.jpg

+ Img. 20_ http://www.aadip9.net/saki/2010/11/07/68-france.jpg + Img. 21_ http://www.onthisdeity.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/paris_68.jpg + Img. 22_ http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/113/12/1593/F5.large.jpg + Img. 23_ http://www.deliberation.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/911attacks.jpg + Img. 24_ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/View_of_Collevecchio_Sabine%27s_ hills_throuth_the_fog.JPG

+ Img. 25_ http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OUq0iYU6sEg/S98xda1AYqI/AAAAAAAAAEM/Jstye6od14g/ s1600/rape+of+the+sabine+women.bmp

+ Img. 26_Vale, L.J. & Campanella, T.J. (2005); 119. + Img. 27_ http://img-new.cgtrader.com/items/5026/idf_armored_cat_d9r_bulldozer_3d_

model_23bd8e52-a6d5-44f4-901d-0fd8212d82a1.jpg + Img. 28_ http://shalomrav.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/catposter1.jpg + Img. 29_ http://www1.pictures.gi.zimbio.com/Clashes+At+Egypt+Gaza+Border+Op_4cAICv5Jl.jpg + Img. 30_ http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44798000/jpg/_44798316_bus8.jpg + Img. 31_ http://www.slideshare.net/sdng1/stephen-graham-exploring-urbicide

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+ Img. 32_ http://img.timeinc.net/time/2002/mideast/fence/images/barrier.gif + Img. 33_ http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/msnh-100309-eastjerusalem-1p.jpg

+ Img. 34_ Graham, S. (2011). “Cities under siege: the new military urbanism”. London, Verso. + Img. 35_Ibid. + Img. 36_Ibid. + Img. 37_ http://www.slideshare.net/sdng1/stephen-graham-exploring-urbicide + Img. 38_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tavurvur_volcano_edit.jpg

III. Recurrent Dualities + Img. 39_ Bevan, R. 2006, The destruction of memory : architecture at war, Reaktion, London. + Img. 40_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PHt4rI99iuY/UG32pEowwfI/AAAAAAAAByI/Qgqh-bXFpmQ/ s1600/martinSodom_and_Gomorrah_John_Martin1840.jpg

+ Img. 41_ http://designpublic.in/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/schumpeter1.jpeg + Img. 42_ http://ryanschierling.com/36/stock_crash_lowres.jpg + Img. 43_ http://www.trimurtifestival.com/images/trimurti.gif + Img. 44_ http://b.vimeocdn.com/ts/363/707/36370707_640.jpg + Img. 45_ http://thekhora.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/d_jaques_derrida_15281830.jpeg

IV. Resilience + Resistance + Img. 46_ Bevan, R. 2006, The destruction of memory : architecture at war, Reaktion, London. + Img. 47_ Ibid. + Img. 48_ http://manodemandiocacine.blogspot.com/2012/04/el-bombardeo-sobre-guernica-26-de-abril.html + Img. 49_ Ibid. + Img. 50_ Ibid. + Img. 51_Graham, S. (2004); 99. + Img. 52_ http://manodemandiocacine.blogspot.com/2012/04/el-bombardeo-sobre-guernica-26-de-abril.html + Img. 53_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-18id_9xUjV4/T5oI91dZ__I/AAAAAAAAYo8/a01fz95x_uw/s1600/ anos-bombardeo-Guernica-recuerda-horror_CLAIMA20120426_0043_19.jpg

+ Img. 54_ Vale, L. J., & Campanella, T. J. (2005). “The resilient city: how modern cities recover from disaster”. New York, Oxford University Press.

+ Img. 55_ http://manodemandiocacine.blogspot.com/2012/04/el-bombardeo-sobre-guernica-26-de-abril.html + Img. 56_ http://home.earthlink.net/~serfpub/7trumpets’jericho.jpg + Img. 57_ Ibid. + Img. 58_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-18id_9xUjV4/T5oI91dZ__I/AAAAAAAAYo8/a01fz95x_uw/s1600/ anos-bombardeo-Guernica-recuerda-horror_CLAIMA20120426_0043_19.jpg

+ Img. 59_ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/18/syria-revolution-civil-war-conflict-rivalry + Img. 60_ http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/aleppo-field-hospital-reveals-grim-realityof-war-in-once-vibrant-city

+ Img. 61_ http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/aleppo-war-economy-rebels-regimesyria.html

+ Img. 62_ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9652009/Death-of-monumentto-human-history-in-Syrias-war-torn-Aleppo.html

+ Img. 63_ Busquets, J. (2005). “Aleppo: rehabilitation of the old city”. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

+ Img. 64_ Ibid. + Img. 65_ Ibid. + Img. 66_ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/FSA_fighters_using_tunnels.PNG + Img. 67_ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg + Img. 68_ Busquets, J. (2005). “Aleppo: rehabilitation of the old city”. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

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+ Img. 69_ Ibid. + Img. 70_ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxaCdeTKP90

V. Eschatology + Img. 71_ http://www.emersonkent.com/images/socrates.jpg + Img. 72_ http://www.brogilbert.org/gods/gods_plato.jpg + Img. 73_ http://www.livius.org/a/1/greeks/chrysippus.JPG + Img. 74_ http://www.drewmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Heiddeger.jpg + Img. 75_ http://www.siruela.com/autores/HenriBERGSON.jpg + Img. 76_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire + Img. 77_ Ibid. + Img. 78_ Ibid + Img. 79_ Ibid + Img. 80_ Ibid + Img. 81_ McClung, W.A. (1983), “The architecture of paradise : survivals of Eden and Jerusalem”, University of California Press, Berkeley.

+ Img. 82_ http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/LHC-Starts-the-Search-for-Sparticles-inApril-2.jpg

VI. Pause. Slow Down, Society + Img. 83_ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/06/aleppo-satellite-images-reveal destruction_n_3713640.html#slide=2776246

+ Img. 84_ Virilio, P. (1994) “Bunker archeology”, English edn, Princeton Architectural Press, New York. + Img. 85_ Davis, Carlo (2013), “Aleppo Satellite Images Reveal Destruction Wrought by Syria War”, in The Huffington Post; August 7, 2013.

+ Img. 86_ http://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,2877500041001_0,00.html + Img. 87_ Rykwert, J. (1972), “On Adam’s house in Paradise; the idea of the primitive hut in architectural history”, Museum of Modern Art; distributed by New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, Conn, New York.

+ Img. 88_ Virilio, P. (1994) “Bunker archeology”, English edn, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.

VII. Spaces Unknown + Img. 89_ McClung, W.A. (1983), “The architecture of paradise : survivals of Eden and Jerusalem”, University of California Press, Berkeley.

+ Img. 90_ Pike, D. L. (2007). “Metropolis on the Styx: the underworlds of modern urban culture, 18002001”. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

+ Img. 91_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aAk0cKWFl5o/UmPqHrGXpiI/AAAAAAAAL0Q/dtc2eVplBk0/ s1600/Bloombito.jpg

+ Img. 92_ Pike, D. L. (2007). “Metropolis on the Styx: the underworlds of modern urban culture, 18002001”. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

+ Img. 93_ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aAk0cKWFl5o/UmPqHrGXpiI/AAAAAAAAL0Q/dtc2eVplBk0/ s1600/Bloombito.jpg

+ Img. 94_ http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/130618101031-iyw-syria-save-the-children-story-

top.jpg

+ Img. 95_ http://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,2877500041001_0,00.html

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refining research incorporating feedback from mid-review to crystallize focus

base research

io re m vi id ew -t er

m

trip to Barcelona

FALL

/0 9

03

/0 2

03

/2 3

02

/1 6

02

/0 9

02

/0 2

m p id o re -se ten vi m tia ew e l #1 ste

-continue researching aleppo -refine body of research w/ extended readings -strengthen the studio prompt

02

f s to ello ele ap ws ct pl hi y ps fo 01 r /2 6

/1 9

01

/1 2

01

01

/0 5

st ud

2013

work with Peter to select a place to travel to during the summer to determine what grants to apply for begin typology studies for potential project types both tracks work with each other work with Peter as RA for India Research Seminar (potential)

potential site visit study trip to Palmanova case study (eastern Italy); weekend?

/2 0

/1 3

potential summer travel: Pelicia? Nix? - seeking in-depth site analysis through ske sections, photos, etc.

363/471 days 77%

SUMMER

07

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/1 5

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sprin

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SPRING 2014

school Vortex

06

259/471 days 55%

10 /2 0

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10 /0 6

id -

introductory research + general questions

THESIS

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121/471 days 25%

09 /2 9

-visit Picasso museum -attend lecture on Barcelona citadel and history of defense -observe damaged building stock in Manresa

ta

submit initial proposal

GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, CONFERENCES

09 /2 2

SOLSTICE

r

09 /0 8

SEMESTER

EQUINOX

09 /1 5

FULL MOON

potential TA for Vicenza program

FALL

2014

/0 2

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09 G Fo Gr ra u ah nt nd a pr at m op ion os al

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the project demonstrates an innovative, challenging idea; critical, independent thinking; advanced scholarship; a new or experimental approach for review: -diagrams of site analysis -program studies -extended typology analysis -preliminary modeling

m p id o re -se ten vi m tia ew e l #1 ste r

09

ve

471/471 days 100%

review all completed work from book V.1, V.2, V.3 and consider any revisions before semester of design charette

ri su an fy c bm y al l is new s fo si r on s

09

/0 7

2014

continue refining deliverables and tweak bo necessary according to design changes d

TIMELINE

-continue researching aleppo -refine body of research w/ extended readings -strengthen the studio prompt

“Consider a future city facing tremendous population growth and imagine a project that defends the city’s infrastructure by incorporating civic participation”...

as

/1 1

05 co boo m k, pl v. et 2 ed st po ud te re io F nti vi IN al ew A L

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Xm

all site analysis should be completed and ready for converting into a design proposal; have ready a set of existing base drawings, series of photo studies, diagrams, videos, etc.

/0 7

12

/2 3 final production for board presentation final production for book V.4 thanksgiving break

create book V.4 FINAL

p pr F ote es IN nt en AL ial at io n

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compile summer work and create pamphlet of REFLECTIONS

11

book should introduce topic, include all preceding base research, state argument/position, clarify methods for approaching site analysis with list of deliverables ready before departing

create book V.3 with additional summer travel experiences and reflections

-begin 3D modeling of site conditions -review dued dates for fall abstracts

ook V.4 content when during the semester

create book V.2 with extended case study analysis preparing me for summer travels to selected site

08

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Other?? etches, plans,

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03 m p id o re -se ten vi m tia ew e l #2 ste r

ab pre su m stra par e M (a b ult ct is ot cco mis iple for s t r h im d su e er in ion 04 bm fo list g s /2 iss r m , th to 0 io an is ns y )

st ud re io F vi IN ew A L

ie w re v io st ud

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1 er

refine project according to feedback from review #1

ng break

2

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12 /0 8 print and bind book; compose poster

compile book V.1

GOAL devise a prompt for a potential studio in the spring semester:

bo po ok st , v. er 1 D DU dr U E E a re pat ft p se h ro ar 2.5 po ch s sa se prin l fo m g r in ar

re e se nd ar o ch f t (F ext al u l 2 al 01 3)

case studies: guernica (city) guernica (painting) initial introduction to aleppo

ct tra

LU N C H D ab ue s

11 /2 4

OTHER

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all deliverables for FINAL board presentation along with a complete thesis book as well as a shorter companion book and potential video that accompany the board presentation

(Img. 95)