BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT by PolisasLib3

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

Nurul Izzah Ab Rahim Norazlina Abdul Rahman Masliana Idris Busu Sulong

Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah

Published by POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH SEMAMBU 25350 KUANTAN

Copyright ©2021, by Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Materials published in this book under the copyright of Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Printed by: PERKASA UMMAH ENTERPRISE B60, TINGKAT BAWAH JALAN INDERA MAHKOTA 7/1 BANDAR INDERA MAHKOTA, 25200 KUANTAN, PAHANG NO. TEL/FAX: 09-5733837

PREFACE This book was produced to provide knowledge and assist Polytechnic’s students and lecturers in producing Engineering Drawing using AUTOCAD software. As most of the users are facing problems in understanding the new concepts which include computer application in producing a drawing, so it is important to produce a few basic concepts and how does it relate to the computer application. Computer Aided Design and drafting (CADD), is technology for design and technical documentation, which replaces manual drafting with an automated process. From our observation as lecturers, the main problem is that student did not really understand the basic Engineering Drawing itself. This book introduces step by step of drawing development starts from the basics. Application of the command is shown clearly in each stage according to the needs in of producing a drawing. Instead of that, this book is included with example after each part of the topic. Exercise with a guided solution of command where the student can try to draw with the assistance of the commands are provided in each chapter. This book also includes the exercises with the clue on what to do next and student can draw by themselves after finished all the exercises.

BIODATA OF AUTHORS Name Address

: :

NURUL IZZAH BINTI AB RAHIM Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah 25350 Kuantan Pahang 09-5655450 izzah.rahim.poli@1govuc.gov.my

Telephone No. e-mail Address

: :

Position Scope Of Duties

: Polytechnic Lecturer : 1. Transfer existing knowledge from the author into the book for Chapter 1: Introduction to CAD, Chapter 2: Creating Drawing and Chapter 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects 2. Design appropriate question and answer for exercise to the engineering diploma student curriculum for Chapter 1: Introduction to CAD, Chapter 2: Creating Drawing and Chapter 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects 3. Proof read and second checker for book content and exercise

Name Address

: :

Telephone No. e-mail Address Qualification

: : :

Position Scope Of Duties

: :

NORAZLINA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah 25350 Kuantan Pahang 09-5655450 norazlina.man.poli@1govuc.gov.my Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (UiTM) Polytechnic Lecturer 1. Transfer existing knowledge from the author into the book for Chapter 7: Orthographic Projection and Isometric View, Chapter 8: Hatching Object, Chapter 9: Reusable Content and Chapter 10: plotting 2. Design appropriate question and answer for exercise to the engineering diploma student curriculum for Chapter 7: Orthographic Projection and Isometric View, Chapter 8: Hatching Object, Chapter 9: Reusable Content and Chapter 10: plotting 3. Proof read and second checker for book content and exercise

Name Address

: :

Telephone No. e-mail Address Qualification

: : :

Position Scope Of Duties

: :

MASLIANA BINTI IDRIS Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah 25350 Kuantan Pahang 09-5655450 masliana.poli@1govuc.gov.my Bachelor of Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADCAM) (UM) Polytechnic Lecturer 1. Transfer existing knowledge from the author into the book for Chapter 4: Drawing Organization and Inquiry Commands, Chapter 5: Altering Objects and Chapter 6: Annotation and Dimension in Drawing 2. Design appropriate question and answer for exercise to the engineering diploma student curriculum for Chapter 4: Drawing Organization and Inquiry Commands, Chapter 5: Altering Objects and Chapter 6: Annotation and Dimension in Drawing 3. Proof read and second checker for book content and exercise

Name Address

: :

Telephone No. e-mail Address Qualification

: : :

Position Scope Of Duties

: :

BUSU BIN SULONG Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah 25350 Kuantan Pahang 09-5655450 busu.poli@1govuc.gov.my Bachelor of Education (Mechanical Engineering) with Honours (OUM) Polytechnic Lecturer 1. Transfer existing knowledge from the author into the book regarding to sample of exercises

iii

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Biodata of Authors Table of Contents

PAGE i ii-iii iv-viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CAD 1.1

Differentiation Between Cad And Conventional Drawing

1.2

Cad System And Its Components

1.3

Cad User Interface/ Navigation

1.4

Types Of Command Entry Method

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5

3 3 4 4 4

Application Menu Ribbon Panels Context (right click menu) Quick Access Toolbar Command Keyboard

1.5

Open A Drawing

1.6

Define And Set The Workspace

1.7

Primary Spaces For Model And Layout

1.8

View Different Areas Of The Drawing Using Zoom And Pan Command

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.9

1.10

Zoom Pan

7 10

Drafting Setup Tools

1.9.1 1.9.2

11 11

Limits Units

Save A Drawing

CHAPTER 2: CREATING DRAWING 2.1

Coordinate System And Entry

2.1.1 2.1.2

14 15

Coordinate System Dynamic Input, Direct Distance & Shortcut Menu

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

2.1.3 2.2

2.3

2.4

Types Of Point Entry Method

Drawing Tools And Setting

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9

19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28

Line Circle Arc Rectangle Ellipse Polygon Point Polyline Spline

Drawing Aids

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5

28 29 29 30 31

Snap Ortho Grid Polar Snap And Polar Tracking Object Snap (Osnap) And Osnap Tracking

Drawing View

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4

32 33 33 34

Redraw Regen View Viewport

CHAPTER 3: MANIPULATING AND MODIFYING OBJECTS 3.1

3.2

Modifying Tools

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7

50 50 51 52 54 55 55

Erase Copy Mirror Array Move Rotate Scale

Object Selection

3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4

56 57 57 57

Select Object Individually Windows Selection Crossing Selection Grisp

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

CHAPTER 4: DRAWING ORGANIZATION AND INQUIRY COMMANDS 4.1

Create New Layer

4.2

Properties Palette

4.2.1 4.2.2

67 67

4.3

Match The Layer Setting Between Selected Object Copy Properties From One Object To Other Objects

Linetypes

4.3.1 4.3.2

68 69

Set The Linetypes Scale For New Objects Lineweight

CHAPTER 5: ALTERING OBJECTS 5.1

Modify Tools

5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6

75 76 78 79 80 81

Offset Stretch Trim And Extend Break Join Chamfer And Fillet

CHAPTER 6: ANNOTATION AND DIMENSION IN DRAWING 6.1

Apply The Basic Dimensioning In Drawings

6.2

Adding Dimensions To A Drawing

6.2.1

6.3

Create Dimensions Using Different Options

Use Dimension Styles To Manage Dimensions 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4

Use Of Leaders Single Line Text Multiline Text Create Text Style To Manage Text

95 96 96 98 101

CHAPTER 7: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW 7.1

Orthographic Projection

105

7.1.1 7.1.2

106 107

First Angle Projection Third Angle Projection

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

7.1.3 7.2

Section View

108

Isometric View

114

7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3

116 117 118

Isometric Snap Grid Isoplane Isometric Circle (Isocircle)

CHAPTER 8: HATCHING OBJECT 8.1

Hatch 8.1.1 8.1.2

126 Pick Internal Point Select Objects

127 127

CHAPTER 9: REUSABLE CONTENT 9.1

Blocks 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.1.6 9.1.7 9.1.8 9.1.9

9.2

9.3

9.5

Create A Block Within A Drawing Create Nested Blocks Define A New Block Insert A Block Organizing Blocks Edit Blocks Insert A Block Using Design Center Block Attributes Attach Attributes To Blocks

130 131 131 132 132 133 134 134 135

External References Palette

136

9.2.1

136

Attach File

Purge 9.3.1

9.4

130

137 Purge Unused Objects

137

Object Linking And Embedding (OLE)

138

9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4

138 139 139 140

Embed Objects Link Objects Inserts A Linked or Embedded Object Specifies a File to Link or Embed

Hyperlink

140

9.5.1

141

Insert Hyperlink

vii

BASIC AUTOCAD FOR POLYTECHNIC STUDENT

CHAPTER 10: PLOTTING 10.1

10.2

Model Space and Paper Space

143

10.1.1 10.1.2

144 144

Layouts Switching Between The Model Tab and Layout Tabs

Viewports 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4

New Viewports Tab – Model Space Named Viewports Tab – Model Space New Viewports Tab – Layouts Maned Viewports Tab – Layouts

145 146 148 148 149

10.3

Scale Views Relative to Paper Space

149

10.4

Layout Templates

151

10.4.1

151

Save A Layout Template

10.5

Set The Plotted Lineweight

152

10.6

Set The Plotted Linetypes

152

10.7

Dimension in Model Space for Printing or Plotting in Paper Space

153

10.7.1

154

10.8

Set The Dimension Scale For Model Space Dimensions in Layouts

Setting Up Plotters and Printer

154

10.8.1

155

Configuration Setup for Plotter / Printer (In Model and Paper Space)

viii

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CAD Computer Aided Design or commercially known as CAD is the process of creating a technical drawing with the application of computer software. AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application developed and marketed by Autodesk. AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers

1.1

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN CAD AND CONVENTIONAL DRAWING CAD

Conventional Drawing

Drawing can be produced easily

Need quite some time to produce designs

Accuracy and efficiency of the drawing can be

Drawings produced are not consistent and

improved

mistakes can occur.

Enable drawing to be created and edited easily Exact copies of drawings can be produced

Creating and editing need sometimes to be made. Exact copies of drawings can’t be produced.

quickly. Objects can be viewed in 3D and animation

1.2

Objects can’t be viewed in 3D

CAD SYSTEM AND ITS COMPONENTS Monitor Printer

CPU

Keyboard 1

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

Plotter

Mouse

1.3

CAD USER INTERFACE/ NAVIGATION

Before using this software, it is important for a student to familiarize with the graphical interface and the commands that will be used in order to produce the engineering drawing. This part will show each part application that can be used to assist the student in their drawing. Figure 1.1 shows the CAD user interface

Application Menu

View cube

Quick Access Toolbar Ribbon

Navigation bar

Drawing Area

User Coordinate System (UCS)

Status bar

Command panel

Figure 1.1 : CAD user interface

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

1.4

TYPES OF COMMAND ENTRY METHOD 1.4.1

Application Menu

The application menu contains commands that are relevant for the drawing as a whole. It contains commands for the following file operations: • • • • • • • • • •

1.4.2

Create new drawings and projects Open drawing files, project files, DGN files, and IFC files Save drawings to the current file format, to AutoCAD 2007 file format, as DWT file, or as DWS file Export files to DGN, DWF, PDF, IFC, gBXML, and DuctXML formats, and previous versions of AutoCAD Plot drawings Publish drawings to Map Guide, DWF, PDF, Seek, and eTransmit Access drawing setup and drawing utilities Access the program options Close drawings and projects Exit AutoCAD

Ribbon Panels

For products that run on the Windows operating system, a workspace is set of ribbon tabs and panels, menus, toolbars, and palettes that provide you with a custom, task-oriented drawing environment. You can change to a different the ribbon by changing the workspace. To add the ribbon tab in autocad:

Click Tools menu

Palettes

Ribbon or enter RIBBON at the Command prompt.

Note: The ribbon is displayed with the ribbon tabs assigned to the current workspace

Example of RIBBON tab:

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

1.4.3

Context (right click menu)

When you right-click in the drawing area, the content of the context menu depends on the currently selected object(s). For example, if one or more door objects are selected, a doorspecific context menu is displayed as shown.

If more than one type of object is selected, the context menu includes only those commands that can be applied to all the selected objects. Likewise, the ribbon displays a Multiple Objects contextual tab that contains only the applicable commands. If no objects are selected, the general context menu is displayed as shown below. This menu contains non-object-specific commands.

1.4.4

Quick Access Toolbar

Frequently used tools with the Quick Access toolbar.

You may add as many tools as you need to the Quick Access toolbar. Tools that extend past the maximum length of the toolbar are displayed in a flyout button. 1.4.5

Command Keyboard

Type in the command at the command prompt window and press Enter or Space Bar.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

1.5

OPEN A DRAWING

Open command is used to call the drawing file for purpose of editing or continuing the drawing that has been saved before. . To open a drawing, click on the application menu and choose Open or you may click icon from the quick access toolbar. and list of file that available files will be displayed.

1.6

DEFINE AND SET THE WORKSPACE

To set workspaces in AutoCAD, you can use the following procedures: •

Use the workspace icon on the task bar on the lower right of the program window

•

Set the Workspace Toolbar to be visible in the upper left of the program window.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

1.7

PRIMARY SPACES FOR MODEL AND LAYOUT

There are two distinct working environments, called model space and layout space in which you can work with objects in a drawing. •

By default, you start working in a limitless 3D drawing area called model space. You begin by deciding whether one unit represents one millimeter, one centimetre or whatever unit is most convenient. You then draw at 1:1 scale.

•

Switch to layout space when your drawing is ready for printing. You can set up different layouts with title blocks and notes. On each layout, you can create layout viewports that display different views of model space. In the layout viewports, you can scale the model space views relative to paper space. One unit in paper space represents the actual distance on a sheet of paper, either in millimeters or inches, depending on how you configure your page setup.

Model space is accessible from the Model tab and paper space is accessible from the layout tabs.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

1.8

VIEW DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE DRAWING USING ZOOM AND PAN COMMAND 1.8.1. Zoom

You can change the magnification of a view by zooming in and out. Like zooming in and out with a camera, Zoom does not change the absolute size of objects in the drawing; it changes only the magnification of the view. When you work with minute parts in your drawing, you may need to zoom out frequently to see an overview of your work. Use Zoom Previous to return quickly to the prior view. There are two methods of doing this. a)

Type Zoom or Z at the command prompt.

Click Zoom from the Ribbon on View Tab

There are several methods of executing Zoom:

Extents

To display the drawing extents and this will result in the largest possible display of all the objects.

Window

To display an area specified by two opposite corners of a rectangular window. Specify first corner: Specify a point (1) Specify opposite corner: Specify a point (2)

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

To display the previous view. You can restore up to 10 previous views.

All

To display the entire drawing in the current viewport. In a plan view, AutoCAD zooms to the drawing limits or current extents, whichever is greater. In a 3D view, Zoom All is equivalent to Zoom Extents. The display shows all objects even if the drawing extends outside the drawing limits.

Dynamic

To display the generated portion of the drawing with a view box. The view box represents your viewport, which you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms to fill the viewport with the image inside the view box.

Scale (X/XP)

Zooms the display at a specified scale factor. Enter a scale factor (nX or nXP): Specify a value

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

The value you enter is relative to the limits of the drawing. For example, entering 2 doubles the apparent display size of any objects from what it would be if you were to zoom to the limits of the drawing.

Center

To display a window by entering a center point. Then enter a magnification value or smaller value for the height increases the magnification. A larger value decreases the magnification. Specify center point: Specify a point (1) Enter magnification or height <current>: Enter a value or press ENTER

The panning view box is displayed first. Drag it to the location you want and click. The zooming view box is then displayed. Resize it and press ENTER to zoom, or click to return to the panning view box. Press ENTER to fill the current viewport with the area currently enclosed by the view box.

If you enter a value followed by x, AutoCAD specifies the scale relative to the current view. For example, entering .5x causes each object to be displayed at half its current size on the screen.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

If you enter a value followed by xp, AutoCAD specifies the scale relative to paper space units. For example, entering .5xp displays model space at half the scale of paper space units. The following illustration shows a number of viewports arranged in paper space. The view in each viewport is scaled relative to paper space. The first view is scaled 1=1 relative to paper space (1xp), the second is scaled .5=1 relative to paper space (.5xp), and so on.

1.8.2

Pan

Provides for viewing a different part of a drawing on the display screen without changing the magnification. If you enter Pan at the command prompt, Pan presents alternative prompts on the command line. This version of Pan works in two ways. You can specify a single point by indicating the relative displacement of the drawing with respect to the current location. You can also specify two points, in which case AutoCAD computes the displacement from the first point to the second point.

You cannot use Pan transparently during Vpoint or Dview, or while another Zoom, Pan, or View command is in progress.

Specify base point or displacement: Specify a point (1) The point you specify indicates either the amount to move the drawing or the location in the drawing to be moved, depending on how you respond to the next prompt. Specify second point: Press ENTER or specify a point (2)

If you press ENTER, AutoCAD moves the drawing by the amount you specified in the Specify Base Point or Displacement prompt. For example, if you specify 2,2 at the first prompt and press ENTER at the second prompt, AutoCAD moves the drawing 2 units in the X direction and 2 units in the Y direction. If you specify a point at the

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

Specify Second Point prompt, AutoCAD moves the location of the first point to the location of the second point.

There are two methods of doing this. a) Type Pan at the command prompt.

b) Click Pan from the Ribbon in View Tab

1.9

DRAFTING SETUP TOOLS

Initial setup shall be made to your drawing before you start to draw. This initial setup is important to facilitate your drawing process. The important commands are ‘Limits’ and Units.

1.9.1

Limits

This command is used to determine the drawing area format. The values are depend on the size of the drawing that will be developed. •

Using command line

Command: Limits <enter> Reset model space limits ON/OFF/lower left corner<0.000,0.000>: <enter lower left corner coordinate> Upper right corner<12.000,9.000>: <enter upper right corner coordinate>

1.9.2

Units

Precision and accuracy of a drawing can be controlled by using ‘units’ command. A few formats can be selected from this command

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

•

By using command line

Command : Units <enter> This dialog box will appear

Length measurement system unit type can be chosen from

1 = Scientific 1.55E+01 2 = Decimal 15.50 3 = Engineering 1'-3.50" 4 = Architectural 1'-3 1/2" 5 = Fractional 15 ½ b.

Angle measurement system

1 = Decimal degrees - 45.0000 2 = Degrees/minutes/seconds - 45d0'0" 3 = Grads - 50.0000g 4 = Radians - 0.7854r 5 = Surveyor's units - N 45d0'0" E

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to CAD

Precision

(Available for scientific, decimal, or engineering formats) Specifies the decimal precision: 0 to 8.

Units to scale inserted content

Controls the unit of measurement for blocks and drawings that are inserted into the current drawing. A block or a drawing that is created with units that are different from the units specified with this option is scaled when inserted. The insertion scale is the ratio of the units used in the target drawing. Select Unit less to insert the block without scaling it to match the specified units

1.10

SAVE A DRAWING

You may save your drawing using icon in Application menu or

from the Quick access toolbar

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

CHAPTER 2

CREATING DRAWING

2.1.

COORDINATE SYSTEM AND ENTRY 2.1.1. Coordinate System The UCS icon represents the orientation of the user coordinate system (UCS) axes and the location of the current UCS origin. It also represents the current viewing direction relative to the UCS XY plane. AutoCAD displays different UCS icons in paper space and model space. In both cases, a plus sign (+) appears at the base of the icon when it is positioned at the origin of the current UCS. With the 2D UCS icon, the letter W appears in the Y portion of the icon if the current UCS is the same as the world coordinate system. With the 3D UCS icon, a square is displayed in the XY plane at the origin when the UCS is the same as the world coordinate system. With the 2D UCS icon, a box is formed at the base of the icon if you are viewing the UCS from above (positive Z axis). The box is missing if you are viewing the UCS from below. With the 3D UCS icon, the Z axis is solid when viewed from above the XY plane and dashed when viewed from below the XY plane. If the UCS is rotated so that the Z axis lies in a plane parallel to the viewing plane— that is, if the XY plane is edge-on to the viewer—the 2D UCS icon is replaced by a broken pencil icon. The 3D UCS icon does not use a broken pencil icon.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

ON Displays the UCS icon. OFF Turns off display of the UCS icon.

ALL Applies changes to the icon in all active viewports. Otherwise, UCSICON affects only the current viewport.

No origin Displays the icon at the lower-left corner of the viewport regardless of the location of the UCS origin.

Origin Displays the icon at the origin (0,0,0) of the current coordinate system. If the origin is off the screen, or if the icon cannot be positioned at the origin without being clipped at the viewport edges, the icon appears at the lower-left corner of the viewport.

2.1.2

Dynamic Input, Direct Distance & Shortcut Menu

Dynamic Input

Dynamic input provides a command interface near the cursor in the drawing area. Click the dynamic input button

on the status bar to turn dynamic input on and off

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Dynamic input has three components: cursor (pointer) input, dimension input, and dynamic prompts. Right-click the dynamic input button and click Settings to control what is displayed by each component when dynamic input is turned on.

When the dynamic input is On, you can enter the coordinate values in a tooltip near the cursor. After you type a coordinate value in an input field and press Tab, the field displays a lock icon, and the cursor is constrained by the value that you entered. You can then enter a value for the second input field. Alternately, if you type a value and press Enter, the second input field is ignored and the value is interpreted as direct distance entry.

Direct Distance

Direct distance entry enables you to draw an object, such as a line, by pointing in a particular direction with the cursor and entering a distance at the command line.

Example: To Draw a Polyline below using Direct distance entry method 1.

Check that you have either Polar Tracking or Ortho mode turned on.

Start the Polyline command, Draw Polyline from

the pull-down menu or from the

Draw toolbar. 3.

When prompted to specify the first point, pick a point somewhere in the lower left quadrant of the drawing area. This will be the point

start 30

marked "start" in the illustration. 4.

Now, follow the command sequence below. In each case, point the cursor in the direction you want the line drawn and enter the distance for that particular line segment at the keyboard.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Point right Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 30

Point up Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20

Point left Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 30

Now enter "C" to close the polyline and end the command.

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: C

Shortcut Menu

To set the Shortcut Menu 1.

Click Application menu

Options.

To control Default, Edit, and Command shortcut menus individually, select Right-Click Customization.

In the Right-Click Customization dialog box, under Default Mode or Edit Mode, select one of the following options to control what happens when you right-click in the drawing area and no command is in progress:

Repeat Last Command. Repeats the last command. Selecting this option turns off the Default and Edit shortcut menus. Right-clicking is the same as pressing Enter.

Shortcut Menu. Displays the Default or Edit shortcut menu.

Under Command Mode, select one of the following options to determine what happens when you right-click in the drawing area while a command is in progress: o

Enter. Turns off the Command shortcut menu. Right-clicking is the same as pressing Enter.

Shortcut Menu: Always Enabled. Displays the Command shortcut menu.

Shortcut Menu: Enabled When Command Options Are Present. Displays the Command shortcut menu only when options are currently available in the

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Command prompt. In a Command prompt, options are enclosed in square brackets. If no options are available, right-clicking is the same as pressing Enter.

2.1.3

Types Of Point Entry Method

Absolute Coordinate

A point can be specified by typing the X, Y and Z coordinates. Example : Command : Line

0,5

3,5

From point : 0,0 To point : 3,0 To point : 3,5 To point : 0,5 To point : 0,0 @ c for close

0,0

3,0

Relative Coordinate

A point can be specified as the distance from the last coordinate entered. Type @ prior to the X, Y and Z distances

Format : Y distance

@ X distance, Y distance

X distance Example : Command : Line From point : 0,0

To point : @5,0 To point : @0,3

0,0

To point : @-5,0 To point : @0,-3

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Polar Coordinate

A point may be specified as the distance and the angle from the last coordinate (point) entered.

distance

angle

Format : @ distance < angle

Example : Command : Line

180

From point : 0,0 To point : @5<0 To point : @3<90

To point : @5<180 To point : @3<270

2.2.

90 0,0

DRAWING TOOLS AND SETTING

To perform exercise using coordinate system, you should disable the dynamic input and type the coordinate in command panel 2.2.1. Line The line is the most fundamental drawing entity. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Line or just L at the command prompt.

Click Line in Home Tab

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example : Command : Line @ click Specify first point : 10,10 Specify next point[ :

@30,0

To point : @0,15

To point : @-10,0 12

To point : @0,12

To point : @-10,0 To point : @0,-12 To point : @-10,0

Start point 10, 10

To point : c

2.2.2. Circle There are a few ways to draw a circle in AutoCAD. It depends on your inputs and the feature you want your circle to be. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Circle or just C at the command prompt.

Click Circle from the Ribbon in Home Tab

Example 1: Command: Circle or click Select Center, Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 100

Example 2: Command: Circle or click Select Center, Diameter from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan

10, 10

radius)]: 10,10 Specify diameter of circle <20.8248>: 50

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example 3: Command: Circle or click Select 3-point from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P 2P Ttr (tan tan radius]: _3p Specify first point on circle: 0, 0

10, 40

Specify second point on circle: 20, 10 Specify third point on circle: 10, 40

Example 4:

20, 10

0, 0

Command: Circle or click Select Tan, Tan, Radius from the pull down menu Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click to the first circle using your mouse Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click to the second circle using your mouse Specify radius of circle: 50

Constructed Circle R50

First circle Second circle

2.2.3. Arc

The Arc is a partial circle that can be drawn using any of the different options in the pull down menu.

There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Arc or just A at the command prompt.

Click Arc from the Home Tab.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example 1: Command: Arc or click Select Start, Centre, End from pull down menu

10,20

10,5

Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 10, 5 20,-5

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc: 20,-5 Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/chord length]: 10, 20

Example 2: 15, 20

Command: Arc or click Select Centre, Start, End from pull down menu

10, 10

Specify start point of arc or [Center]: _c Specify center point of arc: 10, 10 20, -5

Specify start point of arc: 20,-5 Center/End/<Second point>: C Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/chord length]: 15, 20

2.2.4. Rectangle To creates a rectangular polyline from the specified rectangle parameter

There are two methods of doing this.

Type rectangle or just rectangle at the command prompt.

Click

from the Home Tab.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example 1: Command: Rectangle or click Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/

40, 30

Thickness/Width]: 10, 10 Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 40, 30 10, 10

2.2.5. Ellipse

The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis.

There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Ellipse at the command prompt.

From Home Tab, select icon for ellipse

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example1: ELLIPSE – CENTER

Command: _ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: _c Specify center of ellipse: 0,0 Specify endpoint of axis: 75,0 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 50

Example 2: ELLIPSE - AXIS, END

Command: _ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 70,0 Specify other endpoint of axis: -70,0 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 50

Example 3: ELLIPSE – ELLIPTICAL ARC Command: _ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: _a Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: 30,0 Specify other endpoint of axis: -30,0 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 20 Specify start angle or [Parameter]: 0 Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: 270

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.2.6. Polygon A polygon is a polyline object. AutoCAD draws polyline with zero width and no tangent information. Creating polygons is a simple way to draw squares, equilateral triangles, octagons and so on.

Triangle

Square

Hexagon Pentagon

There are two methods of doing this.

Type Polygon at the command prompt.

From the Home Tab, select icon polygon

In the first two illustrations, point 1 is the center of Polygon and point 2 defines the radius length, which is specified with the pointing device.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Example 1: Command : Polygon or click Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: Specify radius of circle: 20

Example 2: Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <5>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: C Specify radius of circle: 20

2.2.7. Point

Point objects are useful as nodes or reference points. They are temporary objects you create to help you draw accurately. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Point at the command prompt.

From the Home Tab, in Draw pull down menu, select multiple point

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.2.8. Polyline

A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single object. You can create straight Line segments, Arc segments, or a combination of the two. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Polyline at the command prompt.

From the Home Tab, select icon polyline

Example 1 : Command : Pline or click Specify start point : point 1 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : point 2

Example 2 : Arc Angle/center/close/direction……: point 3 or enter an option

Angle Angle/center/close/direction……: point 3 or enter an option

Center Center point : point 3 Angle/center/close/direction ….. : point 4

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Halfwidth Starting halfwidth : enter a value or Ending halfwidth : enter a value or

2.2.9. Spline A spline is a smooth curve that passes through or near a set of points that influence the shape of the curve. SPLINE command can be used to creates a smooth curve that passes through or near a set of fit points, or that is defined by the vertices in a control frame

There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Point at the command prompt.

From the Home Tab, in Draw pull down menu, select spline

2.3.

DRAWING AIDS 2.3.1. Snap When the Snap mode is ON, the crosshair and all input coordinates are locked into alignment with an imaginary rectangular grid of specified spacing distance.

To execute SNAP, type Snap at the command prompt or click snap mode button on the status bar

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

To change the snap setting, right-click on the snap mode button and choose ‘Settings’. The ‘Drafting Setting’ dialogue box as below will appear. You may set you snap and grid spacing here.

2.3.2. Ortho

Ortho mode is used when you specify an angle or distance by means of two points using a pointing device. In Ortho mode, cursor movement is constrained to the horizontal or vertical direction relative to the UCS

To execute ORTHO, type Ortho at the command prompt or click ortho mode icon on the status bar

In the illustration, a line is drawn using Ortho mode. Point 1 is the first point specified, and point 2 is the position of the cursor when the second point is specified.

. 2.3.3. Grid Grid Command provides a reference grid of dots of desire spacing. The grid is for visual reference only. It is not plotted, and it is not part of the drawing. You can turn the grid display on and off with the Grid button on the status bar.

To execute GRID, type Grid at the command prompt or click Grid

display

icon in status bar. For Grid setting, refer 2.3.1

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.3.4. Polar Snap And Polar Tracking a) Polar Snap To activate Polar Snap, set the snap type to polar snap in Drafting Setting dialog box.

When snap mode is on and you specify points with polar tracking turned on, the cursor snaps along polar alignment angle set on the Polar Tracking tab relative to the starting polar tracking point

b) Polar Tracking

Polar Tracking is a drawing aid that allows you to set the angles that you commonly use and AutoCAD will automatically lock your line at every increment of that angle while you are drawing. Polar Tracking can be toggled on and off by using the F10 key on the keyboard.

Polar Tracking can be activated by clicking on icon on status bar

and the

tracking angle can be set in Polar Tracking tab in Drafting Setting dialog box as below

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.3.5. Object Snap (Osnap) And Osnap Tracking a) Object Snap (Osnap) Object Snap allows the user to snap or lock to the points that are related to the object in the drawing by means of a target box.

You can activate the Osnap mode by click

the osnap icon in status bar

To set the Object snap point, right-click on the osnap icon and the Drafting Setting dialog box will appear. In Object Snap tab, you can choose the Osnap mode that you need.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

b) Osnap Tracking (OTRACK)

Object snap tracking works in conjunction with object snaps. Use object snap tracking to track along alignment paths that are based on object snap points. Acquired points display a small plus sign (+). After you acquire a point, horizontal, vertical, or polar alignment paths relative to the point are displayed as you move the cursor over their drawing paths. You can activate the OTRACK mode by click the icon

in status bar

In the following illustration, the Endpoint object snap is on. You start a line by clicking its start point (1), move the cursor over another line's endpoint (2) to acquire it, and then move the cursor along the horizontal alignment path to locate the endpoint you want for the line you are drawing (3).

2.4.

DRAWING VIEW 2.4.1. Redraw

AutoCAD redraws the current viewport, removing marker blips. It also displays artifacts (stray pixels) left by editing commands.

There are two methods of doing this. a) Type Redraw at the command prompt.

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.4.2. Regen

The Regen and Redraw commands seem to have similar functions. Although their functions appear to be similar, the Redraw and Regen commands are significantly different. Use the Regen command to: •

Regenerate entire drawing data.

•

Recompute the screen coordinates.

•

Reindex the drawing database for maximum performance (recreates the display list).

Regen regenerates the entire drawing and recomputes the screen coordinates for all objects in the current viewport. It also reindexes the drawing database for optimum display and object selection performance.

There are two methods of doing this. a) Type Regen at the command prompt.

2.4.3. View

A View is a portion of a drawing that is displayed in a viewport. You can save and restore views by name for convenient access. Views are saved separately in model space and paper space. Procedures Reference

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

2.4.4. Viewport The number and layout of active Viewports and their associated settings are called Viewport configurations. VPORTS determines the Viewport configuration for model space and paper space (layout) environments. In model space (the Model tab), you can create multiple model Viewport configurations. In paper space (a layout tab), you can create multiple layout Viewport configurations. Creates new viewport configurations, or names and saves a model viewport configuration. The options available in this dialog box depend on whether you are configuring model viewports (on the Model tab) or layout viewports (on a layout tab). There are two methods of doing this. a) Type Viewports or Vports at the command prompt. b) Click Viewports Configuration from the View Tab

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXAMPLE 1 Identify the coordinates in the table provided based on the diagram below

Absolute

Relative

relative polar

0,0

Absolute

0,0

@50,0

@50<0

A→B

Relative

@50,0

@20<90

B→C

relative polar

@20<90

C→D

Absolute

D→E

Relative

E→F

relative polar

F→A

A A→B B→C

coordinate

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXAMPLE 2 Identify the coordinates in the table provided based on the diagram below

Absolute

Relative

relative polar

0,0

Absolute

0,0

@50,0

@50<0

A→B

Relative

@50,0

@20<90

B→C

relative polar

@20<90

C→D

Absolute

D→E

Relative

E→F

relative polar

F→A

A A→B B→C

coordinate

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXAMPLE 3 Construct drawing below

Set the Drawing limits

Command: Limits Lower left corner<0.00,0.00>:<enter> Upper right corner<12.00,9.00>: 300,300<enter> On the Dynamic input

2. Draw Line

Command : Line @ click Specify first point : 50,130 Activate Ortho Mode Specify next point: Drag to the left and keyin 185 and click enter

3. Draw Circle R40

Command : Circle or click Select Center,Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 200,190 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 40

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Draw Circle R25

Command : Circle or click Select Tan,Tan, Radius from the pull down menu Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click the circle Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click the Line Specify radius of circle : 25

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXAMPLE 4 Construct drawing below

Set the Drawing limits

Command: Limits Lower left corner<0.00,0.00>:<enter> Upper right corner<12.00,9.00>: 300,300<enter> On the Dynamic input

Draw Circle R50

Command : Circle or click Select Center,Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 100,100 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 50

Draw Circle R30

Command : Circle or click Select Center,Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 200,100 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 30

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

Draw Circle R25

Command : Circle or click Select Tan,Tan, Radius from the pull down menu Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click R50 circle Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: click R30 circle Specify radius of circle : 25

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXAMPLE 5 Construct drawing below using Autocad

Set the Drawing limits

Command: Limits Lower left corner<0.00,0.00>:<enter> Upper right corner<12.00,9.00>: 300,300<enter> On the Dynamic input

2. Draw Circle R100

Command : Circle or click Select Center,Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 100

3. Draw hexagon

Command : Polygon Enter number of side<4> : 6 <enter> Specify the center of the polygon or edge : select center of the R100 circle Enter an option (Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle) : I Specify radius of circle : 100

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

4. Draw hexagon

Command : Polygon or click Enter number of side<4> : 7 <enter> Specify the center of the polygon or edge : select center of the R100 circle Enter an option (Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle) : C Specify radius of circle : 100

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

DO IT YOURSELF. YOU MAY USE THE STEP IN THE FIGURE PROVIDED TO ASSIST YOU.

EXERCISE 1 Fill in the blank space in the table based on the diagram below Coordinate A

A→B

B→C C→D D→A

ABSOLUTE

10,15

Relative Polar Relative Absolute ABSOLUTE Relative Absolute

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 2 Draw the diagram below based on the given absolute coordinates

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 3 Draw the diagram below based on Relative Absolute coordinates method

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 4 Draw the diagram below based ortho mode “on”, drag cursor

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 5 Draw the diagram below based on Polar tracking mode

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 6 Draw the diagram below based on Polar tracking mode

Suggested icon Draw; line, Modify; undo, Polar tracking (F10 on), otracking (on) F11, osnap (F3 on)

CHAPTER 2: Creating Drawing

EXERCISE 7 Draw the diagram below

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

CHAPTER 3

MANIPULATING AND MODIFYING OBJECTS

3.1

MODIFYING TOOLS

3.1.1

Erase

The Erase command is used to delete entities from the drawing by selecting the object using any of the entity selection methods. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Erase or just E in the command prompt.

Click Erase icon

from the Modify tab.

Example: Removes the object from the drawing.

3.1.2

Copy

The Copy command allows you to make a copy or copies of an entity or a group at any location in the drawing.

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Copy at the command prompt. 2. Click Copy icon

from the Modify tab

Example : Single copy

(0,0)

Command: Copy or click Select objects : (select circle) Specify base point or [displacement/mode/Multiple] : 0,0 Specify second point or [Array]: 5,2

3.1.3

Mirror

The Mirror command creates mirror images of drawn object about a mirror line. Then the original object may either be retained or deleted. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Mirror at the command prompt.

Click Mirror

from the Modify tab.

Example : Command: Mirror or click Select objects: (select all entities in original image) First point of mirror line: (select point as in figure below) second point: (select point as in figure below) Delete old object? <N> enter

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

First point of mirror line

Mirror line

Second point of mirror line Original image

3.1.4

Mirror image

Array

The Array command is used to make multiple copies of one or more objects in a rectangular (rows and columns) or polar (circular) pattern. There are three methods of doing this. 1. Type Array from the command prompt. 2. Click Array from the Modify tab. From the pull down menu, select rectangular array or polar array

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Rectangular Array

To creates copies of the selected objects in rows and columns. Number of rows Number of columns Distance between rows Distance between columns

Example: Command: _arrayrect Select objects: select STAR<enter>

You can change the value in the boxes to draw what you need.

Polar Array

To creates copies of the selected objects in polar

Number of items Angle to fill Angle between items

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Example: Command: _arraypolar Select objects: select ARROW <enter> You can change the value in the boxes to draw what you need.

3.1.5

Move

Move command allows one or more entities to be moved to other location in the drawing. There are two methods of doing this. 1.

Type Move or just M at the command prompt.

Click Move

Example:

from the Modify tab.

(0,0)

Command : Move Select objects : (select square) Base point or displacement : 0,0 Second point of displacement:@5,2

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

3.1.6

Rotate

Rotate command used to change the orientation of existing entities by rotating them about a specified base point. The rotation angle may be given as a numeric value or by dragging the entity.

There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Rotate at the command prompt. 2. Click Rotate

from the Modify tab.

Example 1: Command : Rotate Select objects : (select object) Base point : Endpoint <Rotation angle>/ Reference : 270 Example 2: Command: Rotate Select objects: (select object) Base point: Endpoint <Rotation angle>/ Reference: r Reference angle : 0 New angle : 90

3.1.7

Scale

The Scale command enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions. Entities can be enlarged if a scale factor greater than 1 is selected and can be reduced in size if a scale factor between zero and 1 is selected. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Scale at the command prompt. 2. Click Scale

from the Modify tab.

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Example 1 : Scale factor Command : Scale Select objects : (select arrow object) Base point : Endpoint <Scale factor>/ Reference : 0.5 Example 2 : Reference Length Command : Scale Select objects : (select arrow object) Base point : Endpoint <Scale factor>/ Reference : r Reference length <1> : 5 New length : 7

3.2 OBJECT SELECTION •

Select objects by clicking them or by using a window or crossing method. To specify a rectangular selection area, click and release the mouse button, move the cursor, and click again.

•

To create a lasso selection, click, drag, and release the mouse button.

•

You may consider adding the 'Select Crossing' or 'Select Window' commands to ribbon panels so that AutoCAD only executes a specific selection.

•

Do one of the following:

3.2.1

Select Object Individually

Select individual objects by clicking them.

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

3.2.2

Windows Selection

Drag from left to right to select all objects that are entirely enclosed in the selection rectangle or lasso

3.2.3

Crossing Selection

Drag from right to left to select all objects that are crossed by the selection rectangle or lasso

3.2.4

GRISP

AutoCAD object grips offer easy access to common editing tools with minimal clicks and without having to launch a command.

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Example 1

You have to open drawing named ‘Latihan 3a’ to try this exercise Click on the application menu and choose Open or you may click icon from the quick access toolbar and list of file that available files will be displayed. Choose file named ‘Latihan 3a’

Copy the image Command: Copy or click

second point point

Select objects : (select all object using window crossing) Specify base point or [displacement/mode/Multiple]: select (base point in the figure)

base point

Specify second point or [Array]: select (second point in the figure)

Mirror the images

First point of mirror line

Command: Mirror or click Select objects: (select all entities in original image) First point of mirror line: (select point as in figure) second point: (select point as in figure) Delete old object? <N> enter

Second point of mirror line

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Example 2

You have to open drawing named ‘Latihan 3b’ to try this exercise Click on the application menu and choose Open or you may click icon from the quick access toolbar. and list of file that available files will be displayed. Choose file named ‘Latihan 3b’. Activate the Osnap and Otrackmode

Rotate the object Command : Rotate Select objects : (select object) Base point : select (center of circle) <Rotation angle>/ Reference : 90

Copy the object Command: Copy or click Select objects : (select all object using window crossing) Specify base point or [displacement/mode/Multiple]: select (center of circle)

base point

Specify second point or [Array]: Drag you mouse to cross along center of circle then the tracking line will appear, drag it to the left until 80mm. Then left-click the mouse for choosing the second point. • Repeat step 3 for the another one ARROW

Rotate the objects for the first arrow Command : Rotate Select objects : (select the first arrow) Base point : select (center of circle of the first arrow) <Rotation angle>/ Reference :150

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Rotate the objects for the second arrow Command : Rotate Select objects : (select object) Base point : select (center of the middle circle) <Rotation angle>/ Reference : 45

Rotate the objects for the last arrow Command : Rotate Select objects : (select object) Base point : select (center of last circle) <Rotation angle>/ Reference : 0

Example 3 Construct drawing below using AutoCAD

R100

Set the Drawing limits Command: Limits Lower left corner<0.00,0.00>:<enter> Upper right corner<12.00,9.00>: 300,300<enter> On the Dynamic input

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Draw Circle R100 Command : Circle or click Select Center, Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 100

Draw hexagon Command : Polygon or click Enter number of side<4> : 6 <enter> Specify the center of the polygon or edge : select center of the R100 circle Enter an option (Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle) : I Specify radius of circle : 100

Erase circle Click Erase icon

from the Modify tab.

Select the circle and enter

Draw a circle with radius 100. Use any one corner of the hexagon as center of circle. Command : Circle or click Select Center, Radius from the pull down menu Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: select (any one corner of the hexagon) Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.8248>: 100

Copy the circle to all the hexagon corners Command: Copy or click Select objects: (select circle) Specify base point or [displacement/mode/Multiple] : select ( center of circle constructed in step 4) Specify second point or [Array]: select (each corner of the hexagon)

CHAPTER 3: Manipulating and Modifying Objects

Trim the unused part Command: Trim or click Select cutting edge [All]: enter Select object to trim: click on the unwanted part

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

CHAPTER 4 DRAWING ORGANIZATION AND INQUIRY COMMANDS Layers are used to group objects in a drawing by function and to enforce standards for color, linetype, lineweight, and other properties.Layers are the equivalent of the overlays once used in paper-based drafting. By creating layers, you can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to the same layer. For example, you can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks on separate layers. You can also organize objects by function and to assign default object properties including color, linetype, and lineweight to each layer.

Layers are an important organizational tool and can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display performance by controlling how objects are displayed or plotted.

With layers, you control the following: i.

Whether the objects on a layer are visible or hidden

ii.

Whether objects use the default properties such as color, linetype, or lineweight for that layer, or whether object properties are assigned individually to each object

iii.

Whether and how objects on a layer are plotted

iv.

Whether the objects on a layer are locked and cannot be modified

Whether objects display with different layer properties in individual layout viewports

vi.

Every drawing includes a layer named 0. Layer 0 cannot be deleted or renamed to ensure that every drawing includes at least one layer.

4.1

CREATE NEW LAYER •

Click Home tab

•

In the Layer Properties Manager, click the New Layer button

Layers panel

Layer Properties. Find .

➢ A layer name, such as LAYER1, is automatically added to the layer list.

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

•

Enter a new layer name by typing over the highlighted layer name.

•

Specify the settings

4.2

PROPERTIES PALETTE

Properties palette is use to change the display property settings for a selected object in the current display representation. Properties palette also can be used to change settings for properties that apply to the object as a whole (such as Cut plane height), as well as settings for the object’s individual display components (such as Color, Layer, and Line type for a hatch component). •

Click View tab

Properties.

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

•

Select the objects.

•

Right-click in the drawing area, and choose Properties from the shortcut menu.

•

In the Properties palette, click Layer, and then the down arrow.

•

From the drop-down list, choose the layer that you want to assign to the objects.

•

Press Esc to remove the selection.

•

Select the objects whose color you want to change.

•

Right-click in the drawing area, and choose Properties.

•

In the Properties palette, click Color, and then click the down arrow. From the dropdown list, choose the color that you want to assign to the objects.

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

•

Press Esc to remove the selection.

•

The color that you choose overrides the default layer color for the selected object

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

4.2.1

Match the Layer Setting Between Selected Object •

Click Home tab

•

Select the objects that you want to change to a different layer, and press

Layers panel

Match. Find

Enter. •

4.2.2

Select an object on the destination layer

Copy Properties from One Object to Other Objects •

Click Home tab

•

Select the object from which you want to copy properties.

•

If you want to specify which properties are copied, enter s (Settings). In

Properties

Match Properties. Find

the Property Settings dialog box, clear the properties that you do not want copied, and click OK. •

Select the objects to which you want to copy the properties, and press Enter.

4.3

LINE TYPES

Linetype is a visual property assigned to geometric objects. Linetypes can be a pattern of dashes, dots, text, and symbols, or unbroken and continuous.

The current linetype setting defines the default appearance of all new geometric objects. You can see which linetype is current in the Properties panel of the ribbon Home tab when no objects are selected.

•

The Continuous linetype displays objects with a solid, unbroken pattern.

•

The ByLayer linetype displays objects with the linetype assigned to the current layer.

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

•

An explicitly set linetype, for example DASHDOT, displays objects with that linetype regardless of the current layer.

•

The ByBlock linetype displays objects with the Continuous linetype until the objects are combined into a block definition. When the block is inserted into the drawing, it displays the current linetype for those objects

4.3.1

Set the Linetype Scale for New Objects •

Click Home tab

•

In the Linetypedrop-down list, choose Other

•

In the Linetype Manager, click Load to choose the other line types.

Properties panel Linetype. Find

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

4.3.2

Lineweight

Lineweightis a property assigned to graphical objects, hatches, leader lines, and dimension geometry that results in thicker, darker lines. The current lineweight is assigned to all new objects until you make another lineweight current. In addition to setting an explicit value for the lineweight, you can set lineweight to ByLayer or ByBlock. •

If the current lineweight is set to ByLayer, objects are created with the lineweight assigned to the current layer.

•

If the current lineweight is set to ByBlock, objects are created using the default lineweight setting until the objects are grouped into a block. When the block is inserted into the drawing, it acquires the current lineweight setting.

To Set the Current Lineweight •

Click Home tab

•

In the Lineweight drop-down list, choose Lineweight Settings.

Properties panel

Lineweight. Find

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

•

In the Lineweight Settings dialog box, choose a lineweight and click OK.

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

DO IT YOURSELF. IF YOU FACE ANY PROBLEMS, DISCUSS THEM WITH YOUR LECTURER. GOOD LUCK.

EXERCISE 1 Draw the figures below and show the Layers.

NAME

COLOR

LINETYPE

OBJECT

BLUE

CONTINUOUS

DIMENSION

RED

CONTINUOUS

HIDDEN

CYAN

HIDDEN2

CENTER

RED

CENTER2

EXERCISE 2 Create layer according to the table below NAME

COLOR

LINETYPE

OBJECT

WHITE

CONTINUOUS

DIMENSION

GREEN

CONTINUOUS

HIDDEN

CYAN

HIDDEN2

CENTER

RED

CENTER2

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

EXERCISE 3 Draw the figures below and show the Layers. NAME

COLOR

LINETYPE

OBJECT

MAGENTA

CONTINUOUS

DIMENSION

GREEN

CONTINUOUS

HIDDEN

RED

HIDDEN2

CENTER

YELLOW

CENTER2

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

EXERCISE 4 Draw the figures below and show the Layers. NAME

COLOR

LINETYPE

OBJECT

YELLOW

CONTINUOUS

DIMENSION

MAGENTA

CONTINUOUS

HIDDEN

CYAN

HIDDEN2

CENTER

RED

CENTER2

EXERCISE 5 Draw the figures below and show the Layers. NAME

COLOR

LINETYPE

OBJECT

YELLOW

CONTINUOUS

DIMENSION

RED

CONTINUOUS

HIDDEN

WHITE

HIDDEN2

CENTER

MAGENTA

CENTER2

CHAPTER 4: Drawing Organization And Inquiry Commands

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

CHAPTER 5

ALTERING OBJECTS

5.1

MODIFY TOOLS

Modify tools are a set of tools that are used to edit, modify or change the AutoCAD drawing entities. In producing drawings, most of the time spent is in editing rather than creating the entities. In order to reduce the drawing time as well as increase the productivity, the need to understand and fully utilize the editing commands is very essential. The editing commands can be accessed from the pull down menu or by typing the command at the command prompt area.

5.1.1

Offset – create parallel and offset geometry.

The Offset command draws an entity parallel to another entity at either specified distance or through a specified point. Line, arc, circle and 2D pline are the entities that can be offset. There are three methods of doing this. 1.

Type Offset at the command prompt

Click Home tab

Modify panel

offset.

Example 1: Distance Offset Command: Offset •

Specify offset distance or [Through Erase Layer] <1.000>: 1.5

•

Select object to offset or exit: select original object

•

Specify point on side to offset: select below the original object

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

Example 2: Through Point Offset Command: Offset

5.1.2

•

Specify offset distance or [Through Erase Layer] 1.000>: t

•

Select object to offset or exit: select original object

•

Specify through point: select a point

Stretch – alter shape of objects in the drawing.

The Stretch command stretches lines, arcs, splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window. It moves the endpoints that lie inside the window, leaving those outside the window unchanged. Any objects entirely within the window or polygon can be moved just like using the Move command.

There are three methods of doing this. 1.

Type Stretch at the command prompt.

Click Home tab

Modify panel

Stretch.

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

Example: Command: Stretch •

Select objects to stretch by crossing window or crossing polygon.

Select object: •

Select the object using a crossing window selection.

•

The crossing window must include at least one vertex or endpoint.

•

Specify a crossing window by clicking and at the same time, moving your pointing device from right to left, and clicking again.

•

You can also specify the base point for the move, and then specify a second point which is the point of displacement.

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

5.1.3

Trim and Extend – change the length of objects.

A. Trim

The Trim command trims existing entities so that they end precisely at the cutting edge(s). The cutting edges can be Lines, Arcs, Circles, open 2D and 3D Polylines, Rays and Spline. There are three methods of doing this. 1.

Type Trim at the command prompt.

Click Home tab

Modify panel

Trim.

Example : Command: Trim •

Select cutting edge: (select to the cutting edge)

•

Select object or <select all>:

•

Select the objects to serve as cutting edges.

•

To select all displayed objects as potential cutting edges, press Enter without selecting any objects.

•

Select the objects to trim.

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

B. Extend

The Extend command lengthens existing entities so that they end precisely at the boundary edge(s). The boundary edges can be lines, arcs, circles or 2D polylines. The entities that can be extended are lines, arcs and open 2D and 3D polylines. There are three methods of doing this.

5.1.4

Type Extend at the command prompt.

Click Home tab

Select the boundary edge for extending (1).

Enter e (Edge).

Enter e (Extend).

Enter p (Project).

Enter u (UCS).

Select the object to extend (2).

Modify panel

Extend.

Break – break objects into two or more independent objects.

The Break command is a convenient way to create a gap in an object, resulting in two objects with a space between them. Break is often used to create space for block or text insertion.

There are three methods of doing this. 1.

Type Break at the command prompt.

Click Home tab

Modify panel

Break.

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

When breaking an object, you can either a)

select the object at the first break point and then specify a second break point, or

select the entire object and then specify two break points.

Example : Command :Break

5.1.5

•

Select the object to break : point 1

•

Specify the second object : point 2

Join – combine multiple objects into single objects.

The Join command is to joins the endpoints of linear and curved objects to create a single object. It combines a series of finite linear and open curved objects at their common endpoints to create a single 2D or 3D object. The type of object that results depends on the types of objects selected, the type of object selected first, and whether the objects are coplanar.

1. Type Join at the command prompt. 2. Click Home tab

Modify panel

Join.

3. Select a source object or select multiple objects to join together.

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

5.1.6

Chamfer and Fillet – apply angle or radius corner to two objects in the drawing.

A. Chamfer Using Chamfer is a fast way of creating a line between two nonparallel lines. It is usually used to represent a beveled edge on a corner. Chamfer can also be used to bevel all corners of polyline.

There are three methods of doing this. 1.

Type Chamfer at the command prompt.

Click Home tab

Modify panel

Chamfer.

Example 1: To Chamfer two nonparallel line segments Command: Chamfer •

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: select first and second line

Example 2: To set Chamfer distances Command: Chamfer •

Select first line or [Undo /Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/ Multiple] : d

•

Specify first chamfer distance <0.500>: 0.7

•

Specify second chamfer distance <0.700>: 0.6

•

Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: select first and second line

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

B. Fillet

The Fillet command connects two lines, arcs or circles with a smooth arc of specified radius. The value for the radius may be entered numerically or shown as the distance between two points. The value of “0” for the radius results in a square corner.

There are three methods of doing this. 1. Type Fillet at the command prompt. 2. Click Home tab

Modify panel

Fillet.

3. Enter r (Radius). 4. Enter the fillet radius.

Example 1: Filleting lines Command: Fillet ▪

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/]: r

▪

Specify fillet radius <0.500>: 2

▪

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/]: select First and Second line

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

Example 2: Filleting a line and an arc Command: Fillet •

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/] : r

•

Specify fillet radius <0.500>: 1

•

Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim/] : select Line and Arc

Example 3 : Filleting an entire polyline Command : Fillet ▪

Select first object or [ Polyline/Radius/Trim/] : r

▪

Specify fillet radius <0.500> : 1

▪

Select first object or [ Polyline/Radius/Trim/] : p

▪

Select 2D polyline : select Polyline

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

DO IT YOURSELF. YOU MAY USE THE STEP IN THE FIGURE PROVIDED TO ASSIST YOU.

EXERCISE 1

Rectangle (100 x 80)

Fillet trim and notrim

Chamfer

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 2

circle by center

copy circle

Line

offset line

Trim

Fillet

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 3

hexagon, circle

circle

line

Fillet

Trim

Erase

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 4

Draw Circle

Draw line, circle

Draw line tangent to

fillet no Trim

Extend line

Trim

erase

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 5

Draw Circle, line

erase,

Trim

Offset

trim mirror

Drw line, circle ttr

erase

Draw line

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 6

Draw

Draw line tangent to

line Draw

Trim, offset 3

circle Draw line tangent to

Draw line

CHAPTER 5: Altering Objects

EXERCISE 7

Line

Circle by centre

Circle by ttr

Trim

Fillet

Mirror, trim

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

CHAPTER 6

ANNOTATION AND DIMENSION IN DRAWING

6.1

APPLY THE BASIC DIMENSIONING IN DRAWINGS.

Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing. You can create dimensions for a variety of object types in many orientations. The basic types of dimensioning are •

Linear

•

Radial (radius, diameter and jogged)

•

Angular

•

Ordinate

•

Arc Length

Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, baseline, or continued (chained). Some examples are shown in the illustration.

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

6.2

ADDING DIMENSIONS TO A DRAWING

6.2.1

Create Dimensions Using Different Options.

A. Linear

1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Linear.

2. Press Enter to select the object to dimension or specify the first and second extension line origins. 3. Enter r (Rotated), and then enter the rotation angle of the dimension. 4. Specify the dimension line location.

Example: Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: pick 1st extension line origin Specify second extension line origin : pick 2nd line origin

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

B. Angular 1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Angular.

2. Use one of the following methods: •

To dimension a circle, select the circle at the first endpoint of the angle and then specify the second endpoint of the angle.

•

To dimension any other object, select the first line, and then select the second line.

Example: Select arc, circle, line or <specify vertex>: pick 1st line Select second line: pick 2nd line

C. Diameter

1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Diameter.

2. Select the arc or circle to dimension.

Example: Select arc or circle: select the circle Specify dimension line location or [MtextText Angle]: Specify the leader line location

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

D. Radius

1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Radius.

2. Select an arc, circle, or polyline arc segment.

Example: Select arc or circle: select the circle Specify dimension line location or [MtextText Angle]: Specify the leader line location

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

E. Aligned 1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Aligned.

2. Press Enter to select the object to dimension, or specify the first and second extension line origins

Example: Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: pick 1st extension line origin. Specify second extension line origin : pick 2nd line origin. Specify dimension line location or [MtextText Angle]: Specify the leader line location.

6.3

USE DIMENSION STYLES TO MANAGE DIMENSIONS.

Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Dimension Style.

In the Dimension Style Manager, click Compare.

In the Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, Compare drop-down list, choose a dimension style.

In the with drop-down list, choose the same dimension style.

The dimensioning system variables, their current settings, and a brief description are listed. Overrides to the dimension style are not included

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

6.3.1

6.3.2

Use Of Leaders

Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Multileader.

At the Command prompt, enter o to select options.

Enter l to specify leaders.

Enter s to specify straight leaders.

In the drawing, click a start point for the leader head.

Click an end point for the leader.

Enter your MTEXT content.

On the Text Formatting toolbar, click OK

Single Line Text

Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Single Line Text.

Specify the insertion point for the first character. If you press ENTER, the program locates the new text immediately below the last text object you created, if any.

Specify the height of the text. This prompt is displayed only if text height is set to 0 in the current text style.

Specify a text rotation angle.

Enter the text. At the end of each line, press ENTER. Enter more text as needed.

Press ENTER on a blank line to end the command.

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

Example 1: Command : Text Current text style : “Standard” Text height : 0.200 Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style] : select a point Specify height <0.200> : 1 Specify rotation angle of text < 0 > : Enter text :POLISAS

Example 2:

1 - Draw rectangular

2- justify

3 – fit

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

Example 3:

1 - Draw rectangular

2- justify

3 – Left

specify start point of text:

Specify height

Specify rotation angle of text

6.3.3

<0>

Multiline Text 1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Multiline Text.

2. Specify opposite corners of a bounding box to define the width of the multiline text object. 3. If you want to use a text style other than the default, on the ribbon, click the Annotate tab, Text panel. Select the desired text style from the dropdown list. 4. Enter text. 5. To override the current text style, select text as follows:

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

•

To select one or more letters, click and drag the pointing device over the characters.

•

To select a word, double-click the word.

•

To select a paragraph, triple-click the paragraph.

6. On the ribbon, make format changes as follows: •

To change the font of the selected text, select a font from the list.

•

To change the height of the selected text, enter a new value in the Height box.

•

To format text in a TrueType font with boldface or italics, or to create underlined, overlined, or strikethough text for any font, click the corresponding button on the ribbon.

•

To apply color to selected text, choose a color from the Color list. Click Other to display the Select Color dialog box.

7. To save your changes and exit the editor, use one of the following methods: •

On the MTEXT ribbon contextual tab, in the Close panel, click Close Text Editor.

•

Click in the drawing outside the editor.

•

Press Ctrl+Ent

Example 1: Command :Mtext Current text style : “Standard” Text height : 10 Specify first corner : select first point Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line Spacing/Rotation/ Style/Width] : select second point

CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

Example 2:

1 - Draw rectangular

2- Mtext, pick end point 1

3 – pick height, pick end point 2

Specify opposite corner: pick end point 3

Specify rotation angle of text <0>: enter

Type text

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6.3.4

Create Text Style To Manage Text 1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Text Style.

2. In the Text Style dialog box, select a style from the Style Name list. 3. Under Font, enter the text height (in drawing units) in the Height box. 4. To update existing text that uses this text style, click Apply. 5. Click Close.

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CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

DO IT YOURSELF. YOU MAY USE THE STEP IN THE FIGURE PROVIDED TO ASSIST YOU.

EXERCISE 1 Draw the figures below and show the dimensions.

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CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

EXERCISE 2 Draw the figures below and show the dimensions.

EXERCISE 3 Type the text below using suitable commands. •

Command : Text

•

Current text style : “Standard” Text height : 0.200

•

Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style] : select a point

•

Specify height <0.200> : 0.5

•

Specify rotation angle of text < 0 > :0

•

Enter text : COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING & DESIGN

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CHAPTER 6: Annotation And Dimension In Drawing

EXERCISE 4 Draw the figure below using the dimensions given •

Draw the figure using Line and Offset commands,

•

change the Linetype.

•

Select lines A, B, C and D.

•

Change the Linetype from ByLayer to Hidden.

•

Select lines E and F.

•

Change the Linetype from ByLayer to Center.

EXERCISE 5 Draw the figure below using the dimensions given

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

CHAPTER 7

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND ISOMETRIC VIEW

7.1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

If you look at the image below, you will see a drawing for a part. It shows the object with a top view, a front view and a side view. These three views are ‘projected’ and aligned with each other. As you’ve seen with your Orthographic Mode setting (F8), lines are either horizontal or vertical and in Orthographic Projection, the views are mostly horizontal or vertical in relation to each other. It’s this alignment (projection) that makes the drawing easy to read.

There are 2 methods of deciding what views are used and where they are placed in the drawing: First Angle Projection and Third Angle Projection.

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7.1.1

First Angle Projection (European Standards)

In First Angle Projection, the object is conceptually located in quadrant 1 as shown in figure below.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

7.1.2

Third Angle Projection (USA Standards)

In Third Angle Projection, the object is conceptually located in quadrant 3 as shown in figure below.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

7.1.3

Section View

The view obtained by cutting an object with an imaginary cutting plane is called Sectional View. The surface produced by cutting the object by the section plane is called Section. It is indicated by thin section lines uniformly spaced, generally at an angle of 45', using hatch in AutoCAD (refer chapter 8: Hatching Objects). As already imagined, a sectional view is a view seen when a portion of the object nearest to the observer is imagined to be removed by means of a cutting plane or planes, thus revealing the interior construction. The other views are not affected in any way always represent the entire object.

Cutting plane arrow points toward section being viewed

Cutting plane line

Front view

Right side view

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

Example: For these example, we’ll start by looking at an Isometric drawing of an object and then draw the Front, Side and Top views using the dimensions we’re given. In the workplace, you might find that you are given a part to measure and then draw, or you might be designing the part yourself. Here’s the part that we’ll draw in this example:

1. You can start where you have the most information. In this case, you can start with the front view.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

2. Use construction line to divided your drawing; front view, side view and top view

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

3. To draw the top view, you need to ‘project’ the lines up (turn on Object Snap Tracking)

include “Quadrant”. Draw lines

up from the main points in your front view (make sure Object Snap is turn)

4. Now that you have the vertical lines, draw the horizontal line of top view.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

5. Now you almost have 2 views drawn. Trim the lines so that you are left with just the lines you need.

6. Load center line and hidden line and complete your top view

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

7. To draw side view, you have to establish where it will be placed in the drawing. In this example, we using 3rd Angle Projection, it will be shown to the right of the front view. For exact placement, you need to draw more projection lines.

8. Project all lines from the front and top view at the side view position.

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9. Trim the projected line and complete your top view

Once you have all of your lines, your center lines and your hidden lines, you

7.2

ISOMETRIC VIEW

An isometric drawing is a three dimensional (3D) drawing with width, height and depth measurements. Figure below shows an object drawn in three dimensions. When viewed from a certain direction, an isometric object will show three views, top, front and side.

An isometric drawing uses a base line of 30º from the horizontal plane

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In AutoCAD, Isometric drawings simulate a 3D object from a particular viewpoint by aligning along three major axes. By setting the Isometric Snap/Grid, you can easily align objects along one of three isometric planes; however, although the isometric drawing appears to be 3D, it is actually a 2D representation. Therefore, you cannot expect to extract 3D distances and areas, display objects from different viewpoints, or remove hidden lines automatically. If the snap angle is 0, the axes of the isometric planes are 30 degrees, 90 degrees, and 150 degrees. Once you set the snap style to Isometric, you can work on any of three planes, each with an associated pair of axes: •

Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.

•

Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.

•

Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes.

Pressing F5 or CTRL+E cycles through the different Isoplanes Top, Right, and Left. Choosing one of the three isometric planes causes Ortho and the crosshairs to be aligned along the corresponding isometric axes. For example, when Ortho is on, the points you specify align along the simulated plane you are drawing on. Therefore, you can draw the top plane, switch to the left plane to draw another side, and switch to the right plane to complete the drawing.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

When drawing on isometric planes, use an ellipse to represent a circle viewed from an oblique angle. The easiest way to draw an ellipse with the correct shape is to use the Isocircle option of ElLLIPSE. The Isocircle option is available only when the Style option of Snap mode is set to Isometric. To represent concentric circles, draw another ellipse with the same center rather than offsetting the original ellipse. Offsetting produces an oval-shaped spline that does not represent foreshortened distances as you would expect.

7.2.1 Isometric Snap Grid Specifies the format of the snap grid, which is standard or Isometric. Sets an isometric snap grid, in which the snap locations are initially at 30-degree and 150-degree angles. Isometric snap cannot have different Aspect values. The lined grid does not follow the isometric snap grid.

ISOPLANE determines whether the crosshairs lie in the top isometric plane (30- and 150-degree angles), the left isoplane (90- and 150-degree angles), or the right isoplane (30- and 90-degree angles).

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7.2.2 Isoplane Specifies the current isometric plane.

The isometric plane affects the cursor movement keys only when Snap mode is on and the snap style is Isometric. If the snap style is Isometric, Ortho mode uses the appropriate axis pair even if Snap mode is off. The current isometric plane also determines the orientation of isometric circles drawn by ELLIPSE. You can cycle through the isometric planes by pressing Ctrl+E or F5.

LIST OF PROMPTS The following prompts are displayed. Left

Selects the left-hand plane, defined by the 90-degree and 150-degree axis pair. Top

Selects the top face of the cube, called the top plane, defined by the 30-degree and 150-degree axis pair. Right

Selects the right-hand plane, defined by the 90-degree and 30-degree axis pair.

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Turn On An Isometric Plane 1. Click Tools menu

Drafting Settings.

2. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, under Snap Type, select Isometric Snap. 3. Click OK. Pressing F5 or CTRL+E cycles through the different Isoplanes Top, Right, and Left.

7.2.3 Isometric Circle (Isocircle) 1.

Click Draw

Ellipse

Axis, End.

Enter i (Isocircle).

Specify the center of the isocircle.

Specify the radius or diameter of the isocircle.

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

Example: Draw basic Isometric Drawing

1. Turn on Isometric Plane Click Tools menu Click Drafting Settings. In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, under Snap Type, select Isometric Snap. Click OK.

2. Turn on Isoplane Top Press F5 or CTRL+E

3. Draw Isoplane Top

4. Copy and move below

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

5. Turn on Isoplane Right Complete the drawing

6. Draw the isometric circle (Isocircle) at the top plane (on Isoplane Top) Click Draw Select Ellipse Select Axis, End. Enter i (Isocircle). Specify the center of the isocircle. Specify the radius or diameter of the isocircle.

7. Copy and move below

8. Trim

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

DO IT YOURSELF. YOU MAY USE THE STEP IN THE FIGURE PROVIDED TO ASSIST YOU.

EXERCISE 1 Draw Isometric Drawing

EXERCISE 2

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

Draw Isometric Drawing

Line

Isocircle

Trim

EXERCISE 3 Draw Isometric Drawing

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

EXERCISE 4 Draw Isometric Drawing

123

CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

EXERCISE 5 Draw Isometric Drawing

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CHAPTER 7: Orthographic Projection And Isometric View

EXERCISE 6 Draw Isometric Drawing

125

CHAPTER 8: Hatching Object

CHAPTER 8

HATCHING OBJECT

8.1 HATCH

Hatch fills the specified hatch boundary with a non-associative hatch. A non-associative hatch is not updated when its boundaries are modified. A hatch boundary consists of an object or objects that completely enclose an area. If the boundary is made up of multiple objects, their endpoints must coincide for the hatch to be created properly. You can also define a polyline hatch boundary with the direct hatch option. Unless otherwise specified, hatch combines the lines that make up the hatch into a block.

Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or gradient fill. Choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch. •

Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

•

Select objects that enclose an area.

•

Specify boundary points using the -HATCH Draw option.

•

Drag a hatch pattern into an enclosed area from a tool palette or Design Center.

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CHAPTER 8: Hatching Object

8.1.1

Pick internal point

Determines a boundary from existing objects that form an enclosed area around the specified point.

8.1.2

Select objects

Determines a boundary from selected objects that form an enclosed area.

Example Insert hatch in the drawing

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CHAPTER 8: Hatching Object

1. Draw circle

2. Click hatch icon

3. At Hatch Creation Tab, you can click Pick Point

or Select

the Boundaries Panel. ➢ If click Pick Point, you can click anywhere in the circle ➢ If click Select, you must click at the circle line

4. Change Hatch style in Pattern Panel on Hatch Creation Tab Pattern: ANSI31

5. Change Hatch Angle and Hatch Scale in Properties Panel on Hatch Creation Tab Angle: 90 Scale: 5

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CHAPTER 8: Hatching Object

DO IT YOURSELF. YOU MAY USE THE STEP IN THE FIGURE PROVIDED TO ASSIST YOU.

EXERCISE 1 Draw the section view drawing

EXERCISE 2 Draw the section view drawing

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CHAPTER 9: Reusable Content

CHAPTER 9

REUSABLE CONTENT

9.1

BLOCKS

You can create blocks by associating objects and giving them a name or by creating a drawing to be used as a block. 9.1.1

Create A Block Within A Drawing

A block is essentially a block definition that includes the block name, the block geometry, the location of the base point to be used for aligning the block when you insert it, and any associated attribute data. You can define a block from drawing geometry either in the Block Definition dialog box or by using the Block Editor. Once the block definition is created, you can reference it in the same or a different drawing. The block definition in the following illustration comprises a name, four lines, and a base point at the intersection of the two diagonal lines. In this (and in the second example), when the block is saved, the geometry is removed from the drawing area.

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CHAPTER 9: Reusable Content

9.1.2

Create Nested Blocks

Block references that contain other blocks are known as nested blocks. Using blocks within blocks can simplify the organization of a complex block definition.

9.1.3

Define A New Block (Block Editor)

Click Home tab

Block panel

Create.

In the Edit Block Definition dialog box, enter a name for the new block definition. Click OK.

Click Block Editor tab

Open/Save panel

Save Block.

Note This saves the block definition even if you have not added any objects in the Block Editor drawing area. 4.

Click Close Block Editor.

The following illustration shows a typical sequence for creating a block definition within a drawing.

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CHAPTER 9: Reusable Content

9.1.4

Insert A Block

Click Home tab

Block panel

Insert.

In the Insert dialog box, in the Name box, select a name from a list of block definitions.

If you want to use the pointing device to specify the insertion point, scale, and rotation, select Specify On-Screen. Otherwise, enter values in the Insertion Point, Scale, and Rotation boxes.

If you want the objects in the block to be inserted as individual objects instead of as a single block, select Explode.

9.1.5

Organizing Blocks

You can use block libraries and tool palettes to organize and manage blocks. A. Create Block Libraries A block library is a collection of block definitions stored in a single drawing file. You can use block libraries supplied by Autodesk or other vendors or create your own. You can organize a set of related block definitions by creating the blocks in the same drawing file. Drawing files used this way are called block, or symbol, libraries. These block definitions can be inserted individually into any drawing. Block library drawings are not different from other drawing files except in how they are used. When you define a block in the block library drawing (using BLOCK), you can include a short description of the block. You can also creating a visual index of each block definition by inserting it in the library drawing and including text that provides the block name, the date of creation, the date of the last modification, and any special instructions or conventions.

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CHAPTER 9: Reusable Content

Use Design Center to view and copy block definitions individually from block library drawings (or from any existing drawing) to your current drawing. Design Center does not overwrite an existing block definition in a drawing with one that comes from another drawing.

Use Tool Palettes To Organize Blocks

Once you've added a block tool to a tool palette, you can insert the block reference by dragging it from the tool palette to the drawing or by clicking and placing it in the drawing.

9.1.6

Edit Blocks

Select from a list of block definitions that are saved in the drawing to edit in the Block Editor. You can also enter a name for a new block definition to create in the Block Editor.

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When you click OK, the Edit Block Definition dialog box closes, and the Block Editor is displayed. •

If you selected a block definition from the list, that block definition is displayed and is available for editing in the Block Editor.

•

If you entered a name for a new block definition, the Block Editor is displayed, and you can start adding objects to the block definition.

9.1.7

Insert A Block Using Design Center

If Design Center is not already open, click Insert tab

Content panel

Design Center. 2.

On the Design Center toolbar, click Tree View Toggle.

In the tree view, navigate to the drawing that contains the block definition you want to insert.

Expand the list under the drawing and click Blocks to display images of the block definitions in the drawing.

Do one of the following to insert the block: •

Drag the block image into your current drawing. Use this option when you want to insert blocks quickly and move or rotate them to their precise locations later.

•

Double-click the image of the block that you want to insert. Use this method when you want to specify the exact placement, rotation, and scale of the block as you insert it.

9.1.8

Block Attributes

An attribute is a label or tag that attaches data to a block. Examples of data that might be contained in an attribute are part numbers, prices, comments, and owners' names.

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The following illustration shows a "chair" block with four attributes: type, manufacturer, model, and cost. Because the tags were set up as variables, specific information about each instance could be added for each inserted block reference.

Attribute information extracted from a drawing can be used in a spreadsheet or database to produce a parts list or a bill of materials. You can associate more than one attribute with a block, provided that each attribute has a different tag. When you define an attribute, you specify •

A tag that identifies the attribute

•

A prompt that can be displayed as the block is inserted

•

A default value that is used if a variable value is not entered at the prompt

If you plan to extract the attribute information for use in a parts list, you may want to keep a list of the attribute tags you create. You will need this tag information later when you create the attribute template file.

9.1.9

Attach Attributes To Blocks

After you create one or more attribute definitions, you attach them to a block by including them in the selection set when you define or redefine that block. To use several attributes together, define them and then include them in the same block. For example, you can define attributes tagged "Type," "Manufacturer," “Model,” and “Cost,” and then include them in a block called CHAIR.

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Usually, the order of the attribute prompts is the same as the order in which you selected the attributes when you created the block. However, if you used crossing or window selection to select the attributes, the order of the prompts is the reverse of the order in which you created attributes. You can use the Block Attribute Manager to change the order in which you are prompted for attribute information when you insert the block reference. When you open a block definition in the Block Editor, you can use the Attribute Order dialog box (BATTORDER command) to change the order in which you are prompted for attribute information when you insert the block reference.

9.2

EXTERNAL REFERENCES PALETTE

Attaches files and refreshes the status of existing references. Use the buttons at the top of the External References palette to choose the types of files to attach to the drawing and to refresh the status of file references that you already have attached.

9.2.1

Attach File

The Attach button

displays a list of file types that you can attach. The following

options are displayed: •

Attach DWG. Starts the XATTACH command.

•

Attach Image. Starts the IMAGEATTACH command.

•

Attach DWF. Starts the DWFATTACH command.

•

Attach DGN. Starts the DGNATTACH command.

•

Attach PDF. Starts the PDFATTACH command.

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•

Attach Point Cloud. Starts the POINTCLOUDATTACH command. (Not available for AutoCAD LT.)

•

Attach from Autodesk Vault. Provides access to content stored in the Autodesk Vault client. (Not available for AutoCAD LT.)

The Attach from Autodesk Vault option is available only when the Autodesk Vault client is installed. You must be an Autodesk Subscription customer to have access to the Autodesk Vault client.

9.3

PURGE

Removes unused items, such as block definitions and layers, from the drawing.

Unused named objects can be removed from the current drawing. These include block definitions, dimension styles, groups, layers, linetypes, and text styles. Zero-length geometry and empty text objects can also be removed. The PURGE command will not remove unnamed objects (zero-length geometry or empty text and mtext objects) from blocks or locked layers.

9.3.1

Purge Unused Objects

You can remove unused objects, including zero-length geometry and empty text objects, using PURGE. This example steps through how to purge an unused linetype:

1. Click Application menu

Drawing Utilities

Purge.

2. To purge unreferenced linetypes, use one of the following methods: •

To purge all unreferenced linetypes, select Linetypes.

•

To purge specific linetypes, double-click Linetypes to expand the tree view. Then select the linetypes to be purged.

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3. You are prompted to confirm each item in the list. If you do not want to confirm each purge, clear the Confirm Each Item To Be Purged option. 4. Click Purge.

9.4

OBJECT LINKING AND EMBEDDING (OLE)

Object linking and embedding is a way to use information from one application in another application. To use OLE, you need both source and destination applications that support OLE. Both linking and embedding insert information from one document into another document. Also, both linked and embedded OLE objects can be edited from within the destination application. However, linking and embedding store information differently. The relationship between embedding and linking is similar to that between inserting a block and creating an external reference.

9.4.1

Embed Objects

An embedded OLE object is a copy of information from another document. When you embed objects, there is no link to the source document and any changes made to the source document are not reflected in destination documents. Embed objects if you want to be able to use the application that created them for editing, but you do not want the OLE object to be updated when you edit information in the source document.

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9.4.2

Link Objects

A linked object is a reference to information in another document. Link objects when you want to use the same information in more than one document. Then, if you change the original information, you need to update only the links in order to update the document containing the OLE objects. You can also set links to be updated automatically. When you link a drawing, you need to maintain access to the source application and the linked document. If you rename or move either of them, you may need to reestablish the link.

9.4.3

Inserts a linked or embedded object.

Create New Opens the application that's highlighted in the Object Type list so that you can create a new object to insert. Object Type Lists available applications that support linking and embedding. To create an object to embed, double-click an application to open it. On the application's file menu, the Save option is replaced with a new Update option. Choosing Update inserts the object into the drawing or updates it.

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Display as Icon Displays the source application's icon in the drawing. Double-clicking the icon displays the embedded information.

9.4.4

Specifies a file to link or embed.

File Specifies the path and name of the file to be embedded or linked. Browse Displays the Browse dialog box (a standard file selection dialog box), in which you select a file to link or embed. Link Creates a link to the selected file rather than embedding it. Display as Icon Displays the source application's icon in the drawing. Double-clicking the icon displays the linked or embedded information.

9.5

HYPERLINK

Attaches a hyperlink to an object or modifies an existing hyperlink.

Hyperlinks in a drawing provide jumps to associated files. For example, a hyperlink can launch a word processing program and open a specified file, another hyperlink can launch a web browser and display a specified web page. If you enter -HYPERLINK at the Command prompt, options are displayed, including an option to define an area to associate with a hyperlink.

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Select objects Selects the object that will have the hyperlink attachment. One of the following dialog boxes is displayed: •

Insert Hyperlink dialog box (for graphical objects that do not already contain hyperlinks)

•

Edit Hyperlink dialog box (for graphical objects that already contain hyperlinks)

After you insert a hyperlink, the hyperlink icon is displayed when you move the cursor over the attached object. To open the hyperlink, right-click the selected object and choose Hyperlink. The PICKFIRST system variable must be set to 1 to open files associated with hyperlinks.

9.5.1

Insert Hyperlink

Attaches a hyperlink to an object or an area. Area Defines a bounding rectangle and places it on a layer called URLLAYER. If this layer doesn't exist in the current drawing, it is created. To turn off the display of hyperlink bounding rectangles in the drawing area or in your drawing plots, you must freeze the URLLAYER layer. •

First corner. Specifies the start point of the rectangle that defines the area.

•

Other corner. Specifies the opposite corner of the area.

•

Hyperlink. Specifies the path to the file you want associated with the hyperlink. Enter the full path to a local file or the complete URL to an Internet file, or press Enter to create a hyperlink to a named view in the current drawing.

•

Named location. Specifies a named location for the hyperlink, such as a view in a drawing or a bookmark in a word processing file.

•

Description. Specifies a descriptive name for the hyperlink.

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Object Specifies graphical objects to attach the hyperlink to. •

Select objects. Select the objects to be associated with the hyperlink.

•

Named location. Specifies a named location for the hyperlink, such as a view in a drawing or a bookmark in a word processing file.

•

Description. Specifies a descriptive name for the hyperlink.

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CHAPTER 10

PLOTTING

10.1

MODEL SPACE AND PAPER SPACE

There are two distinct working environments, called "model space" and "paper space," in which you can work with objects in a drawing. •

By default, you start working in a limitless 3D drawing area called model space. You begin by deciding whether one unit represents one millimeter, one centimeter, one inch, one foot, or whatever unit is most convenient. You then draw at 1:1 scale.

•

To prepare your drawing for printing, switch to paper space. Here you can set up different layouts with title blocks and notes; and on each layout, you create layout viewports that display different views of model space. In the layout viewports, you scale the model space views relative to paper space. One unit in paper space represents the actual distance on a sheet of paper, either in millimeters or inches, depending on how you configure your page setup.

Model space is accessible from the Model tab and paper space is accessible from the layout tabs.

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These tabs can be hidden, appearing instead as buttons on the status bar at the bottom-center of the application window. To display the tabs again, right-click either the Model or the layout button and click Display Layout and Model Tabs on the shortcut menu.

10.1.1 Layouts

By default, a new drawing has two layouts named Layout1 and Layout2, which you can rename. You can add new layouts or copy existing layouts. You can create layouts using the Create Layout wizard or Design Center. Each layout can contain different page setup settings. However, to avoid confusion when transmitting and publishing drawings, it is usually recommended that you create only one named layout for each drawing. On each layout, you can create as many layout viewports as you like. Each layout viewport is like a picture frame into model space, containing a view that displays the model at the scale and orientation that you specify. You can create a single layout viewport that fits the entire layout or create multiple layout viewports. Once you create a viewport, you can change its size, properties, and also scale and move it as needed. You can also specify which layers are visible in each layout viewport.

10.1.2 Switching Between The Model Tab And Layout Tabs

You can control how you change between the Model tab and one or more named layout tabs. By default, a Model tab and several named layout tabs are displayed at the bottom-left corner of the drawing area.

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To optimize space in the drawing area, you can hide these tabs and display equivalent buttons on the status bar instead.

The control to change between the two interface options is included as an item on the Model and layout tab shortcut menu, and on the shortcut menu of the Model/Layout button on the status bar.

10.2

VIEWPORTS

Creates new viewport configurations, or names and saves a model space viewport configuration. The options available depend on whether you are configuring model space viewports (on the Model layout) or layout viewports (on a named (paper space) layout). o Tabs for Model space viewports: New Viewports—Model Space, Named Viewports— Model Space o Tabs for layout viewports: New Viewports—Layouts, Named Viewports—Layouts It is important to create layout viewports on their own layer. When you are ready to output your drawing, you can turn off the layer and output the layout without the boundaries of the layout viewports.

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10.2.1 New Viewports Tab – Model Space Viewports Dialog Box

New Name Specifies a name for the new model space viewport configuration. If you do not enter a name, the viewport configuration is applied but not saved. If a viewport configuration is not saved, it cannot be used in a layout.

Standard Viewports Lists and sets the standard viewport configurations, including CURRENT, which is the current configuration.

Preview Displays a preview of the viewport configuration you select and the default views assigned to each individual viewport in the configuration.

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Apply To Applies the model space viewport configuration to the entire display or to the current viewport. •

Display: Applies the viewport configuration to the entire Model tab display.

•

Current Viewport: Applies the viewport configuration to the current viewport only.

Setup Specifies either a 2D or a 3D setup. When you select 2D, the new viewport configuration is initially created with the current view in all of the viewports. When you select 3D, a set of standard orthogonal 3D views is applied to the viewports in the configuration.

Change View To Replaces the view in the selected viewport with the view you select from the list. You can choose a named view, or if you have selected 3D setup, you can select from the list of standard views. Use the Preview area to see the choices.

Visual Style (not in AutoCAD LT) Applies a visual style to the viewport. All available visual styles are displayed.

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10.2.2 Named Viewports Tab – Model Space Viewports Dialog Box Lists all saved model viewport configurations in the drawing.

Current Name Displays the name of the current viewport configuration.

10.2.3 New Viewports Tab – Layouts (Viewports Dialog Box) Standard Viewports Displays a list of standard viewport configurations and configures layout viewports.

Preview Displays a preview of the viewport configuration you select and the default views assigned to each individual viewport in the configuration.

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Viewport Spacing Specifies the spacing you want to apply between the layout viewports you are configuring. Setup Specifies either a 2D or a 3D setup. When you select 2D, the new viewport configuration is initially created with the current view in all of the viewports. When you select 3D, a set of standard orthogonal 3D views is applied to the viewports in the configuration. Change View To Replaces the view in the selected viewport with the view you select from the list. You can choose a named view, or if you have selected 3D setup, you can select from the list of standard views.

10.2.4 Named Viewports Tab – Layouts (Viewports Dialog Box) Displays any saved and named model space viewport configurations for you to use in the current layout. You cannot save and name a layout viewport configuration.

10.3

SCALE VIEWS RELATIVE TO PAPER SPACE

Before you plot, you can establish the scale factor for the view in each viewport. Scaling views relative to paper space establishes a consistent scale for each displayed view. For example, the following illustration shows a Paper space view with several viewports—each set to different scales and views.

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When you work in Paper space, the scale factor represents a ratio between the size of the plotted drawing and the actual size of the model displayed in the viewports. To derive this scale, divide paper space units by Model space units. For a quarter-scale drawing, for example, you specify a scale factor of one Paper space unit to four Model space units (1:4). The Standard Scale and Custom Scale properties are used to specify the scale for a viewport. The Standard Scale property accepts a value based on the Standard Scale Type enum; whereas the Custom Scale property accepts a real number which represents the ratio of units between Model and Paper space. For example, the real value equal to 1:4 is 0.25. The following illustrations show the view of the model at a scale of 1:1, and then the same model view show at scales of 2:1 and 1:2. A scale of 2:1 increases the view of the model to twice the size of the paper space units; while a scale of 1:2 displays the model at half its actual size.

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10.4

LAYOUT TEMPLATES

When you create a layout, you can choose to apply the information from an existing template. A layout template is a layout imported from a DWG or DWT file. The program has sample layout templates to use when you design a new layout environment. When you create a layout based on a template, the page setup and paper space objects, including any viewport objects, are used in the new layout. No model space objects are imported. The layout templates are identified with a .dwt file extension. However, a layout template or layout from any drawing or drawing template can be imported into the current drawing.

10.4.1 Save A Layout Template

Any drawing can be saved as a drawing template (DWT file), including all of the objects and layout settings. You can save a layout to a new DWT file by choosing the Save As option of the LAYOUT command. The template file is saved in the drawing template file folder as defined in the Files tab (Options dialog box). The layout template has a .dwt or .dwg extension like a drawing template or drawing file, but it contains little information not essential to the layout. When you create a new layout template, any named items, such as blocks, layers, and dimension styles, that are used in the layout are saved with the template. These definition table items are imported as part of the layout settings if you import this template into a new layout. It is recommended that you use the Save As option of the LAYOUT command to create a new layout template. When you use the Save As option, unused definition table items are not saved with the file; they are not added to the new layout into which you import the template. If you insert a layout from a drawing or template that was not created using the Save As option of the LAYOUT command, definition table items that are used in the

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drawing but not in the layout are inserted with the layout. To eliminate unnecessary definition table items, use the PURGE command.

10.5

SET THE PLOTTED LINEWEIGHT

Lineweight can be set as an object property or controlled when plotted by using a plot style. Lineweight settings in the plot style override the object's lineweight at plot time. When you select the Lineweight field in the Plot Style Table Editor, a sample of the lineweight as well as its numeric value are displayed. The default setting for plot style lineweight is Use Object Lineweight. You can modify an existing lineweight if the one you need is not available. To view plot style lineweights in a layout, select Display Plot Styles under Plot Style Table in the Page Setup dialog box.

1. Click Format

Plot Style.

2. Double-click the plot style table that you want to modify. 3. In the Plot Style Table Editor, Form View tab, select the plot style you want to change. 4. Click the Lineweight arrow and select a lineweight from the list. To specify that the object's lineweight should be used select Use Object Lineweight. 5. Click Save & Close. You can edit properties for multiple plot styles while in the Plot Style Table Editor.

10.6

SET THE PLOTTED LINETYPE

Linetype can be set as an object property or controlled when plotted by using a plot style. Linetype settings in the plot style override the object's linetype at plot time.

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When you select the Linetype field in the Plot Style Table Editor, a list with a sample and a description of each linetype are displayed. The default setting for plot style linetype is Use Object Linetype. Whether you choose to assign a linetype as a property of the object or as a plot style, you can set the Adaptive Adjustment option. This option adjusts the scale of the linetype to complete the linetype pattern. If you don't select Adaptive Adjustment, the line might end in the middle of a pattern. Turn off Adaptive Adjustment if linetype scale is important. Turn on Adaptive Adjustment if complete linetype patterns are more important than correct linetype scaling.

1. Click Format

Plot Style.

2. Double-click the plot style table that you want to modify. 3. In the Plot Style Table Editor, Form View tab, select the plot style you want to change. 4. Click the Linetype arrow and select a linetype from the list. To specify that the object's linetype should be used, select Use Object Linetype. 5. To adjust the linetype scale to show the complete pattern, on the Form View tab, select On in the Adaptive box. 6. Click Save & Close. You can edit properties for multiple plot styles while in the Plot Style Table Editor.

10.7 DIMENSION IN MODEL SPACE FOR PRINTING OR PLOTTING IN PAPER SPACE

This was the preferred method for complex, multiple-view drawings prior to the 2002 products. Use this method when the dimensions in a drawing need to be referenced by other drawings (xrefs) or when creating isometric dimensions in 3D isometric views. To prevent the dimensions in one layout viewport from being displayed in other layout viewports, create a dimensioning layer for each layout viewport that is frozen in all other layout viewports. To create dimensions that are scaled automatically for display in a paper space layout, set the DIMSCALE system variable to 0.

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10.7.1

Set The Dimension Scale For Model Space Dimensions In Layouts 1. Click Home tab

Annotation panel

Dimension Style.

2. In the Dimension Style Manager, select the style you want to change. Click Modify. 3. In Modify Dimension Style dialog box, Fit tab, under Scale for Dimension Features, select Scale Dimension to Layout (Paper space). 4. Click OK. 5. Click Close to exit the Dimension Style Manager.

10.8

SETTING UP PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS

Each plotter configuration contains information such as the device driver and model, the output port to which the device is connected, and various device-specific settings. The program lists the available configured system and HDI non system printers or plotters. You do not need to configure system devices unless the program defaults differ from those of the operating system. If a plotter is supported by the program, but not by the operating system, you can use one of the HDI non system printer or plotter drivers. You can also use a non-system driver to create PostScript, raster image, Design Web format (DWF), or Portable Document Format (PDF) files.

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10.8.1 Configuration Setup For Plotter/Printer (In Model And Paper Space)

Printer / plotter Lists the available PC3 files or system printers from which you can select to plot the current layout. An icon in front of the device name identifies it as a PC3 file or a system printer.

Paper size Displays standard paper sizes that are available for the selected plotting device. If no plotter is selected, the full standard paper size list is displayed and available for selection.

Plot area Specifies the portion of the drawing to be plotted. Under What to Plot, you can select an area of the drawing to be plotted.

In the Page Setup dialog box, under Plot Area, select one of the following options: •

Display. Plots all objects displayed in the drawing area.

•

Limits. Prints or plots the current grid limits. This option is only available from the Model tab.

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•

Window. Plots objects in the area you define. Select the Window option, and then respond to the prompts to define the area. Click the Window button to edit the defined area.

Plot scale Defines the exact scale for the plot. Custom defines a user-defined scale. You can create a custom scale by entering the number of inches (or millimetres) equal to the number of drawing units.

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