Los Avances del México Contemporáneo: 1955-2015 Tomo III La Política y la Administración Pública

Tomo III La Política y la Administración Pública

Tomo III La Política y la Administración Pública

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Tomo III La Política y la Administración Pública A@C @EC@ 67=;E@ 6@=@D@ J E3>4;Q? 3FE@C;K3 3= <F7K A3C3 BF7 @C67?7 =3 AC;D;T? AC7G7?E;G3 Fd:@FJ8D<EK< <E CFJ :8JFJ ;< ;<C@E:L<E:@8 FI>8E@Q8;8 ;< ?FD@:@;@F ;FCFJF M@FC8:@XE D75F7DEC@ @ 7? EC3EO?6@D7 67 67=;E@D 5@>7E;6@D 5@? >76;@D G;@=7?E@D 5@>@ 3C>3D 67 8F79@ J 7IA=@D;G@D 3DR 5@>@ 5F3?6@ D7 EC3E7 67 67=;E@D 9C3G7D BF7 67E7C>;?7 =3 =7J 7? 67=;E@D 5@>7E;6@D 7? 5@?EC3 67 =3 D79FC;636 67 =3 "35;T? 67= =;4C7 67D3CC@==@ 67 =3 A7CD@?3=;636 J 67=;E@D 5@?EC3 =3 D3=F6 @>@ G7C6367C3 ?@G7636 E7?7>@D =3 5C735;T? 67= F;5;@ 34C7G;36@ >;D>@ BF7 7= <F7K 67 5@?EC@= A7C>;E7 DF AC@5767?5;3 D;7>AC7 BF7 7= ;>AFE36@ :F4;7C7 C75@?@5;6@ 7= :75:@ 5@>@ AC@A;@ J G@=F?E3C;3>7?E7 5@?@K53 =3D 5@?D75F7?5;3D 67 6;5:3 357AE35;T? J 367>OD 7I;DE3? @EC@D >76;@D 67 5@?G;55;T? BF7 5@CC@4@C7? =3 ;>AFE35;T? ? 7= >;D>@ D7?E;6@ D7 7DE34=757? =;?73>;7?E@D A3C3 =3 5@?57D;T? 67 =3D >76;63D 53FE7=3C7D E3?E@ 67 53CO5E7C A7CD@?3= 5@>@ C73= J =@D >76;@D 3=E7C?@D 67 D@=F5;T? D;7?6@ 7DE@D V=E;>@D >753?;D>@D BF7 AC@A;5;3? =3 5@?5=FD;T? AC7G;3 3= <F;5;@ $3C3 63C A=7?3 G;97?5;3 3 =@D AC;?5;A;@D 67 =793=;636 J 7= 674;6@ AC@57D@ D7 7DE34=757 =3 AC@5767?5;3 67 ?F=;636 67 ACF743D @4E7?;63D 5@? G;@=35;T? 3 =@D 67C75:@D :F>3?@D 5@?D;67C35;T? BF7 36BF;7C7 >3J@C C7=7G3?5;3 5@? >@E;G@ 67 =3 C78@C>3 5@?DE;EF5;@?3= 67 <F?;@ 67= 7? >3E7C;3 67 67C75:@D :F>3?@D BF7 C7A7C5FE7 7? BF;7?7D 36>;?;DEC3? <FDE;5;3 J3 BF7 A3C3 7= 674;6@ 7<7C5;5;@ 67 DFD 8F?5;@?7D 6747? C7DA7E3C 5F>A=;C J :357C 5F>A=;C 5@? =@D 67C75:@D :F>3?@D C75@?@5;6@D A@C =3 @?DE;EF5;T? $@=RE;53 67 =@D DE36@D )?;6@D !7I;53?@D 3DR 5@>@ 7? =@D (C3E36@D ?E7C?35;@?3=7D DFD5C;E@D A@C 7= DE36@ !7I;53?@ J 5@?D75F7?E7>7?E7 =@D AC;?5;A;@D BF7 67C;G3? 67 =@D >;D>@D 3 >7?5;@?363 C78@C>3 E;7?7 G;E3= ;>A@CE3?5;3 7? =3D 35EF35;@?7D ?@ DT=@ 67 =@D D7CG;6@C7D AV4=;5@D 67 =3 6>;?;DEC35;T? 67 FDE;5;3 D;?@ A3C3 E@63D =3D 3FE@C;6367D BF7 7DEO? @4=;936@D 3 C7DA7E3C J AC@E797C =@D 67C75:@D :F>3?@D $@C 7==@ 7D BF7 >OD BF7 ?F?53 =@D <F757D >39;DEC36@D J >;?;DEC@D D7 7?5F7?EC3? @4=;936@D 3 G7=3C A@C =@D 67C75:@D 67 =@D <FDE;5;34=7D 67 E3= >3?7C3 BF7 3= 36G7CE;C 7?

5F3=BF;7C >@>7?E@ 3=9F?3 G;@=35;T? 67 67C75:@D :F>3?@D 7DEO? 835F=E36@D J @4=;936@D 3 675=3C3C =3 ?F=;636 67 =3D 35EF35;@?7D J =3D ACF743D @4E7?;63D >76;3?E7 7D@D G;5;@D E <C GIF:<;@D@<EKF G<E8C 8:LJ8KFI@F <E C8 <K8G8 @E@:@8C LE8 M<Q :8C@d:8;8 ;< C<>8C C8 ;<K<E:@XE <C dJ:8C ?8:< C8 @DGLK8:@XE 8C @DGLK8;F P <C AL<Q ;< :FEKIFC I<JL<CM< JF9I< =3 AC@5767?5;3 67 =3 G;?5F=35;T? 3 AC@57D@ 7 D7C AC@5767?E7 D7S3=3 7= A=3K@ ACF67?E7 A3C3 7= 5;7CC7 67 =3 ;?G7DE;935;T? 67 E3= >3?7C3 BF7 7= ;>AFE36@ D73 <FK936@ 3?E7D 67

>7D7D D; D7 EC3E3 67 67=;E@ 5FJ3 A7?3 >OI;>3 ?@ 7I5767 67 3S@D 67 AC;D;T? J 3?E7D 67 F? 3S@ D; 7I576;7C7 67 7D7 A=3K@ D3=G@ BF7 7= ;>AFE36@ D@=;5;E7 >3J@C A=3K@ A3C3 DF 6787?D3

Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica 7 =3 >;D>3 >3?7C3 =3 3FE@C;636 <F6;5;3= 6747 5F;63C BF7 7= <FDE;5;34=7 E7?93 F?3 6787?D3 AC@87D;@?3= 3675F363 @ 4;7? 67D;9?3C=7 F? 6787?D@C AV4=;5@ J3 BF7 7? E@6@ >@>7?E@ 6747 7DE3C 3D;DE;6@ 67 F? 6787?D@C "@G76@D3>7?E7 3A3C757 7? 7DE7 ?F7G@ D;DE7>3 67 <FDE;5;3 A7?3= BF7 7= >@?@A@=;@ 67= 7<7C5;5;@ 67 =3 355;T? A7?3= D7 =;>;E3 J3 BF7 EC3EO?6@D7 67 67=;E@D BF7 D7 C7BF;7C7 67 8@C>F=35;T? 67 BF7C7==3 A@C A3CE7 67= @87?6;6@ D7 3FE@C;K3 =3 355;T? A7?3= AC;G363 D;>;D>@ D7 @E@C93 3= !;?;DE7C;@ $V4=;5@ =3 835F=E36 67 5@?5767C 3= ;>AFE36@ 7?

5;7CE3D 5;C5F?DE3?5;3D 5C;E7C;@D 67 @A@CEF?;636 9F3=>7?E7 3FE@C;K3 =3 5C735;T? 67= ;?E7C?3>;7?E@ 67 =@D 36@=7D57?E7D >3J@C7D 67

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AC7<F;5;@D BF7 D7A3? 6787?67C =3 =;47CE36 <FC;D6;55;@?3= BF7 D73? C7D;DE7?E7D 3= :3=39@ 8 C8J @EeL<E:@8J 8 C8J XI;<E<J 8 C8 ;<J?FE<JK@;8; HL< I<JL<CM8E J@E K<DFI<J 8 C8J C7AC7D3=;3D ? C7DF>7? 7? >; 5@?57AE@ >FJ A7CD@?3= =@D <F757D D@? J 6747? D7C G7C6367C@D 3ATDE@=7D 67 =3 <FDE;5;3 J ?@ D7>;6;@D7D 67 =3 <FDE;5;3 5@>@ 3=9F?@D AC7E7?5;@D3>7?E7 D@DE;7?7?

Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica = BF7 AC7D7?E3 7DE7 EC343<@ 5@? :F>;=636 J 3 =3 G7K 5@? @C9F==@ J 3= >;D>@ E;7>A@ 5@? =3 8C7?E7 7? 3=E@ J =3D >3?@D =;>A;3D 7IAC7D3 DF D3E;D8355;T? 67 :347C A7C>3?75;6@ EC7;?E3 3S@D 3= D7CG;5;@ 67= $@67C F6;5;3= 67= DE36@ 67 !QI;5@ J G3C;@D >OD 7? @EC@D :@?C@D@D 53C9@D 67 =@D D75E@C7D AV4=;5@ J AC;G36@ BF7 EFG@ =3 DF7CE7 67 34C7G3C =3D 7?D7S3?K3D 67 DFD >37DEC@D 67 DFD <787D J 67 DFD 5@>A3S7C@D J 5@=34@C36@C7D 5@?E3?6@ D;7>AC7 5@? 7= 3A@J@ 53C;S@ J 5@>AC7?D;T? 67 DF 83>;=;3 @?D;67C3 AC;@C;E3C;@ 3E7?67C 3 =3 AC7>;D3 7DE34=75;63 7? 7= CER5F=@ 67 =3 @?DE;E;5;T? 67 =@D DE36@D )?;6@D !7I;53?@D A@CBF7 =3 5;F6363?R3 E;7?7 :3>4C7 J D76 67 <FDE;5;3 =@ 5F3= ?@D @4=;93 3 5@=34@C3C D;7>AC7 5@? >@67DE;3 5@? :@?C367K D;7>AC7 5@? =3 >7E3 67 3A=;53C =3 =7J 5@? <FDE;5;3 'T=@ 3DR =@9C3C7>@D BF7 7= AF74=@ >7I;53?@ C75@4C7 =3 :FEd8EQ8 <E JLJ 8LKFI@;8;<J AL;@:@8C<J P <M@K8I HL< C8 ALJK@:@8 HL<;< <E JLJ D8EFJ

= 7I;9;C E3?E@ 67 =@D D7CG;6@C7D 67 =3 <FDE;5;3 E3>4;Q? 6747>@D 5@?5767C=7D 93C3?ER3D 3= C7DA75E@ 7= !37DEC@ T>7K 3C3 7>;E7 @A;?;T? 67 =3 BF7 :357>@D C787C7?5;3 3= E;7>A@ BF7 7?F?5;3C7>@D =3D 93C3?ER3D <FC;D6;55;@?3=7D BF7 C75@?@57 =3 @?DE;EF5;T? $@=RE;53 67 =@D DE36@D )?;6@D !7I;53?@D =@D C7BF;D;E@D BF7 7I;97? 3=9F?3D 6;DA@D;5;@?7D =793=7D A3C3 D7C !;?;DEC@ 67 =3 'FAC7>3 @CE7 67 FDE;5;3 67 =3 "35;T? !39;DEC36@ 67 (C;4F?3= @=79;36@ F7K 67 ;DEC;E@ !39;DEC36@ J <F7K 67= 8F7C@ :FDZE P dE8CD<EK< KI8EJ:I@9@I<DFJ LE8 ;< C8J DL:?8J :8IK8J HL< J< ?8E <J:I@KF 8 CFJ <F757D BF7 ;?;5;3? =3 53CC7C3 <F6;5;3= $C@576;7?6@ 3= 67D3CC@==@ 67= A=3?E73>;7?E@ 7= >37DEC@ =;57?5;36@ ;AC;3?@ T>7K 3C3 ;C75E@C 67= '7>;?3C;@ 67 7C75:@ $C@57D3= 67 =3 )?;G7CD;636 "35;@?3= FET?@>3 67 !QI;5@ A3C3 =3 BF7 7D5C;4;T 7= EC343<@ 67?@>;?36@ && & ) - ' ' ) ' ) ' 3= C787C;CD7 3 =3D 93C3?ER3D 67= FK936@C =3D 6;G;67 7? 93C3?ER3D 75@?T>;53D J D@5;3=7D A@DE7C;@C>7?E7 D7 @5FA3 67 =3 3FE@?@>R3 7 ;?67A7?67?5;3 7? 7= 53C9@ 3DR 3= C7DA75E@ 7D5C;47

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Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica

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Tomo III La Política y la Administración Pública

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Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica @C;7?E35;T? 67 G3C;@D AC@9C3>3D 76F53E;G@D :35;3 =3 8@C>35;T? 67= 53A;E3= :F>3?@ ;6T?7@ A3C3 =3D E7?67?5;3D J AC@57D@D 67 =@D >7C536@D 7? 5@?D75F7?5;3 5 >76;63D 67 3A7CEFC3 5@>7C5;3= J 67 57=74C35;T? 67 EC3E36@D 67 =;4C7 5@>7C5;@ 3A@J@ 3 =3 5C735;T? 67 C79R>7?7D ;?E7C?35;@?3=7D 7? >3E7C;3D 75@?T>;53D 8F?63>7?E3=7D A3C3 7= 8F?5;@?3>;7?E@ ?35;@?3= 7 ;?E7C?35;@?3= 67 =@D >7C536@D 7E5 !QI;5@ D7 :3 6;DE;?9F;6@ GFI C8 8DGC@8 dID8 ;< :FEKI8KFJ P KI8K8;FJ ;< C@9I< :FD<I:@F :FE ELD<IFJFJ G8VJ<J P GFI C8 dID8 ;<C .& :FE JK8;FJ /E@;FJ P 8E8;T LE8 I<=<I<E:@8 @EK<IE8:@FE8C

= D79F?6@ >@>7?E@ 5@?D;DE;T 7? :357C 8C7?E7 3= 357=7C36@ AC@9C7D@ 67 >3 9>A43>;L35;T@ 75A@T?;53 A 67 >3 ?G@6;3>;L35;T@ 67 >3 H;63 EA5;3> $3C3 3AC@G75:3C DFD @A@CEF?;6367D J 5@?EC@=3C DFD 67D38R@D @ C;7D9@D A3C3 =3 75@?@>R3 ?35;@?3= ?F>7C@D@D DE36@D 675;6;7C@? 5C73C 39CFA3>;7?E@D 67 >3J@C 7D53=3 75@?T>;53 J A@=RE;53 E3=7D 5@>@ EC3E36@D 67 =;4C7D 5@>7C5;@D F?;@?7D 36F3?7C3D >7C536@D 5@>F?7D 8@C>35;T? 67 DE36@D A=FC;?35;@?3=7D )?;T? FC@A73 J 3= >;D>@ E;7>A@ AC@>@G7C J 7I;9;C D<;@8EK< D<;@;8J I<>LC8KFI@8J dJ:8C<J 8;D@E@JKI8K@M8J P ;< GFCVK@:8J LE8 D8PFI AC@6F5E;G;636 J 5@>A7E;E;G;636 67 =3D 7>AC7D3D ?35;@?3=7D 3DR 5@>@ AC@>@G7C 8@C>3D 67 39CFA3>;7?E@ 7 ;?E79C35;T? @A7C3E;G3 7?EC7 =3D 7>AC7D3D 5=FDE7C;K35;T? 5367?3D AC@6F5E;G3D D;DE7>3D 67 AC@G776@C7D J DF ;?5@CA@C35;T? 3 =3D 5367?3D 67 G3=@C ;?E7C?35;@?3=7D ? 7DE7 O>4;E@ 7= <FDE7 ;?6F<@ 53>4;@D 7? 7= DE36@ BF7 D79V? =@D A3RD7D ==7G3C@?

3 C77DECF5EFC3C DF 5@?DE;EF5;T? J 5F7CA@ =79;D=3E;G@ 3D C78@C>3D 5@?DE;EF5;@?3=7D J =793=7D 3AC@43C@? F?3 C75E@CR3 75@?T>;53 >7?@C 67= DE36@ J 7DE34=75;7C@? ?F7G@D ;?DECF>7?E@D 67 C75E@CR3 >7?@D 6;C75E@D 7 ;>A7C3E;G@D ? 5@?D75F7?5;3 3FE@C;K3C@? =3 AC;G3E;K35;T? 67 =3D 7>AC7D3D AV4=;53D J 67 67E7C>;?36@D 35E;G@D AV4=;5@D A7C>;E;7C@?

BF7 =3D 7>AC7D3D AC;G363D 67 >7C536@ J 7? 3=9F?@D 53D@D =3D @C93?;K35;@?7D D@5;3=7D D7 7?53C93C3? 67 =3 AC@G;D;T? 67 4;7?7D J D7CG;5;@D AV4=;5@D 7? 67E7C>;?363D >3E7C;3D P 8LKFI@Q8IFE C8 GFJ@9@C@;8; ;< <JK89C<:<I 8JF:@8:@FE<J GZ9C@:F GI@M8;8J :FE <C dE ;< 3E7?67C 3DF?E@D AV4=;5@D 67 EC3D57?67?5;3 = DFAF7DE@ 67= C73<FDE7 67 =3 75@?@>R3 A@=RE;53 5@?D;DE7 7? BF7 =3 ?F7G3 C7=35;T? 7?EC7 7= DE36@ J 7= >7C536@ ?@ E;7?7 A@C BFQ 97?7C3C 67D7BF;=;4C;@D D@5;3=7D 63S;?@D AF7D 7= I<GC@<>L< F ;<J:<EJF FG<I8K@MF ;<C <JK8;F JF:@8C J<IT :FDG<EJ8;F JLd:@<EK<D<EK< GFI LE G8G<C ;@I<:K@MF ;<C >F9@<IEF :FE D<AFI :8C@;8; I<>LC8KFI@8 P dJ:8C P G8IK@:LC8ID<EK< A@C 7= 67DA7CE3C J =3 35E;G35;T? 67 =@D >7C536@D J =3D @C93?;K35;@?7D 67 =3 D@5;7636 5;G;= 5FJ3D 53A35;6367D :34R3? BF7636@ DF4FE;=;K363D D@8@5363D @ C7AC;>;63D A@C 7= 35E;G;D>@ 7DE3E3= 67 D7D9@D 3FE@C;E3C;@D ;?E7C7D36@ 5@>AF=D;G3>7?E7 7? BF7 E@6@D =@D QI;E@D 7? 7= 67D3CC@==@ @ 7? 7= 4;7?7DE3C D@5;3= =7 8F7C3? 3EC;4F;6@D V?;53 @ AC;?5;A3=>7?E7 3 Q= ? 7= DFAF7DE@ D7 EC3E3 8F?63>7?E3=>7?E7 67 @EC@ 3CC79=@ 7DE3E3= 67= @C67? D@5;3= E<:<J8I@F :FEM<E@<EK< F LI><EK< <E <C HL< EF J< 898E;FE8E CFJ dE<J ;<C ;<J8IIFCCF

Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica 4;7?7DE3C J D79FC;636 D@5;3= 67 =@D 5;F6363?@D A7C@ D7 ==7G3? 3 534@ 5@? @EC3 >3?7C3 67 9@47C?3C 7? =3 BF7 7= 9@47C?3?E7 67D7>A7S3 8F?5;@?7D 67 C79F=36@C ;?57?E;G36@C 835;=;E36@C DF4D;6;3C;@ 5@@C6;?36@C >OD BF7 67 397?E7 75@?T>;5@ J D@5;3= 6;C75E@ @ 67 6;C;97?E7 V?;5@ 67 =3D 35E;G;6367D 75@?T>;53D >76;3?E7 =@D G;7<@D ;?DECF>7?E@D A@=RE;5@D 67 >3?6@ J 5@?EC@= )?@ 67 =@D AF?E@D >OD 5@?EC@G7CD;3=7D 67 =3 ?F7G3 75@?@>R3 A@=RE;53 7DECF5EFC363 A@C =3 =;47C35;T? 67 =@D >7C536@D =3 3A7CEFC3 J =3 9=@43=;K35;T? :3 D;6@ =3 D@DA75:3 @ =3 7G;67?5;3 67 BF7 7= DE36@ '@5;3= A3CE;5F=3C>7?E7 7= 67 =3D ?35;@?7D 7? 67D3CC@==@ 3= 357AE3C =@D AC;?5;A;@D J =3D A@=RE;53D ?7@=;47C3=7D 343?6@?3CR3 @ 343?6@?343 DFD ;>A7C3E;G@D 5@?DE;EF5;@?3=7D J A@=RE;5@D 67= 67D3CC@==@ 4;7?7DE3C 7BF;636 ;?5=FD;T? J D79FC;636 D@5;3= 67 DFD 5;F6363?@D ';? 7>43C9@ =3 ?757D;636 67 =79;E;>3C 7= ?F7G@ >@67=@ 75@?T>;5@ J 67 5@>A7?D3C =@D 63S@D BF7 7= >@67=@ AC@G@53CR3 7? 7= 5@CE@ A=3K@ 7? 67E7C>;?36@D D75E@C7D D@5;3=7D 7? =@D 3EC3D36@D GF=?7C34=7D J 7DE3E3=>7?E7 AC@E79;6@D J 67A7?6;7?E7D 3DR 5@>@ =3 ?757D;636 67 @5FA3CD7 >OD 675;6;63 J D;DE7>OE;53>7?E7 67 =3D A@4=35;@?7D EC36;5;@?3=>7?E7 >3C9;?363D J 7? D;EF35;T? 67 A@4C7K3 5FJ3D 5@?6;5;@?7D 67 G;63 :34R3? 7>A7@C36@ <FDE3>7?E7 7? =@D 3S@D J

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J A@C E3?E@ C7537 7? Q= =3 E3C73 67 9@47C?3C J 36>;?;DEC3C 3 =3 D@5;7636 D@4C7 =3 43D7 67 =3 =793=;636 A@D;E;G3 =3 5@?DE;EF5;@?3=;636 >@67C?3 J =3 C79=3>7?E35;T? 67 CF <JG<:Vd:F :FE CF :L8C J< ;<K8CC8E C8J 8::@FE<J 8 I<8C@Q8I ;< D8E<I8 =F:8C@Q8;8 5@? 7= 5@?5FCD@ 67 =@D TC93?@D 36>;?;DEC3E;G@D =79;D=3E;G@D <F6;5;3=7D =3 397?5;3D 3FET?@>3D 5@?DE;EF5;@?3=7D =@D @C93?;D>@D 67D57?EC3=;K36@D =@D TC67?7D 67 9@4;7C?@ J =3D C7=35;@?7D ;?E7C9F47C?3>7?E3=7D =3 C7=35;@?7D ;?E7C;?DE;EF5;@?3=7D J =3D C7=35;@?7D ;?E7C@C93?;K35;@?3=7D 3D ;?DE;EF5;@?7D D@? 7= 57>7?E@ 67 =3 D@5;7636 7D 675;C D@? 7= A793>7?E@ BF7 A7C>;E7 <;@d:8I CFJ GC8E<J GIF>I8D8J GFCVK@:8J ;<:@J@FE<J P 8::@FE<J HL< ?8:<E GFJ@9C< =3 5@?D@=;635;T? 67 =3 D@5;7636 7? F? >3C5@ 67 C79=3D BF7 93C3?E;K3? 57CE;6F>4C7 D79FC;636 7 ;?57?E;G@D 3 83G@C 67 =3 G;63 ;?6;G;6F3= J =3 G;63 5@=75E;G3 '@? 7= A;G@E7 BF7 :357 A@D;4=7 7= 3CC79=@ 67 =@D 35E@C7D 67 =3 D@5;7636 5F3?6@ 675;67? 8@C>F=3C D<;@8EK< 8:L<I;FJ 8II<>CFJ HL< G<ID@K<E ;<dE@I @E:<EK@MFJ GFJ@K@MFJ < @E:<EK@MFJ E<>8K@MFJ :FE C8 dE8C@;8; ;< I<>LC8I C8 :FE;L:K8 ;< C8J G<IJFE8J P :FC<:K@M@;8;<J

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5@?6F5E3D ;?6;G;6F3=7D AC@6F5;C C;BF7K3 A3C3 G7?E3<3D 67 =3 D@5;7636

* #& "'( () #" '( j" $k '; =3D ;?DE;EF5;@?7D D@? ?757D3C;3D A3C3 5@@C6;?3C =3D 355;@?7D :F>3?3D 3 A3CE;C 67 ?@C>3D ;?57?E;G@D J 8@C>3D 67 5@@A7C35;T? =3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 7D 7= 53>;?@ BF7 A7C>;E7 67DE353C 7= 8F?5;@?3>;7?E@ 67 =3D AC@A;3D ;?DE;EF5;@?7D 7? C3KT? 67 =@D G3=@C7D BF7 AC@5=3>3? =3 D@5;7636 5;G;= J 7= DE36@ 67 7C75:@ @D G3=@C7D BF7 7? =@ 8F?63>7?E3= AC@5=3>3 =3 D@5;7636 5@?E7>A@CO?73 D@? =3 =;47CE36 J =3 ;9F3=636 8@C>3= A3C3 BF7 D7 5@?G;7CE3? 7? 7=7>7?E@D C73=7D A3C3 7?53FK3C J @C;7?E3C 3 =@D ;?6;G;6F@D J =3D 5@=75E;G3D $@C DF A3CE7 7= DE36@ 67 7C75:@ 3DF>7 7= 5@>AC@>;D@ 5@? =3 57CE;6F>4C7 =3 =793=;636 J =3 ;>A3C5;3=;636 67 5F>A=;C 5@? =3D E3C73D 67 9@4;7C?@ (3?E@ =@D G3=@C7D 67 =3 D@5;7636 J 7= DE36@ 67 7C75:@ BF763? 8@C>3=;K36@D 7? F? D;DE7>3 67 C79=3D 5@?DE;EF5;@?3=7D BF7 D@? C787C7?E7D ;?7=F6;4=7D A3C3 F4;53C ?@ DT=@ =3 @C93?;K35;T? 67= AC@A;@ DE36@ D;?@ 7= >@6@ 67 8F?5;@?3C ? 5@?D75F7?5;3 =3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 ?@ 6747 D;EF3CD7 V?;53>7?E7 7? F? A=3?@ 67 @EJKILD<EK8C@;8; J@EF ;<C LE@M<IJF ;< M8CFI<J HL< ;<dE<E JL J<EK@;F P FI@<EK8:@XE P8 BF7 D7 ;?D5C;47 7? 7= >@6@ 67 9@47C?3C J 7? =3 8@C>3 7? BF7 D7 5@>F?;53? =3 D@5;7636 J 7= DE36@ 3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 7? 7DE3 =T9;53 C7DA@?673 =@ BF7 D@? =3 D@5;7636 J 7= DE36@ 636@ BF7 7D 7= >76;@ 5@?DA;5F@ A3C3 7?=3K3C=@D >76;3?E7 F? D;DE7>3 67 5@>F?;535;T? ;?E7C53>4;@ J 5@?5C75;T? BF7 A7C>;E7 5@?G3=;63C 5T>@ D7 ==7G3? 3 534@ =3D E3C73D 67 @C67? AV4=;5@ 3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 D7 :3 5@?G7CE;6@ 7? F?3 53E79@CR3 ?@ DT=@ 5@?57AEF3= D;?@ 7>ARC;53 BF7 3=F67 3 7=7>7?E@D ?@C>3E;G@D J 8O5E;5@D BF7 D7 G;?5F=3? 5@? =@D G3=@C7D BF7 :357? A@D;4=7 3 =3 D@5;7636 J 7= DE36@ 7? =3 G;63 5@?E7>A@CO?73 D F?3 53E79@CR3 :FE:<GKL8C GFIHL< J< ;<dE< 8 G8IK@I ;< CFJ =LE;8D<EKFJ HL< <JKIL:KLI8E 8::@FE<J AV4=;53D D@4C7 =3 43D7 67 34DEC37C =@D 7=7>7?E@D >OD C7=7G3?E7D BF7 A7C>;E7? 5@?DECF;C

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3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 D7 :3 5@?G7CE;6@ 7? F?3 G7E3 67 5@?D;67C35;T? G3=@C35;T? J 8GC@:8:@XE HL< 8JF:@8 M8CFI<J D<;@FJ dE<J ;<:@J@FE<J P 8::@FE<J ;< >F9@<IEF >@E;G@ A@C 7= 5F3= DF C7=7G3?5;3 E;7?7 5@>@ :@C;K@?E7 =3D 67>3?63D 67 =3 D@5;7636 =@D 5@>AC@>;D@D BF7 :357? =@D 9@4;7C?@D J =3D 7IA75E3E;G3D 67 =@D 5;F6363?@D 67D67 7= >@>7?E@ BF7 7D5F5:3? =3 A3=34C3 67 =3 3FE@C;636 5@>@ AF?E@ 67 7?=357 7?EC7 7==@D >;D>@D J =@D 5@>AC@>;D@D BF7 7= DE36@ E;7?7? :35;3 =3 G;63 3D@5;363 3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 E;7?7 5@>@ :@C;K@?E7 =3D E3C73D 67 9@4;7C?@ BF7 67D3CC@==3? =@D DE36@D 3DR 5@>@ =3 6;?O>;53 67 =3 D@5;7636 EC36F5;63 7? A7E;5;@?7D AC7D;@?7D J C75=3>@D A3C3 BF7 D7 5@?G;7CE3? 7? >3E7C;3 67 3E7?5;T? AV4=;53 67D67 =3D 7D87C3D 67= GF;<I *FI K8EKF C8 ><JK@XE GZ9C@:8 <J <C D<;@F DTJ M@J@9C< G8I8 @;<EK@d:8I :XDF 8F?5;@?3? =3D ;?DE;EF5;@?7D 636@ BF7 QDE3D D@? ?@C>3D C79=3D AC@576;>;7?E@D J E;7>A@D BF7 E;7?7? 53CO5E7C 8@C>3= 7D 675;C 7D5C;E@ =@ 5F3= ;?6;53 BF7 =@ ?@C>3E;G@ A3C3 BF7 D73 7875E;G@ C7BF;7C7 67 8@C>3D 67 :357C C7:357C ;?E7CG7?5;T? J 5@@C6;?35;T? BF7 D7 G;?5F=3? 5@? =3 ?3EFC3=7K3 3A=;5363 67 =3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 #EC3 8@C>3 67 G;DF3=;K3C 7= C73=;D>@ 67 =3 97DE;T? AV4=;53 7DE3 636@ A@C 7= 5@?<F?E@ 67 ACO5E;53D BF7 67D3CC@==3 636@ BF7 DF 5@?E7?;6@ 7? 7DE7 53D@ 67C;G3 67 =3 DF>3 67= 5@?@5;>;7?E@ 3A=;536@ BF7 D7 AC@6F57 67 >3?7C3 AC@87D;@?3= 3 G;63 67 =3D @EJK@KL:@FE<J G8I8 dE<J ;< >F9@<IEF E<:<J@K8 ;< C8 ><JK@XE GZ9C@:8 GFIHL< ;< <CC8 67A7?67 BF7 =3D 675;D;@?7D ?@ DT=@ D73? 36@AE363D 7? EQC>;?@D 67 =3 G;63 AV4=;53 D;?@ BF7 D7 5@?G;7CE3? 7? 355;@?7D =@ 5F3= ;>A=;53 BF7 D7 6747? 7=34@C3C A@=RE;53D A=3?7D

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' &* # * " !M, # * && " A3CE;C 67 =3 *;D;E3 7?7C3= 67 @DQ 67 O=G7K D7 7<75FE3C@? 5F3EC@ >76;63D 57?EC3=;K36@C3D 3 83G@C 67= 7DE3E;D>@ C793=;DE3 @C4T? BF7 C76F?63C@? 7? =3 3>A=;35;T? 67= O>4;E@ 67 35E;G;636 67 =3 36>;?;DEC35;T? G;CC7;?3= C7G7CD;T? 67 D7CG;5;@D 5@?57D;@?36@D 3 5@CA@C35;@?7D AC;G363D 5@>@ 7= 5@4C@ 67 EC;4FE@D C7E;C36@ 3= @?DF=36@ 67 !QI;5@ J 7= D7CG;5;@ A@DE3= BF7 D7 3CC7?6343 F? A3CE;5F=3C 7IAC@A;35;T? ;< E<>F:@FJ GI@M8;FJ HL< J< ALQ>898E ;< 9<E<d:@F GZ9C@:F < @EK<IUJ ;<C JK8;F :FDF =@D ?3;A7D C7@C93?;K35;T? 67 3?E;9F@D >@?@A@=;@D 5@>@ =@D C7=3E;G@D 3 =3 D3= AT=G@C3 J 3K@9F7 J 5C735;T? 67 7DE3?5@D 67 DE36@ J =3 C7?E3 67= E3435@ (@63D 7DE3D >76;63D BF7 ;?5;6;7C@? 6;C75E3 J A@D;E;G3>7?E7 7? 7= 7?D3?5:3>;7?E@ 67 =@D 5@>7E;6@D 67= DE36@ :;DAO?;5@ 7? 7DE3 A3CE7 67 >QC;53 G;34;=;K3C@? =3 8@C>35;T? 67 ?F7G3D ;?DE;EF5;@?7D 36>;?;DEC3E;G3D BF7 A7C>73C@? 7? =@D ?35;7?E7D D75E@C7D D@5;3=7D >76;@D BF7 7DE343? 4C@E3?6@ A@C 7875E@ 67 =3 >@67C?;K35;T? 7 3BFR =3 ?757D;636 67 F? D7CG;5;@ 5;G;= 7DE34=7 J AC@87D;@?3= A3C3 =3 5@?D@=;635;T? 67 7DE7 AC@57D@ :;DETC;5@ =@ BF7 @5FCC;T AC;?5;A3=>7?E7 7? =@D 6R3D 67= G;CC7;?3E@ D79F?6@ 5@?67 67 &7G;==39;976@ 3 8@C>35;T? 67 F? 5F7CA@ 67 D7CG;6@C7D AV4=;5@D 67 676;535;T? 5@>A=7E3 3 =3D 837?3D 36>;?;DEC3E;G3D 67D=;936@D 67 =@D >76;@D 67 36>;?;DEC35;T? EFG@ DF @C;97? 7?

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Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica ? E7C57C =F93C D7 6747 ;?D;DE;C 7? BF7 =3 ?F7G3 7J :3 @>;E;6@ 7= 7DE34=75;>;7?E@ 67= 57?EC@ 67 8@C>35;T? 7? 36>;?;DEC35;T? AV4=;53 5@>@ =@ >3?63 =3 @?DE;EF5;T? 7D 675;C F?3 7D5F7=3 ;?DE;EF;63 A@C 7= <75FE;G@ 767C3= ? ?F7DEC@ 7?E7?67C 6747 D7C F? A=3?E7= 67 5@>A=7>7?E35;T? J 3A=;535;T? 7D 675;C 6363 5@>@ DFAF7DE3 =3 8@C>35;T? F?;G7CD;E3C;3 7= A=3?E7= 3536Q>;5@ 4C;?63CO =3 8@C>35;T? 36>;?;DEC3E;G3 ACO5E;53 BF7 5@>A=7>7?E7 3 =3 AC;>7C3 '7CR3 F?3 7D5F7=3 67 8@C>35;T? J A7C8755;@?3>;7?E@ 67 =@D D7CG;6@C7D AV4=;5@D 5FJ@ 67DE;?@ D73 @5FA3C =@D 53C9@D 67= D7CG;5;@ AC@87D;@?3= 67 53CC7C3 J A@C 5@?D;9F;7?E7 5@=34@C3C 7? =3 D7=755;T? J 8@C>35;T? 67 =@D ?@G;5;@D J 53A35;E3C 5@?E;?F3>7?E7 3 =@D G7E7C3?@D ? DF>3 F?3 7D5F7=3 E3= A@6CR3 C75;4;C 3 =@D 79C7D36@D 67= D;DE7>3 F?;G7CD;E3C;@ BF7 :3J3? 3AC@436@ =@D 7IO>7?7D 67 ;?9C7D@ J 4C;?6O?6@=7D =3 8@C>35;T? 36>;?;DEC3E;G3 =@D 6@E3CR3 5@? =3D 53A35;6367D 67 67D7>A7S@ ?757D3C;3D A3C3 7<7C5;E3C =3D 8F?5;@?7D AV4=;53D &;G7D

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Tomo III La Polรญtica y la Administraciรณn Pรบblica 67= A3D@ 67= E;7>A@ D;9F7 D;7?6@ 67 7?@C>7 G3=@C A@C 67DE353C 7? DFD AO9;?3D 3=9F?3D ;<d:@<E:@8J ;< FI;<E <JKIL:KLI8C -< KI8K8 ;< LE @E=FID< GI<G8I8;F GFI C8J -<:I<K8IV8J 67 =3 F?5;T? $V4=;53 J 67 35;7?63 J CQ6;E@ $V4=;5@ A3C3 D7C 3?3=;K36@ A@C =3 O>3C3 67 ;AFE36@D = @C;97? 67= 6@5F>7?E@ 8F7 F? >3?63E@ 53>3C3= A@C 7= BF7 D7 A7CDF36;T 3= 787 67= A@67C 7<75FE;G@ 3 C77=34@C3C =3 A=3?E;==3 67= 3=E@ 8F?5;@?3C;36@ 67A7?6;7?E7 67 DF >3?6@ 7? =F93C 67 7>AC7?67C F? 57D7 97?7C3=;K36@ 67 D7CG;6@C7D AV4=;5@D 67 >76;3?3 J 43<3 <7C3CBFR3 5@>@ =@ :34R3 AC@J75E36@ @C;9;?3=>7?E7 3 E3C73 D7 C73=;KT 3 EC3GQD 67 =3 bC7;?97?;7CR3c 67= D7CG;5;@ AV4=;5@ 5@?D;DE7?E7 7? F? AC@57D@ 67 C77DECF5EFC35;T? 36>;?;DEC3E;G3 7DE353 7?EC7 =3D 5CRE;53D =3 ;>A@D;4;=;636 67 ;>A=3?E3C =3 b5F=EFC3 97C7?5;3=c 7? 7= D7?@ 67 =3 36>;?;DEC35;T? AV4=;53 8767C3= '75C7E3CR3 F?5;T? $V4=;53 J '75C7E3CR3 35;7?63

(O5;E3>7?E7 D7 675=3C3 BF7 7= AC@J75E@ 57?EC3= 67= CQ9;>7? 67 7?E@?57D 7?53>;?36@ 3 C77>A=3K3C =@D >@6@D 5=OD;5@D 67 36>;?;DEC3C A@C =3D 8@C>3D b>@67C?3Dc 67 b97C7?5;3Cc D7 8CFDECT A@C >@E;G@ 67 F? >@6@ 3CC3;936@ 7? 7= D7CG;5;@ AV4=;5@ C78C35E3C;@ 3 7D3 5F=EFC3 ? DF>3 7= 6;39?TDE;5@ EFG@ 5@>@ AC@ATD;E@ 7IA=R5;E@ =L< GIFM<<I ;< CFJ <C<D<EKFJ G8I8 ;<dE@I LE EL<MF D8I:F EFID8K@MF P <DGI<E;<I 355;@?7D 67 =3 C7;?97?;7CR3 67= D7CG;5;@ AV4=;5@ A3CE;5F=3C>7?E7 7? =@D 53C9@D 67 ?;G7= 67 >3?6@ >76;@ J DFA7C;@C D79V? =@D =;?73>;7?E@D 7DE34=75;6@D 7? =3 7J 67= '7CG;5;@ $C@87D;@?3= 67 3CC7C3 7? =3 6>;?;DEC35;T? $V4=;53 767C3= 7J '7CG;5;@ $C@87D;@?3= 67 3CC7C3

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